each other who should be foremost to avenge their comrades’ death.
But before they reached the guns, Prince Menschikoff had formed a
compact mass of Russian infantry on the summit of the hill, which
now advanced with level bayonets against our exhausted battalions.
Breathless from their rapid charge up the hill, diminished in
numbers, and fatigued from their almost superhuman exertions,
they were unable to resist the shock, and, desperately contesting
every inch of ground, slowly yielded to the enormous weight of
the Russian columns. The gallant 33rd, the Duke of Wellington’s
regiment, displayed a prowess excelled by none. Their colours were
borne proudly to the last, and ever in the spot of the greatest
danger. The Queen’s colours, when the fight was over, showed
fourteen bullet-holes, and the regimental colours eleven. Nineteen
sergeants fell around their standards, defending to the last the
honour of their regiment, and preserving the fame so identified
with the career of the departed warrior whose name it bore.
While the heroes of the Light Division were thus nobly performing
their part, Sir De Lacy Evans and General England were gallantly
bringing their divisions into action. They had forced a passage,
with great difficulty, and exposed to a most destructive fire,
somewhat to the left of their compatriots of Sir George Brown’s
division, and, breaking through the obstacles which awaited them
on the bank, rapidly advanced up the hill. The 55th and 95th
encountered a tremendous fire, which they returned with vigour from
their muskets, while our artillery did good service by an energetic
discharge of shot and shell into the enemy’s lines. Major Rose,
Captains Butler and Scham, fell to rise no more, and many other
officers were severely wounded; 123 killed and wounded were the
contribution of this regiment to the day’s slaughter.
As the 95th charged up the hill, one of the most affecting episodes
of that fierce encounter--so full of incidents, of unsurpassed
courage, and pathetic scenes--occurred. Early in the charge,
Captain Eddington, a young officer, fell wounded, a ball passing
through his chest. The regiment, unable to stand against the
scathing fire to which they were exposed, fell back to re-form,
and left the wounded officer on the ground. In full view of the
regiment, a Russian rifleman advanced, and kneeling by his side,
appeared to be about to offer his canteen to his lips. A thrill
passed through the ranks, at the spectacle of a soldier exposing
his own life thus for the purpose of alleviating the sufferings of
a dying enemy. No gun would have been pointed against that man, no
bayonet levelled at his life. It seemed one of those incidents that
show the better feelings of humanity are not quite extinguished by
the breath of war. But what was their horror when the rifleman,
laying aside his canteen, levelled his piece and deliberately blew
out the brains of the dying man! Among those who witnessed this
cowardly assassination was a younger brother of the captain who
had recently exchanged into the regiment, that he might share death
and danger with his brother, whom he tenderly loved. Maddened by
the spectacle of his brother’s murder, the young lieutenant sprang
forward, shouting with frantic energy to the men to follow and
avenge the deed. One loud yell of execration burst from the lips
of the soldiers, and bounding onwards, they rushed after their
leader. Waving his sword above his head, the gallant young man was
a conspicuous mark, and in another moment fell headlong, pierced by
a dozen bullets. Thus the two brothers, so fondly attached in life,
mingled their blood on that fatal hillside--among thousands of the
slain perhaps the most generally and deeply mourned.
At length Sir De Lacy Evans, who had received a severe contusion
on his shoulder, rallied his men, and led them victors to the
summit of the hill, silencing one of the batteries which had done
such execution upon the gallant fellows of the Light Division.
Sir Richard England’s division had fought--to use the language
of one who shared in that charge--“like devils,” and surmounting
every impediment, though not without dreadful loss, joined their
gallant comrades. Everywhere the Russians were driven back by the
irresistible bayonets of the British, and the conquerors literally
marched through paths of blood to victory.
As yet we have not detailed the part borne by the magnificent
First Division,--the very flower of the British army. The Duke
of Cambridge had led his Guards and Highlanders across the Alma,
to the left of the Light Division, and rapidly advanced to its
assistance. As they ascended the hill, they encountered Sir George
Brown’s regiments slowly yielding to the immense impetus of the
Russian charge. Opening their ranks, they allowed their comrades to
pass and re-form in their rear, and then the enemy for the first
time was confronted with the most redoubtable infantry soldiers in
the world. Then began the most desperate hand-to-hand conflict yet
witnessed. The Scots Fusiliers had hurried to the rescue without
waiting to form properly, and for a brief space were confused.
