the Gonfalonier's interval of ineligibility to one year only, while
the other compilations extend it to two years, as in the case of the
Priors and as subsequently enforced. We have followed the Latin draft,
for the additional reason that, in the law of 1293, edited by Bonaini
(Doc. A. at p. 74), we find it ordained that Priors and Gonfalonier
should share the same benefits and privileges, "salvo et excepto
quod quæ in Ordinamento iustitie, loquente de electione Vexilliferi,
continentur circa devetum et tempus deveti ipsius Vexilliferi, et
circa alia omnia in ipso ordinamento descripta, in sua permaneant
firmitate." This is repeated even under rubric xxxi., G. and F.,
whence we are forced to conclude that the prescribed interval before
re-election to the Gonfaloniership was originally different from that
established with regard to the Priorate, and only equalised with the
latter at a subsequent time. Besides, in Compilations F. and G. no
thought was given to correcting the rule laid down in rubric xxxi.,
where it is taken for granted that the original diversity was still in
force. Florentine laws were always made and amended bit by bit. All
doubts, however, are solved by the document from which we have quoted,
dated July 6, 1295, extending the term of prohibition, as regarded the
Gonfalonier, from one to two years. Salvemini has found proofs in the
"Provvisioni" and "Consulte" that this rule had been already applied in
December, 1294.
[450] As we shall see farther on, Dr. Lastig was the first writer to
point this out.
[451] Rubrics i. and ii. in Compilations B., F., and G.
[452] Rubrics lxiii.-lxv., which, as we have noted, were added by
another hand in 1297, to the codex edited by Fineschi, and correspond
with rubrics lxxxii.-lxxxiv. of the codex edited by Giudici, there
is renewed reference to the tricks employed in order to avoid giving
guarantees or nullifying their effect. When a noble committed a
crime and refused to pay the prescribed fine, his nearest relation
was legally bound to pay it in his stead. But in this case the said
relation frequently made declaration, "that the guilty person who had
either failed to give guarantees or offered pledges unsuited to the
case, possessed one or more legitimate or natural children, aged one
year, or more or less; and that for this reason the next of kin, or
those supposed to be responsible in virtue of the said enactment, are
exempt from the penalty prescribed by the same." (Rubric lxxxii., G.,
lxv., F.)
[453] Rubric xvii., G. The law quoted here is of October 2, 1286
("Provvisioni," i. 27).
[454] Rubric xvii., B., F., G. The two later compilations have an
addition tacked on at the end, that is not included in Compilation B.
In the Italian codex (G.) this addition is undated, but in the Fineschi
compilation is dated July 6, 1295. Its purpose is that of attenuating
the law by declaring that all omitted from the list of nobles in the
statute, or who have changed their name, and are known by another, are
not to be considered nobles. This addition was contemporaneous with the
extension of the legal number of witnesses from two to three.
[455] Rubrics xviii. and xix., F., G. These and rubric xx. also are not
in the Latin draft, as we shall have again to remark farther on.
[456] Compagni, i. 11; Villani, viii. 1.
[457] "Storie," bk. ii. p. 80, Italy, 1813.
[458] viii. 1.
[459] The nobles frequently employed friends or dependents to execute
their deeds of vengeance or assault--hence the enactments nearly always
refer to authors of crime in the plural as those chiefly charged with
the deed. The law of the 6th of July, 1295, was attenuated on this
point, as we shall see, by its recognition of a single leader or
"captain" of the crime, the others being only punished as accessories.
[460] Rubric vi., F. G. and V. B.
[461] This is derived both from the terms of the enactments and from
the chroniclers. According to the latter, criminals occasionally
obtained partial compensation because the destruction of their property
had been carried too far.
[462] Rubric xii., F. G., vii., B.
[463] Rubric xiii., F. G. This being a codicil added in 1295, it is not
comprised in Compilation B.
[464] Rubrics vi., vii., F. and G. Not comprised in B, having been
added in 1295. It should be remarked that in the legal phraseology of
the time "common law" signified Roman law; the law as prescribed by the
statutes being held almost in the light of a special or exceptional
code. But as the enactments constituted in themselves an exception,
with regard to the statutes, the latter are referred to wherever
_common law_ is mentioned. When the question was of two municipalities,
one of which was subject to the other, the subject municipality was
always allowed (excepting in political concerns) to retain its own
statutes; but in cases where these proved insufficient, it had recourse
to those of the dominant city, as though these constituted the common
law.
[465] Rubric ix., F. G., and vi., B. In this case two witnesses
were always needed to prove the offence, and on this point all the
compilations, including the rough draft, are agreed. Regarding the
other cases, Compilation B (rubric v.) only says _per testes_, meaning
more than one, that is, two or three. On the 6th of July, 1295, _per
testes_ was changed to _per tres testes_, and so it stands also in
rubric vi., F. and G.
It should be remarked that in the Italian compilation this rubric
ix. has a codicil that is neither comprised in the draft nor even
in Fineschi's compilation, and this is an additional proof that the
Italian compilation was of later date than the Latin text, of which it
is generally the faithful translation. The codicil decrees that the
fine is to be paid to the Commune either by the offending party himself
or his nearest relation.
Rubric xi., F. and G., answering to rubric xvi., B., treats of
the rights acquired by nobles over real property appertaining to
the people, and alludes in this connection to the _associates_ or
_relatives of the popolani_. This proves that the custom of joining
in associations was very general at the time, and likewise shows how
nearly the ties of association resembled ties of relationship.
[466] Rubric xvi., F. and G., rubric ix., B.
[467] Rubric xxvi., G., xxi., B.
[468] This "Conclusion" is mutilated in the xxii. and final rubric of
Compilation B. It exists in full in rubric xxvii., F., and rubric xxv.,
G.
It should be noted at this point that, leaving aside other partial
disparities, those rubrics, included in Compilations G. and F., and
entirely omitted from Compilation B. (whether as the results of later
decrees, or actually passed at the time when the draft was engrossed in
its definite official shape, we have no means of really ascertaining),
were those indicated in Compilations G. and F. by the numbers xviii.,
xix., and xx.
[469] This law, drawn up in full official form, is contained in
Document A. of the Bonaini Compilation, but still as a separate law.
On the other hand, in Compilations F. and G. we find it incorporated
with the enactments it was designed to strengthen. In Compilation G.
it is dated April 10, 1293, so also in the Latin Codex, but is undated
in Compilation G. We should remark in this connection that the law
edited by Bonaini is not only incorporated with the enactments in
Compilations F. and G., but in both comprises codicils of a later
date--such, for instance, as giving power to call nearly the whole of
the city and territory to arms, up to the number of 12,200 men. Had
this clause been passed in Giano's time, the chroniclers could not
have failed to record it. Villani states that at first one thousand
men only were enrolled--that is, the same number authorised by the
earlier enactments; the number was afterwards raised to two thousand,
as enjoined by the new law, and later still to four thousand (viii.
1). Therefore, even according to Villani, the number was progressively
enlarged.
[470] Villani, viii. 8.
