[1] See also UNIVERSITIES.
CAMBRIDGE, a city and the county-seat of Dorchester county, Maryland,
U.S.A., on the Choptank river, near Chesapeake Bay, about 60 m. S.E. of
Baltimore. Pop. (1890) 4192; (1900) 5747 (1958 being negroes); (1910)
6407. It is served by the Cambridge branch of the Philadelphia,
Baltimore & Washington railway (Pennsylvania railway), which connects
with the main line at Seaford, 30 m. distant, and with the Baltimore,
Chesapeake & Atlantic at Hurlock, 16 m. distant; and by steamers of the
Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic railway company. It is a business
centre for the prosperous farming region by which it is surrounded, and
is a shipping point for oysters and fish; among its manufactures are
canned fruits and vegetables, flour, hominy, phosphates, underwear and
lumber. Cambridge was founded in 1684, received its present name in
1686, and was chartered as a city in 1900.
CAMBRIDGE, a city and one of the county-seats of Middlesex county,
Massachusetts, U.S.A., situated on the Charles river, in the outskirts
of Boston, of which it is in effect a part, although under separate
government. Pop. (1880) 52,669; (1890) 70,028; (1900) 91,886; (1910
census) 104,839. Of the total population in 1900, 30,446 were
foreign-born, including 11,235 Irish, 9613 English Canadians, 1944
English, 1483 French Canadians and 1584 Swedish; and 54,200 were of
foreign parentage (both parents foreign-born), including 24,961 of Irish
parentage, 9829 of English-Canadian parentage, 2587 of English
parentage, and 2288 of French-Canadian parentage. Cambridge is entered
directly by only one railway, the Boston & Maine. The township, now
practically built over by the city, contained originally several
separate villages, the names of which are still used as a convenience in
designating corresponding sections of the municipality: Old Cambridge,
North Cambridge, Cambridgeport and East Cambridge, the last two being
manufacturing and commercial districts.
Old Cambridge is noted as the seat of Harvard University (q.v.) and as a
literary and scientific centre. Radcliffe College (1879), for women,
practically a part of Harvard; an Episcopal Theological School (1867),
and the New Church (Swedenborgian or New Jerusalem) Theological School
(1866) are other educational institutions of importance. To Cambridge
also, in 1908, was removed Andover Theological Seminary, a
Congregational institution chartered in 1807, opened in Andover,
Massachusetts, in 1808 (re-incorporated under separate trustees in
1907). This seminary is one of the oldest and most famous theological
institutions in the United States; it grew out of the theological
teaching previously given in Phillips Academy, and was founded by the
widow of Lt.-Governor Samuel Phillips, her son John Phillips and Samuel
Abbot (1732-1812). The instruction was strongly Calvinistic in the
earlier period, but the seminary has always been "equally open to
Protestants of every denomination." Very liberal aid is given to
students, and there is no charge for tuition. The _Bibliotheca Sacra_,
founded in 1843 by Edward Robinson and in 1844 taken over by Professors
Bela B. Edwards and Edwards A. Park, and the _Andover Review_
(1884-1893), have been the organs of the seminary. In 1886 some of its
professors published _Progressive Orthodoxy_, a book which made a great
stir by its liberal tone, its opposition to supernaturalism and its
evident trend toward the methods of German "higher criticism." Legal
proceedings for the removal of five professors, after the publication of
this book, failed; and their successful defence helped to secure greater
freedom in thought and in instruction in American Presbyterian and
Congregational theological seminaries. The seminary is now affiliated
with Harvard University, though it remains independent and autonomous.
Cambridge is a typical New England city, built up in detached
residences, with irregular streets pleasantly shaded, and a considerable
wealth of historic and literary associations. There are many reminders
of the long history of Harvard, and of the War of Independence.