But the individual courage of the members of that distinguished
corps never for an instant was found deficient. Surrounded by
the enemy, they fought with undaunted valour. Viscount Chewton,
a distinguished young captain, who had gained renown in both
services, having been originally a midshipman, and having borne
an honourable part in the Indian campaign, dashed forward, and,
waving his bearskin, shouted to them to advance. Thirteen other
officers, with reckless bravery, followed his example, and in a few
minutes eleven of their number were wounded. The gallant Chewton
had his leg broken by a ball, and fell within fifty yards of the
redoubt. Before he could be rescued, several Russians attacked
the fallen man, and beat him savagely with the butt-ends of their
muskets, others stabbing him at the same time with their bayonets.
A strong man, he struggled desperately; and when at length rescued
and borne from the field, his body was found to be almost covered
with wounds. He lingered for a few days, and then expired. Two
young officers, Lieutenants Lindsay and Thistlethwayte, who bore
the colours, were surrounded by the enemy, and, except the four
colour-sergeants, isolated from their comrades. The sergeants were
one by one struck down; and then these gallant young men, back
to back, kept the foe at bay, and, almost miraculously escaping
unhurt, cut their way through and carried their colours safely to
the top of the hill.
Meanwhile the Light Division had re-formed their lines, and now
returned to the charge, in the footsteps of the dauntless Guards.
In vain broad sheets of fire poured through the ranks--no man
flinched. The flag which the Fusiliers had planted on the redoubt
was still there, and pointed out the path they were to tread. Their
royal leader proved himself worthy of his charge, and encouraged
by his example the valour of his men. The Russians quailed before
the tremendous onset; and when the Highlanders, who had reserved
their fire, came dashing up to the front, and, after discharging
a tremendous volley, charged at the bayonet’s point, the rout
was complete. Thu enemy fled terror-stricken, and the Guards
and Highlanders together leaped into the redoubt, the gunners
precipitately hastening after their flying comrades.
At the summit of the hill a brief stand was made, and it seemed
as if the contest were about to be renewed; but the Highlanders,
levelling their bayonets, advanced at a rapid pace, and the enemy,
dashing down their accoutrements and arms, fled, like frightened
sheep, down the declivity.
Meantime the French had driven back the Russian left wing upon the
main body, and now brought to bear, with deadly effect, their guns
upon the retreating foe; and the second and third divisions of our
army arrived upon the scene. The victory was complete: a great
army, in a position of immense strength, had been ignominiously
defeated, in less than three hours, by the sheer valour of English
and French soldiers. True, we had paid dearly for our victory; but
the annals of the British army do not record a nobler achievement.
We were unable to pursue the fugitives--our cavalry was too weak
in numbers to be detached from the main body of the army: had we
been stronger in that branch of the service, the victory of the
Alma might have been equivalent to the conquest of the Crimea. We
afterwards ascertained that Sebastopol was emptied of its garrison
to strengthen the army, and had we been in a position to follow
the retreating forces, we might have inflicted a blow on Russian
strength from which it would not in all probability have soon
recovered; as it was, the Allies remained masters of the field, and
the defeated Menschikoff fled towards Baktchi-Serai, leaving behind
him, according to his own admission, 1,762 dead, and 2,720 wounded.
Russian assertions are not the most trustworthy, especially
when the circumstances are unfavourable to themselves, and the
probability is that the loss was really much greater. The English
had 353 killed, and 1,612 wounded, many of whom afterwards died of
their injuries. Our allies lost 256 killed, and 1,087 wounded.
