[290] _One word illegible._ Note by Prince Obolensky in the copy in
possession of the editors.
[291] To avoid misunderstanding as to whom this remark of Tolstoi’s
refers, it is proper here to cite an extract from another one of his
writings: “They say that defence is impossible under non-resistance;
but the Christian does not need any defence. All that an evil-doer
can do is to deprive one of property, to kill, and a Christian is
not afraid of that. The Christian not worrying about what to eat,
what to drink, what to wear, and knowing that without the will of the
Father not a hair will fall from his head, the Christian has no need
to use violence against the evil-doer. The evil-doer can do nothing
to him.” (From the rough draft of _The Kingdom of God Within Us_,
1890–1893, with later corrections by Tolstoi made during a revision
of his _Complete Collection of Thoughts_.)
[292] Jean Grave, a contemporary French writer, of anarchical
tendencies.
[293] Shortly before that, February 14, 1898, Tolstoi wrote to V. G.
Chertkov: “About myself I can say that I would be satisfied with my
spiritual state, if I were not dissatisfied with my small external
output. The causes are: Ill health, as well as the bustle of city
life (although now for about three days I have been well).”
[294] The twentieth, the concluding chapter of _What Is Art?_ is
devoted to a criticism of contemporary science from the standpoint
of Christian philosophy.
[295] Anatol Ivanovich Pharesov, the democratic fiction writer and
publicist.
Alexander Kapitonovich Malikov, who lived in the seventies in Orel,
preached the doctrine of “God-humanity,” consisting in this, that each
man ought to be re-born morally and exalt the divine principle which
was in him. Malikov was absolutely opposed to all violent methods of
fighting evil. In 1875 Malikov with a small circle of persons who
shared his opinions (fifteen in all) emigrated to America; where in
the State of Kansas he established an agricultural community on the
basis of the doctrine professed by him. When two years later the
community fell apart, Malikov returned to Russia. He died in 1904 at
the age of sixty-two. See about him the article of A. S. Prugavin,
“Leo Tolstoi and the Man-Gods,” and the book on _Leo Tolstoi and
the Tolstoians_, Moscow, 1911.
[296] The agricultural colony, Georgia, issued a magazine with a
Christian tendency, called _Social Gospel_. Among the members of
this colony was Crosby. There were about one hundred colonists. In
this letter, addressed to George Howard Gibson, Tolstoi expressed
his opinion on agricultural societies in general.
[297] At this time, the Dukhobors received permission from the
Russian authorities to emigrate. Tolstoi addressed himself to
Russian, European and American society with an appeal, in which he
summoned them to help the Dukhobors with money as well as with direct
assistance in the difficulties of emigration. The appeal to Russian
society was printed among other places in the _Full Collected Works
of Tolstoi_, published by Sytin, subscribed and popular editions,
Volume XVIII; and the letter to the English newspapers was printed
in _The Free Press_, No. I (1898, England), in the article of P. I.
Biriukov and afterwards reprinted in his book _The Dukhobors_.
[298] When _What Is Art?_ was already printed in the _Problems of
Philosophy and Psychology_ and submitted to the censorship there came
an order from Petrograd to submit it to the theologic censorship.
The theologic censor not only crossed out many passages, but in some
places made changes which perverted the very thought of the author.
In the preface to the English translation of this work, Tolstoi
expressed regret that, contrary to his custom, he consented at the
request of N. Y. Grot to print this work with the censor deletions
and softenings. And he also speaks about the harm of every kind of
compromise.... This preface was printed in Russian in _The Free
Press_, No. 1.
[299] At this place in the Journal there was a diagram composed of
flowing lines, irregularly drawn. As the editors did not have the
original of the Journal, but used the copy made by Prince Obolensky,
it was impossible to make an exact facsimile of the original diagram.
[300] In his letter to V. G. Chertkov, Tolstoi wrote: “... This
happened: In the morning they told me that two men came from the
Caucasus. They were the Dukhobors, P. V. Planidin, an acquaintance
of yours, and Chernov. They came, naturally, without passports to
give me information and to find out everything pertaining to their
affair. After talking with these dear friends and finding out
everything, I decided to send them to Petersburg.... They went, spent
the day there, and returned.... They are touchingly instructive.”
“The principal reason for Planidin’s and Chernov’s coming,” Tolstoi
wrote April 6th, “was to ask some one of our friends to go to visit
Verigin in Obdorsk.”
[301] Ivan Petrovich Brashnin, a typical old-fashioned Moscow
merchant, a dealer in raw silks; his family consisted of his wife and
two sons. A. N. Dunaev introduced him to Tolstoi in the eighties. He
was then over 60. He had wanted to make his acquaintance, because
the views of Tolstoi were near to his soul; in spite of his former
strict orthodoxy he warmly accepted the views of Tolstoi. Being
sincere and straight-forward, he rejected the ... teaching and became
a convinced follower of the pure Christian teaching. He spoke with
great pleasure and emotion about his visits and talks with Tolstoi,
which gave him the greatest joy.
A few years prior to his death he became a strict vegetarian. Before
his death he refused the viaticon of the priest and the rites of
confession and the sacrament.
In his letter to A. C. Chertkov of March 30, 1898, Tolstoi wrote
him about his last visit to Brashnin:
“You know there is an old man, a rich merchant, Brashnin, who is
near to us in spirit. I have already known him for about fifteen
years. He has cancer of the liver, so the doctors have found out. I
visited him once in the winter. He was very weak, thin, yellow, but
on his feet. One morning about a week ago A. N. Dunaiev came to me
with the news that Brashnin is dying and that he had sent a boy to
ask that I take leave of him. We went and found him dying. My first
words were: ‘Is he calm?’ Absolutely. He was in full possession of
his memory, had a clear mind, thanked me, and took leave of me and
I of him, as people do before going on a journey. With sadness we
spoke about the ... I said that we will see each other again. He
calmly answered, ‘No more.’ He took leave and thanked us for our
visit. Everything was so simple, peaceful and earnest.”
[302] The article on war and on military service was called forth by
the request of two foreign papers to the representatives of political
and social workers, and the representatives of science and art, to
express themselves on whether war was necessary in our time, what
were the consequences of militarism and what were the means that
led the quickest way to a realisation of universal peace.
[303] The former estate of Count I. L. Tolstoi in Cherni, the
province of Tula, to which Tolstoi went to help the famine-stricken
peasants. As in the year 1891 when Tolstoi helped the famine-stricken
peasants of the province of Riazan, he considered the establishment
of soup-kitchens as the most sensible form of help, for which he set
himself to work upon his arrival in Grinevka. On May 2, 1898, in his
letter to the Countess S. A. Tolstoi, Tolstoi wrote in reference to
his activity that “the work which was being done was necessary and
is advancing. There is no famine, but the need is killing, cropless,
very difficult, and it helps us to see it.” (_Letters of Tolstoi to
his Wife_, Moscow, 1913, pages 542 and 543.)
[304] April 21, 1898, by order of the Minister of the Interior, the
_Russkia Viedomosti_ was suspended for two months “for the collection
of contributions in aid of the Dukhobors and for evading the executive
orders of the Moscow Governor-General.” The regulation of the Moscow
Governor-General which the newspaper did not fulfil was to give over
for disposal to the authorities the money contributed through the
editorial offices for the aid of the Dukhobors. The editors could
not do that, because the money had already been sent to Tolstoi.
[305] Lopashino, as well as Sidorovo, Kamenka, Gubarevka, Bobriki,
Michails Ford, Kukuevka, which are mentioned below, are villages
near to Grinevka where Tolstoi established soup-kitchens for the
famine-stricken.
[306] For an orderly organisation of aid for the needy, Tolstoi had
collected the necessary detailed information concerning the number of
souls and the economic condition of each household in the suffering
villages.
[307] See Note 136.
[308] The Tsurikovs and Ilinskys--neighbouring landlords.
[309] Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov on that day: “I haven’t
written for a whole week, but I feel pretty well. It seems to me
that after the Moscow bustle my impressions are finding their place,
the necessary thoughts are coming forth.”
[310] See _Letters of Count L. N. Tolstoi to his Wife_, March, 1913,
pages 543 and 544.
[311] I.e., at his son’s, Count S. L. Tolstoi, on his estate of
Nicholskoe, near the station of Bastyevo.
[312] V. G. Chertkov then wrote an article, “Where is Thy Brother?
About the attitude of the Russian Government to the People Who Cannot
Become Murderers,” in the defence of the oppressed Dukhobors. This
article was published in _The Free Press_ (England, 1898).
[313] G. R. Lindenberg, one of Tolstoi’s co-workers in aid of the
famine-stricken, an artist.
[314] The name of this teacher is Gubonin. Together with Lindenberg
he came to Tolstoi from Poltava.
[315] _The Appeal_ served as the beginning of two articles on the
labour question: _Should it really be so_, and _Where is the way
out?_ upon which Tolstoi worked during the year 1898 and revised it
once again for printing in 1900.
[316] The deceased, N. N. Strakhov.
[317] The county seat of the province of Orel.
[318] A railroad station on the Moscow-Kursk Railroad.
[319] Tolstoi speaks here of gymnastic exercises which he sometimes
took (see entry of May 11, 1898).
[320] Tolstoi used to receive contributions in aid of the
famine-stricken from various people.
[321] In this article under the title, “Is There Famine or No
Famine?” Tolstoi answers the following questions: 1. Is there in the
current year a famine or is there not a famine? 2. To what is due
the oft-repeated need of the people? 3. What is to be done in order
that this need be not repeated? These were printed with omissions
in the newspaper, _Russ_, of July 2 and 3, of 1898 and in full in
Leaflets of _The Free Press_, No. 2 (England, 1898).
[322] The Countess S. N. Tolstoi (born Philosophov), wife of Tolstoi’s
son, Count I. L. Tolstoi.
[323] Neighbouring landlords near Grinevka.
[324] After a tiring, long ride by horse, Tolstoi arrived at the
Levitskys’, and fell ill of severe dysentery.
[325] Tolstoi was forced to stop his work in aid of the famine-stricken,
as the Tula Governor forbade all non-residents without his permission
to establish and help in the construction of soup-kitchens. Without
these people it was impossible to continue the work. (See article
“Is There Famine or No Famine?”)
[326] The well-known Swedish physician, Ernest Westerlund, and his
wife--parents of the wife of Count L. L. Tolstoy, Dora Fedorovna--who
arrived from Sweden to visit her.
[327] The novel, _Father Sergius_, which Tolstoi wrote from 1890–1891.
[328] I.e., from V. G. and A. K. Chertkov.
[329] The story, _The Forged Coupon_, begun by Tolstoi as early as
the end of the eighties and only begun again by him at the end of
1902.
[330] N. S. Lieskov (1831–1895), a well-known writer. In the last
years of his life he shared in many respects the views of Tolstoi.
The story of Lieskov mentioned by Tolstoi is called _The Hour of
the Will of God_.
[331] Five years later, in 1903, Tolstoi worked this theme out in
a story entitled _Three Problems_.
[332] The christening of the first child of Count L. L. Tolstoi.
[333] About this time Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov: “My sickness
at first began as dysentery, then I had very great pains and fever
and weakness. Now everything has passed.”
[334] Prince E. E. Ukhtomsky, the editor and publisher of the
Petrograd _Viedomosti_.
[335] “Is There Famine or No Famine?”
[336] The weekly newspaper issued in Petrograd by S. F. Sharapov.
[337] This was done in those places where Tolstoi organised aid to
the famine-stricken.
[338] I. C. Dieterichs, a former Cossack artillery officer, who held
the same views as Tolstoi, a brother of Madame A. C. Chertkov, and
his sisters, Maria and Olga Constantinovna.
[339] There occurred in England at this time, some misunderstandings
between several friends of Tolstoi, who had to be convinced by
experience that having the same point of view is far from being of
one mind. The misunderstandings were later smoothed over.
[340] The contemporary French novelist.
[341] See Note 339.
[342] Elizabeth Picard, a Quaker, wrote an open letter to the
well-known English publisher, Stead, editor of the magazine _War
Against War_, which preached universal peace, and which at the same
time was against those persons who refused military service.
[343] C. T. Willard of Chicago offered himself as mediator in the
emigration of the Dukhobors to America. Tolstoi sent his letter
to England to V. G. Chertkov, whose house at this time was the
headquarters for all communications concerning the emigration of
the Dukhobors.
[344] V. P. Gaideburov, from 1894 on, editor and publisher of
_Nediela_.
[345] In English in the original.
[346] This intention was carried out by Tolstoi, at least in regard
to _Resurrection_, which he gave to the publication _Niva_, edited by
A. F. Marx, who paid twelve thousand roubles for the first printing.
The money was used by Tolstoi in aid of the emigrating Dukhobors.
Originally, Tolstoi suggested selling the copyright of three of
his novels, _The Devil_, _Resurrection_, and _Father Sergius_, to
English and American papers on advantageous terms. Then he decided
not to publish _The Devil_. At first he thought that he would not
make a final revision of _Resurrection_ and of _Father Sergius_, but
would give them over to be printed straight away, just as they were
written. But later he re-read _Resurrection_ and little by little
began to work on it with such absorption “as he had not experienced
in a long time.” Later Tolstoi decided to give only _Resurrection_
for the benefit of the Dukhobors and did not begin to work on _Father
Sergius_.
[347] Arvid Järnefelt. The well-known Finnish writer who held the same
opinions as Tolstoi. After graduating from Helsingfors University,
he prepared himself for the career of magistrate, but becoming
acquainted with the writings of Tolstoi, he brusquely changed his
life. He learnt the trade of cobbler and locksmith and later, at
the end of the nineties, he bought a plot of land and began to till
the soil, not ceasing his literary labours, however. He translated
many works of Tolstoi into Finnish. The novels of Järnefelt are _My
Native Land_, _Children of the Earth_ and several stories which are
translated into Russian. The acquaintance of Järnefelt with Tolstoi
began with his sending his book called _My Awakening_ to Tolstoi in
1895. It was in Finnish, and with it he sent a translation of one
of his chapters: “Why I Did Not Undertake the Post of Judge.” This
chapter, together with an accompanying letter by Järnefelt, Tolstoi
included in his manuscript No. 4, _Archives of L. N. Tolstoi_.
Tolstoi’s letter to Järnefelt, mentioned in the Journal, is as
follows:
“Although we have never seen each other, we know and love each
other, and therefore I boldly turn to you with a request to do me
a great service.
“The matter which I bring before you ought to remain unknown to
any one except to us, and therefore speak to no one about this
letter, but answer me (Station Kozlovka on the Moscow-Kursk
Railway), where you are now, and whether you are ready to help me.
I am writing thus briefly, because I have little hope that with
the insufficient address, my letter will reach you.
“LEO TOLSTOI.”
In explanation of this letter Järnefelt communicated the following to
the editors: “I quickly answered Tolstoi’s question. I was convinced
that he wanted to leave Yasnaya and to plan an escape. But when we
met later in Moscow in 1899, Tolstoi immediately said: ‘Yes, yes,
you understood me, but the temptation passed by me in time.’ And
then glancing about him with a deep sigh of pain he said, ‘You will
excuse me, Järnefelt, that I live as I do, but probably it is as it
ought to be.’ And we did not speak any more about this matter.”