[471] After Villani, Ammirato wrote: "For in addition to the measures
ordained, Giano had deprived the Captains of the Society of their seal;
and had provided that the funds of the said Society, which amounted to
a large sum, should be consigned to the Commune" (vol i. bk. iv. p.
346, Batelli edition, Florence, 1846-49).
[472] Villani, viii. 2.
[473] Villani, viii. 2; Ammirato, _ad annum_, vol. i. pp. 339.
[474] Ibid. viii. 2; Ammirato, vol. i. pp. 340, 341.
[475] Villani, viii. 2; and "Cronica" of the pseudo B. Latini, _ad
annum_.
[476] Ibid. viii. 1. Compagni gives a different version in vol. i. 12.
He relates that the offenders were of the Galigai family, and that he,
being Gonfalonier at the time, had to demolish their dwellings. We
have adhered to Villani, who states the fact to have occurred under
the first Gonfalonier, Baldo Ruffoli (in office from February 15th
to April 15th), whereas Compagni held the Gonfaloniership from June
15th to August 15, 1293, and it is scarcely probable this could have
been the first occasion on which the enactments were enforced. It is
known that Compagni's Chronicle is only extant in copies dated after
his time, and therefore probably containing blunders, alterations, and
additions made by its transcribers. Compagni's chronology is often
extremely vague. While Gonfalonier he may have undoubtedly seen some
sentences executed; but the first sentence on the nobles seems to have
been carried out as related by Villani, and also corroborated by Coppo
Stefani, bk. iii., rubric 198, Ammirato, vol. i. p. 338, and other
historians of weight. Some years after the first publication of this
essay, Professor Scheffer Boichorst produced the famous work (_vide_
"Historische Zeitschrift," xxiv. p. 313, 1870) that raised the very
heated controversy as to the authenticity of Dino Compagni's Chronicle.
At a later period Professor Del Lungo's learned volumes induced the
German scholar to cede many of the points in dispute. Accordingly we
may still continue to refer to Dino Compagni, although not without
careful sifting and discrimination.
[477] Compagni, i. 12, p. 55.
[478] _Vide_ chap. vi. of this work.
[479] Jean of Châlons in Burgundy.
[480] It is known that the Podestà, Captain, and many other magistrates
were subjected to an investigation or _sindacato_, on retiring from
office.
[481] Dino Compagni, i. 13; Villani, viii. 10.
[482] Dino Compagni, i. 13. The author does not explain the nature
of these meetings in which nobles and people were brought together.
They may have been private or preliminary assemblies. But even at the
Councils of the Guelph Society, as also at those of the Podestà, nobles
and people sat together, and therefore had continual opportunities for
talking over affairs of the State and discussing proposed bills.
[483] Dino Compagni, i. 15.
[484] We have gleaned this narrative from Villani and Compagni,
endeavouring to make their accounts agree, although this is no easy
task, seeing that the two are at odds on many points. Accordingly we
have tried to collect all the details given by both which are not in
contradiction. Compagni, i. 16, 17; Villani, viii. 8.
[485] Villani, _loc. cit._
[486] This famed decree, quoted in Del Migliore's "Firenze Illustrata"
(Florence, Ricci, 1821), vol. i. p. 6, and repeated by numerous
writers, is certainly a very beautiful one; but the original document
of it has never been discovered, and the form in which it has come down
to us leads to the belief that some changes at least must have been
made in it by a modern hand.
[487] Florence Archives, the Strozzi-Uguccioni Collection, 127. This
document was discovered by Signor Salvemini, who has kindly placed it
at our disposal.
[488] This Daddoccio was admitted into the Money-Changers' Guild on
the 14th of December, 1283, and on the 1st of December, 1287, paid his
rate as member of the same (Strozzi-Uguccioni Collection, 1283, 14th of
December).
[489] Originally published in the "Nuova Antologia" of Rome, December
1, 1888.
[490] Many just observations and important notes on this subject are
to be found in L. Chiapelli's work, "L'Amministrazione della Giustizia
in Firenze" ("Arch. Stor. It.," Series iv., vol. xv. p. 35 and fol.);
and Francesco Novati's "La Giovinezza di Coluccio Salutati" (Turin,
Loescher, 1888, chap. iii. p. 66 and fol.). But in my opinion both
writers have devoted all their acuteness and learning to proving the
corrupt state of justice at the time, without dwelling on the origin of
that corruption and its notable increase during the fourteenth century.
Its origin should, I think, be sought in the changed conditions of the
Podestà, Captains of the People, chancellors, notaries, judges, &c.
What was said of judges in the fourteenth century, certainly could not
have applied to those of the times of Piero della Vigna, Rolandino
dei Passeggieri, or of the numerous mediæval Podestà wielding so much
power, that they tried, and often with success, to become absolute
tyrants of the communes. These were not men to act as blind tools of
others' party passions; on the contrary, they strove for their own ends
alone. It may have been owing to the political decline of the Podestà's
office, and to his consequent inclination to serve party strife, that,
dating from 1290, his term of power was reduced from one year to six
months (_vide_ Ammirato, _ad annum_). Naturally the Captain's term also
had to be similarly shortened.
[491] "Cronica," i. 13, p. 57.
[492] G. Villani, viii. 17.
[493] The Calimala, or Guild of Dressers, Finers and Dyers of foreign
woollen stuffs; the Changers or Bankers, the Guild of Wool; the Porta
Sta Maria, or Silk Guild; lastly, the Guild of Physicians, Druggists,
and Mercers, with whom the Painters were also joined. Dante Alighieri
was a member of this guild.
[494] Lastig, "Entwicklungswege und Quellen des Handelsrechts,"
Stuttgart, Enke, 1877, p. 251 and fol. Among many other just
observations, the author notes that the enactments fixed the number
of the guilds at twenty-one, that this number remained unchanged from
that time, and that in the statutes of the guilds, the year 1293 is
continually referred to as their "normal year," "wiederholt geradezu
als Normaljahr" (p. 244). _Vide_ also p. 267 and fol.
[495] Villani, bk. viii. chaps. 2 and 39.
[496] _Vide_ "Il Comune di Roma nel Medio Evo," in my "Saggi Storici e
Critici," Bologna, Zanichelli, 1890.
[497] Villani, viii. 12. _Vide_ also the Provision of July 6, 1295,
that has been previously quoted.
[498] Villani, viii. 12.
[499] Del Lungo, "Dino Compagni e la sua Cronica," i. p. 162. The
author believes that Dante Alighieri may have been one of the nobles
proclaimed men of the people.
[500] The chroniclers have much to relate on this subject. Compagni
says (pp. 86-7) that the Cerchi "made friends with the people and the
rulers;" farther on he remarks that "all holding the views of Giano
della Bella gathered round them" (the Cerchi) (p. 106). Stefani (iv. p.
220) states that the people "adhered to the Cerchi from party spirit,
and chiefly because they were merchants."
[501] Professor Del Lungo supplies special information on this subject
in several passages of his work.
[502] Villani, viii. 38.
[503] The aims of Pope Boniface and his plots with the Blacks have
been placed in a new light by the careful researches of Signor Guido
Levi and the documents discovered by him. _Vide_ his excellent work,
"Bonifazio VIII. e la sue Relazioni col Comune di Firenze," first
published in vol. iv. of the "Archivio Storico della Società Romana di
Storia Patria," and subsequently in separate form. Rome, Forzani, 1882.