On the bloody field reposed the victors when that day’s dreadful
work was done: amid the dead and dying--the lifebreath painfully
passing from the lips of wounded friend and foe--some of our bravo
fellows, pillowed on their knapsacks, slept a fitful sleep; some
crept among the heaps of dying, searching for friend or brother,
and some supported the drooping head and administered a draught of
water to the fevered lips of wounded comrade or dying enemy. The
fight was over, the lust of blood satisfied, and all the better
qualities of manhood, mercy and forgiveness, appeared beneath that
setting sun. Sometimes, as they stooped to assist a dying enemy,
the Muscovite, trained to treachery, with a final effort, would
discharge a pistol at their heads; and then the old war spirit was
once more aroused, and with clubbed musket, or deadly bayonet, the
malevolent Russian was sent to his account. The sailors, who had
watched the progress of the battle from the ships, when they saw
that victory was ours, swarmed ashore, and hurried to the scene of
strife. There they bore the wounded to the surgeon’s quarters, and
to the ships, with the tenderness of women. Little drummer-boys
might be seen among the prostrate heroes, comforting and rendering
assistance with a care and zeal beyond their years. A fatigue party
was ordered on service to bury the dead; and the surgeons, with
bare arms and splashed with blood, strove by their skill and energy
to alleviate the sufferings and save the lives of the poor fellows
brought to them.
A frightful spectacle was that hill-side of the Alma, on the
evening of the renowned 20th of September, 1854. England’s best and
bravest lay dead, their pale faces lit by the setting sun: some
retained the expression of that intense energy which bore them
fearlessly to the mouths of the Russian guns; some, with faces
calm and beautiful as an infant’s, seemed peacefully sleeping, and
smiling as they slept: others, with limbs contracted, and features
frightfully distorted, bore witness to the fierce agonies of the
death-struggle. Russian and English and French lay commingled, as
they fell in the deadly struggle; and among the heaps of corpses,
many in whom the spark of life yet lingered, lay miserably
groaning, or faintly crawled with shattered limbs, in search of
help. Some of the bodies were headless, the brains scattered around
the bloody trunk: and others were so frightfully mutilated that it
was difficult to recognize any trace of humanity. While some of
our men helped to bear the wounded from the field, and bury the
corpses of the slain, others hovered about, and plundered the dead
of clothes, arms and such matters as could be carried away; the
sailors especially were active in securing trophies of war. Russian
orders and crosses, Russian arms, and even the black bread from
the soldiers’ knapsacks, were eagerly sought; the boots were real
prizes, and the seamen, who would heartily lend a hand to succour
a wounded comrade, or even a foe, had no delicacy in appropriating
the clothing of the dead. An expeditious mode of measurement,
by which they secured the articles which would best fit, caused
some amusement, even at such a time. Jack, seating himself at the
feet of a dead Russian, placed the sole of his foot against that
of the corpse; if they agreed in size, the boots were at once
appropriated; if otherwise, the critical mariner proceeded to
another selection.
For two days the armies remained upon the field; had they marched
at once, it is more than probable, nay, almost certain, they might
have entered Sebastopol with but little resistance. Marshal St.
Arnaud wished to make an immediate advance; but Lord Raglan refused
to leave his wounded untended on the field. Though possibly we
ultimately lost by this delay, we can scarcely blame a general who
showed such a fine humanity even among the horrors of warfare. Our
English courage is of the old chivalric sort--we fight as men,
for great principles, not for the lust of conquest: our soldiers
are every one a treasure of immense value, rightly used, not to
be cast away to perish when their first use is passed. Human life
is to Englishmen intensely sacred: we cheerfully lay it down when
demanded, and in proportion do we honour and cherish those who have
perilled it in our cause. A single life wilfully sacrificed for a
mere strategical advantage would have been a stain on our English
honour, which we should not speedily have forgiven.
At early morning, on the 23rd of September, the Allies turned their
backs on the memorable heights. Two men, strong and unwounded,
remained upon the field, and watched their departure; and in all
that proud array, flushed with victory, there were none who bore
more heroic hearts. Upwards of 200 wounded Russians still lay upon
the field; and Dr. Thompson, surgeon of the 44th regiment, and his
servant, volunteered to remain, and administer to their wants.
Every moment increased their loneliness and their danger; for
predatory bands of Cossack horsemen still hovered around the scene,
against whose revengeful lances the plea of mercy and Christian
charity would have been but an ineffectual shield; and yet these
two brave men quailed not in their mission, and many a dying foe
had his last pangs soothed, and parting agonies alleviated, by the
ministrations of these good Samaritans of peace.”
