THE ACCADEMIA. I: TITIAN, TINTORETTO, AND PAUL VERONESE
The important rooms--Venetian art in London--The ceiling of the thousand
wings--Some early painters--Titian's "Assumption"--Tintoretto's
"Miracle of S. Mark"--A triumph of novelty--The Campanile
miracle--Altar-pieces--Paul Veronese--Leonardo drawings--Indifferent
works--Jesus in the house of Levi--A painter on his trial--Other
Tintorettos--Another miracle of S. Mark--Titian's last painting.
The Accademia, which is to Venice what the National Gallery is to
London, the Louvre to Paris, and the Uffizi to Florence, is, I may say,
at once, as a whole a disappointment; and my advice to visitors is to
disregard much of it absolutely.
The reasons why Rooms II, IV, IX, X, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX
alone are important are two. One is that so wide a gulf is fixed between
the best Venetian painters--Bellini, Titian, Carpaccio, Giorgione (but
he is not represented here), Palma, Tintoretto, Veronese, and the next
best; and the other, that Venetian painting of the second order is
rarely interesting. In the Tuscan school an effort to do something
authentic or arresting persists even to the fifth and sixth rank of
painter; but not so here.
Were it not for the Accademia's Tintorettos, Carpaccios and Bellinis,
our own Venetian collection in Trafalgar Square would be much more
interesting; and even as it is we have in "The Origin of the Milky Way"
a Tintoretto more fascinating than any here; in "Bacchus and Ariadne" a
more brilliant Titian than any here; some Bellinis, such as "The Agony
in the Garden," the portrait of Loredano, and "The Death of S. Peter
Martyr," that challenge his best here; two Giorgiones and several
pictures notably of his school that cannot be matched here; the finest
Catena that exists; a more charming Basaiti than any here; a better
Antonello da Messina; and, according to some judges, the best Paul
Veronese in the world: "The House of Darius"; while when it comes to
Carlo Crivelli, he does not exist here at all.
But it has to be remembered that one does not go to Venice to see
pictures. One goes to see Venice: that is to say, an unbelievable and
wonderful city of spires and palaces, whose streets are water and whose
sunsets are liquid gold. Pictures, as we use the word, meaning paintings
in frames on the wall, as in the National Gallery or the Louvre, are not
among its first treasures. But in painting as decoration of churches and
palaces Venice is rich indeed, and by anyone who would study the three
great Venetian masters of that art--Tintoretto, Titian and Paul
Veronese--it must not only be visited but haunted. Venice alone can
prove to the world what giants these men--and especially
Tintoretto--could be when given vast spaces to play with; and since they
were Venetians it is well that we should be forced to their well-beloved
and well-served city to learn it.
Let us walk through the Accademia conscientiously, but let us dwell only
in the rooms I have selected. The first room (with a fine ceiling which
might be called the ceiling of the thousand wings, around which are
portraits of painters ranged like the Doges in the great council halls)
belongs to the very early men, of whom Jacobello del Fiore
(1400-1439) is the most agreeable. It was he who painted one of the two
lions that we saw in the museum of the Doges' Palace, the other and
better being Carpaccio's. To him also is given, by some critics, the
equestrian S. Chrysogonus, in S. Trovaso. His Accademia picture, on the
end wall, is strictly local, representing Justice with her lion and S.
Michael and S. Gabriel attending. It is a rich piece of decoration and
you will notice that it grows richer on each visit. Two other pictures
in this room that I like are No. 33, a "Coronation of the Virgin,"
painted by Michele Giambono in 1440, making it a very complete ceremony,
and No. 24, a good church picture with an entertaining predella, by
Michele di Matteo Lambertini (died 1469). The "Madonna and Child" by
Bonconsiglio remains gaily in the memory too. No doubt about the Child
being the Madonna's own.
Having finished with this room, one ought really to make directly for
Room XVII, although it is a long way off, for that room is given to
Giovanni Bellini, and Giovanni Bellini was the instructor of Titian, and
Tintoretto was the disciple of Titian, and thus, as we are about to see
Titian and Tintoretto at their best here, we should get a line of
descent. But I reserve the outline of Venetian painting until the
Bellinis are normally reached.
