The Lake of Neuchâtel, like that of Bienne, was studded with lake
villages, particularly in the more sheltered localities. From data
collected by Col. Schwab a chart was constructed and published in
1863, showing no less than 46 stations in the lake; but many of them
were of little archæological value beyond giving indications of their
existence. Since then some additional sites have been added to this
list, and from the activity with which lacustrine researches have
been conducted, especially after the lowering of the water by the
"Correction des Eaux," many of the supposed less important sites have
turned out extremely rich in antiquities.
PONT DE LA THIELLE.--Leaving the Lake of Bienne, and following the
Upper Thielle, we come to the Pont de la Thielle (Zihlbrücke), which
crosses the river at a short distance below where it emerges from Lake
Neuchâtel. A little above this bridge and on both sides of the river,
Col. Schwab discovered piles, among which he collected some industrial
remains at a depth of 5 feet, from which he concluded that there had
been here an ordinary pile-dwelling, in what was then probably a bay
of the lake. With the exception of one hair-pin of bronze, the objects
collected were of the Stone Age. (B. 32.) In 1870 v. Fellenberg made
some further investigations, which, while justifying the conclusions
previously arrived at, showed that the station had larger dimensions
than were formerly suspected, and that the relic-bed was in some
parts deeply buried. He enumerates the following relics as the
result of his labours:--7 large stone axes and 9 small or imperfect
ones, of serpentine, diorite, etc.; 20 implements of bone--pointers,
daggers, chisels, etc.; a large number of staghorn axe-hammer heads
(perforated); flakes of flint and other flint implements, and one
beautifully-worked arrow-head; a knife of polished nephrite. The
pottery indicated a coarse paste mixed with rough sand, and some of
the vessels were ornamented with knobs. (B. 196, p. 281.)
According to Mr. Dardel-Thorens,[5] a Roman station succeeded the
palafitte, as many objects of pure Roman origin were found amongst
the piles on the right bank. Among these he mentions a lion head of
bronze, portion of a girdle, a silver ring like those from Pompeii,
knives, chisels, axes, etc., and a tile with the legion mark CLXXI;
also a piece of worked horn with figures.
LA TÈNE (STONE AGE STATIONS).--Close to the outlet, on its north side,
is the celebrated station known as La Tène, which, from the remarkable
character and varied assortment of iron implements found on it, has
given a name to a well-defined period of the Early Iron Age. Now that
the lowering of the level of the lake has left its site on dry ground,
and its exploration has become thus greatly facilitated, it would
appear that La Tène was more of a stronghold, commanding a bridge
which crossed the Thielle at its outlet, than a real pile-village.
Its consideration will therefore be deferred till we come to the
description of the lake-dwellings of the Iron Age.
Making a circuit of the lake westwards, we come at once on a series of
four stations, the ruins of which lie scattered on the shore between
La Tène and the promontory of Préfargier. Their _débris_ lay embedded
in a thick bed of ancient mud, which has since become undermined,
and almost entirely washed away by the waves, leaving the heavier
antiquities amongst the rolled pebbles. Some beautiful implements of
nephrite and jadeite, and occasionally copper objects, have been thus
picked up, some of which are still in the possession of Messrs. Vouga,
Dardel-Thorens, and other local collectors.
ST. BLAISE.--This station has only come into prominence since the
operations for the "Correction des Eaux du Jura" took effect on the
lake; and although its investigation has been somewhat desultorily
conducted, the finds from it are extremely interesting, as they
are characteristic of the period of transition. The settlement,
was situated to the west of the town of St. Blaise, and appears to
have occupied a large area, as piles extended more or less all the
way to Hauterive. Its chief explorers and relic-holders are Messrs.
Vouga, Zintgraff, and Dardel-Thorens. In 1878 Dr. Gross published
a description of its relics with two plates of illustrations, and
subsequently a notice of it appeared in the _Anzeiger_ (B. 376a) and
_Das Ausland_ (B. 418, p. 49). Among some thousands of stone axes, of
which about ten per cent are perforated, there are many of nephrite,
jadeite, chloromelanite, and _saussurite_. These latter are generally
small, and set in horn fixers with a split at the end. The perforated
hatchets (one of which is an unfinished specimen, with the core still
in the hole) have often one end formed into a hammer (=Fig. 8=, Nos.
25 and 26). Among the many worked objects of horn and bone, such as
pins (Nos. 22, 23, and 24), perforated clubs (No. 20), and daggers
or spear-heads (No. 21), are some curiously-wrought pieces, which
suggested to Dr. Gross the idea that they were part of a machine for
boring holes in hard substances. The chief interest, however, lies
in the number and variety of copper objects which this station has
yielded. Out of about a dozen articles of metal, only one is said
to be bronze (No. 4)--a dagger with a well-defined mid-rib--while
the rest consist of two flat axes (Nos. 6, a fragment, and 14), six
daggers after the type of the flint weapons (Nos. 1 to 5, 7, and 9),
a knife (No. 8),[6] a bit of a spiral (No. 18), an arrow-point with
some asphalt still adhering to it (No. 16), two small awls (Nos. 15
and 17), two earrings (Nos. 11 and 12), and two beads (Nos. 10 and 13).
[Illustration: Fig. 8.--ST. BLAISE. Nos. 20 and 26 = ¼, the rest =
½ real size.]
One of the copper daggers was mounted in a handle of withes, the
remains of which are still to be seen (No. 2), and strongly reminds
one of the flint daggers when similarly mounted, as seen in No. 28.
As ornaments from this station I have figured a fossil ammonite and a
smooth stone, both perforated (Nos. 27 and 19). Two fossil shells, an
ammonite (=Fig. 185=, No. 23), and pectunculus, are described in the
Ninth Report on the Pfahlbauten (B. 462) as coming from Oefeliplätze.
HAUTERIVE.--Opposite the village there was a very large settlement,
which has yielded a considerable number of antiquities of a mixed
character, chiefly dispersed among the Museums of Neuchâtel, Bern,
Bienne, and Zürich. Col. Schwab found two iron spear-heads and
pottery. After Schwab's investigation, Desor searched the station and
found a steinberg. Among the more interesting objects are:--a small
figure shaped like a duck and ornamented with strips of tin (=Fig.