Cambridge was the site of the camp of the first American army, at the
outbreak of the war, and from it went the detachment which intrenched on
Bunker's Hill. Here are the Apthorp House (built in 1760), in which
General Burgoyne and his officers were lodged as prisoners of war in
1777; the elm under which, according to tradition, Washington took
command of the Continental Army on the 3rd of July 1775; the old Vassall
or Craigie House (1759), where Washington lived in 1775-1776, and which
was later the home of Edward Everett, Joseph E. Worcester, Jared Sparks
and (1837-1882) Henry W. Longfellow. Elbridge Gerry lived and James
Russell Lowell was born, lived and died in "Elmwood" (built in 1767);
Oliver Wendell Holmes was born in Cambridge also; John Fiske, the
historian, lived here; and there are many other literary associations,
attractive and important for those interested in American letters. In Mt
Auburn Cemetery are buried many artists, poets, scholars and other men
and women of fame. Cambridge is one of the few American cities
possessing a crematorium (1900). The municipal water-works are
excellent. A handsome bridge joining Cambridgeport to Boston (cost about
$2,250,000) was opened late in 1906. Four other bridges span the Charles
river between the two cities. A dam between East Cambridge and Boston,
traversed by a roadway 150 ft. wide, was in the process of construction
in 1907; and an extension of the Boston subway into Cambridge to the
grounds of Harvard University, a distance of about 3 m., was projected.
The city government is administered almost entirely under the state
civil-service laws, Cambridge having been a leader in the adoption of
its provisions. A non-partisan association for political reform did
excellent work from 1890 to 1900, when it was superseded by a
non-partisan party. Since 1887 the city has declared yearly by
increasing majorities for prohibition of the liquor traffic. The high
schools enjoy a notable reputation. A handsome city hall (cost $235,000)
and public library (as well as a manual training school) were given to
the city by Frederick H. Rindge, a one-time resident, whose benefactions
to Cambridge aggregated in value $650,000. Cambridge has many
manufacturing establishments, and in 1905 the city's factory products
were valued at $42,407,064, an increase of 45.8% over their value in
1900. The principal manufactures are slaughtering and meat-packing
products, foundry and machine-shop products, rubber boots and shoes,
rubber belting and hose, printing and publishing products, carpentering,
pianos and organs, confectionery and furniture. Cambridge is one of the
chief publishing centres of the country. The tax valuation of property
in 1906 ($105,153,235) was more than $1000 per inhabitant.
Cambridge is "one of the few American towns that may be said to have
owed their very name and existence to the pursuit of letters" (T.W.
Higginson). Its site was selected in 1630 by Governor Winthrop and
others as suitable for fortifications and defence, and it was intended
to make it the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; but as Boston's
peninsular position gave it the advantage in commerce and in defence
against the Indians, the plan fell through, although up to 1638 various
sessions of the general court and particular courts were held here. The
township records (published) are continuous since 1632. A direct tax for
the wooden "pallysadoe" about Cambridge led the township of Watertown in
1632 to make the first protest in America against taxation without
representation. The settlement was first known as the "New Towne," but
in 1638 was named Cambridge in honour of the English Cambridge, where
several score of the first immigrants to the colony were educated. The
oldest college in America (Harvard) was founded here in 1636. In 1639
there was set up in Cambridge the first printing press of British North
America (Boston having none until 1676). Other notable dates in history
are 1637 and 1647, when general synods of New England churches met at
Cambridge to settle disputed doctrine and define orthodoxy; the
departure for Connecticut of Thomas Hooker's congregation in 1636; the
meeting of the convention that framed the present constitution of the
commonwealth, 1779-1780; the separation of the Congregationalists and
Unitarians of the first parish church, in 1829; and the grant of a city
charter in 1846. The original township of Cambridge was very large, and
there have been successively detached from it, Newton (1691), Lexington
(1713), Brighton (1837) and Arlington (1867).
See Lucius R. Paige, _History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630-1877_
(Boston, Mass., 1877); T.W. Higginson, _Old Cambridge_ (New York,
1899); Arthur Gilman (ed.), _The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and
Ninety-Six_ (Cambridge, 1896); and _Historic Guide to Cambridge_
(Cambridge, 1907.)
CAMBRIDGE, a city and the county-seat of Guernsey county, Ohio, U.S.A.,
on Wills Creek, about 75 m. E. by N. of Columbus. Pop. (1890) 4361;
(1900) 8241, of whom 407 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 11,327. It is
served by the Baltimore & Ohio and the Pennsylvania railways, and is
connected by an electric line with Byesville (pop. in 1910, 3156), about
7 m. S. Cambridge is built on a hill about 800 ft. above sea-level.