[Illustration: THE MIRACLE OF S. MARK
FROM THE PAINTING BY TINTORETTO
_In the Accademia_]
The two great pictures of this next room are Titian's "Assumption" and
Tintoretto's "Miracle of S. Mark," reproduced opposite page 164, and
this one. I need hardly say that it is the Titian which wins the rapture
and the applause; but the other gives me personally more pleasure. The
Titian is massive and wonderful: perhaps indeed too massive in the
conception of the Madonna, for the suggestion of flight is lacking; but
it has an earthiness, even a theatricalness, which one cannot forget,
superb though that earthiness may be. The cherubs, however, commercial
copies of which are always being made by diligent artists, are a joy.
The Titians that hang in the gallery of my mind are other than this. A
Madonna and Child and a rollicking baby at Vienna: our own "Bacchus and
Ariadne"; the Louvre "Man with a Glove": these are among them; but the
"Assumption" is not there.
Tintoretto's great picture of the "Miracle of S. Mark" was painted
between 1544 and 1548, before he was thirty. The story tells that a
pious slave, forbidden by his master to visit and venerate the house of
S. Mark, disobeyed the command and went. As a punishment his master
ordered him to be blinded and maimed; but the hands of the executioners
were miraculously stayed and their weapons refused to act. The master,
looking on, was naturally at once converted.
Tintoretto painted his picture of this incident for the Scuola of S.
Mark (now a hospital); but when it was delivered, the novelty of its
dramatic vigour--a palpitating actuality almost of the cinema--was too
much for the authorities. The coolness of their welcome infuriated the
painter, conscious as he was that he had done a great thing, and he
demanded the work back; but fortunately there were a few good judges to
see it first, and their enthusiasm carried the day. Very swiftly the
picture became a wonder of the city. Thus has it always been with the
great innovators in art, except that Tintoretto's triumph was more
speedy: they have almost invariably been condemned first.
An interesting derivative detail of the work is the gateway at the back
over which the sculptured figures recline, for these obviously were
suggested by casts, which we know Tintoretto to have possessed, of
Michael Angelo's tombs in S. Lorenzo's sacristy at Florence. Every
individual in the picture is alive and breathing, but none more
remarkably so than the woman on the left with a child in her arms and
her knee momentarily resting on a slope of the pillar. No doubt some of
the crowd are drawn, after the fashion of the time, from public men in
Venice; but I know not if they can now be identified.
Another legend of S. Mark which, by the way, should have its Venetian
pictorial rendering, tells how a man who was working on the Campanile
fell, and as he fell had the presence of mind to cry "S. Mark! S. Mark!"
whereupon a branch instantly sprang forth from the masonry below and
sustained him until help arrived. Tintoretto, who has other miracles of
S. Mark in the Royal Palace here and in the Brera at Milan, would have
drawn that falling workman magnificently.
This room also has two of Tintoretto's simpler canvases--an Adam and Eve
(with an error in it, for they are clothed before the apple is eaten)
and a Cain and Abel. The other pictures are altar-pieces of much
sweetness, by Giovanni Bellini, Carpaccio, Basaiti and Cima. The
Carpaccio is the best known by reason of the little charming celestial
orchestra at the foot of it, with, in the middle, the adorable
mandolinist who has been reproduced as a detail to gladden so many
thousands of walls. All have quiet radiance.
High over the door by which we entered is a masterly aristocratic
allegory by Paul Veronese--Venice with Hercules and Ceres--notable for
the superb drawing and vivacity of the cupid with the wheat sheaf. I
give a reproduction opposite page 102, but the Cupid unfortunately is
not distinct enough.
Room III has a Spanish picture by Ribera, interesting so near the
Tintorettos, and little else.
I am not sure that I am not happier in Room IV than anywhere else in
this gallery, for here are the drawings, and by an odd chance Venice is
rich in Leonardos. She is rich too in Raphaels, but that is less
important. Among the Leonardos, chiefly from his note books, look at No.
217, a child's leg; No. 257, children; No. 256, a darling little "Virgin
adoring"; No. 230, a family group, very charming; No. 270, a smiling
woman (but this possibly is by an imitator); No. 233, a dancing figure;
No. 231, the head of Christ; and the spirited corner of a cavalry
battle. Some of the Raphaels are exquisite, notably No. 23, a Madonna
adoring; No. 32, a baby; No. 89, a mother and child; and No. 50, a
flying angel.