And so, in his letter to Järnefelt of December 16, 1898, i.e., still
before this meeting with him, Tolstoi wrote: “If I should ever meet
you, which I want to very much, I will then tell you what kind of
help I expected from you. Now the temptation which forced me to seek
help from you has passed.”
In his letter to V. G. Chertkov of July 21st of that year, i.e.,
three days after the above mentioned note in the Journal, Tolstoi
wrote: “_Read this to no one._ I teach others, but do not know how
to live myself. For how many years have I given myself the question,
Is it fitting that I continue to live as I am living, or shall I go
away?--and I cannot decide. I know that everything is decided by
renouncing oneself and when I attain that then everything is clear.
But they are rare moments.”
[348] See Note 347.
[349] A collection in the church Slavonic tongue, _Love of Good_, or
_Words and Chapters of Sacred Sobriety_, collected from the writings
of the Saints and God-inspired fathers. In his library, Tolstoi had
a volume of _Love of Good_ with a great many notes in the margin
made in his own hand.
[350] With I. I. Gorbunov, who came for a short time to Ovsiannikovo
to his brother, who lived there at this time, the actor N. I.
Gorbunov. At this meeting, Tolstoi said to I. I. Gorbunov that it
was the gentlemanly state of his life that had become more agonising
to him, that he was “ashamed to look in the eyes of his lackeys” and
that he wanted to go away. He said among other things that he was
thinking of going away with I. I. Gorbunov to Kaluga (where Gorbunov
lived at that time)--and further than that, he still had another
plan ... perhaps it was the plan about which Tolstoi had written a
little while before to Järnefelt. (See Note 347.)
[351] Tolstoi’s brother, Count Serge Nicholaievich.
[352] Tolstoi’s sister, Countess M. N. Tolstoi.
[353] The English authorities of the Island of Cyprus asked a money
guarantee of about two hundred and fifty roubles for each man from
the Dukhobors emigrating there, so that in case of need they would
not have to be supported at the government expense. At that time it
became known, that in Russia several influential governmental persons
had begun to zealously urge the government to send the Dukhobors to
Manchuria for the Russification of those Chinese borders adjacent
to Russia. It was necessary to hurry with the emigration of the
Dukhobors; the English Quakers pulled them out of their helpless
position, who first of all persuaded the English Government to
decrease the guarantee from two hundred and fifty roubles to one
hundred and fifty for each man, and afterwards in several days,
collected among themselves a guarantee of one hundred thousand
roubles, which, together with the fifty thousand roubles which were
contributed at that time by various people, made up the necessary
sum for giving the guarantee for the whole party of Dukhobors. In
his letter to the Dukhobors of August 27, 1898, Tolstoi ended thus:
“May God help you to accomplish His will with Christian manhood,
patience and faithfulness, in establishing this change in your life.”
[354] M. N. Rostovtzev, the daughter of Madame M. D. Rostovtzev, a
land-lady of Voronezh, and a follower of Tolstoi, on coming from
the Chertkovs, was arrested on the border because, at the custom
examination some pieces of proof of a forbidden book were found on
her. She was soon freed.
[355] The interruption in receiving letters from V. G. Chertkov was
caused by the secret police looking through them. Therefore Chertkov
was forced to carry on a part of this far-distant correspondence
through a circuitous address. In the letter to him at the end of
August, 1898, Tolstoi, informing Chertkov that one of his letters
was kept back a month, wrote: “Yesterday I received your letter
of August 5th. It is terribly vexing, this interference with our
communications which now have become so specially important. And
what is it for?”
[356] See Note 355.
[357] L. A. Sullerzhitsky went to the Caucasus to help the Dukhobors
arrange for their emigration abroad.
The first group of Dukhobors, to the number of 1,126 persons, who
had suffered the most from exile, hunger and illness, left on the
6th of August, 1898, for the Island of Cyprus while other lands be
found and sufficient money collected for the transportation of those
remaining to a more suitable place.
At the request of Tolstoi, L. A. Sullerzhitsky later accompanied a
group of Dukhobors to Canada. He wrote a book about this journey, _In
America With the Dukhobors_, issued by _Posrednik_, Moscow, 1905.
[358] The sister of Tolstoi, Countess Maria Nicholaievna. A month
later, September 30, 1898, Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov: “Yesterday
my sister, M. N., left, with whom I spent a very friendly month,
never having been so loving.”
[359] V. A. Kuzminsky, a niece of Countess S. A. Tolstoi.
[360] Countess Vera S. Tolstoi, a niece of Tolstoi, daughter of
Count S. N. Tolstoi.
[361] Tolstoi’s seventieth birthday, celebrated August 28, 1898.
[362] According to the contract with the publisher of _Niva_, A. F.
Marx, Tolstoi at the conclusion of the contract, received the whole
of his royalty for only the first 200 pages of _Resurrection_.
[363] In regard to the false rumours which were reaching Tolstoi
at this time, about the affairs of the emigrating Dukhobors.
[364] One of the Dukhobors exiled to Siberia, V. N. Pozdniakov, was
sent by his brethren to the leader of the Dukhobors, P. V. Verigin,
who was then in exile in the village of Obdorsk in the province of
Tobolsk. Receiving a letter of instructions from Verigin for the group
in general, he brought this letter to his brethren in the Caucasus
and on his way reached Yasnaya Polyana. He showed Tolstoi marks on
his body from ill-treatment he had suffered three years before.
[365] Herbert Archer, an English co-worker with V. G. Chertkov, who
went at his request to Tolstoi to transmit information to him with
regard to the Dukhobors and to dissipate the false rumours about
them which had reached Tolstoi from outsiders. About this time, in
his letter to Countess S. A. Tolstoi, Tolstoi wrote about Archer:
“He looks insignificant, but he is a very good man and a remarkably
clever one.” (_Letters of Count L. N. Tolstoi to his Wife_, March,
1913, page 555.)
[366] This thought Tolstoi changed in the following form for _The
Reading Circle_: “Now I consider as myself my body with its senses,
but then something entirely different is being formed in me. And
then the whole world will become different, since the whole world
is not something different, only because I consider myself such a
being separated from the world and not another. But there may be
an innumerable quantity of beings separated from the world.” _The
Reading Circle_, issued by _Posrednik_, Volume I, Moscow, 1911, for
April 16.
[367] Tolstoi’s son, S. L. Tolstoi, and L. A. Sullerzhitsky went to
the Caucasus to accompany the remaining Dukhobors to Canada. Tolstoi
in order to protect them from the oppression of the authorities wrote
a letter to the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus, Prince G. S.
Golitsin.
[368] Tolstoi sometimes could not remember which thought from his
pocket note-book he had written out into the Journal and which one
he had not. This explains the fact that several thoughts are entered
without any changes at all in the Journal, in places not far from
one another.
[369] In the eighties and nineties the Tolstois went yearly from
Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow to spend the winter.
[370] Princess E. V. Obolensky, niece of Tolstoi, daughter of his
sister, Countess Maria Nicholaievna.
[371] In the finished form, the novel had 129 chapters.
[372] In another place Tolstoi says: “Playing the fool (like Christ)
i.e., the purposeful representing of yourself as worse than you are,
is the highest quality of virtue.” (Journal, May 29, 1893.)
[373] An omission in the copy in possession of the editors.
[374] Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov as early as December 13, 1898:
“I absolutely cannot occupy myself with anything else than with
_Resurrection_. Just like a shell, when it gets to the earth, falls
more and more quickly, in the same way I now, when I am nearing
the end, I cannot think--no, not that I cannot: I can and even do
think--but I don’t want to think about anything else but about it.”
[375] At this time the emigration of the Dukhobors to Canada had not
yet been accomplished. Tolstoi took an active part in the affair: he
addressed various people with the request for contributions for this
purpose, he carried on a correspondence with friends in England in
regard to a place of settlement for the Dukhobors, he sent letters
to the authorities to try to remove obstacles which were in their
way, he saw agents who suggested places of settlement, he carried
on a correspondence with the Dukhobors themselves, etc.
[376] February 15, 1899, Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov: “My
back hurts all the time and I am weak and I am disgusted with
_Resurrection_, which I can’t touch.”
[377] The retired officer addressed himself to Tolstoi with the
question whether the Gospels were not against military service.
Tolstoi’s answer was printed in the leaflets of _The Free Press_,
No. 5, 1899, and in 1906 in Petrograd in the publication,
_Obnovlenia_, No. 130 (which was confiscated).
[378] A group of representative Swedish intellectuals addressed
themselves to Tolstoi with a letter as to the means of attaining
universal peace. In this letter on the one hand, they expressed the
thought that universal disarmament could be attained by the surest
path of each separate individual refusing to take part in military
service, and on the other hand, they acknowledged that the Peace
Conference fixed for The Hague at the instigation of the Russian
Government was useful to the attainment of universal peace....
[379] In the middle of February, 1898, the students of the University
of Petrograd, in the form of a protest against the beating of
people in the streets, decided on the day of the student holiday,
February 8th, as a peaceful-minded group of students, to cease work.
They were soon joined by students of other higher schools in Petrograd
and later in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Jurev, Odessa, Tomsk, Kazan, Riga
and Novaia Alexandria. In this way the studies of several thousand
men and women students were suspended. The representatives of the
Moscow and Petrograd student bodies came to Tolstoi with the purpose
of obtaining his opinion and sympathy for the student movement.
[380] Sinet, an artist, who refused military service on religious
grounds and was sent to the Algerian disciplinary battalion and
who escaped from there. Tolstoi called Sinet the first religious
Frenchman, therefore, because he was the first Frenchman he met who
believed truly as he did.
[381] In his letter to V. G. Chertkov of July 9, 1899, Tolstoi wrote,
“The matter of the translations worry me. I can imagine, therefore,
how they worry you. To-day I thought this: To drop all contracts with
the translators and print the following in the newspaper....” Further
on Tolstoi expounds the project of his letter to the newspapers, that
he, in the matter of translation, decided to destroy the contracts
with the publishers of the translations and to refuse the royalty of
the first printing of these translations. And yet the need of the
Dukhobors was so great that “having no means of employing cattle,
they have hitched themselves and their wives to the plough and are
ploughing with human power to till their land.” For this reason,
Tolstoi drops his plan: “I ask all the publishers who will print
this novel and the translators of it, as well as the readers of the
novel, to remember those people for whom this publication has been
begun and as far as their strength and their desire go, to help the
Dukhobors by giving their mite to the Dukhobor fund in England.”
[382] Taking no part in 1899, in the work of organising help for
the famine-stricken peasants, Tolstoi directed the contributions
received for this purpose from various people, to be sent to those
who were occupied on the spot in giving help to the inhabitants.
[383] Originally in English.
[384] This thought was maintained in the book then being read by
Tolstoi: _Vergleichenden Uebersicht der Vier Evangelien_, von S. G.
Verus, Leipzig, 1897. In the letter of Biriukov of August 1, 1899,
Tolstoi wrote thus about the significance of Verus’ book: “This
supposition or probability is the destruction of the last suburbs
which are susceptible to attacks from the enemy, so that the fortress
of the moral teaching of the good, flowing not from a source which is
only temporary and local, but from a totality of the whole spiritual
life of humanity, be unshaken.”
[385] Countess S. N. Tolstoi.
[386] See Note 384.
[387] This thought is developed more in detail by Tolstoi in the
_Legend of the Stones_ (see _The Reading Circle_, Volume II).
[388] Alfred B. Westrup. _Plenty of Money._ N. Y., 1899.
[389] Countess O. C. Tolstoi, born Dieterichs, first wife of A. L.
Tolstoi.
[390] The artist, Julia Ivanovna Igumnov, who lived a long time
in Yasnaya Polyana. At this time she helped Tolstoi to copy his
manuscripts and his letters.
[391] A. D. Arkhangelsky, a student in the Moscow University, who
lived as a teacher in Tolstoi’s house.
[392] These chapters on _Resurrection_ were sent to the publishing
house of _Niva_ to be set up.
[393] An interrogation point in the copy at the disposal of the
editors.
[394] Living at this time with the Tolstois in Moscow, Countess O. K.
Tolstoi, in a letter to V. G. Chertkov on November 22nd, 1899,
described Tolstoi’s illness in this way: “Yesterday we lived through
a terrible evening and night. In the evening after dinner, Tolstoi
went to his room to lie down, and after several minutes we were
all attracted by terrible groans from him ... he was taken with
severe stomach pains which were very severe from four o’clock in
the morning to seven in the evening. He suffered terribly and at
first nothing helped.” Tolstoi suffered especially from vomiting
which lasted twenty-eight hours. His doctors were P. S. Usev and
Prof. M. P. Cherinov. “Both medicine and feeding,” another person
wrote to Chertkov from Moscow, December 5, 1899, “is given now by
entreaty and persuasion, now by tears and now by deception, which is
even more depressing than tears. To-day everything is better: pains
and appetite and strength.” Tolstoi got out of bed December 6th and
little by little began to walk. But the following days he had pain
and felt weakness.
[395] An omission in this place in the copy in possession of the
editors.
[396] This word in the original is underlined twice.
[397] From Derzhavin’s Ode, “God.”
[398] The exact title of the book by M. A. Engelhardt is _Progress,
As an Evolution of Cruelty_, issued by F. F. Pavlenkov, Petrograd,
1899. To the author of this book, M. A. Engelhardt (1858–1882),
Tolstoi wrote, in 1882, a very remarkable letter on the problem of
non-resistance to evil by violence.
[399] The journal, _Niva_.
[400] The novel, _The Forged Coupon_.
APPENDIX
A SHORT SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF TOLSTOI AT THE END OF THE NINETIES
BY CONSTANTINE SHOKOR-TROTSKY
The present volume of Tolstoi’s Journal covers a period from
October 28, 1895, to December, 1899. During this time Tolstoi made
in all 170 entries[a1] in the Journal, the greatest number of them
falling in the year 1897, and the smallest in 1899. During certain
months, Tolstoi made no entries whatever. There were nine such months
in the four years; April and August, 1896; June, 1897; September,
October and December, 1898; March, May and August, 1899. The greatest
number of interruptions in the entries was caused by ill health,
sometimes also by intensive work and sometimes on account of spiritual
depression.
[a1] Of the 170 entries in the present edition, the editors have
omitted 102 places (1,707 words) because of their intimate character,
and 55 places (1,102 words) on account of the censor. Besides this,
in the Notes, one place (9 words) has been omitted on account of
its intimate character and 14 places (245 words) on account of the
censor.
I
IMPORTANT EVENTS
Of important outer events which had more or less significance for
Tolstoi, and to which he responded during this time, the following
are to be mentioned:[a2]
In the first two months of 1896, Tolstoi notes in his Journal and
in private letters the death of several people more or less near to
him: his relative, N. M. Nagornov; the well-known philosopher, N. N.
Strakhov, to whom he was bound by an old friendship; an old woman,
Agatha Michailovna, a former maid of his grandmother, who lived all
her life in Yasnaya Polyana; the Yasnaya Polyana peasant, Phillip
Egorov, who had been a coachman for many years at the Tolstois’, and
the steward, at one time; the wife of a professor, Olga Storozhenko.