There is a public library. Coal, oil, natural gas, clay and iron are
found in the vicinity, and among the city's manufactures are iron,
steel, glass, furniture and pottery. The value of its factory products
in 1905 was $2,440,917. The municipality owns and operates the
water-works. Cambridge was first settled in 1798 by emigrants from the
island of Guernsey (whence the name of the county); was laid out as a
town in 1806; was incorporated as a village in 1837; and was chartered
as a city in 1893.
CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS, a school of philosophico-religious thinkers which
flourished mainly at Cambridge University in the second half of the 17th
century. The founder was Benjamin Whichcote and the chief members were
Ralph Cudworth, Richard Cumberland, Joseph Glanvill, Henry More and John
Norris (see separate articles). Other less important members were
Nathanael Culverwel (d. 1651?), Theophilus Gale (1628-1678), John
Pordage (1607-1681), George Rust (d. 1670), John Smith (1618-1652) and
John Worthington (1618-1671). They represented liberal thought at the
time and were generally known as Latitudinarians. Their views were due
to a reaction against three main tendencies in contemporary English
thought: the sacerdotalism of Laud and his followers, the obscurantist
sectaries and, most important of all, the doctrines of Hobbes. They
consist chiefly of a reconciliation between reason and religion,
resulting in a generally tolerant spirit. They tend always to mysticism
and the contemplation of things transcendental. In spite of inaccuracy
and the lack of critical capacity in dealing with their authorities both
ancient and modern, the Cambridge Platonists exercised a valuable
influence on English theology and thought in general. Their chief
contributions to thought were Cudworth's theory of the "plastic nature"
of God, More's elaborate mysticism, Norris's appreciation of
Malebranche, Glanvill's conception of scepticism as an aid to Faith,
and, in a less degree, the harmony of Faith and Reason elaborated by
Culverwel. The one doctrine on which they all combined to lay especial
emphasis was the absolute existence of right and wrong quite apart from
the theory of divine authority. Their chief authorities were Plato and
the Neo-platonists (between whom they made no adequate distinction), and
among modern philosophers, Descartes, Malebranche and Boehme. From these
sources they attempted to evolve a philosophy of religion, which would
not only refute the views of Hobbes, but would also free theology
finally from the errors of scholasticism, without plunging it in the
newer dangers of unfettered rationalism (see ETHICS).
See Tulloch, _Rational Theology in England in the 17th Century_;
Hallam, _Literature of Europe_ (chap, on Philosophy from 1650 to
1700); Hunt, _Religious Thought in England_; von Stein, _Sieben Bucher
zur Geschichte des Platonismus_ (1862), and works on individual
philosophers appended to biographies.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE, an eastern county of England, bounded N. by
Lincolnshire, E. by Norfolk and Suffolk, S. by Essex and Hertfordshire,
and W. by Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire. The area
is 858.9 sq. m. The greater part of the county falls within the district
of the Fens, and is flat, elevated only a few feet above sea-level, and
intersected with innumerable drainage channels. The physical
characteristics of this district, and the history of its reclamation
from a marshy and in great part uninhabitable condition, fall for
consideration under the heading FENS. Except in the south of the county
the scenery of the flat land is hardly ever varied by rising ground or
wood, and owes the attraction it possesses rather to individuality than
to beauty. At the south-eastern and southern boundaries, and to the west
of Cambridge, bordering the valley of the Cam on the north, the land
rises in gentle undulations; but for the rest, such elevations as the
Gog Magog Hills, S.E. of Cambridge, and the gentle hillock on which the
city of Ely stands, are isolated and conspicuous from afar. The
principal rivers are the Ouse and its tributaries in the south and
centre, and the Nene in the north; the greater part of the waters of
both these rivers within Cambridgeshire flow in artificial channels, of
which those for the Ouse, two great parallel cuts between Earith and
Denver Sluice, in Norfolk, called the Bedford Rivers, form the most
remarkable feature in the drainage of the county. The old main channel
of the Ouse, from Ely downward to Denver (below which are tidal waters),
is filled chiefly by the waters of the Cam or Granta, which joins the
Ouse 3 m. above Ely, the Lark (which with its feeder, the Kennett, forms
the boundary of the county with Suffolk for a considerable distance) and
the Little Ouse, forming part of the boundary with Norfolk.