195=, No. 13); a vase, also ornamented in the same way (=Fig. 193=,
No. 6); a disc of bone ornamented with concentric circles, and some
bronze pendants (=Fig. 189=, Nos. 13, 14, and 16). In Bern there
are four pins with large heads, and several tanged knives, sickles,
bracelets, pendants rings, fish-hooks, etc.; also dishes of fine black
pottery with round bottoms.
Between this and Neuchâtel are three stations, viz. Champréveyres,
Monruz, and Crêt, on which a few objects have been picked up. In 1885
a pot of dark pottery ornamented with circular lines and triangles
("_Wolfszahn-ornamenten_"), measuring 6¼ inches in diameter and 4¾
in height, was fished up in eight feet of water, and was supposed to
be from the bronze station of Champréveyres.[7] The pot contained
sand and the following objects:--two stone celts, a spindle-whorl, a
pierced boars tusk, half of a stone axe-hammer partially bored, two
objects of stone, a bit of red ochre, and a bit of yellow ochre.
AUVERNIER.--In the sheltered bay between Colombier and Auvernier was
one of the largest and most interesting settlements in the lake.
It was discovered early, and notwithstanding that its remains were
covered with ten or twelve feet of water, it was minutely searched.
Professor Desor ascertained that there were two distinct stations
near the same place, one being a bronze station and farther out in
the lake. The Stone Age settlement, which lay just between the latter
and the shore, contained a steinberg of round and angular stones,
and covered nearly two acres. The piles of the bronze station were
inserted in soft mud, and their tops projected from one to two feet
above the lake bottom. In one place a canoe and large masses of
wattle-work were seen by Desor protruding from the mud. Among the
antiquities collected by the earlier explorers are:--Arrow-points of
various shapes with and without barbs, a richly-ornamented socketed
lance-head, a solid ring armilla, a chisel, fish-hook, etc. Also
fragments of variously-ornamented pottery, one of which showed
something like the Greek pattern or meander line. Not less than
twenty of the illustrations of Desor (B. 95) are of objects from this
station.
[Illustration: Fig. 9.--AUVERNIER. All ⅓ real size.]
The station was systematically investigated during the year 1873 and
the three following years, and a report of the results was published
by Dr. Gross in 1876. (B. 286.) He describes the antiquities under the
following heads, from which it will be seen that the station ranks
almost on a par with that at Moeringen:--(1) Arms, (2) instruments,
(3) objects of dress, (4) objects belonging to horses' harness, (5)
moulds, (6) pottery. Dr. Gross, at the eighth meeting of the German
Congress of Archæologists at Constance, in September, 1877, gave some
further account of the relics from Auvernier, particularly the swords,
of which six were found. (B. 306.)
The illustrations on =Fig. 9= include a variety of axes (Nos. 1
to 8), knives (Nos. 9 to 11), a socketed chisel (No. 12), a gouge
(No. 18); three hammers, one with a square socket and a side loop
(No. 13), another with a square perforation in the middle (No. 19),
and the third shaped like the upper portion of a winged axe (No.
20); two sickles (Nos. 15 and 16), a star-like ornament (No. 14),
pendants (Nos. 17 and 24), half of a mould for an axe (No. 22), and an
ornamental object (No. 27). All the above are of bronze, and of the
remaining objects, one (No. 23) is a trilocular dish of pottery, two
are of bone (Nos. 25 and 26), and the last (No. 28) is a stone anvil
set in a wooden casing. The handle of one of the swords is illustrated
on =Fig. 186=, No. 3.
CORTAILLOD.--We next come to the neighbourhood of Cortaillod, where
there were several settlements. From Mr. A. Vouga's admirable and
concise notices (B. 393 and 414a) of the more recent discoveries,
it appears that the principal station (Station Principale, marked
a on the accompanying Sketch Map) was nearly opposite the village
of Petit Cortaillod, and consisted of two portions--one, nearest
the shore, furnishing relics of the Stone Age; and the other, those
characteristic of the Bronze Age. A few hundred yards to the north
there was another large Stone Age settlement (Station de la Fabrique,
=b=), also with a Bronze Age portion on its outer or lake side. On
the south side of the principal station there were observed two small
groups of piles probably remains of embryonic stations which were
never completed (_c_ and _d_). On one of these a remarkable wooden
implement, supposed to be a pile-driver, was found, measuring 5 feet 4
inches in length (=Fig. 184=, No. 4).
[Illustration: Lake-dwellings]
The first exploration of the settlement commenced in the spring of
1858, when Mr. Troyon, after examining the stations near Yverdon,
visited the locality and fished up five bracelets of bronze, together
with some hair-pins and a few small rings, which are now in the Museum
of Lausanne. Mr. Burki, of Petit Cortaillod, also found several bronze
objects, some of which he sold to Agassiz.
These respective successes induced Col. Schwab and Prof. Desor to
direct their attention to Cortaillod, who, in the course of a few
years, made a collection of very remarkable objects. Among these
the following are worthy of note:--a bronze wheel, 19¾ inches in
diameter, with four spokes (=Fig. 10=, No. 17); the surplus jet of
a bronze casting, broken off apparently after the operation was
completed; several half-moon and other variously shaped pendants (Nos.
10, 12, and 21); bracelets (No. 14); a massive ring ornamented with
concentric circles (No. 15); some large-headed pins, earrings (No.
7), studs (No. 22), hatchets, sickles, fish-hooks, beads of amber and
glass, a spoon of terra-cotta, etc.; but the most novel were dishes,
particularly a large plate ornamented with tin strips arranged in
various patterns of lines, circles, and the Greek meander (=Fig. 193=,
No. 2).
Of the four brothers Kopp, who worked for these antiquaries, one
afterwards commenced on his own account and sold the finds, and in
this way many of the relics went to other localities. In 1874 a
necklace of bronze was found (=Fig. 10=, No. 3), which Mr. Vouga
states is still in the possession of a gentleman at Auvernier.