In March and April of the same year, according to his own words, the
important events of his life were: making the acquaintance of the
peasant, M. P. Novikov; the arrest of his friend, a woman doctor,
M. M. Kholevinsky, because she gave his forbidden works to the
working people; hearing Wagner’s Opera, “Siegfried,” which aided him
in clarifying his conception of true art; becoming acquainted with
the works of the noted philosopher, A. A. Spier, which were sent to
him by the latter’s daughter.
In May, in Moscow at the time of the Coronation, the unfortunate
catastrophe which took place on the Khodinka field, the reports of
which produced a strong impression on Tolstoi.
In October of this same year, two Japanese came to Tolstoi, whose
visit was both interesting and pleasant for him.
In February, 1897, several friends of Tolstoi were subjected to
governmental prosecution for their intercession in behalf of the
persecuted Dukhobors: P. I. Biriukov was exiled to the city of Bausk
in Courland, V. G. Chertkov was exiled abroad and I. M. Tregubov
some time later was exiled to Goldingen in Courland.
In February of that year there was the tragedy of an acquaintance of
Tolstoi; Miss M. F. Vietrov burning herself, who had been imprisoned
in the Fortress of Peter and Paul.
In July of that year Tolstoi’s daughter, Maria Lvovna, who stood
especially near to him, was married to Prince N. L. Obolensky.
In September, P. A. Boulanger, a friend, was exiled abroad for his
activity in behalf of the Dukhobors.
At the end of October the noted American writer, Henry George, died,
whose works and whose personality Tolstoi valued very highly.
In November Dr. D. P. Makovitsky, a follower of Tolstoi, came for a
short visit from Hungary; later becoming a close friend, he remained
with Tolstoi uninterruptedly until the latter’s death.
In December, Tolstoi received several anonymous letters with threats
of assassination.
In February, 1898, the Dukhobors received permission to emigrate from
Russia, which Tolstoi for two years had worked hard to accomplish. In
April of that year the Moscow merchant, I. P. Brashnin, a follower
of Tolstoi, died.
In April and May there was famine in several districts of Tula, and
Tolstoi occupied himself energetically for some time to aid the
famine-stricken. He established soup-kitchens, collected money, etc.
In May of that year, the _Russkia Viedomosti_ was suppressed for
collecting funds in behalf of the Dukhobors.
In July, Tolstoi decided to finish his novel, _Resurrection_, “so
that it could be published for the benefit of the Dukhobors.”
In October, the Dukhobor, V. N. Pozdniakov, visited Tolstoi, coming
secretly from his exile in Yakutsk to the Caucasus to see his
co-religionists before their emigration to America.
In this same month the peasant, T. M. Bondarev, died, who had lived
many years in exile in Siberia, for whose book on _The Labor for
Bread_ Tolstoi wrote a preface, and with whom he corresponded.
Tolstoi only learned of his death in December.
In 1899 there were almost no external events.
In November of that year, Tolstoi’s eldest daughter, Tatiana Lvovna,
was married to M. S. Sukhotin.
[a2] The compilation of facts concerning the important events in
Tolstoi’s life were not only made from his Journal but from letters
to various individuals.
II
THE PLACES THAT TOLSTOI LIVED IN AND VISITED
Between 1896–1899 Tolstoi lived principally in Yasnaya Polyana. There
he generally not only spent most of the summer, but often all of
autumn and sometimes even up to January. In Moscow, he generally
spent the winter months--from November or December until April and
sometimes until May. Besides this, for short periods, Tolstoi would
go to other places. Thus, in August, 1896, he visited his sister, the
nun, Countess M. N. Tolstoi, living in the convent of Shamordino.
At times during these years he visited his brother, Count S. N.
Tolstoi, who lived on his estate in Pirogovo in the province of Tula
(in May, July and October, 1896, in November, 1897, in August and
November, 1898, and in May, 1899).
Besides this, from February to March, 1896, and from February to
March, 1897, he visited his friends, the Olsuphievs, on their estate,
Nicholskoe, near Moscow; once he spent two weeks with them, another
time a whole month with an interruption. The interruption was caused
by his sudden trip to Petrograd (in February, 1897) to take leave
of his friends, Chertkov and Biriukov, who were being exiled.
At the end of 1897, Tolstoi visited the village Dolgoe, and saw the
house in which he was born and in which he spent his childhood and
boyhood and which in the fifties was sold to be transferred to this
village.
The month of May of 1898, Tolstoi spent in Grinevka, the estate of
his son, Count I. L. Tolstoi. While living there, he took charge of
the aid to the famine-stricken. From Grinevka he went by horse to
visit his friend, the landlord, Levitsky, where he fell seriously
ill and spent ten days.
III
WHAT TOLSTOI WROTE
From the period of November, 1895, to 1899 Tolstoi worked on the
following manuscripts:[a3]
A. FICTION
1. The novel _Resurrection_ (November, 1895–February, 1896,
January–February, 1897, July–December, 1898, and all of 1899).
2. The drama _The Light That Shines in Darkness_ (December,
1895--planned it; January–April, 1896; October, 1896, and July–August,
1897--planned it).
3. The novel _Hadji Murad_ (September, 1896; March–April,
1897--planned it; September, 1897–June, 1898).
4. The story _Father Sergius_ (June, 1898; August, 1898--planned
it). Besides this, there are indications that he planned during this
period:
5. The story _Who is Right?_ (November, 1897).
6. _Notes of a Madman_ (December, 1896, January, 1897).
7. The drama _The Living Corpse_ (December, 1897).
8. The novel _The Forged Coupon_ (June, 1898, December, 1899).
B. ESSAYS
1. _The Christian Doctrine_ (November–December, 1895, May–July,
September–December, 1896).
2. _Shameful_ (December, 1895).
3. _A Letter to the Italians_ (_About the Abyssinians_, unfinished,
March–April, 1896).
4. _What Is Art?_ (May–July, 1896--planned it; November, 1896–April,
1897, July, 1897–February, 1898).
5. _How To Read the Gospels and in What Is Their Essence_ (July,
1896).
6. _The Beginning of the End_ (September–October, 1896).
7. _On War_ (unfinished--November–December, 1896).
8. The Appendix to _The Appeal_, by P. Biriukov, I. Tregubov and
V. G. Chertkov--_Help!_ (December, 1896).
9. _The Appeal_ (unfinished, January–April, 1897, September,
1897–April, 1898--planned it; May–July, 1898).
10. Preface to the essay by Edward Carpenter, _Contemporary Science_
(October, 1897–February, 1898).
11. Preface to the English edition of _What Is Art?_ (April, 1898).
12. _Carthago delenda est_ (April, 1898).
13. _Is There Famine or No Famine?_ (May–June, 1898).
14. _Two Wars_ (August, 1898).
C. LETTERS
(Those important according to volume and contents).[a4]
1. To P. V. Verigin (on the harm and benefit of printing).
November 21, 1895.
2. John Manson (“Patriotism and Peace”). December, 1895.
3. Ernest Crosby (“On Non-resistance”). December, 1895–February,
1896.
4. To M. A. Sopotsko (“On the Church Deception”). March 16, 1896.
5. To the Ministers of Justice and the Interior (on the subject of
the arrest of Mme. M. N. Kholevinsky). April 20, 1896.
6. To Madame A. M. Kalmikov (“A Letter to the Liberals”).
August–September, 1896.
7. To E. Schmidt (“To the editor of a German paper”). October 12,
1896.
8. To P. V. Verigin (an answer to the objections to printing).
October 14, 1896.
9. To the commander of the Irkutsk Disciplinary Battalion (on
the refusal of P. Olkhovik and C. Sereda from military service).
October 22, 1896.
10. To the Commander of the Ekaterinograd Disciplinary Battalion (on
the refusal of the Dukhobors from military service). November 1,
1896.
11. To the Countess S. A. Tolstoi (on leaving Yasnaya Polyana).
July 8, 1897.
12. To the Swedish papers (with the suggestion that the Nobel prize
be awarded to the Dukhobors). August–September, 1897.
13. To the Emperor (about the Molokans). October, 1897.
14. To the _Peterburgskaia Viedomosti_ (about the Molokans). October,
1897.
15. To the _Russkia Viedomosti_ (about aid for the famine-stricken).
February 21, 1898.
16. To G. H. Gibson--of the American colony Georgia (on agricultural
communities). March, 1898.
17. To the Russian papers (on the Dukhobors). March 20, 1898.
18. To the English papers (on the Dukhobors). March 18, 1898.
19. To N (“A letter to an officer”). December, 1898–January, 1899.
20. To the Swedish Group (on the means for attaining universal
peace). January–February, 1899.
21. To Prince G. M. Volkonsky (“On the Transvaal War”). December 4,
1899.
22. To A. I. Dvoriansky (“On religious education”). December 13,
1899.
D. THEMES
(Mentioned in the Journal)[a5]
1. “On Religious Education” (February 13, 1896, in answer to a letter
of V. S. Grinevich).
2. “The story of what a man lives through in this life who committed
suicide in a past life” (February 13, 1896).
3. “Pictures of Samara life: the steppe, the struggle between the
nomadic patriarchal principle and the agricultural culture” (June 19,
1896).
4. “Hadji Murad” (July 19, 1896, under the same title).
5. “Suicide of the old man, Persianninov” (September 14, 1896).
6. “The substitution of a child in an orphan asylum” (September 14,
1896).
7. “A wife’s deception of her passionate, jealous husband: his
suffering, struggle and the enjoyment of forgiveness” (November 22,
1896).
8. “A description of the oppression of the serfs and later the same
oppression through land ownership, or rather, the being deprived of
it” (November 22, 1896).
9. “Notes of a madman” (December 26, 1896).
10. “The theme: A passionate young man in love with a mentally
diseased woman” (July 16, 1897).
11. The theme “In _pendant_ to Hadji Murad”: “Another Russian outlaw,
Grigori Nicholaev” ... (November 14, 1897).
12. “Sergius” (December 13, 1897, “Father Sergius”).
13. “Alexander I” (December 13, 1897, “Posthumous notes of the monk,
Fedor Kuzmich”).
14. “Persianninov” (December 13, 1897).
15. “The story of Petrovich--a man who died a pilgrim” (December 13,
1897, “Korni Vasiliev”).
16. “The legend of the descent of Christ into Hell and the
resurrection of Hell” (December 13, 1897, “The resurrection of Hell
and its destruction”).
17. “The Forged Coupon” (December 13, 1897, under the same title).
18. “A substituted child” (December 13, 1897).
19. “The drama of the Christian resurrection” (December 13, 1897).
20. “Resurrection--the trial of a prostitute” (December 13, 1897,
_Resurrection_).
21. “An outlaw killing the defenceless” (December 13, 1897).
22. “Mother” (December 13, 1897).
23. “An execution in Odessa” (December 13, 1897, _Divine and human_).
24. “A bit of fiction, in which would be clearly expressed the flowing
quality of man: that he, one and the same man, is now an evil-doer,
now an angel, now a wise man, now an idiot, now a strong man, now
the most impotent being” (March 21, 1898).
25. “Everything depends, to what one directs one’s consciousness”
(November 14, 1898).
26. “On why the people are corrupted” (November 25, 1898).
[a3] This list has been compiled not only from Tolstoi’s Journal,
but from other sources. As far as can be judged from the Journal,
Tolstoi during some months, while busied with the revision of some
one of his manuscripts, would at the same time not write but only
consider some other bit of work; this kind of creative work is noted
in the list as “planned.”
[a4] All these letters have been printed, if not in Russia then
abroad; in those instances where a letter has been printed under a
definite title, that title is enclosed in quotation marks.
[a5] In parentheses I have given the dates in which he mentions
the theme and the final title of the theme as it was developed.
IV
REFLECTIONS ON TOLSTOI’S THOUGHTS IN THE JOURNAL
Besides the above mentioned literary labours of Tolstoi, his thought
life ought to be mentioned which at first found expression in his
note-book and from which later he would transcribe those thoughts
into his Journal which appeared to him valuable. These thoughts were
sometimes, as we say, absolutely accidental, sometimes they were
called forth by conversations with various people and sometimes they
were the responses to outer events. The greater part of them came
in connection with some work on hand or one which he was planning,
or were for some inner clarification or spiritual discussion of
problems which, above all, agitated and interested him.
Of the thoughts which came in connection with his works on hand from
1896 to 1899, a sufficiently important number can be pointed out
as auxiliary thoughts for the thinking over and working out of his
“Catechism” (or the “Christian Doctrine”); such were a number of
thoughts about faith, Christian doctrine, sin, etc. A great number
of thoughts on art appeared in connection with his contemplated
work, _What Is Art?_ On the conclusion of this work there are almost
no thoughts on art in the Journal. Many thoughts were entered for
_The Appeal_, _i.e._, for the purpose of including them in the
contemplated manuscript but which was never finished in that form.
Rarely, thoughts are met in the Journal which are in connection
with his work on some literary topic.
Besides the thoughts which appeared in connection with his writings,
one meets in the Journal, as was said above, such thoughts which
appeared during the period of intense clarification of the various
problems of his personal and family life. In connection with the
observations which he lived through and experienced, Tolstoi quite
often wrote down his own spiritual state, his personal sufferings
and the right attitude that he should take towards them.
At one time, he was occupied especially with the problem of the
philosophic definition of time and space and he wrote down his
thoughts on this theme quite often. At another time, he was interested
in the problem of error, of whether the outer world was such as it
appeared. Quite often he noted his thoughts on the themes: On God,
on the meaning of life, on the difference between the spiritual and
the animal life, on reason, on prayer. Quite often, at this time,
thoughts came to him about the given work of God, about service
to God, about love in general and about love towards enemies in
particular.
Besides this, there are scattered in the whole Journal for the four
mentioned years, various thoughts on the sex-problem--on falling in
love, on women, on marriage--and also quite a number of thoughts on
illness, on death, on the unjust life of the rich, on memory and on
many other subjects. Sometimes one finds thoughts in the Journal
which appear in connection with the books that he was reading; for
instance, there are several thoughts called forth by the reading of
the philosophic works of Schopenhauer and Spier. The fact that there
are few notes in the Journal about the books that had been read or
were being read is, of course, no sign that Tolstoi read little. It
is sufficient to open his book, _What Is Art_, to convince oneself
as to the enormous amount of books that were read and studied by
Tolstoi on the one theme of art alone for this work; nevertheless,
there are very few of them mentioned in the Journal.
V
SOME FEATURES FROM THE SPIRITUAL DOMAIN OF TOLSTOI’S LIFE[a6]
In due time, when absolutely all Tolstoi’s Journals and letters
and all his writings which have not yet appeared will be printed,
and also when all the unused material about him, that literary
inheritance in all its enormous volume, will be made use of, then
it will be possible to carefully study the great process of the
_growth of Tolstoi’s soul_. At the present moment, when a great
number of Tolstoi’s writings and the reminiscences about him are not
yet published, it is impossible to really penetrate the whole depth
and breadth of Tolstoi’s spirit. At present, it is only possible
to throw light on the general characteristics of several separate
sides of his inner life, in one or several of its periods.