_Geology_.--By its geological features, Cambridgeshire is divisible into
three well-marked regions; in the south and south-east are the low
uplands formed by the Chalk; north of this, but best developed in the
south-west, is a clay and greensand area; all the remaining portion is
alluvial Fenland. The general strike of the rocks is along a south-west
and north-east line, the dip is south-easterly. The oldest rock is the
Jurassic Oxford Clay, which appears as an irregular strip of elevated
flat ground reaching from Croxton by Conington and Fenny Drayton to
Willingham and Rampton. Eastward and northward it no doubt forms the
floor of the Fen country, and at Thorney and Whittlesea small patches
rise like islands, through the level fen alluvium. The Coralline Oolite,
with the Els worth or St Ives rock at the base, occurs as a small patch,
covered by Greensand, at Upware, whence many fossils have been obtained;
elsewhere its place is taken by the Ampthill Clays, which are passage
beds between the Oxford and Kimmeridge Clays. The latter clay lies in a
narrow strip by Papworth St Agnes, Oakington and Cottenham; a large
irregular outcrop surrounds Haddenham and Ely, and similar occurrences
are at March, Chatteris and Manea. Above the Kimmeridge Clay comes the
Lower Greensand, sandy for the greater part, but here and there
hardened into the condition known as "Carstone," which has been used as
an inferior building-stone. This formation is thickest in the
south-west; it extends from the border by Gamlingay, Cuxton and
Cottenham, and appears again in outliers at Upware, Ely and Haddenham.
The Gault forms a strip of flat ground, 4 to 6 m. wide, running roughly
parallel with the course of the river Cam, from Guilden Morden through
Cambridge to Soham; it is a stiff blue clay 200 ft. thick in the
south-west, but is thinner eastward. At the bottom of the chalk is the
Chalk Marl, 10 to 20 ft. thick, with a glauconitic and phosphatic
nodule-bearing layer at its base, known as the Cambridge Greensand. This
bed has been largely worked for the nodules and for cement; it contains
many fossils derived from the Gault below. Several outliers of Chalk
Marl lie upon the Gault west of the Cam. The Chalk comprises all the
main divisions of the formation, including the Totternhoe stone,
Melbourn rock and Chalk rock. Much glacial boulder clay covers all the
higher ground of the county; it is a stiff brownish clay with many chalk
fragments of travelled rocks. Near Ely there is a remarkable mass of
chalk, evidently transported by ice, resting on and surrounded by
boulder clay. Plateau gravel caps some of the chalk hills, and old river
gravels occur at lower levels with the bones of mammoth, rhinoceros and
other extinct mammals. The low-lying Fen beds are marly silt with
abundant peat beds and buried forests; at the bottom is a gravel layer
of marine origin.
_Industries_.--The climate is as a whole healthy, the fens being so
carefully drained that diseases to which dwellers in marshy districts
are commonly liable are practically eliminated. The land is very
fertile, and although some decrease is generally apparent in the acreage
under grain crops, Cambridgeshire is one of the principal
grain-producing counties in England. Nearly nine-tenths of the total
area is under cultivation, and an unusually small proportion is under
permanent pasture. Wheat is the chief grain crop, but large quantities
of barley and oats are also grown. Among green crops potatoes occupy a
large and increasing area. Dairy-farming is especially practised in the
south-west, where the district of the Cam valley has long been known as
the Dairies; and much butter and cheese are sent to the London markets.
Sheep are pastured extensively on the higher ground, but the number of
these and of cattle for the county as a whole is not large. Beans occupy
a considerable acreage, and fruit-growing and market-gardening are
important in many parts. There is no large manufacturing industry common
to the county in general; among minor trades brewing is carried on at
several places, and brick-making and lime-burning may also be mentioned.