My quotations are taken from the latter.
[504] Levi, Doc. i.
[505] _Vide_ Ficker, "Forschungen," iv. n. 499, p. 506; Levi, p. 49.
[506] The words quoted above form the heading of a copy of the document
mentioned by Signor Levi (p. 49, note 2), and were taken as a motto for
his work.
[507] Levi gives the whole passage at p. 51, note 2.
[508] Levi, pp. 48, 49, and Doc. iii.
[509] Bondone Gherardi and Lippo, son of Ranuccio del Becca.
[510] Levi, pp. 39, 40. According to a letter of the Pope, published
by Signor Levi, in Doc. iv., the three persons accused were: "Simonem
Gherardi familiarem nostrum, nostræque Cameræ mercatorem; Cambium de
Sexto procuratorem in audientia nostra; Noffum de Quintavallis, qui
tunc ad Curiam nostram accesserat."
[511] Levi, Doc. ii.
[512] Ibid. p. 66.
[513] Villani, too, compares it with the Buondelmonti affair (viii. 39).
[514] Levi, p. 42; Dino Compagni, "Cronica," i., xxii. note 9.
[515] G. Levi, Doc. iv.
[516] Villani, viii. 40.
[517] Ibid. viii. 40.
[518] Dino Compagni, i. pp. 96-7.
[519] Prof. Del Lungo, with his usual careful research, notes that
all the exiled were Grandi. Levi, in repeating the remark (at p. 59),
considers this a singular fact, "seeing that the evil germs of discord
had then spread through the mass of the citizens." Yet the fact seems
easily accounted for by the circumstances related above.
[520] Villani, viii. 40; Compagni, i. 21.
[521] Perrens, "Histoire de Florence," vol. iii. p. 31.
[522] Villani, viii. 43.
[523] Villani, viii. 42.
[524] Signor Levi gives a very clear explanation of the case by
distinguishing between various facts confused together by the
chroniclers.
[525] "Chronicon Parmense," in Muratori, r. i., ix. 843.
[526] Del Lungo, vol. i. p. 230; Dino Compagni, bk. ii. 8, note 3.
[527] Villani, viii. 43 and 49; Del Lungo, vol. i. p. 206.
[528] Villani, viii. 56. Boccaccio also alludes to Franzesi as "a
trader turned knight."
[529] Fraticelli's "Storia della Vita di Dante" (Florence, Barbèra,
1861) includes at p. 135 and fol. fragments of the debates in which
Dante took a part, and the same were republished more correctly and
completely in Imbriani's work, "Sulla Rubrica Dantesca del Villani,"
first published in the "Propugnatore" of Bologna for 1879 and 1880, and
afterwards in a separate volume. Bologna, 1880; Del Lungo, p. 209.
[530] Fraticelli and Imbriani, _op. cit._
[531] One of the first writers refusing belief in this embassy was
Professor V. Imbriani in his already mentioned essay, "Sulla Rubrica
Dantesca del Villani." Subsequently, my colleague and friend, the
late Professor Bartoli, applied his learning to a re-examination of
Dante's entire career, in vol. v. of his "Storia della Letteratura
Italiana," and without explicitly denying that the embassy in question
had been sent, expounded the doubts which might be raised about it. He
included in the volume an essay by Professor Papa, who, with youthful
daring, decidedly disbelieves in the embassy. But that learned scholar,
Professor Del Lungo, asserts that it really took place. This is a
very important question with reference to Dante's career, but very
unimportant as regards the general history of Florence, since even
if the embassy were really sent, it produced no practical result.
Nevertheless, without presuming to decide the lengthy dispute, I will
show my reasons for crediting the fact of the embassy.
Although Villani says nothing on the subject, it is mentioned by Dino
Compagni (ii. 25), the authenticity of whose chronicle is maintained by
Bartoli, Papa, and Del Lungo. Hence, if any of these writers intends to
deny the fact of the embassy, without denying Compagni's authenticity,
he must suppose this special passage to be an interpolation. Yet it
is impossible that such interpolation could have been made at a later
date in the fifteenth century manuscript containing the passage.
Besides, the testimony of nearly all Dante's biographers has still to
be dealt with. Leonardo Bruno (born 1369) makes very explicit mention
of the embassy; Filippo Villani, Giovanni Villani's grandson, who
expounded the Divine Comedy in 1401, by order of the government, speaks
of a mission undertaken by Dante "ad summum Pontificem, urgentibus
Reipublicæ necessitatibus." Boccaccio also alludes to it, but far
more indirectly and vaguely. Certainly the latter is no trustworthy
historian, nor were the other two contemporaries of Dante. But after
acknowledging all this, and even granting that some one of those
writers may have borrowed from the others, and likewise admitting the
theory of an interpolation inserted during the fifteenth century,
in Compagni's chronicle, we are still met by the undisputed fact,
that those who studied Dante's works, and wrote Dante's life at a
period little removed from his own day, and therefore enjoying better
opportunities than we possess for learning its details, all believed in
the fact of his mission to Rome.
Until fresh documents are found, what reasons can be alleged to justify
us in denying it at this distant date? In no case, says Professor Papa,
could such an adversary as the author of the "Monarchia" have gone
as ambassador to Boniface VIII. First of all, however, the period in
which the "Monarchia" was written is still disputable and disputed.
Professor Del Lungo and many others ascribe the work to a much later
period. As far as we know, Dante was still a Guelph then, but certainly
no favourer of the Papal pretensions against which the Florentine
Government sent him to protest. Hence, so far there is nothing to make
us think his mission incredible.
But Professor Papa winds up with an argument that, as he thinks, should
finally dispose of the question. If, as asserted by Compagni and
Aretino, Dante was really sent ambassador to Rome, and departed thence,
after a time, without returning to Florence, how is it that the decree
sentencing him to banishment should set forth, as it does, that he had
been cited by the Nuncio to appear in Rome? According to the statute,
_forenses_, or absent persons, had to be cited by letter. Therefore,
if the citation was made through the Nuncio, it proves that Dante was
undoubtedly in Florence, and had not gone to Rome. But _forensis_ does
not signify an absent person, _i.e._, one who _extra civitatem manet_,
but, on the contrary, signifies--according to the statute--one having
no domicile either in the city, _contado_, or district.
Accordingly Dante, having a domicile in Florence, was not _forensis_,
and if he went to Rome was only _absent_; his embassy, decreed in
September, must have been speedily ended, since a new and adverse
government came into office the 8th of November; and Dante's banishment
was only proclaimed on the 27th of January of the following year.
Together with three other persons he was cited to appear and be heard
in his own defence and exculpation. As neither he nor the others
appeared, and none of them would have consented to appear, even if in
Florence, they were condemned, as they would have been in any case.
Thus, strictly speaking, it cannot be said that even in this instance
there was any violation of legal procedure, although in those days
legality, justice, and humanity were trampled under foot without the
slightest scruple.