Therefore, this short sketch of Tolstoi’s life at the end of the
nineties, which deals not only with his outer but with his inner
life, does in no way intend to give an exhaustive exposition of his
varied and complicated spiritual states. In the description which
is here placed of _several features_ of Tolstoi’s spiritual life,
the principal attention is given to that state, which for over
three years almost constantly dominated Tolstoi, in connection with
one of the most lasting and torturing periods of intense spiritual
suffering in the domain of his domestic life. Such periods happened
to Tolstoi even before, in the seventies and in the eighties and in
the very last years of his life.
Of course, the description of only one feature of Tolstoi’s inner
life, cannot be an indication that he had not other kinds of spiritual
states, not connected with his home life. The numerous and extensive
entries in the Journal testify that Tolstoi often experienced states
of high religious exaltation and of intimate spiritual union and
fusion with God, as well as states of the earnest seeking of the path
towards perfection, flowing from a sharp discontent with himself
and a repentance for his errors and weaknesses (quite often the
states were called forth by spiritual suffering). In this sketch
are emphasised and brought forth the logical connection of at least
one most torturing feature of his inner life, which is reflected in
disconnected brilliant entries in his Journal--features which show
the cross that he bore for the last thirty years of his life. The
time has not yet come for a full description of all the sides and
conditions of Tolstoi’s life, and therefore the intimate places have
been omitted in the present edition of the Journal. In consequence,
the reader will not find an exhaustive description in these chapters
of the personal life of Tolstoi which is connected with his family
relations.
* * * * *
From 1895 to 1899 Tolstoi lived through much spiritual suffering
and struggle, and during this time he was ill quite often. If one
carefully followed all the entries in the Journal, then it would
clearly be seen that almost all his severe illnesses came after
depressing inner experiences.
With the strength of his deep religiousness, Tolstoi invariably
strove to use, in the best spiritual sense, all the trials which
were given to him as his lot, physical as well as spiritual, and
through intense inner labour he generally at the end succeeded in
converting all his sufferings, to use his own language, to the joy
of fulfilling the will of God.
* * * * *
At the end of 1895, Tolstoi was earnestly occupied with the plot of
his drama, _The Light that Shines in Darkness_; this plot agitated
him so that he even dreamed of it and he raved about it in his sleep.
This can be easily understood in view of the fact that there are
many autobiographic elements in this drama.
And so he wrote in the Journal that he “lived through much,” in
reading over, at the request of his wife, his journals for the past
seven years.[a7]
At the same time, Tolstoi complains several times in his Journal
of his general indisposition, of his weakness, and of his lack of
energy.
In the course of the three years, from 1896 to 1898, Tolstoi often
experienced a fall of spirit, strong attacks of sorrow and torturing
agony. The greatest part of his suffering was caused by the lack of
understanding of several people near to him, either for his point
of view or for his inner life,[a8] and because of the “emptiness of
his surrounding life.”[a9]
He even felt “hatred” for himself[a10] and he was burdened by his
part in the “unjust, idle, luxurious[a11] life.” But here the thought
would come to him that he had to suffer humiliation,[a12] and at
times he created supplementary thoughts, which in fun he called
“prescriptions” for his spiritual suffering.[a13]
On December 2, 1896, Tolstoi wrote in his Journal: “This is my
condition ... oh, this luxury, this richness, this absence of care
about the material life!...”
The thought that this indeed was his task, given to him, had a calming
effect. He tried to look on the conditions in which he was placed
as upon a test of humbleness, “humiliation.” But “in chains, in a
prison, one can pride oneself on one’s humiliation”--he wrote--“but
here it is only painful, unless one accepts it as a trial sent by
God.”[a14] The calm state which was created through the influence
of these thoughts was only short-lived. His heart began soon again
to pain and he “wants to cry over himself, over the remnant of his
life which is being futilely ruined.”[a15]
His surrounding life[a16] which tortured him called forth long periods
of agony, dejection and fall of spirits. But with the thoughts about
love towards enemies,[a17] there came to him the urge to look upon
his work, as the work of love which was given to him, and again
peace possessed him, “because a loving one.”[a18] But soon again
this peace became principally an outer one, and within himself he
again wavered.[a19] Again he is “ashamed and depressed because of
the consciousness of the lawlessness of his life.”[a20]
After a month, he makes an entry in his Journal, but tears it out,
putting only the words, “A bad and sterile month” and adds, “Have
torn out, burned, what I have written in heat.”[a21] Then for a
long time he wrote nothing, and during this time he “lived through
much that was difficult and good.”[a22] On the 8th of July he wrote
his very famous letter to his wife, which she received after his
death,[a23] which began with the words, “It is already a long time
that I am tortured by the lack of harmony between my life and my
beliefs” and in which further on he wrote about his decision to do
that which “he had wanted to do for a long time: to go away.” But
no matter how difficult the conditions of his family life were at
this time, they were not yet sufficiently ripe to bring him over to
a definite decision to leave his family, and to fulfil his ancient
dream of life in more simple conditions among working people. And
in view of the fact that he decided to change his decision, he gave
the above-mentioned letter for safe-keeping to his son-in-law,
Prince N. L. Obolensky, with the request to give it to the one
designated, when he was no longer among the living. Although Tolstoi
remained this time in Yasnaya Polyana, his life among master-class
conditions did not cease to burden him even for a short time, and
he felt himself alone,[a24] he often experienced sorrow as before,
and in spirit he felt “solemn,” “gloomy.”[a25]
At the end of that year (1897), he wrote the thought in his Journal,
of the tragedy of the situation of “a man kindly disposed wishing
only the good” but who in return meets only “hissing malice and the
hatred of people.”[a26] And soon again he writes in his Journal
that he is in an agonised, sad, crushed state,[a27] which, however,
he is trying to fight off with all his strength. (“The house is
depressing but I want to and will be joyous.”[a28]) But this inner
struggle in spiritual isolation was of course not easy, and demanded
great spiritual strength before it could be fully successful. He was
constantly tortured by the injustice of his surrounding life and his
own almost futile situation in this life; and he becomes “at times
good and calm, at times uneasy and not good.”[a29] In this state he
often wants to cry,[a30] and only in time does his condition become
less agitated and sometimes even entirely calm.
In the summer of 1898, Tolstoi was twice seriously ill. After these
illnesses he entered in his Journal the joy of getting well and a
clearness of thinking. Soon after this he underwent new spiritual
experiences and in July, 1898, he again considered going away from
the conditions of life in Yasnaya Polyana which were depressing and
which were against his philosophy. He then wrote a letter to A. A.
Järnefelt and made a note in the Journal that he has no strength to
withstand the customary temptation,[a31] _i. e._, the desire to go
away; it was to Järnefelt that he turned with the request to help
him in his plan of going away which he was then considering. But
this time also, “the temptation passed,” as he wrote him later. And
again his life flowed on as before.
The thought of “going away” came to Tolstoi more than once, both early
and late, but he considered it a temptation because it would have
been spiritually much more easy for him to go away than to refrain
from this step. As he expressed himself once, he believed that when
there is a doubt in one’s soul, as to which one of two possible steps
one should take, then it were better to give preference to that one
in which there is the greatest self-sacrifice.
In 1899, Tolstoi felt himself spiritually improved and notwithstanding
his severely undermined health, he occupied himself much and
fruitfully with _Resurrection_. In the autumn of that year he made
the entry in the Journal, “I have wrought for myself a calm which is
not to be disturbed: not to speak and to know that this is necessary:
that it is under these conditions one ought to live.”[a32]
Only ten years later, the circumstances arose which freed Tolstoi
from the consciousness of the moral responsibility to remain in the
conditions of his home life. And having come to the conclusion of
the absolute inevitability of going away, he dared, only ten days
before his end, to freely give himself to his cherished wish to
change the outer conditions of his life.
[a6] I consider it absolutely necessary to mention that this
exposition has been carefully revised by V. G. Chertkov, who, having
been connected with Tolstoi by a friendship of many years, was
closely acquainted with the home conditions of his outer life, as
well as with the most intimate characteristic of his inner life.
[a7] November 5, 1895, page 5.
[a8] May 17, 1896, page 46.
[a9] May 28, 1896, page 52.
[a10] June 26, 1896, page 60.
[a11] June 19, 1896, page 58.
[a12] July 31, 1896, page 69.
[a13] October 20, 1896, page 83; November 5, page 88, and November 20,
1897, page 171.
[a14] December 20, 1896, page 108.
[a15] December 21, 1896, page 108.
[a16] January 18, 1897, page 117.
[a17] March 1, 1897, page 135.
[a18] March 9, 1897, page 136.
[a19] April 4, page 137, and April 9, 1897, page 139.
[a20] April 4, 1897, page 137.
[a21] May 3, 1897, page 139.
[a22] July 16, 1897, page 140.
[a23] This letter was published in many editions among others in
the Letters of Tolstoi to his Wife, Moscow, 1913, pages 524–526.
[a24] July 16, 1897, page 140.
[a25] July 17, page 142; October 22, page 162; November 28, page 176,
and further.
[a26] November 28, 1897, page 177.
[a27] December 2, 1897, page 177.
[a28] December 13, 1897, page 182.
[a29] January 13, 1898, page 195.
[a30] April 12, 1898, page 219.
[a31] July 17, 1898, page 244.
[a32] September 28, 1899, page 277.
INDEX
INDEX
“About Patriotism,” Tolstoi’s letter to Manson, _pp._ 19, 394;
_note_ 36.
Abrikosov, Kh. N., _note_ 167.
Adam, Paul, _p._ 238; _note_ 340.
_Adult, the_, a magazine, _p._ 193; _note_ 280.
Africa, _p._ 166.
Agatha Michailovna, maid to Tolstoi’s grandmother, _p._ 388.
Aggeev, Aphanasi, _p._ 162; _note_ 237.
Akime, peasant, _p._ 59.
Alexander I, Emperor, _p._ 182.
Alexander Petrovich, _see_ Ivanov.
Alexeev, I., _note_ 129.
Algerian Disciplinary Battalion, _note_ 380.
Ambrose, Holy Man of Optina, _p._ 176; _notes_ 257, 258.
America, _pp._ 14, 16, 241, 286; _notes_ 40, 96, 134, 177, 178,
221, 295, 343, 357.
American, the, _see_ Hall.
Americans, the, _p._ 61.
Amsterdam, _note_ 18.
Andrusha, _see_ Tolstoi, A. L., Count.
_Anna Karenin_, Tolstoi’s novel, _note_ 182.
Annenkov, K. N., _note_ 104.
Annenkov, _pp._ 60, 144, 240, 243; _notes_ 104, 177.
“Aphorisms,” Schopenhauer, _p._ 8; _note_ 24.
Aphremovs, landlords, _p._ 232; _note_ 323.
“Appendix, the” (by L. Tolstoi) to Chekhov’s story, _Dushechka_
(_Darling_), _note_ 177.
“Appendix, the” (by L. Tolstoi) to E. I. Popov’s book, _Life and
Death of E. N. Drozhin_, _note_ 38.
Archer, _p._ 256; _note_ 365.
Archives, Tolstoi’s, manuscript edition of the Nineties, _notes_ 7,
167, 347.
Arensky, A. S., _p._ 96; _note_ 154.
Aristophanes, _p._ 81.
Aristotle, _p._ 130.
Arkhangelsky, A. I., _p._ 113; _note_ 167.
Arkhangelsky, Andre Dimitrievich, _p._ 289; _note_ 391.
Arnold, Matthew, _note_ 182.
Azov Sea, _p._ 218.
Baburino village, _p._ 59; _note_ 103.
Bach, Johann Sebastian, _pp._ 55, 103, 104, 128; _note_ 153.
Bacon, Francis, _p._ 166.
“Ballade,” Chopin’s, _p._ 96.
Barcelona, _note_ 144.
Bastyevo, station, _p._ 230; _notes_ 311, 318.
Bausk, Province of Courland, _p._ 389; _note_ 173.
Bavarian, the, _p._ 255.
Bazhenov, I. R., _p._ 6; _note_ 17.
Bedborough, editor of _The Adult_, _p._ 193; _note_ 280.
Beethoven, Ludvig, _pp._ 55, 60, 80, 102, 103, 128, 152.
“Beginning of the End, the,” article by L. Tolstoi (preface to
the letter of a Hollander), _pp._ 70, 393; _note_ 125.
Behrs, A. A., _p._ 186.
Behrs, S. A. (“_Stepa_”), _p._ 122.
Beller, L. A., _p._ 160.
Bénard, _p._ 130.
Berkeley, George, _p._ 75.
Bieli, Constantine, _see_ Zyabrev.
Bielinsky, V. G., _p._ 43; _note_ 79.
Bielopolie, Province of Kharkov, _note_ 134.
“Bigarrure” by Arensky, _p._ 96.
Biography of L. N. Tolstoi, compiled by P. I. Biriukov, _notes_ 2,
34, 85, 102, 114, 119, 180, 253.
Biriukov, P. I. (Posha), _pp._ 7, 8, 53, 58, 108, 125, 127, 136,
145, 146, 185, 195, 230, 237, 389; _notes_ 9, 19, 23, 137,
160, 173, 219, 236, 257, 297, 353, 384.
Black Sea, the, _p._ 218.
“Blunders of Fear, the,” an article by M. O. Menshikov, _p._ 37;
_note_ 74.
Bobriki, village, _p._ 228; _note_ 305.
Boccaccio, _p._ 223.
Bochkarev, _p._ 5; _notes_ 11, 14.
Bondarev, T. M., _pp._ 53, 185, 390; _note_ 90.
Boulanger, P. A., _pp._ 95, 136, 144, 146, 160, 161, 171, 195,
237, 389; _notes_ 34, 134, 150, 219.
Bourgas, Bulgaria, _note_ 167.
_Boyhood_, Tolstoi’s novel, _note_ 119.
Brahmins, _p._ 75.
Brashnin, I. P., _pp._ 219, 389; _note_ 301.
Bronnitsk, district of (Province of Moscow), _note_ 167.
Budapest, _note_ 56.
Buddha, _p._ 81.
Bulakhov, P. A., _pp._ 144, 195; _note_ 211.
Bulgaria, _p._ 237; _notes_ 46, 167.
“Bulletins of the Tolstoi Museum Society,” _note_ 145.
Buzuluk, district of (Province of Samara), _note_ 222.
California, _note_ 134.
Canada, _notes_ 357, 367, 375.
Carpenter, _pp._ 85, 206; _note_ 135.
“Carthago Delenda Est,” article by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 219, 221,
393; _note_ 302.
Carus, editor, _The Open Court_, _p._ 143; _note_ 206.
“Catechism,” _see_ “Christian Doctrine, the.”
Caucasus, _pp._ 258, 390; _notes_ 9, 195, 221, 240, 300, 357,
364, 367.
Chekhov, A. P., _p._ 186; _note_ 177.
Cherinov, M. P., _note_ 394.
Cherni (Province of Tula), _p._ 231; _note_ 303.
Chernigovitz (Vishnecsky), F. V., _note_ 24.
Chernishevsky, N. G., _p._ 43; _note_ 81.
Chernov, a Dukhobor, _note_ 300.
Chertkov, A. C. (Galia), _pp._ 56, 174, 175, 181, 237; _notes_ 34,
42, 97, 202, 230, 301, 338.
Chertkov, E. I., _p._ 149; _note_ 226.