ALMANZA.--This battle was fought, April 4th, 1707, between the
confederate forces under the Earl of Galway, and the French and
Spaniards, commanded by James Fitzjames, Duke of Berwick, the
illegitimate son of James II of England, when most of the English
were killed or made prisoners of war, having been abandoned by the
Portuguese at the first charge.
ALMEIDA.--This was an important position, as a frontier town of
Portugal, in the Peninsular war. Massena laid siege to it August
15th, 1810, and the governor capitulated August 27th following. The
French crossed into Spain, leaving a garrison at Almeida, blockaded
by the British, April 6th, 1811. It was evacuated by the French,
May 11th, of the same year. In the end Wellington compelled Massena
to retire from Portugal, but the route of the French was tracked by
horrid desolation.
ALNEY.--This was rather a single combat than a battle, between
Edmund Ironside and Canute the Great, in sight of their armies. The
latter was wounded, when he proposed a division of the kingdom, the
south part falling to Edmund, A.D. 1016; but this prince having
been murdered at Oxford, shortly after the treaty, according to
some by the treachery of Aldric Streon, Canute was left in the
peaceable possession of the whole kingdom, A.D. 1017.
AMBOYNA.--This place is celebrated for the memorable massacre of
the English factors by the Dutch, February 17th, 1623; they were
cruelly tortured and put to death on an accusation of a conspiracy
to expel the Dutch from the island, where the two nations resided
and jointly shared in the pepper trade of Java. Amboyna was seized
by the English, February 16th, 1796, but was restored by the treaty
of Amiens in 1802. It was again seized by the British, February
17th, 1810, and was restored at the peace of 1814.
AMHERSTBURG.--Fought between the Canadians and Americans. In
July, 1812, the American General Hull, with a force of 2500 men,
crossed over from Detroit, and entered the Western district, where
he issued a proclamation inviting the inhabitants to join his
standard. At this time the British force on the frontier was merely
nominal, and could offer little resistance. As soon as General
Brock heard of this invasion, he prorogued the Parliament, then
sitting at Toronto, and proceeded westward. He arrived on the 12th
of August at Amherstburg, where he mustered about 330 regulars, and
400 militia and six hundred Indians. Hull, whose force, weakened
by sickness and sending away two detachments, is said at this time
not to have exceeded 800 effective men, retreated across the river,
withdrawing the cannon prepared for the siege of Amherstburg, and
shut himself up in Detroit. General Brock, instantly crossing over,
advanced upon the fort and prepared for an immediate assault. A
white flag, however, appeared from the walls, and a capitulation
was signed, by which the whole American force, including the
detachments, were made prisoners and sent to Montreal. Loud and
just complaints were made by the Americans against the conduct of
Hull, who was afterwards tried and condemned to be shot, but was
spared on account of his age and former services.
AMIENS, PEACE OF.--Between Great Britain, Holland, France and
Spain, signed March 27th, 1801.
AMSTERDAM.--Capital of Holland, surrendered to the King of Prussia,
when he invaded Holland in favor of the Stadtholder in 1737. The
French were admitted, without resistance, January 18th, 1795. The
ancient government restored in November, 1813.
ANDRÉ, MAJOR.--An adjutant general of the British army, taken
prisoner by the Americans whilst returning in disguise from a
secret expedition to the American General Arnold; hanged October
2nd, 1780.
ANGRIA.--A pirate’s fort on the coast of Malabar, invested by
Admiral Watson, and destroyed 1756.
ANHOLT, ISLAND OF.--Owing to the injury done by the Danish cruisers
to British commerce, this island was taken possession of by
England. The Danes made an attempt to regain it with a force of
4000, but were gallantly repulsed. The British force opposed to
them did not amount to more than 150 men, yet triumphed in a close
and desperate engagement, March 14th, 1811.