[Illustration: =Fig. 10.=--CORTAILLOD AND BEVAIX (16, 18, and 23 to
26). Nos. 8, 16, and 18 to 20 = ¼, 15 = ⅓, all the rest, with the
exception of 17 = ½ real size.]
In 1876 a fisherman found a sword, which he sold to the keeper of the
Museum at Bale (No. 19).
Meantime the Stone Age portion of the principal station was little
examined, as the relics were deeply buried. Here, however, were
formerly found some iron objects of the La Tène type, viz. a sickle
(B. 31, Pl. xiv. 20), and a stone anchor with iron hoops, now in
the Museum Schwab. In 1878, when the Government drainage works
began to tell on the lake, many articles were picked up. Thereupon
Messrs. Vouga and F. Borel commenced systematic diggings, and this
set an example to the authorities of the Museum of Colombier and the
Société du Musée de Boudry, who likewise started operations with a
gang of workmen. Among the objects collected up to 1883 Mr. Vouga
particularises the following:--
_Stone._--A number of sharpening-stones of sandstone; a large hollow
stone for bruising corn, measuring 1 foot 6 inches by 1 foot 9 inches,
and 5½ inches in thickness, having a hollow 2½ inches in depth; some
hundreds of hammer-stones, corn-crushers, etc.; portions of stone
showing marks of having been sawn, and perforated net-weights; also
spindle-whorls, an oval hammer of serpentine ornamented with chevrons;
some perforated stone axes, etc.; about 1,200 plain axes, nearly a
third of which were still in their horn fixtures. Most of these horn
fixtures were inserted in wooden handles, but of course all traces of
the latter were generally gone; only 12 nephrite implements were among
them. About 1,500 chisels or small celts, only a few of which were of
jadeite. One celt was of flint, a very rare thing in this district;
and an arrow-point was of polished serpentine. Many thousands of
implements of various coloured flints--saws, knives, scrapers,
daggers, and arrow and lance-heads. The arrow-points were generally
triangular without wings, and a few were lozenge-shaped. The largest
flint dagger measures 9 inches in length (Museum Colombier); and some
of the saws were still fixed in their handles with asphalt when found.
_Horn._--Some 3,000 fixtures for stone hatchets, of which about
one-third were perfect. These implements are not bifurcated at their
end, as is often the case with those found at Auvernier and elsewhere;
and many are only partially made, so that one would suppose there had
been here a factory for their special manufacture. There were also
perforated hammers, and a great number of chisels, pointers, etc.;
also some large plaques whose use is unknown. Out of twenty barbed
harpoons one, 8½ inches long, has twelve barbs (No. 8), and one
(now in the Museum Boudry) is unfinished. About a similar number of
pendeloques or beads, and a few small objects like arrow-points.
_Bone._--A great number of pointers and chisels, some of which were
inserted into handles; quantities of awls, lance-points, and javelins;
thirty daggers; some twenty perforated teeth of the wolf or dog; fifty
tusks of the wild boar worked, and some set in handles; bundles of
pointed ribs (flax-heckles).
_Wood._--An oval cup of yew, 4 by 2¾ inches; others were found, but
not preserved. A small hammer, and bits of basket-work.
_Metal._--A small round copper armlet, and a flat bronze axe with a
round cutting edge.
_Pottery._--Fragments of a coarse ware, found everywhere and generally
indicating roughly-made vessels; and a few perforated weights,
cylindrical and round.
As the waters became lower, the bronze station became more accessible,
and accordingly its investigation was begun by Messrs. Borel, of
Boudry, and Kaiser, of Estavayer. Among the antiquities collected here
are the following:--
_Bronze._--Several hatchets and knives; four razors, of different
types (one hammered from the fragment of a bracelet); five sickles;
a bracelet ornamented with lines and concentric circles, and another
closed (No. 13), also ornamented; three small bracelets; some buttons,
studs, etc.; the tip of a scabbard (No. 5); several lance-heads,
one ornamented (No. 4); two fibulæ (No. 6); many hair-pins, several
hundreds of fish-hooks; a necklet made of twenty bronze rings,
connected by a chain of copper; and a cup, now in the collection of
Dr. Gross (No. 20).
Among other relics were fragments of cups, vases, and other dishes
of ornamented pottery, some twenty clay supports, and hundreds of
spindle-whorls, etc. No. 11 represents a pendant, the substance of
which no one can determine, as it is neither stone, bone, horn, nor
pottery.
In the autumn of 1884 the water was unusually low, and the piles,
being left high and dry, presented such a singular appearance that
many visitors were attracted to see the novel sight. Many objects were
then picked up. One bracelet, ornamented with concentric circles, was
sold for eighty francs. Among the other objects described by Vouga are
the following: A large fish-hook (No. 2), 4¾ inches long; a piece of
wood surrounded by two bands of copper; a bronze pin with perforated
head, and another with flat head; a small vase with four holes (No.
9), a small lamp with a handle like a spoon, and a bronze pendant
formed of eleven massive rings (No. 1).
BEVAIX.--Several stations were known here at an early period, and
some of the objects from them have been described by Troyon, Keller,
and Desor. They consist of bronze celts (Nos. 16 and 18), sickles,
hair-pins (Nos. 23 and 24), bracelets (No. 26), a razor (No. 25), clay
rings, etc., which are now in the collections of Schwab, Desor, and
others.
Since the lowering of the water in Lake Neuchâtel, the Messrs. Borel
have systematically investigated and reported on the stations in the
Bevaix district. (B. 445.) From La Tuilière to Treytel, a shore-line
of about two miles, they describe seven separate localities containing
stations, chiefly of the Stone Age. An excellent map accompanies their
description; and had they added a few illustrations its value would
have been greatly enhanced.