Chertkov, V. G., _pp._ 19, 25, 31, 61, 87, 89, 106, 124, 133,
140, 142, 144, 152, 153, 158, 160, 161, 173, 178, 181, 183,
186, 189, 195, 198, 226, 237, 247, 253, 256, 369, 393, 400;
_notes_ 34, 48, 54, 80, 160, 173, 176, 190, 192, 200, 219,
226, 229, 231, 234, 240, 264, 269, 278, 293, 300, 309, 312,
333, 343, 347, 355, 358, 365, 374, 376, 381, 394.
Chertkovs (the “_Exiles_,” “to England,” “from England”),
_pp._ 14, 56, 65, 70, 100, 124, 139, 182, 233; _notes_ 107,
174, 192, 197, 198, 203, 210, 273, 280, 282, 328, 354.
Chicago, _notes_ 206, 343.
China, _p._ 212; _note_ 353.
Chizhov, S. P., _p._ 185; _note_ 270.
Chopin, _p._ 96.
Chorvatia, _note_ 46.
Christ, _pp._ 13, 60, 64, 65, 81, 141, 169, 201, 221, 240, 243,
245, 276, 277, 397; _notes_ 111, 151, 177, 192, 284, 372.
Christian, _pp._ 105, 221.
“Christian Doctrine, the,” by L. Tolstoi (“Catechism,” “Declaration
of Faith”), _pp._ 5, 8, 14, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 52, 56,
58, 61, 70, 74, 85, 87, 90, 262, 393, 398; _notes_ 4, 83,
95, 108, 190, 262.
Christianity, _pp._ 74, 85, 163, 164, 213, 220, 221, 234.
“Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue,” by Bach, _p._ 96; _note_ 153.
Clara, St., _note_ 177.
Collected Works of L. N. Tolstoi, edited by P. I. Biriukov,
published by Sytin,
subscribed edition (20 volumes), _notes_ 5, 27, 111, 134, 160,
238, 297, 331;
popular edition (24 volumes), _notes_ 5, 27, 64, 111, 134, 160,
222, 238, 297.
Commander, the, of the Ekaterinograd (“Caucasian”) Disciplinary
Battalion, _pp._ 89, 394; _note_ 137.
Commander, the, of the Irkutsk Disciplinary Battalion, _pp._ 85,
394; _note_ 134.
“Concerning the Attitude towards the State,” by L. N. Tolstoi,
_note_ 126.
“Contemporary Science,” article by Carpenter, _p._ 85; _note_ 135.
Conversation with Nicodemus, _p._ 40.
Copernicus, _p._ 83.
Corinthians, the message of the Apostle Paul to the, _p._ 232.
Corneille, _pp._ 25, 30.
“Corpse, the,” _see_ “The Living Corpse.”
“Correspondence of L. N. Tolstoi with N. N. Strakhov,” _note_ 47.
“Correspondence of L. N. Tolstoi with the Countess A. A. Tolstoi,”
_note_ 176.
“Coupon,” _see_ _The Forged Coupon_.
Cracow, _note_ 53.
Crookes, William, _p._ 143; _note_ 204.
Crosby, _pp._ 16, 19, 21, 144, 185, 240, 394; _notes_ 37, 40,
215, 296.
“Crucifix,” duet by Faure, _p._ 104; _note_ 162.
Cyprus, _notes_ 353, 357.
“Daily Bread,” story by F. F. Tischenko, _p._ 96; _note_ 156.
Dante Alighieri, _p._ 103.
Darwin, Charles, _p._ 74.
Davydov, N. V., _p._ 21; _note_ 49.
Decadents, the, _pp._ 102, 144.
“Declaration of Faith, the,” _see_ “Christian Doctrine, the.”
Deibner, A., the publisher, _note_ 36.
De-Kuh, _note_ 233.
Demenka, village, _p._ 60; _note_ 107.
Denisenko, E. S., Tolstoy’s niece, _note_ 257.
Derzhavin, G. R., _note_ 397.
Descartes, René, _pp._ 83, 89.
Desert of Optina, the, _notes_ 121, 257, 258.
_Devil, the_, Tolstoy’s story, _note_ 346.
Dieterichs, the, _pp._ 237, 244.
Dieterichs, J. K., _note_ 338.
Dieterichs, M. K., _note_ 338.
Dieterichs, O. C., _see_ Tolstoi, O. C., Countess.
_Divine and the Human, the_, Tolstoy’s story, _note_ 266.
Dobroliubov, N. A., _p._ 43; _note_ 81.
Dolgoe, the town, _p._ 180; _note_ 261.
Don, district of the, _note_ 90.
Dragomirov, M. I., _p._ 91; _note_ 145.
Drozhin, E. N., _p._ 16; _notes_ 38, 207.
Dubrovin, M. N., _p._ 198.
Dubrovsky, _p._ 198.
Dukhobors, _pp._ 5, 91, 114, 117, 148, 193, 211, 222, 240, 243,
247, 253, 256, 269, 389, 390, 394, 395; _notes_ 9, 130,
134, 144, 155, 160, 173, 177, 195, 219, 220, 221, 240, 279,
297, 300, 304, 312, 343, 346, 353, 357, 363, 364, 365, 367,
375, 381.
Dumas, Alexander, _note_ 96.
Dunaev, A. N., _pp._ 6, 95, 136, 139, 237, 243; _notes_ 15, 196, 301.
Duniasha, the peasant girl, _p._ 157.
Dushan, _see_ Makovitsky.
Dvoriansky, A. P., the teacher, _p._ 395.
Egorov, F. R., _p._ 388.
Egypt, _note_ 37.
Ekaterinograd (“Caucasian”) Disciplinary Battalion, The, _pp._ 87,
89, 394; _notes_ 137, 279.
Elias, the prophet, _p._ 64.
Engelhardt, M. A., _p._ 293; _note_ 398.
England, _pp._ 14, 185, 212, 233, 240; _notes_ 27, 31, 36, 38,
80, 91, 125, 130, 132, 160, 195, 197, 231, 240, 264, 269,
278, 297, 312, 321, 339, 342, 343, 353, 375, 379, 381.
Englishmen, The, _pp._ 61, 166.
English papers, _p._ 211.
Epictetus, _pp._ 242, 261.
“Epilogue, the (by L. Tolstoi) to the appeal ‘Help!’” _pp._ 100,
393; _note_ 160.
Ergolsky, T. A., _note_ 177.
Ertel, A. I., _p._ 21; _note_ 50.
“L’Esthetique d’Aristotle,” Bénard, _p._ 130.
Europe, _p._ 164.
Europeans, the, _p._ 71.
Evgenie Ivanovich, _see_ Popov, E. I.
Exiles, the, _see_ Chertkovs.
Factory hands, _p._ 100.
“Famine or No Famine,” the article by Tolstoi (“On the People’s
Condition”), _pp._ 232, 236, 393; _notes_ 321, 325, 335.
Famine-Stricken, The, _pp._ 222, 270, 390, 391, 395; _notes_ 303,
305, 306, 313, 320, 321, 325, 337, 382.
_Father Sergius_, a story by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 182, 233, 236, 243,
392, 396; _notes_ 177, 266, 327, 346.
Faure, Jean Baptiste, _p._ 104; _note_ 162.
Fet (Shenshin), A. A., _p._ 64; _notes_ 24, 114.
Fire Refugees, The, _p._ 60.
_Forged Coupon, the_, Tolstoi’s story (_Coupon, The_), _pp._ 182,
234, 296, 392, 397; _notes_ 177, 244, 266, 329, 400.
_Fortnightly Review_, an English magazine, _note_ 182.
Fortress of Peter and Paul, _p._ 389; _note_ 192.
Four Gospels, harmonized, translated and studied, Tolstoi’s work,
_note_ 289.
Francis of Assisi, _note_ 177.
“Free Press, the,” _pp._ 64, 270; _notes_ 7, 297, 298.
Free Press, The, publishing house of A. and V. Chertkov, _notes_ 4,
9, 31, 38, 91, 125, 126, 130, 132, 134, 160, 269, 312.
Frenchman, the, _p._ 6.
Gaideburov, V. P., _p._ 240; _note_ 344.
Galia, _see_ Chertkov, A. C.
Galileo, _p._ 83.
Gay, N. N., the artist, _notes_ 80, 139.
Gay, N. N., the artist’s son (“Kolechka,” “Kolichka”), _pp._ 87,
269, 271, 283.
Gendarme, _p._ 56; _note_ 98.
Geneva, _note_ 220.
George, Henry, _p._ 56; _notes_ 37, 96.
Georgia, the American agricultural colony, _pp._ 211, 395;
_note_ 296.
Germans, the, _pp._ 144, 212, 273.
Germany, _note_ 66.
Gibson, _p._ 395; _note_ 296.
Gill’s Factory, _p._ 33; _note_ 70.
Ginzburg, I. J., _p._ 144; _notes_ 138, 214.
“God,” Derzhavin’s Ode, _note_ 397.
Goethe, Wolfgang, _pp._ 54, 103, 128; _note_ 94.
Gogol, N. V., _note_ 79.
Goldenweiser, A. B., _pp._ 96, 144; _note_ 152.
Goldingen (government of Courland), _p._ 389; _note_ 173.
Golitsin, G. S., prince, _p._ 258; _note_ 367.
Gorbunov (Posadov), I. I., _pp._ 124, 199, 244; _notes_ 149,
167, 350.
Gorbunov, N. I., _notes_ 149, 350.
Gorbunovs, _pp._ 95, 244.
Gorchakov, E. S., Princess, _p._ 100; _note_ 157.
Goremykin, I. L., _note_ 64.
Gorokhov, the landlord, _note_ 261.
_Gospel in Brief, The_, by L. Tolstoy, _note_ 215.
Gospels, the, _pp._ 60, 61, 128, 151, 166, 179, 263; _note_ 111.
Granovsky, T. N., _p._ 43; _note_ 78.
Grave, _p._ 206; _note_ 292.
Grevenhagen, the Dutch city, _note_ 233.
Grinevich, V. S., _pp._ 22, 395; _note_ 54.
Grinevka, the estate of Count I. L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 221, 223, 226,
228, 230, 231, 391; _notes_ 303, 305, 323.
Grot, N. J., _pp._ 162, 163, 171, 173, 176, 199; _notes_ 238, 255,
265, 298.
Gubarevka, village, _pp._ 226, 228.
Gubonin (“The Teacher”), _p._ 226; _note_ 314.
Gulenko, M. F., _p._ 199; _note_ 286.
Gulliver, _p._ 164.
Gusev, N. N., _note_ 237.
_Hadji-Murad_, _pp._ 62, 70, 85, 136, 137, 152, 158, 164, 166,
172, 174, 182, 186, 195, 198, 210, 216, 219, 226, 230, 392,
396; _notes_ 112, 122, 266.
Hadji Murad, a Caucasian mountaineer, _pp._ 62, 70, 182, 216;
_note_ 112.
Hague Peace Conference, _note_ 378.
Hall (“American, the”), _p._ 125; _note_ 178.
Heath, _p._ 149; _note_ 225.
“Help!” the appeal by P. I. Biriukov, I. M. Tregubov, and V. G.
Chertkov, _notes_ 160, 173.
Helsingfors, _note_ 347.
Herzen, A. I., _p._ 43; _note_ 80.
Hindus, the, _pp._ 71, 83.
History of Music, the, _p._ 103.
Holland, _p._ 7; _note_ 233.
Hollander, the, _see_ Vanderveer.
Holy Scriptures, _p._ 128.
Homer, _p._ 103.
_Hour of the Will of God_, a story by N. S. Lieskov, _note_ 330.
“How to read Gospels and in what is their essence,” by L. Tolstoi,
_pp._ 61, 393; _note_ 111.
Hungary, _pp._ 178, 389; _notes_ 8, 45, 46, 259.
Igumnov, J. I. (“Julie”), _p._ 289; _note_ 390.
Ilinsky, a landowner, _p._ 226; _note_ 308.
Ilya, Iliusha, _see_ Tolstoi, I. L., Count.
“L’individu et la Société,” by Jean Grave, _p._ 206.
Initials, the, substituting names and surnames, _see_ N, NN.
“International Tolstoi Almanac, the, on Tolstoi,” compiled by
P. A. Sergienko, _notes_ 56, 130, 178, 206.
Introduction to _The Story of a Mother_ by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 266.
_Ioga’s Philosophy_, by Vivekânanda, _p._ 71; _note_ 127.
Irkutsk, _note_ 134.
Irkutsk, the disciplinary battalion of, _p._ 394; _note_ 134.
Ivan Mikhailovich, _see_ Tregubov.
Ivanov, Alexander Petrovich, _p._ 163; _note_ 239.
Iversk, ikon of, _p._ 275.
Jacob, _p._ 81.
Japan, _p._ 212.
Japanese, the, _note_ 215.
Japanese, the (plural), _pp._ 74, 80.
Järnefelt, A. A., _pp._ 244, 406; _notes_ 347, 350.
Joseph, biblical, _p._ 81.
Juriev (Dorpat), a city, _note_ 379.
Jushkova, N. M., _p._ 129; _note_ 183.
Kalmikov, Mme. A. M., _pp._ 70, 87, 394; _note_ 126.
Kaluga, _note_ 350.
Kamenka, a village, _p._ 226; _note_ 305.
Kansas (in America), _note_ 295.
Kant, Immanuel, _pp._ 65, 75, 83; _note_ 115.
Karma, _p._ 152.
Kasatkin, N. A., _pp._ 144, 180; _notes_ 214, 263.
Kashai, in Hungary, _note_ 8.
Katiusha Maslov, heroine of _Resurrection_, _see_ Maslov.
Kazan, _pp._ 94, 146, 163, 185; _notes_ 218, 232, 379.
Kaznacheevka, a village, _note_ 237.
Kenworthy, _pp._ 5, 14, 19, 21, 25, 276; _note_ 7.
Kh., N. l., _p._ 198.
Khaliavka, a peasant woman, _p._ 59.
Kharkov, _p._ 5; _notes_ 151, 209, 379.
Kharkov, Province of, _notes_ 134, 240.
Khilkov, D. A., Prince, _pp._ 163, 165, 240, 253; _note_ 240.
Khiriakov, A. M., _note_ 34.
Khodinka, a square in Moscow, _pp._ 58, 388; _note_ 89.
_Khodinka_, a story by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 89.
Kholevinsky, M. M., _pp._ 31, 388, 394; _note_ 63.
Kiev, _pp._ 140, 243; _notes_ 129, 202, 270, 379.
_Kingdom of God Within Us, the_, L. Tolstoi’s book, _note_ 291.
Kioto, a Japanese city, _note_ 129.
Klein, I-Kh., _note_ 233.
_Knizhki Nedieli_, a magazine, _notes_ 74, 156, 246, 253.
Kolasha, Kolia, _see_ Obolensky, N. L., Prince.
Kolechka, Kolichka, _see_ Gay, N. N.--son.
_Konevsky_, _see_ _Resurrection_.
Koni, A. F., _pp._ 100, 136; _notes_ 23, 158, 192.
Konissi, D. P., _p._ 74; _note_ 129.
Konius, Julius, and Leo Eduardovich, _p._ 129; _note_ 184.
_Korni Vasiliev_, a story by L. Tolstoi, _p._ 397; _note_ 266.
Kozlovka (or Kozlova Zasieka), a station, _note_ 347.