Therefore, as Professor Bartoli admits, there is no absolute proof
of the impossibility of the embassy in question. Even if Villani's
silence may seem strange, Compagni's statement to be considered an
interpolation, the fact remains that the embassy was credited at a time
little removed from Dante's day, and credited by men better acquainted
than we can be with the circumstances of his career. For these reasons,
while admitting the weight of often reiterated doubts, pending absolute
proof to the contrary, I shall retain my belief in the embassy.
[532] _Vide_ Del Lungo, vol. i., Letter in appendix vi. pp. xlv. and
xlvi.
[533] Compagni, ii. 8.
[534] Villani, viii. 49. Compagni says that he saw the sealed
(_bollate_) letters.
[535] "Purgatorio," xx. 72-5.
[536] Villani, viii. 49, p. 53.
[537] Ibid. viii. 49. Many other details are given in the Chronicles of
Compagni, Paolino Pieri, Neri degli Strinati, &c., &c.
[538] _Vide_ Del Lungo (vol. i., Appendix, Doc. vi. p. xlv.) in the
Letter dated 12th of November, sent to the Commune of San Gimignano.
[539] _Vide_ the "Provvisione" in Del Lungo, vol. i. p. 290.
[540] Compagni, "Cronica," ii. 20 and 21.
[541] Potthast, Boniface's Letter in the Regesta Pont. Rom., p. 2006.
[542] _Vide_ the notices and documents collected in Professor Del
Lungo's monograph, "Sull' Esilio di Dante," Florence, Le Monnier, 1881.
Some fragmentary information on this subject had been already published
in the "Delizie degli Eruditi Toscani."
[543] Bk. viii. chap. 49, p. 53.
[544] Dino Compagni, ii. 25; Prof. Del Lungo, pp. 212-13, note 3.
[545] Del Lungo, i. p. 305.
[546] _Vide_ the "Libro del Chiodo."
[547] G. Villani, bk. viii. chap. 49, p. 54.
[548] First published in the "Nuova Antologia" of Rome, in issue of
16th of December, 1888, and 16th of January, 1889.
[549] Villani, viii. 52, 53; Del Lungo, Appendix xii. to Compagni's
"Cronica," p. 562, and fol.; "Le guerre Mugellane e i primi anni dell'
esilio di Dante."
[550] Villani, viii. 58. Dino Compagni, "Cronica," ii., xxxiv., and
notes 13 and 14.
[551] Dino Compagni, "Cronica," ii., xxxiv., note 20 (document).
[552] Del Lungo, p. 546.
[553] Compagni, iii. 11.
[554] Ibid. iii. 11.
[555] Villani, viii. 68.
[556] _Vide_ the letter given by Del Lungo at pp. 556-7.
[557] Dino Compagni, iii., vii.
[558] Villani, viii. 69; Compagni iii., vii.
[559] Villani, viii. chap. 69, p. 87.
[560] An anonymous and undated epistle addressed to Cardinal Da Prato
by the Captain Alessandro (supposed to be Alessandro da Romena)
and the council and university of the Bianchi party, was published
among Dante's Letters as one composed by him for the use of his
fellow-exiles, and was long attributed to him by his biographers. But
the Captain's name is not given in the old manuscript from which the
letter was printed, but merely indicated thus: _A. ca._ (Epistle I. of
the Fraticelli edition, Florence, Barbèra, 1863).
This epistle says in reply to letters and advice from the Cardinal
that the Bianchi are grateful to him and disposed to peace. "Ad quid
aliud in civile bellum corruimus? Quid aliud candida nostra signa
petebant? Et ad quid aliud enses et tela nostra rubebant, nisi ut qui
civilia iura, temeraria voluptate truncaverunt, et iugo piæ legis
colla submitterent, et ad pacem patriæ cogerentur?" Therefore the gist
of Dante's words would have been: The desire to have our laws and
liberties respected was the sole cause of our rebellion; all that we
now wish is to see justice and peace again triumphant. This language is
worthy of the poet, we think.
But doubts have lately arisen as to his authorship. Professor Bartoli,
after examining the subject from all points, and ingeniously discussing
all different theories respecting it, concludes his prolonged and
careful inquiry by stating that there is no historical evidence to
prove whether the letter were really by Dante or not ("Storia della
Letteratura Italiana," vol. v. chaps. 8-10). Professor Del Lungo says
that the style of the letter is Dantesque, in its merits as well as in
certain defects; but that this fact does not justify him in decidedly
attributing it to the poet's pen, since it may have proceeded from some
contemporary in similar circumstances. Indeed, after examining the
contents of the letter, he considers that it cannot have been written
by Dante, and, among other reasons, chiefly because the words _candida
nostra signa_, and _enses et tela nostra rubebant_, &c., are almost
identical with those used by Compagni in describing the fight that
occurred at Lastra on the 20th of July, 1304. Hence, he is of opinion
that the letter undoubtedly refers to that event, and was therefore
only written after that date. And seeing that Dante had separated from
the exiles before that time, Del Lungo considers that the letter cannot
be by him.
For my own part, I doubt whether the letter really referred to the
Lastra affair. Surely the words in question: "Our white ensigns were
displayed, and our weapons flashed," may have been used either in
reference to Lastra or any other battle fought by the exiles, in spite
of their resemblance to, and apparent translation from the passage in
Compagni relative to the fight at Lastra. This being the case, without
altogether rejecting Del Lungo's view, I will merely remark that his
argument is insufficient to disprove Dante's authorship, since the
poet may have written the letter in the name of the exiles, when they
were carrying on those negotiations with the Cardinal on the subject
of peace, afterwards leading, as we have seen, to the despatch of
twelve delegates to Florence. The failure of those negotiations, the
cruel slaughter of the Cavalcanti and their friends, the wholesale
destruction by fire and pillage, the partial junction of the Bianchi
with Corso Donati, and the union of the exiles with the Bolognese,
Pistoiese, Pisans, and all foes of Florence, immediately followed up by
the foolish attempt at Lastra, may well suffice to explain, not only
Dante's indignant withdrawal from the exiled Bianchi, but likewise the
withdrawal of many other citizens. In fact, the latter's non-appearance
at Lastra may be perhaps assigned to the same motive, as we shall have
occasion to show later on.
[561] Villani, viii. 69. This chronicler dates the Cardinal's
departure the 4th of June; Dino Compagni, the 9th; Paolino Pieri
and the "Cronica," designated by Del Lungo as the "Cronica
Marciana-Magliabecchiana," give the date of the 10th. This is also
adopted by Del Lungo, p. 563. _Vide_ Dino Compagni, "Cronica," iii. 7,
note 26.
[562] Compagni, iii. 8.
[563] Villani, viii. 71.
[564] Ibid.
[565] Villani, viii. 71.
[566] "Storia della Repubblica Fiorentina," vol. i. chap. 6, p. 116
(edition of 1875).
[567] Villani, viii. 72.
[568] _Vide_ the well-known words pronounced by Cacciaguida in Canto
xvii. of the "Paradiso":
"E quel che più ti graverà le spalle
Sarà la compagnia malvagia e scempia,
Con la qual tu cadrai in questa valle;
Che tutta ingrata, tutta matta ed empia,
Si farà contra te; ma poco appresso
Ella, non tu, n'avrà rotta la tempia.