_Communications_.--The principal railway serving the county is the Great
Eastern, of which system numerous branch lines centre chiefly upon
Cambridge, Ely and March. Cambridge is also served by branches of the
Great Northern line from Hitchin, of the London & North-Western from
Bletchley and Bedford, and of the Midland from Kettering. A trunk line
connecting the eastern counties with the north and north-west of England
runs northward from March under the joint working of the Great Northern
and Great Eastern companies. The artificial waterways provide the county
with an extensive system of inland navigation; and a considerable
proportion of the industrial population is employed on these. In this
connexion the building of boats and barges is carried on at several
towns.
_Population and Administration_.--The area of the ancient county is
549,723 acres, with a population in 1891 of 188,961, and in 1901 of
190,682. The ancient county includes the two administrative counties of
Cambridge in the south and the Isle of Ely in the north. The liberty of
the Isle of Ely was formerly of the independent nature of a county
palatine, but ceased to be so under acts of 1836 and 1837. Its area is
238,048 acres, and that of the administrative county of Cambridge
315,171 acres. Cambridgeshire contains seventeen hundreds. The municipal
boroughs are Cambridge, the county town (pop. 38,379), in the
administrative county of Cambridge, and Wisbech (9381) in the Isle of
Ely. The other urban districts are--in the administrative county of
Cambridge, Chesterton (9591), and in the Isle of Ely, Chatteris (4711),
Ely (7713), March (7565) and Whittlesey (3909). Among other considerable
towns Soham (4230) and Littleport (4181), both in the neighbourhood of
Ely, may be mentioned. The town of Newmarket, which, although wholly
within the administrative county of West Suffolk, is mainly in the
ancient county of Cambridgeshire, is famous for its race-meetings. The
county is in the south-eastern circuit, and assizes are held at
Cambridge. Each administrative county has a court of quarter sessions,
and the two are divided into ten petty sessional divisions. The borough
of Cambridge has a separate court of quarter sessions, and this borough
and Wisbech have separate commissions of the peace. The university of
Cambridge exercises disciplinary jurisdiction over its members. There
are 168 entire civil parishes in the two administrative counties.
Cambridgeshire is almost wholly in the diocese of Ely and the
archdeaconries of Ely and Sudbury, but small portions are within the
dioceses of St Albans and Norwich. There are 194 ecclesiastical parishes
or districts wholly or in part within the county. The parliamentary
divisions are three, namely, Northern or Wisbech, Western or Chesterton,
and Eastern or Newmarket, each returning one member. The county also
contains the parliamentary borough of Cambridge, returning one member;
and the university of Cambridge returns two members.
_History_.--The earliest English settlements in what is now
Cambridgeshire were made about the 6th century by bands of Engles, who
pushed their way up the Ouse and the Cam, and established themselves in
the fen-district, where they became known as the Gyrwas, the districts
corresponding to the modern counties of Huntingdonshire and
Cambridgeshire being distinguished as the lands of the North Gyrwas and
the South Gyrwas respectively. At this period the fen-district stretched
southward as far as Cambridge, and the essential unity which it
preserved is illustrated later by its inclusion under one sheriff,
chosen in successive years from Cambridgeshire proper, the Isle of Ely
and Huntingdonshire. In 656 numerous lands in the neighbourhood of
Wisbech were included in the endowment of the abbey of Peterborough, and
in the same century religious houses were established at Ely and
Thorney, both of which, however, were destroyed during the Danish
invasions of the 9th century. After the treaty of Wedmore the district
became part of the Danelaw. On the expulsion of the Danes by Edward in
the 10th century it was included in East Anglia, but in the 11th century
was again overrun by the Danes, who in the course of their devastations
burnt Cambridge. The first mention of the shire in the Saxon Chronicle
records the valiant resistance which it opposed to the invaders in 1010
when the rest of East Anglia had taken ignominious flight. The
shire-system of East Anglia was in all probability not definitely
settled before the Conquest, but during the Danish occupation of the 9th
century the district possessed a certain military and political
organization round Cambridge, its chief town, whence probably originated
the constitution and demarcation of the later shire. At the time of the
Domesday Survey the county was divided as now, except that the Isle of
Ely, which then formed two hundreds having their meeting-place at
Witchford, is now divided into the four hundreds of Ely, Wisbech, North
Witchford and South Witchford, while Cambridge formed a hundred by
itself. The hundred of Flendish was then known as Flamingdike.