Krapivensk, the district of, _notes_ 84, 261.
Kronstad, John of, _see_ Sergiev.
Kudinenko, F., _p._ 20; _note_ 43.
Kudriavtsev, M. F., _p._ 100; _note_ 159.
Kukevka, a village, _p._ 230; _note_ 305.
Kukin (from Chekhov’s _Dushechka_), _note_ 177.
Kursk, Province of, _note_ 38.
Kuzminsky, A. M., _p._ 91; _notes_ 22, 145.
Kuzminsky, T. A. (“Aunt Tanya”), _pp._ 8, 246; _note_ 22.
Kuzminsky, V. A., _p._ 253; _note_ 359.
Langlet (“The Swede”), _p._ 150; _note_ 227.
Lao-Tse, _note_ 129.
Lawyer, _p._ 60.
_Leaflets of the Free Press_, a publication by A. and V. Chertkov,
_notes_ 27, 45, 279, 321, 377.
Lebon, _p._ 212.
Leipzig, _note_ 384.
Letter to M. A. Engelhardt, A, (“On Non-resistance”), _note_ 398.
“Letter to the Italians, a” (“On Abyssinians”), by L. Tolstoi,
_pp._ 29, 393; _note_ 59.
“Letter to the Liberals, a,” by L. Tolstoi (“To Mme. Kalmikov”),
_pp._ 70, 87, 394; _note_ 126.
“Letter to the Officer, a,” by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 270, 395;
_note_ 377.
“Letter to a Peasant, a,” by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 96.
“Letter to the Russian Public, a,” (“On Dukhobors”), _note_ 297.
“Letter to the Swedish Newspapers, a” (“On the Nobel prize and
the Dukhobors,” “The Swedish Letter,” “To Stockholm”), by
L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 148, 149, 158, 395; _note_ 220.
Letter to the Swedish papers, a, _pp._ 270, 395; _note_ 278.
Letters of Count Tolstoi to His Wife, _p._ 404; _notes_ 66, 129,
155, 179, 199, 242, 250, 251, 303, 310, 365.
Letters (unpublished), fragments of these letters are cited in
the editorial notes.
Leo, _see_ Tolstoi, L. L., Count.
Leontev, B. N., _p._ 146.
Levitsky, the landlord, _pp._ 232, 391; _note_ 323.
Liapunov, V. D. (“Viacheslav”), _pp._ 160, 199; _notes_ 236, 288.
Liberals, the, _p._ 272.
Lieskov, N. S., _p._ 235; _note_ 330.
_Light that Shines in Darkness, The_, Tolstoi’s drama (“Drama”),
_pp._ 14, 19, 20, 29, 85, 113, 141, 392, 402; _note_ 35.
Lindenberg, G. R., _p._ 226; _notes_ 313, 314.
“Living Corpse, the,” Tolstoi’s play (“The Corpse”), _p._ 186.
Lombroso, Cæsar, _p._ 146.
London, _notes_ 7, 80, 194.
Longinov, V. V., _p._ 144; _note_ 209.
Lopashino, a village, _p._ 223; _note_ 305.
_Love for the Good_, _p._ 244; _note_ 349.
Lvov (Lemberg), the capital of Galicia, _note_ 240.
Magdalene, _note_ 177.
Maklakov, A. A., _note_ 213.
Maklakov, V. A., _note_ 213.
Maklakovs, _pp._ 144, 146.
Makovitsky, D. P. (“Dushan”), _pp._ 20, 175, 178; _notes_ 45, 259.
Malikov, A. K., _p._ 210; _note_ 295.
Mallarmé, Stephane, _p._ 54; _note_ 93.
Mallory, Lucy, _note_ 177.
Manager of the Moscow Little Theatre, _note_ 10.
Manchuria, _note_ 353.
Manson (“The Englishman”), _pp._ 14, 394; _note_ 36.
_Maria_ (a peasant woman), _p._ 59.
Maria Alexandrovna, _see_ Schmidt, M. A.
Maria Nicholaievna, _see_ Tolstoi, M. N.
Marx, A. F., the publisher, _notes_ 346, 362.
Marx, Karl, _pp._ 33, 248.
Marxists, the, _p._ 248.
Mary, _p._ 252; _note_ 177.
Masha, _see_ Obolensky, M. L., Princess.
Mashenka, _see_ Tolstoi, M. N., Countess.
Maslov, Katiusha, heroine of _The Resurrection_ (_Konevsky_),
_pp._ 51, 113; _notes_ 6, 166.
Materialists, the, _pp._ 83, 242.
Maude, A. F., _pp._ 139, 144, 167, 173, 175, 176, 195;
_notes_ 194, 254.
_Mayak, the_, children’s magazine, _note_ 102.
Mediterranean, the, _p._ 218.
Medusov, _p._ 100.
Meletie, the archbishop of Riazan, _note_ 218.
Menshikov, M. O., _pp._ 37, 167, 173, 199, 236, 240; _notes_ 74,
246, 253.
“Menteur,” by Corneille, _p._ 30.
Michael-Angelo, _pp._ 55, 103.
Mikhailo, a harness-maker, _pp._ 53, 56.
Mikhail’s Ford, a village, _p._ 228; _note_ 305.
Miklukha-Maklai, N. N., _p._ 166; _note_ 243.
Minister of the Interior, the (I. L. Goremykin), _pp._ 31, 394;
_notes_ 64, 126, 304.
Minister of Justice, the (N. V. Muraviev), _pp._ 31, 394; _note_ 64.
Minusinsk, district of (Province of Yeniseisk), _note_ 90.
Mohammed, _p._ 92.
Molokans, the, _pp._ 148, 149, 395; _notes_ 222, 223, 224, 232.
Morosov, V. S., a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana, _note_ 102.
Moscow, _pp._ 8, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 31, 35, 53, 90, 95, 96, 99,
100, 101, 107, 109, 117, 136, 137, 139, 163, 171, 176, 180,
181, 183, 185, 186, 189, 194, 198, 199, 202, 206, 210, 213,
219, 222, 269, 286, 291, 292, 296, 388, 390; _notes_ 13, 28,
29, 49, 57, 61, 71, 78, 88, 129, 152, 157, 163, 213, 221,
235, 238, 239, 256, 262, 265, 286, 301, 304, 347, 369.
Moscow, Court of, _notes_ 40, 53, 398.
Moses, _pp._ 74, 92, 243, 245.
_Mother’s Notes, a_, by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 266.
Mtsensk, Province of, _p._ 230; _note_ 317.
Muraviev, N. V., _note_ 64.
Myasoyedov, G. G., _p._ 32; _note_ 68.
N, an army officer, _p._ 53.
N, the artist, who refused to enter military service, _pp._ 9,
20, 53; _note_ 29.
N, the journalist, _p._ 21.
N, a revolutionist, _p._ 35.
N, “a type for a drama,” _p._ 135.
N, NN (as written by Tolstoi in the original), _pp._ 273, 279.
N, NN, A, B, V, G, Z, (the initials, substituted for the names
omitted by the editors), _pp._ 37, 53, 58, 60, 98, 102, 129,
131, 135, 142, 147, 160, 181, 183, 186, 205, 237, 245, 395;
_notes_ 234, 264.
Nagornov, N. M., _pp._ 19, 20, 388; _note_ 42.
Nagornov, V. V., Tolstoi’s niece (“Varia”), _p._ 228; _notes_ 42, 257.
Nakashidze, I. P., Prince, _pp._ 114, 136, 198.
Napoleonic Wars, _p._ 212.
Nazarenes, the, _p._ 20; _note_ 46.
Nekhliudov, Dimitri, hero of _Resurrection_, _Konevsky_, _p._ 113;
_notes_ 6, 166.
_New Collection of Letters of L. N. Tolstoi_, compiled by P. S.
Sergienko, _notes_ 53, 398.
New Guinea, _note_ 243.
Newton, Isaac, _p._ 83.
New York, _p._ 95, _notes_ 127, 215, 388.
Nicholaev, in Kazan, _p._ 185.
Nicholaev, Grigori, an outlaw, _pp._ 166, 396.
Nicholaev, _note_ 96.
Nicholai, _see_ Tolstoi, N. N., Count.
Nicholas II, Alexandrovich, ex-Emperor, _pp._ 21, 149, 395;
_notes_ 49, 225.
Nicholas I, Pavlovich, Emperor, _p._ 43.
Nicholskoe, estate of the counts Olsuphiev, _pp._ 24, 29, 30,
117, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 391;
_notes_ 55, 191.
Nicholskoe, estate of Count S. L. Tolstoi, _p._ 228; _note_ 311.
Nietzche, Friedrich, _p._ 163
_Niva_, a magazine (No. 51) _p._ 296; _notes_ 346, 362, 392, 399.
Nobel, Alfred, _p._ 148; _note_ 220.
Nobel prize, _pp._ 148, 395; _notes_ 220, 227.
_Notes of a Madman_, by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 109, 113, 392, 396;
_note_ 165.
_Nov_, a newspaper, _note_ 129.
Novaia Alexandria, _note_ 379.
Novikov, the brother of M. P. Novikov, _pp._ 31, 143, 163.
Novikov, M. P., _pp._ 31, 143, 144, 160; _notes_ 61, 205.
_Novoe Vremia_, a newspaper, _notes_ 74, 147, 182, 204, 253.
Obdorsk (government of Tobolsk), _notes_ 130, 300, 364.
“Obnovlenie,” a publishing firm, _notes_ 125, 126, 134, 377.
Obolensky, E. V., princess, Tolstoi’s niece, _p._ 262; _notes_ 257,
370.
Obolensky, M. L., Princess, Tolstoi’s daughter, “Masha,” _pp._ 14,
35, 53, 85, 100, 140, 142, 185, 194, 228, 233, 237, 245,
256, 262, 277, 292, 389; _notes_ 12, 32, 54, 105, 131, 193,
198, 201.
Obolensky, N. L., Prince, Tolstoi’s son-in-law, “Kolasha,” “Kolia,”
_pp._ 5, 142, 233, 262, 277, 292, 389, 405; _notes_ 12, 32,
60, 199, 201, 290.
Odessa, _pp._ 182, 397; _note_ 379.
_Ohne Staat_, a German newspaper, _note_ 56.
Olga, _see_ Tolstoi, O. C., Countess.
Olkhovik, P. V., _pp._ 85, 394; _note_ 134.
Olsuphiev, A. M., Countess, _p._ 132; _note_ 190.
Olsuphiev, A. V., Count, _p._ 149; _note_ 224.
Olsuphiev, M. A., Count, _pp._ 129, 391; _note_ 185.
Olsuphievs, the Counts, _pp._ 21, 24, 125, 391; _notes_ 48, 55.
“On Abyssinians,” an article by Tolstoi, _see_ “Letter to the
Italians, a.”
_On a Cart_, a story by Chekhov, _p._ 186.
“On Art,” _see_ _What is Art?_
“On the Condition of the People,” _see_ “Famine or No Famine.”
_On Life_, Tolstoi’s book, _notes_ 37, 178.
_On Life_, transcript by Hall, _p._ 125; _note_ 178.
“On Science,” _see_ “Preface to Carpenter’s article ‘Contemporary
Science.’”
“On War,” an article by Tolstoi, _p._ 393; _note_ 146.
“On War,” a French pamphlet, _p._ 7.
“On Whipping,” _see_ _Shameful_.
“Only Possible Solution of the Land Problem, the,” Tolstoi’s
article, _note_ 96.
_Open Court, The_, a magazine, _note_ 206.
Orel, _note_ 295.
Orenburg, _note_ 63.
Ossipov, Peter, a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana, _p._ 165; _note_ 241.
Ovsiannikovo, T. L. Sukhotin’s estate, _pp._ 6, 245; _notes_ 11,
13, 350.
P., _p._ 218.
Paris, _p._ 216; _note_ 87.
Pascal, Blaise, _pp._ 15, 273.
Pashkov Sect, _p._ 188; _note_ 226.
_Paths of Life_, by L. Tolstoi, _p._ 201; _note_ 289.
“Patriotism or Peace?” _see_ “About Patriotism.”
Paul, the apostle, _p._ 232; _note_ 249.
Pavlenkov, F. F., _note_ 398.
Peasant-Poet, from Kazan, _p._ 163.
Perer, _p._ 32.
Perfileev, V. S., _p._ 105; _note_ 163.
Persianninov, _pp._ 72, 182, 396.
Pet., _p._ 195.
_Peterburgskaia Viedomosti_, a newspaper, _pp._ 158, 160, 211,
395; _notes_ 222, 232.
Petrograd (St. Petersburg), _pp._ 124, 391; _notes_ 47, 90, 138,
145, 174, 176, 192, 300, 379.
Petrovich, _pp._ 182, 396.
Pharesov, A. I., _p._ 210.
Phedoseev, N. I., _p._ 193; _note_ 279.
Philosophov, N. A., _p._ 9; _note_ 30.
Pickard, Elizabeth, _p._ 240; _note_ 342.
Pirogovo, Count S. N. Tolstoi’s estate, _pp._ 52, 60, 85, 163,
246, 262, 269, 391; _note_ 84.
Planidin, P. V., Dukhobor, _note_ 300.
Plato, _p._ 95.
“Ploughman, the,” a poem by V. D. Liapunov, _p._ 199; _note_ 288.
Podsolnechnaia, _note_ 55.
“Politics,” Aristotle’s, _p._ 131; _note_ 187.
Poltava, _note_ 314.
Popov, E. I. (“Evgenie Ivanovich”), _pp._ 143, 199, 205, 217;
_notes_ 38, 207.
Posha, _see_ Biriukov, P. I.
“Posrednik,” a Moscow publishing firm, _notes_ 9, 19, 21, 75, 96,
102, 115, 119, 135, 149, 150, 167, 182, 259, 286, 357, 366.
“Posrednik,” a Slavonian publishing firm, _p._ 178; _note_ 259.
_Posthumous Literary Works of L. N. Tolstoi_, published by A. L.
Tolstoi, _notes_ 89, 112, 165, 244.
“Posthumous Notes of the Monk, Fedor Kuzmich, the,” by L. Tolstoi,
_p._ 396; _note_ 266.
_Power of Darkness, the_, Tolstoi’s drama, _p._ 8; _note_ 10.
Pozdniakov, V. N. (“The Dukhobor”), _p._ 256; _note_ 364.
Preface by L. Tolstoi to the English edition of _What is Art?_
_pp._ 211, 393.
Preface (by L. Tolstoi) to the work of T. M. Bondarev, _note_ 90.
Preface (by L. Tolstoi) to Carpenter’s article, “Contemporary
Science” (“On Science,” “Carpenter”), _pp._ 161, 165, 167,
171, 175, 206, 393; _note_ 135.
Prescriptions, _pp._ 83, 88, 171, 403.
Priest, the, _p._ 185.
_Problems of Philosophy and Psychology_, _notes_ 129, 169, 238,
265, 268, 278, 298.
_Progress, as an Evolution of Cruelty_, a book by M. A. Engelhardt,
_p._ 293; _note_ 398.
Prugavin, A. S., _note_ 222.
Public Library in Moscow, the, _p._ 136.
Public Library in Petersburg, the, _note_ 138.
Pugachev, _p._ 277.
Purleigh, a town in England, _note_ 194.