One of the greatest drawbacks to outsiders who wish to master the
archæological results of the Swiss lacustrine investigations is
the want of a correct map showing the area and distribution of the
respective stations; and if this desideratum is ever to be supplied
for those lakes that have come under the influence of the Correction
des Eaux du Jura, there is no time to lose, as most of the stations
are now on dry land and nearly obliterated by vegetation; and it is a
work that can only be done by local archæologists, like the Messrs.
Borel, who for years have had practical knowledge of the stations in
their neighbourhood.
The accompanying Sketch Map (after that of Messrs. Borel) shows
that, while the foundations of the two Bronze Age stations are still
in the lake, all those of the Stone Age are entirely on dry land.
This distinction was long ago pointed out by Desor and others, but
it was only since the lowering of the lake that such a practical
demonstration became possible.
The Messrs. Borel premise their acquiescence in the proposed
subdivision of the lacustrine Stone Age into three periods, viz. a
first or early period ("période d'établissement et de formation"),
characterised by rudeness and simplicity of industrial remains;
a second ("le bel âge de la pierre"), showing commercial and
agricultural progress, and especially great skill in the manufacture
of all manner of stone celts; and a third ("une période de
transition"), which witnessed the introduction of metals among the
lake-dwellers.
[Illustration: Sketch Map of the shore of Lake Neuchâtel, near Bevaix,
showing the relative positions of the stations of the Stone and Bronze
periods.]
Typical examples of all these periods were found on the Bevaix
district, as will be seen from the following notes, taken chiefly from
the data supplied by the Messrs. Borel:--
(1) _Station de la Tuilière._--This settlement belonged to the
earliest lacustrine period, and, being much exposed to the winds,
appears to have been quickly abandoned. The piles are much decayed
and difficult to find, and the relics are few in number, and of a
primitive type. Only rude stone axes, a few weights, and flints of a
dark colour, are recorded.
(2) _Station des Vaux._--Between La Tuilière to the Station des Vaux
the promontory "Du Grain" intervenes, where, scattered on the shore
on both sides of it, Roman tiles are met with. The remains of this
pile-dwelling are situated near to a small spring of water, and
directly below the rising ground, which is here covered with vines.
The piles are disposed in two groups, and with scarcely an interval
between them; but they represent two different periods of the Stone
Age. The first or more eastern group stretches for 100 yards, with a
breadth of 40 yards, parallel to the lake; and though farther within
the old lake basin, it is considered by Messrs. Borel the older of the
two, being contemporary with La Tuilière and the earliest lacustrine
settlements in the lake. A steinberg of broken stones marks its
centre, but its examination has yielded only a few small stone celts,
arrow and spear-heads of dark flint, and some coarse pottery. Among
the osseous remains are some jaws of the beaver.
The second group occupied a smaller area than the previous one, and
contained no steinberg, but, on the other hand, a well-developed
relic-bed, some 12 to 16 inches thick, which was productive of relics
of a decidedly more advanced character, such as well-made implements
of staghorn, including a variety of handles for stone celts. The most
important discovery here was a human skull of the dolichocephalic
type. (_Antiqua_, 1884, p. 106.) The most inland piles of this group
were only about 30 yards from the vineyards, whereas the corresponding
ones of the first group were 70 yards distant. The anomalous statement
that the second or more advanced Stone Age settlement was situated in
an outer zone from the earliest (a fact which applies to all those
explored on the Bevaix coast), Messrs. Borel explain by supposing that
the lake area was gradually increasing since the earlier settlements
were founded. We shall afterwards see that this supposition is well
founded, on evidence that by careful observation could be greatly
multiplied.
(3) _Station de l'Abbaye._--A little farther on there is the site of
another Stone Age station, presenting the same indications of an older
and younger period, and also having the same relative position to
each other as we have seen in the Stations des Vaux, viz. the older
occupying a situation more advanced into the old lake basin. In front
of these two stations, Des Vaux and De l'Abbaye, lie the remains of a
large settlement of the Bronze Age, the piles of which, even when the
lake is at its lowest, are still in several feet of water; it extends
parallel to the shore, about 200 yards in length, and 160 in breadth.
In addition to the relics found by the earlier explorers (Troyon,
Desor, Vouga, Dr. Clement, etc.), and already noticed, the following
bronze objects are recorded from the station, all of which are either
in the private collection of the Messrs. Borel or in the scholastic
museum at Bevaix:--
Six celts (one of which is socketed), portion of a sword scabbard,
four chisels (some prettily ornamented), five sickles, twenty
fish-hooks, three bracelets, two razors, 105 hair-pins (all sizes and
forms), five pendeloques, two earrings, two buttons, two finger-rings,
twelve large and 195 small rings, etc. Among the other finds are
fragments of ornamented pottery, a clay support-ring, three glass
beads, weights, sharpening stones, etc.
(4) _Station du Chatelard._--This station contained a steinberg
covering an area of 3,000 or 4,000 square yards, and was joined to
the shore by a tongue of land, on which a series of stepping-stones
were placed. The relics discovered on its site include some 200 stone
celts (ten of which are jade), forty staghorn handles and fixers for
celts, chisels, stone hammers, flint implements, etc. The special
characteristic of the station is the appearance of the following
bronze objects among these relics of the Stone Age, viz. a small
perforated plaque, two hair-pins, four small daggers, three flat
celts. Mr. Borel states that other celts of this type were found, one
being to his knowledge in the possession of Mr. Rousselet, and one in
each of the Museums at Neuchâtel, Bern, and Zürich. One here figured
(=Fig. 10=, No. 18) is from the Schwab Museum at Bienne. Hence this
station belongs to the period of transition, and is in many respects
comparable to the Station des Roseaux at Morges.
(5) _Station du Moulin._--Proceeding about 600 yards farther west we
come to an isolated station of the Bronze Age, the piles of which are
still over 50 yards from the present shore; and before the lowering
of the water its site would be covered by about 16 feet of water.