Cambridgeshire was formerly included in the diocese of Lincoln, until,
on the erection of Ely to a bishop's see in 1109, almost the whole
county was placed in that diocese. In 1291 the whole county, with the
exception of parishes in the deanery of Fordham and diocese of Norwich,
constituted the archdeaconry of Ely, comprising the deaneries of Ely,
Wisbech, Chesterton, Cambridge, Shingay, Bourn, Barton and Camps. The
Isle of Ely formerly constituted an independent franchise in which the
bishops exercised quasi-palatinate rights, and offences were held to be
committed against the bishop's peace. These privileges were considerably
abridged in the reign of Henry VIII., but the Isle still had separate
civil officers, appointed by the bishop, chief among whom were the
chief justice, chief bailiff, deputy bailiff and two coroners. The
bishop is still _custos rotulorum_ of the Isle. Cambridgeshire has
always been remarkable for its lack of county families, and for the
frequent changes in the ownership of estates. No Englishmen retained
lands of any importance after the Conquest, and at the time of the
Domesday Survey the chief lay proprietors were Alan, earl of Brittany,
whose descendants the Zouches retained estates in the county until the
15th century; Picot the sheriff, whose estates passed to the families of
Peverell and Peche; Aubrey de Vere, whose descendants retained their
estates till the 16th century; and Hardwinus de Scalariis, ancestor of
the Scales of Whaddon.
From the time of Hereward's famous resistance to the Conqueror in the
fen-district, the Isle of Ely was intimately concerned with the great
political struggles of the country. It was defended against Stephen by
Bishop Nigellus of Ely, who fortified Ely and Aldreth, and the latter in
1144 was held for the empress Maud by Geoffrey de Mandeville. During the
struggles between John and his barons, Faukes de Breaute was made
governor of Cambridge Castle, which, however, surrendered to the barons
in the same year. The Isle of Ely was seized by the followers of Simon
de Montfort in 1266, but in 1267 was taken by Prince Edward. At the
Reformation period the county showed much sympathy with the Reformers,
and in 1642 the knights, gentry and commoners of Cambridgeshire
petitioned for the removal of all unwarrantable orders and dignities,
and the banishment of popish clergy. In the civil war of the 17th
century Cambridgeshire was one of the associated counties in which the
king had no visible party, though the university assisted him with
contributions of plate and money.
Cambridgeshire has always been mainly an agricultural county. The
Domesday Survey mentions over ninety mills and numerous valuable
fisheries, especially eel-fisheries, and contains frequent references to
wheat, malt and honey. The county had a flourishing wool-industry in the
14th century, and became noted for its worsted cloths. The Black Death
of 1349 and the ravages committed during the Wars of the Roses were
followed by periods of severe depression, and in 1439 several
Cambridgeshire towns obtained a remission of taxation on the plea of
poverty. In the 16th century barley for malt was grown in large
quantities in the south, and the manufacture of willow-baskets was
carried on in the fen-districts. Saffron was extensively cultivated in
the 18th century, and paper was manufactured near Sturbridge. Sturbridge
fair was at this period reckoned the largest in Europe, the chief
articles of merchandise being wool, hops and leather; and the Newmarket
races and horse-trade were already famous. Large waste areas were
brought under cultivation in the 17th century through the drainage of
the fen-district, which was brought to completion about 1652 through the
labours of Cornelius Vermuyden, a Dutchman. The coprolite industry was
very profitable for a short period from 1850 to 1880, and its decline
was accompanied by a general industrial and agricultural depression.
Cambridgeshire returned three members to parliament in 1290, and in 1295
the county returned two members, the borough of Cambridge two members,
and the city of Ely two members, this being the sole return for Ely. The
university was summoned to return members in 1300 and again in 1603, but
no returns are recorded before 1614, after which it continued to return
two members. Under the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned three
members.