Quakers, _notes_ 221, 342, 353.
Rachinsky, S. A., _p._ 27; _note_ 57.
Rakhmanov, V. V., _note_ 140.
Raphael, _pp._ 103, 128.
Razin, Stenka, _p._ 277.
_Reading Circle, the_, by L. Tolstoi, _notes_ 167, 177, 366, 387.
_Religion des Geistes, die_, German magazine, _note_ 56.
Repine, I. E., _pp._ 93, 194; _notes_ 147, 282.
_Resurrection_, Tolstoi’s novel (_Konevsky_), _pp._ 5, 6, 21,
51, 58, 85, 113, 182, 243, 245, 246, 252, 256, 258, 262,
269, 270, 277, 283, 286, 289, 292, 296, 390, 392, 397, 407;
_notes_ 1, 23, 96, 158, 190, 266, 346, 362, 371, 374, 376,
381, 392.
“Resurrection of Hell and its Destruction, the,” a legend by
L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 182, 195, 397; _notes_ 266, 284.
Revolutionaries, the, _p._ 272.
Riazan, the Province of, _note_ 303.
Riga, _note_ 379.
Robinson, a teacher, _p._ 185.
Rostovtzev, M. N., _p._ 247; _note_ 354.
Rostovtzev, N. D., _note_ 354.
Rozanov, V. V., _p._ 173; _note_ 253.
Rusanov, G. A., _pp._ 95, 182; _notes_ 151, 180.
Rusanovs, _p._ 183.
_Russ_, a newspaper, _note_ 321.
_Russki Trud_, a magazine, _p._ 236; _note_ 336.
_Russkia Viedomosti_, a newspaper, _pp._ 222, 390, 395; _notes_ 218,
304.
S., _see_ Tolstoi, S. A., Countess.
Safonovo, a village, _p._ 133; _note_ 191.
Sakia-Muni, _p._ 81.
Salomon, K. A., _pp._ 53, 160; _note_ 87.
Samara, the Province of, _pp._ 58, 396; _notes_ 102, 222.
Samara, _p._ 148.
Sasha, _see_ Tolstoi, A. L., Countess.
Schmidt, Eugene, _pp._ 25, 85, 87, 394; _note_ 56.
Schmidt, M. A. (“Maria Alexandrovna”), _pp._ 6, 8, 162, 165, 172,
292; _notes_ 13, 177, 252.
Schopenhauer, Arthur, _pp._ 8, 400; _note_ 24.
Sectarians, _p._ 262; _note_ 218.
Seminary student, _p._ 53.
Sereda, Cyril, _p._ 394; _note_ 134.
Serezha, _see_ Tolstoi, S. L., Count.
Serezha, _see_ Tolstoi, S. N., Count.
Sergei, _see_ Tolstoi, S. N., Count.
Sergienko, P. A., _notes_ 53, 56, 130, 178, 206.
Sergiev, I. I. (Kronstad), _p._ 57; _note_ 99.
“Sergius,” _see_ _Father Sergius_.
Servia, _note_ 46.
Shakespeare, William, _pp._ 55, 103, 128, 138, 152; _note_ 94.
_Shameful_, an article by Tolstoi (on whipping), _pp._ 8, 393;
_notes_ 27, 50.
Shamordino (Province of Kaluga, “The Monastery”), _pp._ 70, 391;
_notes_ 121, 257.
Sharapov, S. F., _note_ 336.
Shelkovo, a village, _p._ 135; _note_ 191.
Shenshins, the landlords, _pp._ 69, 142; _note_ 118.
Shidlovsky, a peasant, _p._ 140; _note_ 202.
Shkarvan, A. A., _pp._ 5, 7, 10, 32, 53; _notes_ 8, 31, 91, 233.
Shokhor-Trotsky, K. S., _note_ 90.
Shorin, Mme., _p._ 132; _note_ 189.
_Should it really be so?_ an article by Tolstoi, _note_ 315.
Siaskov, M. V. (Maria Vasilievna), _p._ 8; _note_ 21.
Siberia, _p._ 390; _notes_ 90, 134, 218, 237, 270, 279, 364.
Sidorovo, a village, _p._ 226; _note_ 305.
_Sieverni Viestnik_, a magazine, _pp._ 161, 207; _notes_ 53, 135.
_Siegfried_, Wagner’s opera, _pp._ 31, 388; _note_ 65.
Sinet, _p._ 270; _note_ 380.
Siutaev, V. K., _note_ 90.
Smolensk, the Province of, _note_ 211.
Sobolev, M. N., _p._ 144; _note_ 214.
_Social Gospel_, an American magazine, _note_ 296.
Socialists, _pp._ 16, 213, 214, 272, 275.
Soloviev, S. M., _p._ 188; _note_ 277.
Solovievs, Vladimir and Vsevolod Sergeevich, _note_ 277.
Sonya, _see_ Tolstoi, S. N., Countess.
Sophocles, _pp._ 81, 103.
Sopotsko, M. A., _pp._ 22, 394; _note_ 52.
_Sovremennik_, a magazine edited by Chernishevsky, _note_ 81.
Spielhagen, Friedrich, _p._ 16; _note_ 38.
Spier, A. A., _pp._ 31, 32, 35, 56, 115, 388, 400; _notes_ 66,
67, 169.
Spiritualists, _p._ 188.
St., _p._ 195.
St. John, _p._ 49.
St. John, A. K., _p._ 148; _note_ 221.
St. Thomas, L. Tolstoi’s tutor, _p._ 69; _note_ 119.
Stakhovich, A. A., _note_ 212.
Stakhoviches, _p._ 144.
Stakhovich, M. A., _pp._ 145, 226, 253; _note_ 212.
Stakhovich, S. A., _note_ 212.
Stasov, V. V., _pp._ 87, 124, 194; _note_ 138.
Stcheglov, I. L., _note_ 185.
Stead, William, _note_ 342.
“Step by Step” people, _p._ 214.
Stockholm, _p._ 158; _notes_ 71, 220.
_Stockholms Dagbladet_, a Swedish newspaper (_Tagblatt Stokholm_),
_p._ 150.
“Stones, the,” a legend by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 387.
Storozhenko, N. I., _p._ 180; _note_ 262.
Storozhenko, O. I., _p._ 388.
Strakhov, N. F. (“Natasha Strakhov”), _p._ 52; _note_ 82.
Strakhov, N. N., _pp._ 20, 37, 228, 388; _notes_ 47, 76, 316.
Strakhov, Ph. A., _pp._ 37, 185; _notes_ 75, 77, 82.
Students, from Kharkov, _p._ 5.
Student Movement of 1899, the, _p._ 270; _note_ 379.
Sudakovo, Shenshins’ estate, _note_ 118.
Sudzha (the Province of Kursk), _note_ 38.
Sukhotin, M. S., L. Tolstoi’s son-in-law, _p._ 390; _note_ 62.
Sukhotin, T. L., L. Tolstoi’s daughter (“Tania”), _pp._ 31, 60,
129, 133, 136, 167, 173, 194, 237, 262; _notes_ 11, 13, 62,
71, 144, 185.
Suller, _see_ Sullerzhitsky.
Sullerzhitsky, L. A. (“Suller”), _pp._ 199, 253, 258; _notes_ 287,
357, 367.
Sumsk, the district of (Province of Kharkov), _notes_ 134, 240.
Sverbeev, D. D., _p._ 32; _note_ 69.
_Svobodnaia Mysl_, a magazine edited by P. I. Biriukov, _note_ 220.
Swede, the, _see_ Langlet.
Sweden, _p._ 35; _notes_ 71, 326.
Swedes, the, _note_ 378.
“Swedish Letter, the,” _see_ “Letter to the Swedish Papers, a.”
Swift, Jonathan, _p._ 95.
Switzerland, _p._ 237; _note_ 46.
Sytin, I. D., _note_ 5.
_Tagblatt Stokholm_, _see_ _Stockholms Dagbladet_.
Tania, _see_ Sukhotin, T. L.
Tanyeev, Sergei Ivanovich, _pp._ 53, 66; _notes_ 88, 117.
Tarovat, _p._ 199.
“Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, the,” _p._ 71; _note_ 128.
“Thousand and One Nights, the,” _p._ 288.
“Three Problems,” a story by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 331.
Tiflis, _p._ 5; _notes_ 9, 155.
Tischenko, F. F., _p._ 96; _note_ 156.
Tobolsk, Province of, _notes_ 130, 364.
Tod, the Hindu, _p._ 71.
Tolstoi, A. A., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s aunt, _p._ 124; _notes_ 94,
176.
Tolstoi, A. L., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s daughter (“Sasha”),
_p._ 194; _notes_ 71, 283.
Tolstoi, A. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Andrusha”), _p._ 143;
_note_ 208.
“Tolstoi Annual, 1913,” _notes_ 90, 258.
Tolstoi, D. F., Countess, born Vesterlund, wife of Count L. L.
Tolstoi, _pp._ 70, 146; _notes_ 71, 123, 216, 326.
Tolstoi, I. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Ilya,” “Iliusha”),
_pp._ 14, 70, 143, 150, 277, 391; _notes_ 30, 33, 85, 123,
208, 303, 322.
Tolstoi, L. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Leo”), _pp._ 70, 146;
_notes_ 71, 98, 123, 216, 326, 332.
Tolstoi, M. K., Countess, born Rachinsky, first wife of Count S. L.
Tolstoi, _p._ 70; _notes_ 57, 123.
Tolstoi, M. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son, _notes_ 71, 214.
Tolstoi, M. L., _see_ Obolensky, M. L.
Tolstoi, M. N., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s sister (“Mashenka,” “Maria
Nicholaievna”), _pp._ 176, 246, 253, 291; _notes_ 121, 257,
352, 358, 370.
Tolstoi, M. S., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s niece (“the girls”) _p._ 53;
_note_ 86.
Tolstoi Museum in Petrograd, _note_ 223.
Tolstoi, N. N., Count, L. Tolstoi’s brother (“Nicholai”), _p._ 173;
_note_ 253.
Tolstoi, O. C., Countess, born Dieterichs, first wife of Count A. L.
Tolstoi (“Olga”), _pp._ 158, 277, 289; _notes_ 231, 338, 389, 394.
Tolstoi, S. A., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s wife (“S,” “Sonya,”
“Wife”), _pp._ 5, 8, 10, 35, 68, 70, 86, 124, 125, 136, 150,
163, 172, 226, 231, 243, 245, 246, 256, 283, 286, 374, 404;
_notes_ 3, 66, 71, 96, 121, 129, 199, 242, 258, 303, 359,
365, 374.
Tolstoi, S. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Serezha”), _pp._ 70,
86, 223, 226, 258, 292; _notes_ 57, 96, 123, 135, 136, 257,
311, 367.
Tolstoi, S. N., Count, L. Tolstoi’s brother (“Sergei,” “Serezha,”
“Brother S”), _pp._ 52, 60, 85, 246, 276, 286, 391; _notes_ 65,
84, 85, 86, 110, 133, 351, 360.
Tolstoi, S. N., Countess, born Philosophov, wife of Count I. L.
Tolstoi (“Sonya,” “Daughter-in-Law”), _pp._ 70, 232, 277;
_notes_ 30, 123, 322, 385.
Tolstoi, T. L., Countess, _see_ Sukhotin, T. L.
Tolstoi, Vera S., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s niece (“The Girls”),
_pp._ 53, 253; _note_ 86.
Tolstoi, V. P., Count, the husband of L. Tolstoi’s sister,
_note_ 257.
Tolstoyanism, _p._ 178.
Tomsk, _note_ 379.
Transvaal, _p._ 395.
Tregubov, I. M. (“Ivan Mikhailovich”), _pp._ 93, 133, 135, 139,
143, 145, 146, 181, 185, 195, 198, 253, 389, 393; _notes_ 148,
160, 173, 195, 196, 219.
_Trilby_, _p._ 25.
Trophime, a peasant, _p._ 59.
Trubetzkoi, S. N., Prince, _p._ 181; _note_ 265.
Tsurikovs, the landlords, _pp._ 226, 232; _note_ 308.
Tula, _pp._ 53, 69, 89, 174, 195, 198; _notes_ 63, 98, 236, 325.
Tula District Court, _notes_ 49, 237.
Tula, the Province of, _pp._ 390, 391; _notes_ 61, 84, 236, 261, 303.
Tver, _pp._ 19, 198; _note_ 41.
“Two Wars,” the article by L. Tolstoi, _p._ 393.
Typist, the, _p._ 148.
Ukhtomsky, E. E., Prince, _p._ 236; _note_ 334.
Umansk, the district of (Province of Kiev), _note_ 270.
United States of America, _notes_ 36, 37, 46.
Ursin, M., _see_ Zdziekhovsky, M. E.
Usev, P. S., _note_ 394.
Vanderveer (“The Hollander”), _pp._ 70, 89, 146, 163;
_notes_ 124, 125.
Van-Duyl, _note_ 18.
Varia, _see_ Nagornov, V. V.
_Vegetarian Review_, the magazine, _note_ 13.
Venezuela, _note_ 36.
Verigin, P. V., a Dukhobor, _pp._ 75, 394; _notes_ 9, 130, 300, 364.
Verkholensk, _p._ 193; _note_ 134.
Verus, _note_ 384.
Viatka, the village of, _p._ 94.
Viazemsky, Prince, _p._ 185.
_Viestnik Evropa_, _p._ 236.
Vietrova, M. F., _pp._ 136, 389; _note_ 192.
Virgil, _p._ 128.
Vivekânanda, Svami, _note_ 127.
Vladimir, the ikon of, _p._ 165.
Vladivostok, _notes_ 17, 134.
Volkonsky, G. M., Prince, _p._ 395.
Voronezh, the disciplinary battalion of, _note_ 38.
Voronezh, the prison of, _note_ 38.
_Vrede_, a Dutch magazine, _note_ 124.
Wagner, Richard, _pp._ 31, 388; _note_ 65.
Walz, _p._ 6; _note_ 10.
_War Against War_, Stead’s magazine, _note_ 342.
Westerlund, Ernest, _p._ 233; _note_ 326.
Westrup, _p._ 286; _note_ 388.
_What is Art?_ L. Tolstoi’s book on art, _pp._ 88, 90, 96, 117,
120, 125, 127, 129, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 150, 160,
161, 162, 163, 174, 175, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 195, 199,
206, 393, 398, 400; _notes_ 65, 93, 142, 181, 238, 247, 254,
255, 265, 267, 268, 269, 278.
_What is my Faith?_ Tolstoi’s book, _p._ 31.
_What Then Shall We Do?_ L. Tolstoi’s book, _note_ 90.
“Where is Thy Brother?” the article by V. G. Chertkov, _p._ 226;
_note_ 312.
“Where is the Way Out?” the article by Tolstoi, _note_ 315.
“Who is Right?” Tolstoi’s story, _pp._ 5, 392; _note_ 5.
“Whom to Serve?” the book by A. I. Arkhangelsky, _p._ 113;
_note_ 167.
Willard, _p._ 240; _note_ 343.
Witte, S. I., _p._ 91; _note_ 145.
Women, Tolstoi’s attitude toward them, _note_ 177.
Workingman from Tula, a, _p._ 53.