Di sua bestialitade il suo processo
Farà la pruova, si che a te fia bello
L'averti fatta parte per te stesso."
("Paradiso," xvii. 61-69.)
[569] Del Lungo notes this fact (vol. i. p. 577), and observes that it
was frequently repeated between 1301 and 1304.
[570] Villani, viii. 74; Del Lungo, pp. 578-9.
[571] These Catalans, after fighting the Moors in Spain, scattered
to different parts of the world, and refused to return to their own
country.
[572] Villani, viii. 87.
[573] This law is placed under rubric lxxxiii. of the enactments.
_Vide_ Giudici, "Storia dei Comuni Italiani," vol. iii. p. 119 and fol.
Florence, Le Monnier, 1864-66.
[574] Other clauses tending to increase the rigour of this law were
added on to it in 1307, 1309, and 1324, as may be seen in Bonaini's
edition, published in the "Archivio Storico Italiano," new series, vol.
i., 1885.
[575] Dino Compagni, iii. 18, p. 326.
[576] Villani, viii. 89.
[577] Ibid.
[578] Ibid. viii. 96.
[579] Villani, viii. 96; Dino Compagni, iii. 20, 21.
[580] Dino Compagni, iii. 20, note 29; Del Lungo, Introduction, p.
607. Prof. Del Lungo, the editor of these documents, does not believe
that Corso was favourable at that time to the exiles and Ghibellines.
Besides, the latter were no longer the genuine Ghibellines of older
days. Therefore the Signory could have no motive for deceiving their
friends, the Lucchese, and their letters are likewise corroborated by
the previous events we have described.
[581] Villani, viii. 100.
[582] Villani, iii. 118, 119.
[583] Compagni, "Cronica," iii. 35, note. 26.
[584] Villani, ix. 10.
[585] Villani, ix. 11.
[586] Compagni, iii. 32.
[587] Villani, ix. 12.
[588] Ibid. ix. 18.
[589] _Vide_ the letter sent by Florence, June 17, 1311, in Gregorovius
(3rd edition), vol. vi. p. 39, note 2.
[590] Bonaini, "Acta Enrici VII.," ii., lv., lxxxvi., Florence,
Cellini, 1877.
[591] Ibid. ii., xcviii., xcix.
[592] Published in the "Delizie degli Eruditi Toscani," and given more
completely in Prof. Del Lungo's "Dell' Esilio di Dante," &c., p. 107
and fol.
[593] Villani, ix. 21, 24, 26, 29.
[594] "Ita quod ipsi Florentini possint uti, pro eorum faciendis
negotiis et mercationibus, regno vestro, non obstantibus novitatibus
antedictis." This letter is dated 1311, and though the month is not
indicated, it alludes to Henry's arrival in Genoa as a recent event.
_Vide_ Desjardins, "Négociations diplomatiques de la France avec la
Toscane," vol. i. p. 12. and fol.
[595] The Bishop of Botrintò gives an account of his strange and
perilous journey in his work, "De Henrici VII. imperatoris itinere
italico." This is to be found in Muratori, R. I., and has been recently
republished by Doctor Heyck (Innsbrück, 1888).
[596] Villani, ix. 26-29; Del Lungo, p. 632.
[597] Villani, ix. 33. The fact of making the Pazzi knights by way of
compensation, serves to prove that the title of _cavaliere_ was already
losing its former significance. For, at the close of the thirteenth
century, when used as a sign of nobility, possession of this title
helped to exclude a man from the Government.
[598] Perrens, vol. iii. p. 145.
[599] This letter was written about the end of 1310 and beginning of
1311. It is No. v. of the Fraticelli edition.
[600] Epistola vi. of the Fraticelli edition.
[601] Epistle vii.
[602] Gregorovius, vol. vi. p. 40; Perrens, iii. 172; "Cronaca di
Pisa," R. T. S., xv. 985; Malavolti, par. ii. bk. iv. f. 66; Mussato,
bk. i. rub. 10.
[603] Mussato, in Gregorovius, vi. 73, note 1.
[604] Villani, ix. 45, p. 170.
[605] Villani, ix. 49.
[606] Bonaini, _op. cit._, ii., ccclxv.
[607] Gregorovius, vi. 89.
INDEX
Abati, 210, 445
Acquasparta, Cardinal of, 506, 517
Adimari, 208, 441, 543
Adrian V., Pope, 46, 257
Agnati, 372, 373, 375, 376, 388, 393, 394, 396, 419, 421, 423
Aguglioni, Baldo, 446
Albert of Austria, 503, 506
Albert of Hapsburg, 546
Alberti, House of, 101, 145, 146, 155, 160, 163, 331
Albizzi, 430
Aldobrandeschi, House of, 196
Aldobrandino, Count, 210
Alexander II., Pope, 75
Alfonso of Castile, 205
Alighieri, Dante, 406, 480, 485, 507, 510, 511, 521, 529, 535, 544,
556, 557, 563
Altino Chronicle, 98
Amalfi, 387
Ammirato, 11, 53, 262, 267, 283, 432
Amphitheatre, Florentine, 66
Angevins, 434, 435, 478, 495, 496, 510, 546, 560
Anglona, Giordano d', 205, 206
Arnolfo di Cambio, 479
Arras, Count of, 210
Art and Literature, 238, 239
Artisans, 91
Arts, Association of, 232
Asciano, Castle of, 289
Astura, Castle of, 247
Athens, 367
Atrium, 371, 374
Attems, Ulrico d', 132
Atto of Vallombrosa, Abbot, 116
Augustus, Restoration by, 66
Badia, The, 544
Baldo della Tosa, 472
Baldwin II., 255
Balearic Isles, 103, 106
Barbarossa, Frederic, 132, 352, 405
Barbolano, Doge Pietro, 99
Bardi, 441
Bartolo, 404
Battifolle, Count Guido di, 266
Belisea, Queen, 62
Bella, Giano Della, 10
Benedict XI., 525, 526, 549
Benevento, Dukedom of, 80, 81
Berengarius of Friuli, 33
Bernardini, Messer, 224
Bianchi, 504, 507, 508, 510, 511, 515, 516, 518, 519, 523, 528,
531, 544, 545, 546
Bishop Niccolò of Botrinto, 555
Boichorst, Prof. Scheffer, 44, 51
Bonaguisi, Bonaguisa dei, 176
Bonaini, 431, 448, 449, 450, 451
Boniface VIII., Pope, 350, 470, 486, 493, 494, 501, 502, 504, 508,
519, 525, 526, 560
Bonifazio III., 82, 83, 90, 91
Bordoni, Gherardo dei, 543, 544
Bostichi, 438, 441
Bouillon, Godfrey de, 55
Breviary of Alaric, The, 383
Brunelleschi, Betto, 550, 551, 555
Buondelmonti, The, 132, 173, 213, 260, 441, 505
Byzantine, 382, 385
Cadolingi, Castle of, 114
Cadolingi, The, 102, 103
Calabria, Duke of, 537
Calimala, Court of, 232, 345
Calimala Guild, 124, 233 _et seq._, 269, 319
Cambio, Arnolfo di, 297
Campaldino, 432, 437, 444, 445, 487
Caponsacchi, Gherardo, 154, 155
Capponi, Marquis Gino, 11, 15, 18, 36, 54
Capraia, Siege of, 184
Caprona, Castle of, 295
"Captain of the People," 13, 189, 226, 262, 268
Carroccio, The, 177
Cascioli, Monte, 102, 103
Castelfranco, 491
Castro, Paolo de, 447
Catiline, Legend, 61
Cavalcanti, The, 441, 480, 499, 500, 508, 523, 526, 528, 529, 532,
555
Cavalcanti's History, 8, 12, 271
Cerchi, 291, 293, 304, 498, 499, 504, 505, 517
Certaldo, 155, 467
Charles I. of Anjou, 216, 220 _et seq._, 352
Charles II. of Anjou, 290, 435, 470, 495, 505, 508
Charles of Naples, 509, 549
Charles of Valois, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517,
518, 521, 524, 546, 560
Charles the Fat, 31, 32
Charlemagne, 22, 28, 29, 31, 65, 69-71, 81, 314
Christian of Mayence, Archbishop, 135, 137-140.