_Antiquities_.--In ecclesiastical architecture Cambridgeshire would be
rich only in the possession of the magnificent cathedral at Ely and the
round church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jesus College and King's College
chapels, and many other examples in Cambridge. But there are many fine
churches elsewhere. At Thorney, a small town in the north of the county,
which owes much in appearance to the 8th duke of Bedford (d. 1872), the
parish church is actually a portion of the church of an abbey said to
date originally from the 7th century, and refounded in 972 by Ethelwold,
bishop of Winchester, as a Benedictine monastery. The church is partly
fine Norman. Another Norman building of special interest is Sturbridge
chapel near Cambridge, which belonged to a lepers' hospital. To this
foundation King John granted a fair, which became, and continued until
the 18th century, one of the most important in England. It is still held
in September. At Swaffham Prior there are remains of two churches in one
churchyard, the tower of one being good Transitional Norman, while that
of the other is Perpendicular, the upper part octagonal. Among many
Early English examples the church of Cherry Hinton near Cambridge may be
mentioned. The churches of Trumpington and Bottisham are fine specimens
of the Decorated style; in the first is a famous brass to Sir Roger de
Trumpington (1289). As Perpendicular examples the tower and spire of St
Mary's, Whittlesey, and the rich wooden roof of Outwell church, may be
selected. Monastic remains are scanty. Excluding the town of Cambridge
there are no domestic buildings, either ancient or modern, of special
note, with the exception of Sawston Hall, in the south of the county, a
quadrangular mansion dated 1557-1584.
AUTHORITIES.--See D. and S. Lysons, _Magna Britannia_, vol. ii. part
i. (London, 1808); C.C. Babington, _Ancient Cambridgeshire_
(Cambridge, 1883); R. Bowes, _Catalogue of Books printed at or
relating to Cambridge_ (Cambridge, 1891 et seq.); E. Conybeare,
_History of Cambridgeshire_ (London, 1897); _Victoria County History,
Cambridgeshire_.
CAMBUSLANG, a town of Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is situated near the
Clyde, 4-1/2 m. S.E. of Glasgow (of which it is a residential suburb) by
the Caledonian railway. Pop. (1891) 8323; (1901) 12,252. Its leading
industries include coal-mining, turkey-red dyeing and brick-making. It
contains one of the largest steel works in the United Kingdom. Among the
chief edifices are a public hall, institute and library. It was the
birthplace of John Claudius London (1783-1843), the landscape gardener
and writer on horticulture, whose _Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum_
still ranks as an authority.
CAMBYSES (Pers. _Kambujiya_), the name borne by the father and the son
of Cyrus the Great. When Cyrus conquered Babylon in 539 he was employed
in leading religious ceremonies (_Chronicle of Nabonidus_), and in the
cylinder which contains Cyrus's proclamation to the Babylonians his name
is joined to that of his father in the prayers to Marduk. On a tablet
dated from the first year of Cyrus, Cambyses is called king of Babel.
But his authority seems to have been quite ephemeral; it was only in
530, when Cyrus set out on his last expedition into the East, that he
associated Cambyses on the throne, and numerous Babylonian tablets of
this time are dated from the accession and the first year of Cambyses,
when Cyrus was "king of the countries" (i.e. of the world). After the
death of his father in the spring of 528 Cambyses became sole king. The
tablets dated from his reign in Babylonia go down to the end of his
eighth year, i.e. March 521 B.C.[1] Herodotus (iii. 66), who dates his
reign from the death of Cyrus, gives him seven years five months, i.e.
from 528 to the summer of 521. For these dates cf. Ed. Meyer,
_Forschungen zur alien Geschichte_, ii. 470 ff.