Owing to the scarcity of relics on this station, the duration of the
settlement is supposed to have been short. Desor found here some
ornamented specimens of the large hollow bracelet. Mr. Borel has only
one small specimen and a portion of a large one of this type. The
other objects of bronze are a couple of fish-hooks and a few pins
and earrings. Fragments of pottery are, however, proportionally more
abundant, among them being a vase, of elegant form, and polished
exteriorly by graphite. To the east of this station a fine canoe was
found in 1879, measuring 26 feet in length, now deposited in the
Museum at Chaux de Fonds.[8]
(6) _Station du Port._--The remains of this small station, which
are exclusively of the Stone Age, are distributed on both sides of
a small stream which enters the ancient port of Bevaix. From the
character of the relics the Messrs. Borel think that the portion on
the east side belonged to the first lacustrine period, while that
on the west was later. It would appear that the settlement had been
dwarfed by the adjacent great palafitte at Treytel.
(7) _Station de Treytel._--This station presents a fine example of the
second Stone Age period. Its _débris_ is found on the exposed shore,
extending upwards of 300 yards in length, and covering an area of
some 8,000 to 10,000 square yards. It was first examined in 1857 by
M. Rousselet, who, notwithstanding its being then submerged, made the
fine collection of objects from it now in the Museum at Neuchâtel. The
flint implements are particularly well made, and the raw material,
which shows a fine yellowish and partially transparent flint, is
supposed to have been imported from Gaul. The horn handles and fixers
for the stone celts are of varied forms, and there is also a rich
assortment of other relics.
CHEZ LES MOINES.--Here there is a steinberg, but the antiquities found
are unimportant, only a few staghorn implements and some stone celts.
Fragments of Roman tiles were also found.
ST. AUBIN.--This station was near the shore, and contained a vast
steinberg measuring 300 feet by 200. Its investigation was chiefly
due to Dr. Clement, of St. Aubin, who made a splendid collection
of its antiquities, which show that the settlement belonged almost
exclusively to the Stone Age. Specially noteworthy among them are
flint-saws in yew and staghorn handles; arrow-points, with portion of
the shaft still attached with asphalt; a few beads--one of glass and
two of amber; three small gold ornaments; perforated teeth of the bear
and wolf or dog. Many of the objects from Dr. Clement's collection
are illustrated in the second and third volumes of _Matériaux_, pages
511 and 259 respectively; as well as in Keller's reports. The horn
fastenings are extremely varied, and those for celts, intended to be
used with wooden handles, terminate either in a split or are squarely
cut. The bone implements are particularly well made, and many of
the pointers are fixed into handles. The arrow-points are also well
chipped, and are of a longish or triangular shape. In the Zürich
Museum there is a beautifully chipped dagger of flint, over nine
inches in length, from this station. (See =Fig. 185=, Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6,
and 9.)
CONCISE.--Mr. Rochat, who first examined the remains of this
settlement, describes a semicircular steinberg which occupied part of
the station. (B. 34.) The convex part looked south and towards the
lake. Its length was 459 feet, and breadth 255 feet, and when the lake
was at its lowest (before the Correction des Eaux du Jura) its top
was only a few inches below the surface of the water. The relic-bed
was superficial, but the piles penetrated deeply into the mud. During
the construction of the railway in 1859, which here passed through a
small bit of the lake, a dredging machine was used, when antiquities
of all kinds were collected in hundreds. These were generally sold on
behalf of the workmen, and hence the objects from Concise are widely
distributed, some having gone to America. On and around the steinberg
the antiquities were of the Stone Age. Here the operation of dredging
was carried on for six weeks amidst great archæological excitement,
which led to the production of many falsifications. (B. 28, 31, and
39.) Among the vast quantity of industrial remains brought to light,
there were objects of very diversified kinds, but all in this part
of the station were peculiar to the Stone Age; such as saws, knives,
and arrow-points of flint; hundreds of stone hatchets, mostly of
serpentine, only two or three being of nephrite; perforated stone
sinkers and hammer stones. Of bone and horn, there were chisels,
pointers, daggers, harpoons, cups, etc. Among the pottery were
circular dishes with perforated knobs, small and large vases, plates,
and cups; also some vases with conical bases, with their corresponding
clay rings. Clay balls, of the size of two fists and perforated,
reminded Mr. Troyon of similar objects from Wangen.[9]
Among the animal remains were three fragments of human skulls and two
jaws. Also one tooth of the horse.
During the last few days of these operations the dredging machine was
shifted in a north-eastern direction, and here objects of bronze were
turned up, such as hatchets, hair-pins, knives, buttons, spirals,
beads, rings, etc.
It would thus appear that there were two stations--one of the Stone
Age, and the other of the Bronze Age; or that a portion of the former
survived during the Bronze Age.
It was in the vicinity of this station that Captain Pillichordy in
1832 dredged up a canoe and two beautiful bronze swords, only one of
which is now known to exist in the Museum of Neuchâtel. In September,
1889, Dr. Evans showed me, among many other objects from the Swiss
lacustrine dwellings, a sword from Concise, purchased by him in Paris
in 1887, which at once struck me as being the other weapon which so
mysteriously disappeared in 1832. The handle and the tip of the blade
of this sword are here represented (=Fig. 11=, No. 24), and when
compared with the drawings of its supposed fellow at Neuchâtel (B.
34, Pl. iii. 35; B. 119, 2nd ed., Pl. cii. 17; B. 31, Pl. xi. 11; and
B. 252, Pl. v. 10), their remarkable similarity will be at once seen.
That in Dr. Evans's collection has a total length of 26½ inches. The
blade is of yellow bronze 21 inches long, and terminates in a somewhat
rounded point.
In the months of January and February, 1885, a portion of the
station hitherto unexamined became dry, and a great many objects
were found, including bronze pins (=Fig. 11=, Nos. 2, 3, 8, 10, and
11), hatchets, bracelets, sickles, knives, pendants (Nos. 9 and 13),
tin wheels (No. 4), wooden combs (No. 7), and vases, etc. Among the
more remarkable objects described and figured by Mr. Vouga (B. 414d)
are:--A necklace made of rolled bands of bronze, forming tubes, and
ornamented with hollow lines (No. 1). Some of these tubes are of gold,
and interspersed with them are three buttons of bronze and a number of
small blue beads. Two bracelets or closed rings, ornamented (No. 6); a
ring with a prominence inside; and a curiously-wrought pendeloque (No.