Chronicles, Compilers of, 7
Ciampoli, The, 271
Cicero, 367, 372
Cino da Pistoria, 556
Ciompi, 430
Civil War, 142
Clement IV., Pope, 216, 220, 230, 246, 252
Clement V., Pope, 537, 546, 547, 549
Clothdressers' Guild, 220
Codex, Gaddi, 47
Codex, Lucca, 49
Cognates, 396, 423
College of Pontiffs, 367
Colombina Festival, 55
Columbus, Christopher, 340
Commerce, 95, 225, 334
Commonwealth of Merchants, 311
Commune, Banner of the, 72
Commune, Council of the, 13
Commune, Origin of the, 16, 17
Compagni, 432, 438, 444, 459, 466, 469, 480, 490, 499, 512, 514,
524, 542
"Companies of Adventure," 353
Conradin, 245 _et seq._, 486, 556
Constance, Peace of, 405
Constantinople, 365
Consuls, 39 _et seq._
Corbano, Emilio di, 242
Corpus juris, 382, 384, 387, 403, 407
Corrado, Margrave, 113
Corso Donati, 430, 437
Costumes, 200
Council of the Commune, 13
Council of the Hundred, 129
Council of the People, 363, 412
Court of Love, 272
Croce Gate, 543
Curtis Regia, 393
Cutignano, 467
Daliberto, Bishop, 96, 97
Damiano, St. Pier, 75, 76, 79, 86
Dante, 465, 215, 217, 287, 291, 406, 434, 491, 498, 511, 512, 514,
548, 558, 560, 563
D'Arras, Count, 210
Dati, Goro, 86, 313
"De Monarchia," 406
Dei, Benedetto, 324
Della Robbia, 480
Della Tosa Family, 162
"Divine Comedy, The," 57, 60, 187, 201, 213
Doctors' and Druggists' Guilds, 333 _et seq._
Donatello, 480
Donati, 10, 273, 291-293, 299, 304, 441, 472, 498-500, 503, 504,
516, 517, 522-527, 531-533, 535, 541-546, 551
Donoratico, Count Gherardo, 247
Doria, Oberto, 279, 280
Dotalitium, 392
Dukes, Powers of, 80
Durfort, William de, 290
Eastern Trade, 337 _et seq._
Edward III. of England, 331
Edward IV. of England, 331
Enactments of Justice, 431, 433, 436, 444, 448, 450, 463, 468, 474,
476, 480, 484, 489, 492, 505, 540, 542, 544
Engelbert, Envoy, 132
Enzo, 477
Errico of Bavaria, 132
Etruscan Fiesole, 65
Faderfium, 392
Faggiola, Uguccione della, 323, 541, 542, 566
Falconieri, 441
Fazio, Count, 277
Feudalism, 81
Ficker, historian, 87, 89, 134, 135, 148, 150, 159, 160
Fidei-commissum, 374
Fiesole, 72, 114, 115
Fiesco, Prenzivalle del, 288
Fifanti, The, 221, 243
Figiovanni, Count Ubaldini, 155
Fineschi, 450
Fires, 109, 142, 143
First Popular Government, 189, 200, 203
Flabiabico, Doge Domenico, 99
Florentine Statutes, 421
Foraboschi, 441
Fourteen Worthies, The, 263, 268, 269
Francesco Forti, 361
Frangipani, Giovanni, 247, 259, 260
Franks, Rule of, 31
Franzesi, Messer Musciatto, 510, 515
Frati Gaudenti, Order of, 220
Frederic I., Emperor, 55, 134, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 158, 164
Frederic II., Emperor, 175, 176, 179-181, 185, 187, 215, 240, 248,
352, 475, 477, 549, 565
French Revolution, 429
Frescobaldi, 441, 444, 472
Friburg, 447
Friuli, Dukedom of, 80
Gabrielli, Rosso, 298
Gaddi Codex, 143, 212
Gaddi Library, 47
Gaius, 372
Galastroni, Messer Simone, 473
Galli, 468
Gallura, Nino di, 289
Gambassi, 467
Gans, 364, 392, 416
Gherardesca, Count Ugolino della, 257, 274, 275, 279, 280, 282,
284, 286, 287
Gherardini, 208, 441, 524
Ghibellines, 406, 427, 434, 435, 437, 439, 441, 466, 470, 475, 486,
488, 491, 495, 496, 501, 503, 505, 506, 519, 521, 528, 534,
538, 541, 544, 545, 547, 548, 551, 556, 565, 566
Ghiberti, 480
Giachinotti, The, 271
Giamboni, Bono, 59
Giano della Bella, 431, 433, 444, 446, 448, 449, 453, 463, 465,
468-470, 474, 476, 480, 487, 488, 493, 496, 502
Giordano, Count, 210, 213
Giotto, 480
Giovanni di Celona, 470
Giudici, 432, 433, 450
Goffredo, Duke of Tuscany, 153
Goffredo of Loraine, 83, 85
Gonfalonier of Justice, 454, 455, 461, 464, 480, 488, 540
Government, First Popular, 189, 196, 198
Grandi, The, 490
Grasselli, Gualfredotto, 169
Gregory VII., Pope, 83
Gregory VIII., Pope, 148
Gregory IX., Pope, 330
Gregory X., Pope, 253, 255, 257
Gregory XI., Pope, 345
Grotius, Hugh, 369
Guadagni, Migliore, 466
Gualberto Giovanni, 74-76
Guardamorto Tower, The, 183
Guarnerius, 388
Guelfo, Duke, 134
Guelphs, 406, 427, 434-437, 439-441, 464, 470, 475, 488, 490, 491,
495, 503, 505, 511, 513, 527, 539, 541, 544, 548, 551-553, 565
Guelphs and Ghibellines, Origin of, 174
Guerra, Count Guido, 202
Guicciardini, 6, 12, 357
Guidi, House of, 33, 102, 133 _et seq._, 144, 153, 160, 199
Guido, Counts, 439, 498
Guilds, 269, 270, 302, 312-314, 333, 340 _et seq._
Guilds, Venetian, 98
Hardouin of Ivrea, 33
Hartwig, Dr. O., 11, 39 _et seq._, 54 _et seq._, 105, 123, 140,
149, 153, 158, 168-170, 181, 213, 270, 273
Hegel, Karl, 16, 42, 449
Henry I., 317
Henry III., 82
Henry IV. of Germany, 83, 89, 107
Henry VI., 55, 148-152
Henry VII. of England, 322
Henry VII. of Luxembourg, 406, 546, 549-552, 554, 555, 557, 559,
561-564, 567
Historical Societies, 2
Hohenstauffens, 434, 475, 477
Honorius II., Pope, 116, 288
"Humble Brethren, The," 318, 319
Igneo, Pietro, 78, 84
Incisa, Castle of, 563
Industry and Commerce, 95
"Inferno, The," 65
Innocent III., Pope, 160, 161, 167, 175, 184, 186, 318
Innocent IV., Pope, 185
Innocent V., Pope, 257
Innocent VI., Pope, 46
Inquisition, The, 186
Invasions of Italy, 19
James of Aragon, 105