The traditions about Cambyses, preserved by the Greek authors, come from
two different sources. The first, which forms the main part of the
account of Herodotus (iii. 2; 4; 10-37), is of Egyptian origin. Here
Cambyses is made the legitimate son of Cyrus and a daughter of Apries
(Herod, iii. 2, Dinon fr. 11, Polyaen. viii. 29), whose death he avenges
on the successor of the usurper Amasis. (In Herod, iii. 1 and Ctesias
_ap_. Athen. xiii. 560 D, this tradition is corrected by the Persians:
Cambyses wants to marry a daughter of Amasis, who sends him a daughter
of Apries instead of his own daughter, and by her Cambyses is induced to
begin the war.) His great crime is the killing of the Apis, for which he
is punished by madness, in which he commits many other crimes, kills his
brother and his sister, and at last loses his empire and dies from a
wound in the hip, at the same place where he had wounded the sacred
animal. Intermingled are some stories derived from the Greek
mercenaries, especially about their leader Phanes of Halicarnassus, who
betrayed Egypt to the Persians. In the Persian tradition the crime of
Cambyses is the murder of his brother; he is further accused of
drunkenness, in which he commits many crimes, and thus accelerates his
ruin. These traditions are found in different passages of Herodotus, and
in a later form, but with some trustworthy detail about his household,
in the fragments of Ctesias. With the exception of Babylonian dated
tablets and some Egyptian inscriptions, we possess no contemporary
evidence about the reign of Cambyses but the short account of Darius in
the Behistun inscription. It is impossible from these sources to form a
correct picture of Cambyses' character; but it seems certain that he was
a wild despot and that he was led by drunkenness to many atrocious
deeds.
It was quite natural that, after Cyrus had conquered Asia, Cambyses
should undertake the conquest of Egypt, the only remaining independent
state of the Eastern world. Before he set out on his expedition he
killed his brother Bardiya (Smerdis), whom Cyrus had appointed governor
of the eastern provinces. The date is given by Darius, whereas the Greek
authors narrate the murder after the conquest of Egypt. The war took
place in 525, when Amasis had just been succeeded by his son
Psammetichus III. Cambyses had prepared for the march through the desert
by an alliance with Arabian chieftains, who brought a large supply of
water to the stations. King Amasis had hoped that Egypt would be able to
withstand the threatened Persian attack by an alliance with the Greeks.
But this hope failed; the Cyprian towns and the tyrant Polycrates of
Samos, who possessed a large fleet, now preferred to join the Persians,
and the commander of the Greek troops, Phanes of Halicarnassus, went
over to them. In the decisive battle at Pelusium the Egyptians were
beaten, and shortly afterwards Memphis was taken. The captive king
Psammetichus was executed, having attempted a rebellion. The Egyptian
inscriptions show that Cambyses officially adopted the titles and the
costume of the Pharaohs, although we may very well believe that he did
not conceal his contempt for the customs and the religion of the
Egyptians. From Egypt Cambyses attempted the conquest of Ethiopia
(Cush), i.e. the kingdom of Napata and Meroe, the modern Nubia. But his
army was not able to cross the deserts; after heavy losses he was forced
to return. In an inscription from Napata (in the Berlin museum) the
Ethiopian king Nastesen relates that he had beaten the troops of
Kembasuden, i.e. Cambyses, and taken all his ships (H. Schafer, _Die
Aethiopische Konigsinschrift des Berliner Museums_, 1901). Another
expedition against the great oasis failed likewise, and the plan of
attacking Carthage was frustrated by the refusal of the Phoenicians to
operate against their kindred. Meanwhile in Persia a usurper, the Magian
Gaumata, arose in the spring of 522, who pretended to be the murdered
Bardiya (Smerdis). He was acknowledged throughout Asia. Cambyses
attempted to march against him, but, seeing probably that success was
impossible, died by his own hand (March 521). This is the account of
Darius, which certainly must be preferred to the traditions of Herodotus
and Ctesias, which ascribe his death to an accident. According to
Herodotus (iii. 64) he died in the Syrian Ecbatana, i.e. Hamath;
Josephus (_Ant._ xi. 2. 2) names Damascus; Ctesias, Babylon, which is
absolutely impossible.
See A. Lincke, _Kambyses in der Sage, Litteratur und Kunst des
Mittelalters_, in _Aegyptiaca: Festschrift fur Georg Ebers_ (Leipzig
1897), pp. 41-61; also PERSIA: _Ancient History._ (Ed. M.)