Workingman, the, _p._ 57.
“Works of the St. Petersburgh Philosophic Society,” _note_ 187.
_Works of Count L. N. Tolstoi_, published by Countess S. A. Tolstoi,
_note_ 398.
Yakutsk, _note_ 270.
Yakutsk, the region of, _pp._ 256, 390; _note_ 134.
Yaremichov, _p._ 59.
Yaroshenko, N. A., _p._ 124; _note_ 175.
Yasenki, a post-office branch, _pp._ 35, 142, 160, 161, 167, 172.
Yasnaya Polyana, _pp._ 3, 4, 5, 7, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 52,
56, 58, 59, 60, 68, 70, 74, 78, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,
93, 136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150,
158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 173,
174, 175, 177, 232, 236, 237, 240, 243, 245, 253, 256, 258,
262, 265, 269, 270, 275, 276, 277, 283, 286, 289, 388, 390,
394, 406.
Yeniseisk, the government of, _note_ 90.
Zakaz, the forest near Yasnaya Polyana, _p._ 58, _note_ 101.
Zakharin, G. A., _p._ 176; _note_ 256.
Zanini, _pp._ 90, 96; _notes_ 144, 155.
Zdziekhovsky, M. E., _p._ 22; _note_ 53.
Zhebelev, S. A., _note_ 187.
Zyabrev, C. N., a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana (“Bieli”), _p._ 6;
_note_ 16.
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[Transcriber’s Notes:
The marker “[1][A]” (I continue[1][A]) was changed from “1” to
clearly show that it points to two references, a footnote and an
end note.
Errors in punctuation have been corrected. Inconsistency in the use
of period in initials representing omitted names, e.g., “N.” and
“N”, has been retained.
No changes to the numbers and words in the text, including those
with variant spellings and inconsistent hyphenation, capitalization,
and formatting, have been made except the following:
Page xi, “Yasnaya” changed from “Yasanaya” (home in Yasnaya).
Page xvi, “Tatiana” changed from “Titiana” (eldest daughter
Tatiana).
Page xviii, “to” inserted before “hear or understand them”.
Contents, page no. “210” corrected from “213”.
Page 21, “To-day” changed from “Today” (To-day, _Feb. 13, Moscow_).
Page 23, “fulfil” changed from “fufil” (he must fulfil them).
Page 31, “jotted” changed from “jolted” (In all I have jotted).
Page 56, italics added in “It seems to me, _June 6, Ysn. Pol._”
Page 70, inserted paragraph break before “_August 1, Ysn. Pol. If
I live._”
Page 173, inserted “24” in “Nov. 24, Y. P.”
Page 193, “Verkholensk” changed from “Verhkolensk” (a letter from
Verkholensk).
Page 204, “sometimes” changed from “sometime” (coincide, and can
sometimes not).
Page 221, duplicated “the” deleted (slaves and the women).
Page 228, marker for Note 315 transferred from “Varia.” (Masha,
Varia.) to “_The Appeal_.” (on _The Appeal_.[315]).
Page 237, marker for Note 339 transferred from “Bulgaria.”
(Boulanger to Bulgaria.) to “quarrelled.” (all quarrelled.[339]).
Page 238, “physical” changed from “physicial” (in physical
suffering).
Page 252, “oneself” changed from “onself” (one means--to perfect
oneself).
Page 272, “vestigial” changed from “vestigal” (... is vestigial).
Note 24, “V.” changed from “O.” (Ph. V. Chernigovitz); “greatest”
changed from “grestest” (the greatest geniuses).
Note 29, “hospital” changed from “hosptial” (military hospital in
Moscow).
Note 34, “Vladimir” changed from “Vladimar” (Vladimir Grigorevich
Chertkov).
Note 42, “Varvara” changed from “Vavara” (Tolstoi’s niece,
Varvara Valerianovna).
Note 45, “Makovický” changed from “Makovcký” (Dušan Makovický).
Note 54, “M. L.” changed from “N. L.” (by M. L. Tolstoi).
Note 64, “I. L.” changed from “E. L.” (I. L. Goremykin and N. V.).
Note 66, “Wirklichkeit” changed from “Wirchlikeit” (_Denken und
Wirklichkeit_).
Note 78, “University” changed from “Universtiy” (at the Moscow
University).
Note 85, “I. L.” changed from “T. L.” (by Count I. L. Tolstoi).
Note 94, “Countess” changed from “Count” (to Countess A. A. Tolstoi).
Note 96, “Countess” changed from “Count” (to Countess S. A. Tolstoi).
Note 138, “V. V.” changed from “V. A.” (Memory of V. V. Stasov).
Note 160, “I. M.” changed from “I. N.” (P. I. Biriukov, I. M.
Tregubov).
Note 163, “Vasili” changed from “Vasali” (Vasili Stepanovich
Perfileev).
Note 167, “Bulgaria” changed from “Bulgardia” [in Bourgas
(Bulgaria)].
Note 173, “I. M.” changed from “I. N.” (I. M. Tregubov to
Goldingen).
Note 177, “irreplaceable” changed from “irreplacable” (great and
irreplaceable).
Note 184, “violinist” changed from “volinist” (the violinist and
the pianist).
Note 207, “38” changed from “43” (see Note 38).
Note 219, “P. A.” changed from “B. A.” (P. A. Boulanger was sent);
“I. M.” changed from “I. N.” (I. M. Tregubov were exiled).
Numbering of Note 234 corrected from “324”.
Note 243, “N. N.” changed from “M. N.” (N. N. Miklukha-Maklai).
Notes 246 and 253, “Knizhki” changed from “Knighki” [_Knizhki
Nedieli_ in 1897; _Knizhki Nedieli_ (1897, Nos. 9–11)].
Note 248, “2” changed from “1” (Chapter XIV, Verse 2).
Note 257, “Nagornov” changed from “Nagarnov” (Mme. V. V. Nagornov).
Note 262, “Nicholai” changed from “Nichalai” (Nicholai Ilich
Storozhenko).
Note 279, “Evgrafovich” changed from “Evgrafovivh” (Nicholas
Evgrafovich Phedoseev).
Note 294, “contemporary” changed from “contemporaary” (of
contemporary science).
Note 316, “Strakhov” changed from “Stakhov” (deceased, N. N.
Strakhov).
Note 338, “Constantinovna” changed from “Constantinova” (and Olga
Constantinovna).
Note 386, “384” changed from “385” (See Note 384).
Page 387, “June” changed from “July” (August, 1896; June, 1897).
Page 388, “Strakhov” changed from “Strahkov” (philosopher, N. N.
Strakhov).
Page 390, “M. S.” changed from “N. S.” (married to M. S. Sukhotin).
Page 391, “and” changed from “anr” (August and November, 1898).
Page 394, “Manson” changed from “Mason” (2. John Manson).
Page 395, “15” corrected from “16” (15. To the _Russkia Viedomosti_).
Page 396, “Persianninov” changed from “Persianinov” (old man,
Persianninov).
Page 397, “Korni” changed from “Korin” (1897, “Korni Vasiliev”).
Footnote a18, “136” changed from “404” (March 9, 1897, page 136).
Footnote a19, “April 4, page 137, and April 9, 1897, page 139”
changed from “April 4 and 9, 1897, page 137”.
In the Index,
topic “Biography of L. N. Tolstoi”, “P. I.” changed from “I. P.”
topic “Bourgas”, “Bulgaria” changed from “Bulgardia”.
topic “‘Carthago Delenda Est’”, “221” changed from “222”.
topic “‘Catechism’”, “the” changed from “The”.
topic “‘Declaration of Faith’”, last “the” changed from “The”.
topic “Desert of Optina”, “Optina” changed from “Optin”.
topic “Dukhobors”, “353” changed from “352”.
topic “Epictetus”, assignment of “261” as page number changed
from note number.
topic “Evgenie Ivanovich”, “Evgenie” changed from “Evgeni”.
topic “Famine-Stricken, The”, “270” changed from “271”.
topic “‘Free Press, the’”, “297, 298” changed from “1297, 1298”.
topic “Gay, N. N., the artist’s son”, assignment of “269, 271, 283”
as page numbers changed from note numbers.
topic “Geneva”, deleted note reference “18”.
topic “Goethe”, “94” changed from “97”.
topic “Gorbunov (Posadov), I. I.”, deleted note reference “37”.
topic “Gorbunovs”, “244” changed from “255”.
topic “Grinevka”, “226” changed from “225”; assignment of “391”
as page number changed from note number.
topic “Gubonin” changed from “Gubonon”.
topic “Ivan Mikhailovich”, “Tregubov” changed from “Tregunov”.
topic “Kasatkin”, “214, 263” changed from “214–243”.
topic “Kazan”, “146” changed from “46”.
topic “Kaznacheevka” changed from “Kaznacheecka”.
topic “Kh., N. l.” changed from “Kh., Nl.”
topic “Klein, I-Kh.”, “I-Kh.” changed from “I. Kh.”
topic “Kolechka, Kolichka”, “N. N.” changed from “N. M.”
topic “Kuzminsky, T. A.”, “Tanya” changed from “Tania”.
topic “Leipzig”, “384” changed from “284”.
topic “‘Letter to the Swedish Newspapers, a’”, “Nobel” changed
from “Noble”.
topic “Letters of Count Tolstoi to His Wife”, “of” changed
from “to”; “365” changed from “265”.
topic “Longinov, V. V.”, “209” changed from “204”.
topic “Makovitsky” changed from “Makovitzky”.
topic “Mallory” changed from “Malory”.
topic “Maria Nicholaievna”, “Nicholaievna” changed from
“Nicholaevna”.
topic “Masha”, “M. L.” changed from “M. N.”
topic “Moscow”, “390” changed from “398”.
topic “N, NN, A, B, V, G, Z”, “186” changed from “187”.
topic “Nazarenes, the”, “46” changed from “33”.
topic “Nicholaev, Grigori”, “166” changed from “155”.
topic “Nicholai” changed from “Nicholas”.
topic “_Niva_”, “362” changed from “352”.
topic “Obolensky, M. L.”, “Masha” changed from “Mesha”; “35”
changed from “23”.
topic “Obolensky, N. L.”, “Prince” changed from “prince”.
topic “Olsuphiev, M. A.”, deleted note reference “391”.
topic “‘On Abyssinians’”, inserted “, a”.
topic “‘On the Condition of the People’”, “No” changed from “no”.
topic “‘On Whipping’”, “_Shameful_” changed from “‘Shame’”.
topic “Ovsiannikovo”, “13” changed from “130”.
topic “Pashkov Sect”, “188” changed from “189”.
topic “_Paths of Life_”, “201” changed from “2”.
topic “Perfileev” changed from “Perfiluv”.
topic “Petrovich”, page reference “396” changed from note reference
“397”.
topic “Pharesov” changed from “Pharisov”.
topic “Popov, E. I.”, “Evgenie” changed from “Evgeni”.
topic “Posha”, “Biriukov” changed from “Biriukop”.
topic “‘Posrednik,’ a Moscow publishing firm”, deleted note
reference “1”.
topic “_Power of Darkness, the_”, “8” changed from “18”.
topic “Preface by L. Tolstoi to the English edition of _What is
Art?_”, assignment of “393” as page number changed from note
number.
topic “_Resurrection_”, note reference “392” changed from “342”.
topic “_Russkia Viedomosti_”, deleted note references “390, 395”.
topic “S.”, “Countess” changed from “countess”.
topic “Safonovo” changed from “Safonova”.
topic “Sectarians”, “262” changed from “252”.
topic “Sergius”, “_Father Sergius_.” changed from “‘Father
Sergius.’”
topic “Shamordino” changed from “Shamordin”.
topic “Shokhor-Trotsky” changed from “Shokhor-Trosky”.
topic “Sophocles”, assignment of “103” as page number changed
from note number.
topic “Strakhov, N. F.”, “Strakhov” in “Natasha Strakhov” changed
from “Strakhova”.
topic “Strakhov, Ph. A.”, “Ph.” changed from “Th.”
topic “Sudakovo” changed from “Sudakova”.
topic “Suller”, “Sullerzhitsky” changed from “Suller Zhitsky”.
topic “Swedish Letter, the”, inserted “, a”.
topic “_Tagblatt Stokholm_”, “Stockholms” changed from “Stokholms”.
topic “Tobolsk” changed from “Tolbolsk”.
topic “Tolstoi, A. L., Count”, “A. L.” changed from “A. I.”
topic “Tolstoi, D. F.”, “L. L.” changed from “L. I.”; “146” changed
from “144”.
topic “Tolstoi, I. L.”, “Ilya” changed from “Idya”.
topic “Tolstoi, M. N., Countess”, “Nicholaievna” changed from
“Nicholaevna”.
topic “Tolstoi, O. C.”, “Dieterichs” changed from “Ditterichs”.
topic “Tolstoi, S. A.”, deleted note reference “404”.
topic “Tolstoi, S. N., Count”, “Tolstoi’s” changed from
“Toilstoi’s”; “Serezha” changed from “Serzha”; “Brother S”
changed from “Brothers”.
topic “Transvaal”, “_p._” changed from “_note_”.
topic “Tregubov, I. M.”, page number “143” changed from “183”.
topic “Ursin, M.”, “Zdziekhovsky” changed from “Zdiekhovsky”.
topic “Varia”, “Nagornov, V. V.” changed from “Nagornova”.
topic “Verus”, “384” changed from “284”.
topic “_What Then Shall We Do?_”, “We” changed from “W”.
topic “‘Works of the St. Petersburgh Philosophic Society’”,
“187” changed from “189”.
topic “Zdziekhovsky” changed from “Zdiekhovski”.
entry “Zyabrev, A. T., a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana, _note_ 16”,
an inexact duplicate of entry for topic “Zyabrev, C. N.”, deleted.
positions of out-of-order entries corrected.
italicization of “_p._”, “_pp._”, “_note_”, “_notes_”, and “_see_”
made consistent.
incorrect uses of “_p._”, “_pp._”, “_note_”, and “_notes_” repaired.
positions of out-of-order page and note number references
corrected.
Use of additional vertical space to separate journal entries has
been made consistent.
Some portions of the text that appear to be typographical errors
are printed as such in the original book. A list of these possible
misprints follows:
Page x, “formerly” for “formally” (formerly anathematised).
Page 37, “Th.” for “Ph.” (Strakhov Th. A.).
Page 53, “Salamon” for “Salomon” and “Tanyee” for “Tanyeev”
(Salamon,[87] Tanyee.[88]...).
Page 92, “(in relation to God” and “(1 in the sense” share a
single closing parenthesis, “of a number)”.
Page 131, “á” for “à” (á l’agriculture).
Page 185, no period in the paragraph ending with “12) ----[271]”.
Page 193, “editor _The Adult_” for “editor of _The Adult_”.
Page 198, “l.” for “L.” or “I.” (Tula: N. l. Kh.).
Page 228, “Bobrika” for “Bobriki” (went to Bobrika).
Note 80, “Alexandrovich” for “Ivanonich” (Alexander Alexandrovich
Herzen).
Note 90, “Nicholaievich” for “Michailovich” (Timofei Nicholaievich
Bondarev).
Note 261, “Gorobov” for “Gorokov” or “Gorokhov” (neighbouring
landlord, Gorobov).]