John, Prince, 562
John of Salisbury, 59
John XXI., Pope, 46, 257
Jus civile, 369, 374
Jus gentium, 369, 374
Justinian, 365, 378, 382, 385, 403, 414
Ladislas of Naples, 344
Lamberti, The, 143, 197, 221
Lambertini, Guido, 201
Lami, Prof., 12, 39, 41, 44, 53
Lancia, Count Giordano, 183
Lancia, Galvano, 247, 248
Lando, Michele di, 10
Lanfranchi, The, 278
Lares, 371
Lastra, 536
Latini, Brunetto, 44-46, 59, 111, 144, 149, 154, 174, 205, 213,
282, 480
Laurentian Library, 47, 112
League, Tuscan, 158 _et seq._, 197, 282, 289, 296, 310, 311
Library, Florence National, 44, 46, 48
Library, Gaddi, 47
Library, Laurentian, 47, 112
Library, Naples National, 45
Livy, Titus, 7, 9
Longobard laws, 39
Longobard rule, 28
Longobards, Fall of the, 80
Lothair, Emperor, 73
Louis of Savoy, 550
Lucca Codex, 49
Lucca MS., 48
Lucca, Tolomeo da, 143
Lucretia, 371
Lupi, Prof., 105
Macharius, Count, 138
Machiavelli, 1, 4, 5, 8, 12, 65, 194, 204, 216, 218, 223, 252, 432,
459
Majorca, Isle and Castle of, 104
Malatesti, The, 271
Malespini, 12, 62, 200, 441
Mandello, Rubaconte da, 180
Manfred, 204, 205, 213, 217, 243, 352, 437, 475
Mangiadori, Simone, dei, 291
Manieri, 441
Manzoni, 18, 23, 25
March of Ancona, 423
Marignolli, Rustico, 182
Martin IV., Pope, 265
Matilda, Countess, 50, 54, 83, 87, 92, 94, 100-107, 388
Mazzinghi, Totto, 299
Medici, The, 9, 349, 357, 358
Meloria, Battle of, 281, 344
Meloria Lighthouse, 296
Messina, Siege of, 266
Meta, The, 391-393
Mezzabarba, Bishop, 84
Michelangelo, 4, 480
Milani, Prof., 66, 67
Monaci, Prof., 39
Monaldeschi, Messer Ormano, 223
Money-changers, Guild of, 325 _et seq._
Montaia, Castle of, 198
Montalcino, Siege of, 199
Montalto della Berardenga, Castle of, 169
Montalto, Wars of, 42
Montaperti, Battle of, 213, 352
Monte-Cuccoli, 467
Montefeltro, Count Guido da, 289, 296, 297, 466
Montegrossoli, Castle of, 145, 158
Montfort, Guy de, 224
Montfort, Philip de, 224, 242
Morgengab, 392, 393
Morosini, Andrea, 278-280
Morosini, Doge Marco, 99
Mozzi, 441
Mugello, 490, 538
Mundium, The, 391, 393
Mutrone, Castle of, 202
Mutrone, Siege of, 244
Napier, 432
Napoleon Code, The, 3
Narbonne, Amerigo de, 290, 294
National Library, 39, 48
Neri, 504, 506, 507, 510, 511, 515, 517, 518, 522, 523, 542
Nicholas III., Pope, 257-259, 265
Ninety, Council of, 228
Novello, Count Guido, 198, 206, 210-214, 218-222, 291, 292
Octavian, Emperor, 48
Ogerio, Podestà, 166
Ombrone Valley, 170
One Hundred, Council of, 228, 268
Ordeal by Fire, 77, 78
Ordinamenti, Ordini di Giustizia, 446, 448
Ordinances of Justice, 430
Orsini, Cardinal Napoleon, 537, 541, 552
Orsini, The, 259, 265
Ottavio degli Ubaldini, Cardinal, 439
Otto I. of Germany, 33, 71
Otto II. of Germany, 33
Otto III. of Germany, 33
Ottobuoni, Aldobrandino, 203
Panago, Counts, 155
Pandects, 365, 382-384
Paoli, Prof., 39, 41, 42, 52, 113, 211
Passerini documents, 136, 153
Patria potestas, 376
Pavia, Bishop Pietro da, 74
Pazzi, Count, 155
Pazzi, Guglielmo dei, 292
Pazzi, House of, 259
Pazzi, Pazzino de, 55, 56, 555
Pazzi of Valdarno, 490, 491, 524
Pecora, 471
Pegolotti, Balducci, 335
Perrens, Prof., 54, 55
Petrarch, 408
Petrognano, Rock of, 164
Philip the Beautiful, 486, 546
Pieri, Paolo, 49, 106, 152, 158, 170
Pietro de la Rat, Captain, 537
Pietro of Verona, 187
Pisan Expedition to Balearic Isles, 103
Pisan Republic, 285
Pisans, 387, 416
Pistoia, 445
Pitti, 430
Podestà, The, 13, 143 _et seq._, 226, 284, 298, 310, 418, 421, 439,
445, 446, 454, 459, 461, 464, 466, 468, 473, 474, 488, 489,
510, 515, 517, 519, 522, 523, 536, 540, 543, 555
Poggibonsi, 467
Polono, Martin, 43-45, 47-51
Pontedera, Castle of, 296
Pontiffs, College of, 367
Popoleschi, The, 271
Poppi, Battle of, 290
Porcari, Paganello, 162
Portinari, Folco, 298
Praetor, 370
Prato, Cardinal da, 526, 551
Prato Gate, 550
Procida, Giovanni da, 258
"Purgatorio, The," 217
Quirites, 366, 370
Radagasius, Siege by, 68
Rangoni, Jacopo, 210
Ranieri, Archbishop, 55, 59
Reinhold, Archbishop, 134, 135
Republic, Magistrate of the, 363
Rienzo, Cola di, 548
Rigomagno, Castle of, 170
Ristori, Donato, 446
Robert, King of Naples, 406, 549, 550, 561, 562, 565, 566
Robert of Flanders, Count, 249
Rodolfo, Count, 169
Roger II. of Sicily, 322
Roman Empire, 43
Roman Law, 3
Romans, Florence constructed by, 65
Roncaglia, 405
Rosano reports, 153
Rossi, 441
Rudolf of Hapsburg, 254, 258, 265
Ruggiero, Archbishop, 286, 287
Sacchetti, Franco, 347
St. Angelo, Castle of, 562
St. Ambrogio, 551
St. Eustachio Hospital, 467
St. Ilario, Siege of, 243
Salerno, Prince of, 271, 272
Salterelli, Messer Lapo, 503, 504, 506
Salvani, Provenzano, 206, 207, 249
San Gallo, Gate, 550
San Giovanni, 491
San Jacopo Oltrarno, The Church of, 472
Sanctity of Roman women, 371
Santini, Prof., 42 _et seq._, 108 _et seq._, 169, 170, 302
Sanzanome, 40-43, 61, 114, 115, 133, 140, 165, 170
Saracini, Andreotto, 279
Savelli, Pandolfo, 555
Savigny, 16, 17, 361, 364, 382-384
Saxony, Duke of, 502
Scheraggio, San Piero, 444, 472
Scienza Nuova, 368
Scolari, The, 221, 243
Sea-fights, 277, 280
Semifonte, Wars of, 42, 163, 164