12). These objects are mostly in the possession of private collectors.
[Illustration: =Fig. 11.=--CONCISE AND CORCELETTES (5, and 14 to 23)
Nos. 21 and 22--¼, the rest = ½ real size.]
ONENS.--Two stations are situated near the village of Onens--one
(Stone Age) to the east of the village, and the other (Bronze Age)
to the south. The former, now entirely on dry land, has been little
explored, being for some time covered with vegetation. "Je crois,"
says M. de Meuron, "cependant qu'elle a dû être importante d'après
son étendue et la quantité de cailloux éclatés que recouvrent le sol.
Cette station appartient à moi; mais la végétation y est devenue si
belle que je la laisse pour les générations futures." (B. 462, p. 47.)
On the bronze station several remarkable pendeloques in the form
of thin discs of bronze were found some years ago, which are now
deposited in the Museum at Neuchâtel; and since this discovery it has
been partially explored by M. Morel-Fatio, Dr. Brière, and others.
M. de Meuron states that he is in possession of a few objects from
this station, viz. hatchets, chisels, bracelets, and a magnificent
lance-head 10 inches in length. From Onens comes the leaden cake with
suspension loops similar to those from Wollishofen (=Fig. 4=, No. 24).
Illustrations of some of the bronze discs are given on =Fig. 189=,
Nos. 1 to 3.
CORCELETTES.--Two groups of piles were observed by the early
explorers, one to the east and the other to the west of the village of
Corcelettes, and a number of antiquities both of the Bronze and Iron
Ages were collected. The station, however, was never systematically
examined till the lowering of the waters in 1876, when it was found
to be one of the most prolific and interesting in Lake Neuchâtel. The
portion since then investigated is described by Dr. Gross as lying
immediately before the village, and 2 kilomètres from Grandson. It
extended about 200 mètres in length and 100 in breadth. The relic-bed
was thinly covered with sand, and varied much in thickness, from a
maximum of 3 feet in the centre, to the margin where it thinned out.
The bronze relics collected here are thus estimated by Dr. Gross at
the twelfth meeting of the German Anthropological Society:--[10] 60
hatchets, 4 hammers, 30 sickles, 60 to 70 knives, 10 swords (three
of which are complete), 150 entire armillæ and many fragments, 20
lance-heads, 12 discs (phalères), 300 to 400 hair-pins, 3 vessels,
11 moulds (one of bronze and 10 of sandstone), besides a quantity
of smaller objects, as buttons, pendants, rings, etc. Together with
beads of glass and amber, small tin wheel-shaped objects, there were
some 300 entire vessels of pottery, some ornamented with tin strips,
crescents, etc.
The bronze hatchets were mostly of the usual type, i.e. with four
wings and a side loop; four were socketed, but not one of the flat
type.
Daggers were apparently rare at Corcelettes, as only one example was
found, with rivet-marks and slightly ornamented on one side.
The knives were generally small, but one measured 10½ inches in
length, and a few had solid handles beautifully ornamented. Razors
were numerous; one was made of a broken bracelet, another was
double-bladed and showed a break which had been neatly mended with
bronze wire. Horse-bits were of bronze and horn. The bronze hollow
armlets are beautifully ornamented, and in the interior of some of
them were observed bits of wax, supposed to be the remains of a
central core of this material which had been used in the operation of
casting.
It is singular that among the many ornaments from this station there
is not a fibula, except a portion of one which is claimed as an
importation from Scandinavia (=Fig. 189=, No. 19).
Of wood there were:--A round oak table; a small box, 8 by 2½ inches;
and a portion of an oar.
Of the three bronze dishes, one has a handle attached by rivets; and
of the other two (which are in the Museum at Lausanne), one is of
northern origin (=Fig. 189=, No. 20).
Corcelettes, like most of the other Swiss lake-dwellings, was
destroyed by fire, in proof of which Dr. Gross points to a mass of
bronze objects, in a half-molten condition, consisting of three
hatchets, four bracelets, a lance-head, and a sickle. (Figured in B.
392, Pl. xxii. 12.)
One of the largest collections from Corcelettes is in the Museum at
Lausanne, of which I have made the following jottings:--
_Pottery._--The bottom of a vase marked with the tips of the potters
fingers; some dishes ornamented with herring-bone patterns (=Fig.
11=, No. 22), and others with circular grooves, each having a small
perforation like one at Constance (No. 21); small toy cups, three of
which are bilocular; clay rings, with dishes to fit them; two figures
of animals; bits of clay-walling with marks of round timbers.
_Wood._--Fragments of basket-work, two shaped handles of wood for
sickles, fragments of wooden dishes (one with handle).
_Bronze._--Of about 100 large hollow bracelets more or less perfect,
some 50 are ornamented with transverse lines; the rest have various
designs of lines and circles. A few bracelets are solid, and more or
less penannular, with pointed or expanded tips. Four bracelets are of
double wires, one of which is spirally grooved and ends in a hook and
eye. Of six small socketed hammers, three have side loops, and all are
more or less rectangularly shaped. Among 60 hatchets, only six have
sockets, and nearly all have side loops, but no terminal catch. Two
have the side loop transverse to the cutting edge.
Of 78 knives, nine are socketed, three have solid handles, apparently
as part of the blade, and the rest have tangs (three being bent into a
loop at the top).
Among some hundreds of pins, only seven or eight have perforated heads.
Of three horse-bits, one is entire (=Fig. 191=, No. 8); and of the
others, only the twisted central portion remains (=Fig. 11=, No. 23).
Moreover, there are 14 perforated portions of horn, supposed to have
been parts of bridles.
Among the special objects from this station is a slender bronze rod
terminating at each end with a movable ring, somewhat like the beam
of a balance (No. 16). In the Museum at Boudry there is a curious
ornamental tube of bronze (No. 20).
In 1888 Dr. Brière communicated a short note to _Antiqua_ (B. 463a),
in which he enumerates the following objects as the most interesting
among recent finds:--A bracelet of lignite (No. 14), a tin wheel (No.