ANJOU, OR BLAUGÉ.--This battle was fought between the English and
French armies April 3rd, 1421. The French were commanded by the
Dauphin of France, who defeated the English, on whose side the Duke
of Clarence and 1500 men perished on the field; the Duke was slain
by Sir Allan Swinton, a Scotch knight, who commanded a company
at arms; and the earls of Somerset, Dorset, and Huntingdon were
taken prisoners. This was the first battle that turned the tide of
success against the English in their first wars with France.
ANTOIGN.--This battle was fought between the central army of the
French and the Allies, August 13th, 1792, in which 4500 Austrians
and Prussians were killed, 3,500 taken prisoners, and 600 emigrants
shut up in Longwy; 900 French were killed in the action; 30 pieces
of battering cannon and howitzers, with all the baggage of the
combined army, were captured.
AQUILEIA.--In the first battle fought there, Constantine II
was slain by Constans towards the close of March, A.D. 340. In
the second, Maximus was defeated and slain by Theodosius, July
28th. A.D. 388. In the third, Theodosius defeated Eugenius and
Arbogastes, the Gaul, and remained sole emperor of the Roman world,
September 6th, A.D. 394. Eugenius was put to death, and Arbogastes
died by his own hand, mortified by his overthrow.
ARBELA.--The third and decisive battle fought between Alexander
the Great and Darius Codomanus, king of Persia, which decided the
fate of Persia, B.C. 331. The army of Darius consisted of 1,000,000
of foot and 100,000 horse; the Macedonian army amounted to only
40,000 foot and 7,000 horse. The gold and silver found in the
cities of Susa, Babylon, and Persepolis, which fell into the hands
of Alexander, after this victory, amounted to £30,000,000, and the
jewels and other precious spoil, belonging to Darius, sufficed to
load 20,000 mules and 5,000 camels. At the battle of Arbela, the
Persians lost 300,000, or as some, with greater probability, say
40,000, whilst the Macedonians had only 500 slain. Darius betook
himself to flight, and was slain by Bessus, Governor of Bactria,
who was punished for his perfidy in the following manner:--He was
taken and bound naked, hand and foot, and four trees having been by
main force bent down to the ground, and one of the criminal’s limbs
tied to each of them, the trees, as they were suffered to return to
their natural position, flew back with prodigious violence, each
carrying with it one of the limbs.
ARCOLA.--This battle was fought between the French, under General
Bonaparte, and the Austrians, under Field-Marshal Alvinzy,
November 19th, 1796. The result of this bloody conflict, which was
fought for eight successive days, was the loss on the part of the
Austrians of 12,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, with 4
flags and 18 guns.
ARGENTARIA.--This battle was one of the most renowned of its times.
It was fought A.D. 378, in Alsace, between the Allemanni and the
Romans, the former being defeated by the latter, with the loss of
more than 35,000 men, out of their whole army of 40,000.
ARKLOW.--This battle was fought June 10th, 1798, between the
insurgent Irish, amounting to 31,000, and a small regular force of
British, which signally defeated them.
ARMADA.--Philip, king of Spain, after some years of preparation
in all the ports of his extensive dominions, had assembled in the
river Tagus a fleet of 130 large vessels, carrying nearly 30,000
men, and the Prince of Parma had collected, in the ports of the
Netherlands, ships and boats for the embarkation of an equal number
of his veteran troops. To resist these formidable preparations,
Elizabeth had only a navy of 34 ships, but the nobility and the
seaports fitted out such a number of vessels at their own expense,
that there soon was at sea a fleet of 180 vessels of all kinds,
large and small. The chief command was committed to Howard of
Effingham, Lord High-Admiral of England, and Drake, Hawkins, and
Frobisher held commands under him. The fleet was stationed at
Plymouth. A land army of 30,000 men was posted at Tilbury, in
Essex, under the command of Lord Leicester, for the protection of
the city of London, while another of equal strength was destined
for the guard of the Queen’s person.
On the 29th of May, 1588, the Invincible Armada (i.e. _Fleet_), as
it was proudly styled, sailed from the Tagus, but owing to a storm
which it encountered, it did not appear off the coast of England
till the 19th of July. On that day it was descried near the Lizard
point, in Cornwall, by a Scottish pirate, who made all the sail he
could to convey the intelligence to Plymouth, and the Admiral got
his fleet out to sea with as little delay as possible.