Serfdom abolished, 301
Sicilian Vespers, 266, 268, 273
Signory, Office of, 263, 264, 298, 358, 359
Sinucello, Judge of Cinarca, 276
Sismondi, 432
Skinners' Guild, 333 _et seq._
Society of Merchants, 416
Soldanieri, Giovanni, 222
Spadai, Gate, 535
Spini, The, 470, 499, 503, 524
Spinola, Ubizzo, 565
Spoleto, Dukedom of, 80, 81
Sponsalicium, 392
Stagia, Renuccio da, 153
Stinche, Castle of, 537
Stipulatio, 374
Swabian line, The, 435, 475
Tacitus, 391
Testamenti factio, 394
Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 20, 383, 385
Theodosius, 383
Thierry, Augustin, 3
Thirty-six, Council of, 221, 222, 226, 232
Tiepolo, Doge Jacopo, 99
Tizzano, Castle of, 198
Tolomeo of Lucca, 52
Tornabuoni, The, 271
Tornano, Castle of, 166
Tornaquinci, 441
Tornaquinci, Giovanni, 211, 271
Torre, Guido della, 551
Tosa, Rosso della, 524, 526, 527, 532, 533, 541-543
Tosa, Simone della, 49
Toscanelli, Paolo, 340
Tosinghi, The, 259, 441, 544
Totila, Destruction of Florence, by, 73
Trade and commerce, 95, 100
Trades, 221, 232
Trebbio, Castle of, 155
Troghisio, Francesco, 210
Trollope, 432
Troya, Carlo, 18
Tuscany, Feudalism in, 81
Tuscus, Thomas, 51
Tutela, 393
Twelve, Council of, 226, 238, 263
Twelve Tables, 365, 366
Twenty-four, Council of, 209
Ubaldini, The, 197, 288, 333, 467, 490, 521, 522, 538, 545
Uberti, House of, 10, 100, 109-112, 122, 141-144, 175, 189, 197,
204-215, 221, 243, 260
Ubertini, Counts, 155, 288, 290, 292, 490, 491
Ubertino della Strozza, 446
Ugo, Marquis, 82
University of Bologna, 403
Urban IV., Pope, 230, 245, 252
Urbino, 415, 418
Vallombrosa, Order of, 74, 75, 204
Vannucci, 432
Vatican Library, 39
Vatican, The, 39, 99
Venice, Naval strength of, 337
Verbal contract in Rome, 374
Vespers, Sicilian, 266, 268, 273
Vico, 367
Vieri de' Cerchi, 437
Vigna, Pier della, 185, 477
Vignale, Castle of, 132, 296
Villani, 6, 7, 12, 45 _et seq._, 431, 432, 435, 445, 453, 459, 467,
474-476, 493, 497-499, 501, 508, 510, 514, 519, 522, 535
Virginia, 371
Visconti, Giovanni, 256, 274
Visconti, Nino, 285
Visconti of Milan, 345, 347
Visdomini, 441
Volognano, Filippo da, 243
Volpi, Bartolommeo, 447
Volterra, Capture of, 334
Weaving, Art of, 315 _et seq._
Wüstenfeld, Dr., 54, 105
Zaccaria, Benedetto, 279, 280
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, PRINTERS, WOKING AND LONDON.
* * * * * *
Transcribers' note:
Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected, often after referencing
other printings or editions of this book.
Occasional unpaired quotation marks have been retained unless the
position of the missing one was obvious.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Extraneous commas were retained.
Illustrations have been moved closer to the relevant text.
Text uses both "Bölognese" and "Bolognese", "Bölogna" and "Bologna".
Footnotes have been collected and repositioned just before the Index.
Page references in the Index were not checked for accuracy.
Illustrations: The two illustrations listed as facing page 93 were
missing from the 1908 edition of this book, but were present in the
1905 edition, and have been added to this eBook.
Page 1: This page was numbered "2", as was the following page.
Page 67: "(in Via de' Gondi.);" was printed that way.
Page 81: "marches" was printed as "le Marche" in the Italian edition.
Page 116: "destruccio fesulana" was printed as "fesulana destruccio" in
the Italian edition.
Page 132: Likely misplaced closing quotation mark in footnote 147
(originally 3).
Page 133: "rased" was printed that way; "razed" also occurs in this
text.
Page 148: "p. 2 2." at the end of footnote 185 (originally 3) was
printed that way.
Page 165: "Bagnuolo" is spelled "Bagunolo" in footnote 217 (originally
2).
Page 199: "August, 1852" probably should be "1252".
Page 220: "instance of Pope" probably should be "insistance".
Page 229: "132,160,8,4" was printed that way.
Page 248: "Guido du Suzzara" was printed that way.
Page 316: "and" in "and _villaneschi_" was misprinted in italics.
Page 322: "sixth century B.C." probably should be "A.D.".
Page 328: "on board-ship" was printed that way.
Page 329: "zechin" was printed as "zecchino" in the Italian edition.
Page 331: "Brussells" was printed that way.
Page 393: "mundium" is Latinized Longobard (an extinct Germanic
language).
Page 411: "mondualdo" is Latinized Longobard.
Page 416: "mundio" is a Longobard word.
Page 420: "when there are direct descendants" was printed as "their".
Page 457: "la securtadi" was printed as "le securtadi" in the Italian
edition.
Pages 481, 482: Both "cambii" and "canbii" are used; neither was
changed.
Page 513: "Dante was really sent ambassador to Rome" was printed that
way.
Footnote 80: Missing period added in "municipal. presid" because the
discussion pertains to the meaning of the abbreviation.
Footnote 186: "p. 2 2." was printed that way.
Footnote 288: The word "and" in "Carlo I. and Carlo II" probably should
not have been translated, but left as "e".
Footnote 442: "Gerechtigheit" is a misprint for "Gerechtigkeit".