5), an amulet of bronze like the casing of a pair of spectacles (No.
15), a large bronze knife with a horn handle (No. 19), an amulet of
staghorn (No. 17), a bead of amber suspended by a twisted bronze wire
(No. 18), and a complete bridle-bit of horn (=Fig. 191=, No. 1).
LES UTTINS (YVERDON).--At the foot of Mount Chamblon, rather more
than a mile from the lake, there are some peat deposits, which the
peasants have been in the habit of utilising as fuel. Here in two
spots, according to Mr. Rochat,[11] the peat-cutters are reported to
have met with piles and transverse beams with mortices. The tops of
the piles were 6 to 10 feet below the surface. A flint arrow-head,
two stone celts of serpentine, and a bronze bracelet, were found in
one of these bogs; and hence Messrs. Troyon and Rochat (B. 31, p. 70)
consider that there was a palafitte here--a supposition which involves
the theory that the lake formerly extended to the locality. Nor is
this theory without some evidence in support of it, as the amount of
_débris_ brought down by the Thielle is very great. On the supposition
that the Roman city of Eburodunum, the ruins of which are now 2,500
feet from the present shore, was built on the lake in the fourth
century, Mr. Troyon calculates that the water of the lake would have
been as far back as the site of the palafitte about fifteen centuries
before the Christian era.
CLENDY, CHESEAUX, AND CHABLE À PERRON.--Along this part of the shore
there were three or four settlements with steinbergs, but the piles
are now destroyed, and the few antiquities collected belong apparently
to the Stone Age. Chable à Perron covers an area of some 3,500 square
yards, but the only antiquities found were serpentine hatchets and
their horn fixings, some flints, pointed bones, and fragments of
coarse pottery. (R. 336.)
Some interesting notes of the early researches and discoveries made
on the various stations in the vicinity of Yverdon are given by Mr.
Rochat in Kellers third report on the Pfahlbauten. (B. 34.)
FONT.--On this station a cup-marked stone was found, and Troyon
records several objects--a curious bronze needle, Roman tiles, and
Imperial Roman money--as coming from the same place. Professor
Grangier, of Fribourg,[12] found here some Roman medals, together
with an iron arrow-head, iron keys, and subsequently an oar.[13] He
states that the whole coast, from Font to Estavayer, was occupied
with piles, and that he attempted to make a plan of the stations,
but gave it up, because the configuration was constantly changing.
The original conditions were also entirely altered by the number
of piles extracted by the fishermen. He knew one family who for two
generations had never used any other firewood but piles extracted from
the lake-dwelling stations. One place, about half-way between Font
and Estavayer, was well known for its antiquities, and went among the
fishermen under the name of "La Pianta." (B. 178, p. 169.) In the
Fribourg Museum there is a considerable number of bronze objects from
Pianta, some of which are here figured (=Fig. 12=, Nos. 1 to 10, and
24). I have also noted three stone moulds (two of wheel pendants), and
an ingot of bronze. Some pins and a knife are in the Bern Museum.
Mr. Forrer gives some notes of the station at Font,[14] and figures
some nephrite implements from "several hundreds" collected here by
Mr. Beck. Along with the usual chisels and hatchets, there are in
Mr. Beck's collection arrow-heads, knives, etc.--objects rather rare
of this material in the Lake of Neuchâtel. Some of the hatchets are
remarkable for their size, one measuring 8½ inches long, and others
show great variety of colours.
ESTAVAYER.--Mr. A. Morlot describes the early investigations of the
settlements at Estavayer and its neighbouring shore in Keller's third
report. (B. 34.) Systematic explorations were conducted by MM. Béat de
Vevey and Henri Rey, who collected a large and varied assortment of
relics, especially of bronze, many of which are illustrated on Pl. v.
Close to Estavayer there were two stations--one of the Stone Age; and
another, farther out in the lake, of the Bronze Age. The former was
parallel to the shore, about 120 yards long and 60 broad. The relics
here found were of the usual Stone Age types--stone and horn hatchets,
flint saws, and arrow-points, etc. One finely-finished hammer-axe
has an oval perforation, an expanded cutting edge, and a raised bead
running along the centre of its anterior surface.
The Bronze Age settlement was some 400 feet distant from the shore, in
water six or seven feet deep. Consequently the station is now, during
low water, mostly on dry land. The area of the station was estimated
at 7,700 square feet. The following is a list of the bronze objects
collected by MM. de Vevey and Rey, chiefly by means of pincers:--128
hair-pins (36 with spherical and ornamental heads), 26 knives, 15
bracelets, 5 sickles, 1 socketed hatchet, 1 chisel, 1 fish-hook, 27
rings of different kinds, 2 buttons, 1 dagger-blade, 1 arrow-head
(socketed), and 6 flattened wires coiled in the form of a spiral.
[Illustration: =Fig. 12.=--ESTAVAYER. All ½ real size.]
In 1869 Dr. Keller (B. 163) gives an account of further discoveries at
Estavayer, in which he mentions a small vessel of fine clay, having a
funnel-like opening and a spout below (=Fig. 12=, No. 21); a hair-pin
5½ inches long, with the stem of bronze, and head of staghorn,
intercepted in the middle with a disc of silver; a bronze spear-head,
with a spur on the stem, supposed to have been used as a spear for
fishing; a bronze bracelet; and two tynes of staghorn--one perforated
as for a bridle-bit, and the other ornamented with concentric
circles. Professor Grangier, writing in 1878 (B. 313), describes
the _tenevière_ of Estavayer as a peninsula, and gives an amusing
description of the searchers for antiquities.
About a couple of kilometres to the north-east of Estavayer, and
near the village of La Corbière, there was a large settlement which
also belonged partly to the Stone Age and partly to the Bronze Age.
The first is a steinberg, and bears the name La Creuse or La Crasaz.
(B. 414c.) On it, in addition to the ordinary Stone Age objects,
were found a Roman waterjug and a fibula of the La Tène type (=Fig.