In Room V are many pictures, few of which are good enough. It belongs to
the school of Giovanni Bellini and is conspicuous for the elimination of
character. Vacuous bland countenances, indicative merely of pious
mildness, surround you, reaching perhaps their highest point of meek
ineffectually in Bissolo.
The next room has nothing but dingy northern pictures in a bad light, of
which I like best No. 201, a small early unknown French portrait, and
No. 198, an old lady, by Mor.
Sala VII is Venetian again, the best picture being Romanino's
"Deposition," No. 737. An unknown treatment of Christ in the house of
Martha and Mary, No. 152, is quaint and interesting. Mary is very
comely, with long fair hair. Martha, not sufficiently resentful, lays
the table.
In Room VIII we again go north and again are among pictures that must be
cleaned if we are to see them.
And then we come to Room IX and some masterpieces. The largest picture
here is Paul Veronese's famous work, "Jesus in the House of Levi," of
which I give a reproduction opposite page 176. Veronese is not a great
favourite of mine; but there is a blandness and aristocratic ease and
mastery here that are irresistible. As an illustration of scripture it
is of course absurd; but in Venice (whose Doges, as we have seen, had so
little humour that they could commission pictures in which they were
represented on intimate terms with the Holy Family) one is accustomed to
that. As a fine massive arrangement of men, architecture, and colour, it
is superb.
It was for painting this picture as a sacred subject--or rather for
subordinating sacred history to splendid mundane effects--that the
artist was summoned before the Holy Office in the chapel of S. Theodore
on July 8, 1573. At the end of Ruskin's brief _Guide to the Principal
Pictures in the Academy of Fine Arts at Venice_, a translation of the
examination is given. Reading it, one feels that Veronese did not come
out of it too well. Whistler would have done better. I quote a little.
_Question._ Do you know the reason why you have been summoned?
_Answer._ No, my lord.
_Q._ Can you imagine it?
_A._ I can imagine it.
_Q._ Tell us what you imagine.
_A._ For the reason which the Reverend Prior of SS. Giovanni and
Paolo, whose name I know not, told me that he had been here, and
that your illustrious lordships had given him orders that I should
substitute the figure of the Magdalen for that of a dog; and I
replied that I would willingly have done this, or anything else for
my own credit and the advantage of the picture, but that I did not
think the figure of the Magdalen would be fitting or would look
well, for many reasons, which I will always assign whenever the
opportunity is given me.
_Q._ What picture is that which you have named?
_A._ It is the picture representing the last supper that Jesus took
with His disciples in the house of Simon.
_Q._ Where is this picture?
_A._ In the refectory of the Friars of SS. Giovanni and Paolo.
_Q._ In this supper of Our Lord, have you painted any attendants?
_A._ Yes, my lord.
_Q._ Say how many attendants, and what each is doing.
_A._ First, the master of the house, Simon; besides, I have placed
below him a server, who I have supposed to have come for his own
amusement to see the arrangement of the table. There are besides
several others, which, as there are many figures in the picture, I
do not recollect.
_Q._ What is the meaning of those men dressed in the German fashion
each with a halbert in his hand?
_A._ It is now necessary that I should say a few words.
_The Court._ Say on.
_A._ We painters take the same license that is permitted to poets
and jesters. I have placed these two halberdiers--the one eating,
the other drinking--by the staircase, to be supposed ready to
perform any duty that may be required of them; it appearing to me
quite fitting that the master of such a house, who was rich and
great (as I have been told), should have such attendants.
_Q._ That fellow dressed like a buffoon, with the parrot on his
wrist,--for what purpose is _he_ introduced into the canvas?
_A._ For ornament, as is usually done.
_Q._ At the table of the Lord whom have you placed?
_A._ The twelve Apostles.
_Q._ What is St. Peter doing, who is the first?
_A._ He is cutting up a lamb, to send to the other end of the
table.
_Q._ What is he doing who is next to him?
_A._ He is holding a plate to receive what St. Peter will give him.
_Q._ Tell us what he is doing who is next to this last?
_A._ He is using a fork as a tooth-pick.
_Q._ Who do you really think were present at that supper?
_A._ I believe Christ and His Apostles were present; but in the
foreground of the picture I have placed figures for ornament, of my
own invention.
_Q._ Were you commissioned by any person to paint Germans and
buffoons, and such-like things in this picture?
_A._ No, my lord; my commission was to ornament the picture as I
judged best, which, being large, requires many figures, as it
appears to me.
_Q._ Are the ornaments that the painter is in the habit of
introducing in his frescoes and pictures suited and fitting to the
subject and to the principal persons represented, or does he really
paint such as strike his own fancy without exercising his judgment
or his discretion?
_A._ I design my pictures with all due consideration as to what is
fitting, and to the best of my judgment.
_Q._ Does it appear to you fitting that at our Lord's last supper
you should paint buffoons, drunkards, Germans, dwarfs, and similar
indecencies?
_A._ No, my lord.
_Q._ Why, then, have you painted them?
_A._ I have done it because I supposed that these were not in the
place where the supper was served....
_Q._ And have your predecessors, then, done such things?
_A._ Michel-Angelo, in the Papal Chapel in Rome, has painted our
Lord Jesus Christ, His mother, St. John and St. Peter, and all the
Court of Heaven, from the Virgin Mary downwards, all naked, and in
various attitudes, with little reverence.
_Q._ Do you not know that in a painting like the Last Judgment,
where drapery is not supposed, dresses are not required, and that
disembodied spirits only are represented; but there are neither
buffoons, nor dogs, nor armour, nor any other absurdity? And does
it not appear to you that neither by this nor any other example you
have done right in painting the picture in this manner, and that it
can be proved right and decent?
_A._ Illustrious lord, I do not defend it; but I thought I was
doing right....
The result was that the painter was ordered to amend the picture, within
the month, at his own expense; but he does not seem to have done so.
There are two dogs and no Magdalen. The dwarf and the parrot are there
still. Under the table is a cat.
[Illustration: THE FEAST IN THE HOUSE OF LEVI
FROM THE PAINTING BY VERONESE
_In the Accademia_]
Veronese has in this room also an "Annunciation," No. 260, in which the
Virgin is very mature and solid and the details are depressingly dull.
The worst Tuscan "Annunciation" is, one feels, better than this. The
picture of S. Mark and his lion, No. 261, is better, and in 261a we
find a good vivid angel, but she has a terrific leg. The Tintorettos
include the beautiful grave picture of the Madonna and Child giving a
reception to Venetian Senators who were pleased to represent the Magi;
the "Purification of the Virgin," a nice scene with one of his vividly
natural children in it; a "Deposition," rich and glowing and very like
Rubens; and the "Crucifixion," painted as an altar-piece for SS.
Giovanni e Paolo before his sublime picture of the same subject--his
masterpiece--was begun for the Scuola of S. Rocco. If one see this, the
earlier version, first, one is the more impressed; to come to it after
that other is to be too conscious of a huddle. But it has most of the
great painter's virtues, and the soldiers throwing dice are peculiarly
his own.
Room X is notable for a fine Giorgionesque Palma Vecchio: a Holy family,
rich and strong and sweet; but the favourite work is Paris Bordone's
representation of the famous story of the Fisherman and the Doge, full
of gracious light and animation. It seems that on a night in 1340 so
violent a storm broke that even the inner waters of the lagoon were
perilously rough. A fisherman chanced to be anchoring his boat off the
Riva when a man appeared and bade him row him to the island of S.
Giorgio Maggiore. Very unwillingly he did so, and there they took on
board another man who was in armour, and orders were given to proceed to
S. Niccolò on the Lido. There a third man joined them, and the fisherman
was told to put out to sea. They had not gone far when they met a ship
laden with devils which was on her way to unload this cargo at Venice
and overwhelm the city. But on the three men rising and making the sign
of the cross, the vessel instantly vanished. The fisherman thus knew
that his passengers were S. Mark, S. George, and S. Nicholas. S. Mark
gave him a ring in token of their sanctity and the deliverance of
Venice, and this, in the picture, he is handing to the Doge.
Here, too, is the last picture that Titian painted--a "Deposition". It
was intended for the aged artist's tomb in the Frari, but that purpose
was not fulfilled. Palma the younger finished it. With what feelings,
one wonders, did Titian approach what he knew was his last work? He
painted it in 1576, when he was either ninety-nine or eighty-nine; he
died in the same year. To me it is one of his most beautiful things: not
perhaps at first, but after one has returned to it again and again, and
then for ever. It has a quality that his earlier works lack, both of
simplicity and pathos. The very weakness of the picture engages and
convinces.