12=, No. 26). The part that has yielded bronze implements is farther
out in the lake, and from it Colonel Schwab and others collected a
considerable number of objects, among which were:--A bar of tin 6
inches long, a small bronze saw, a socketed arrow-head, a thin armlet
of bronze wire, a bronze nail, a discoidal stone, fragments of pottery
ornamented with strips of tin, etc. Near this in 1875 Professor
Grangier discovered a curious object now supposed to be the handle
portion of an Etruscan chariot. (B. 270 and 336.)
There are thus three well-defined Bronze stations in the vicinity of
Estavayer, besides an equal if not larger number of the Stone Age. The
chief collection of relics from this part of the lake of Neuchâtel
is in the Museum of Fribourg, where I have noted:--A double-legged
pin (No. 11), portion of chariot handle (=Fig. 191=, No. 10), a small
bronze cup, a perforated bronze hammer (=Fig. 12=, No. 20), a couple
of socketed bronze axes (Nos. 17 and 19), and a well-made arrow-point
of flint (No. 25).
There are also many objects from Estavayer in the Cantonal Museum at
Bern, among which may be mentioned:--A bronze fibula (No. 12), part
of an ornamental chain of various sorts of bronze links (No. 13), a
socketed axe (No. 23), and three large knives (Nos. 18, 30, and 31).
The other illustrations are a bronze pin with a spiral head (No.
28), a gold earring (No. 16), an amber bead (No. 15), a bronze knife
(No. 22), a bronze fibula (No. 14), a pin with a flat head (No. 27),
and a curious horn object (No. 29). Implements like the latter are
frequently met with in Swiss lacustrine stations. They vary from a
few inches up to twelve or more in length, and are always curved and
polished. In the Bern Museum there are four from Gerlafingen, five
from Schaffis, and others from Sutz, Locras, etc.
FOREL.--Little was done to this station till 1883, when the Fribourg
Government granted free permission to the searchers for lacustrine
antiquities to collect on their portion of the shore of Lake
Neuchâtel. Since then many curious objects are reported as coming from
this station, but they are mostly held by private collectors. Mr. A.
Vouga gives some notes of these discoveries in the _Anzeiger_. (B.
414.) He states that the relics are found on this station in three
different strata, the most superficial of which is 1 foot 6 inches
deep, and the lowest 4 feet 8 inches.
Among the objects described and figured by Vouga are:--A stone hatchet
in its horn fixture, several hatchets of coloured nephrite and one of
green jade, perforated hammers and a cup of horn; knives, pins, etc.,
of bone; a curved implement made of the jawbone of a stag (=Fig. 13=,
No. 19). Some remarkable objects made of horn or bone and ornamented
with dots, circles, etc., consisting of bracelets (No. 20), and
pendeloques (Nos. 13, 17, and 18), have attracted the attention of
critics, and the general opinion is that they are forgeries.[15]
CHEVROUX.--Troyon describes three large settlements of the Bronze Age
(B. 31, p. 150), near Chevroux, farther from the shore than a Stone
Age settlement, on which were found bracelets, hair-pins, sickles,
knives, two swords of bronze, and a great iron fork (=Fig. 13=, No.
15). In 1866, an object (=Fig. 191=, No. 10), described by Keller as
part of an Etruscan chariot, was found near this. (B. 337.)
[Illustration: =Fig. 13.=--CHEVROUX, FOREL (13, and 17 to 20), and
PORTALBAN (21 and 22). All ½ real size (except No. 15 ¼).]
In the Museum at Lausanne there is a large collection of objects, both
of the Stone and Bronze Age settlements, from Chevroux. Among the
former are:--Two beautiful flint daggers with thin handles of wood
(=Fig. 13=, No. 1), six saws of flint in their handles, part of a
wooden comb, three wooden dishes, the club handle of a stone hatchet
with the implement still in position, bone pins with neatly-fashioned
heads (Nos. 4 and 6), etc. There are over 300 plain stone celts, and
30 perforated tools. About 100 horn fixings, of which one-third have
bifurcated tops. Some celts have been identified as belonging to the
following substances:--chloromelanite five, three of which are in
their horn fixings (two bifurcated); saussurite, 14 to 20, one of
which is in its handle (square); jadeite 22 to 25, five in handles
(two bifurcated); nephrite 23 to 26, two in their fixings. There are
also a few of felsite, amphibolite, etc. About 100 flint arrow-points,
and the same number of beautifully chipped flint arrow-heads (No. 5).
Also of horn there is a large number of chisels, pointers, hammers,
flax-hecklers, and some curiously-shaped perforated clubs of horn.
Among the pottery are some curious dishes, two of which are here
figured (Nos. 8 and 14), the latter being adorned with string
ornamentation.
Among the objects from the Bronze Age stations are:--Many hair-pins,
two phalères, five sickles, a few bracelets, one winged and one flat
hatchet, portion of a flat copper celt, a few knives with tangs, six
small daggers, and two remarkable pendeloques, one of which is here
figured (No. 3).
Mr. Vouga (B. 414d) describes some fine discoveries that were latterly
made on the Bronze stations. Among the objects which have come under
his notice are:--A razor with a curved handle, 4½ inches long (No.
11); a thick crescent, ornamented with half-moons; a fibula (No. 10);
a pin with spiral stem (9½ inches long) and perforated head (1⅛ inch
in diameter). Another has a very large head (2 inches diameter), with
24 holes in it (No. 12). Other objects from this station are a comb
(No. 9), an amber bead (No. 7), a copper dagger (No. 16), and a copper
chisel (No. 2).
GLETTERENS TO LA SAUGE.--Some eight or nine stations have been noted
by the earlier explorers along this part of the coast, many of which
have yielded Roman tiles and pottery. At Port Alban there are the
remains of a station on which bronze (No. 21) and iron objects have
been found. Recently there has been brought into notice a kind of
ornamental metal mirror, said to have been found here (=Fig. 192=).[16]
Another site is farther east, giving indications of an early Stone Age
station, but on which Desor found iron objects. Among recent finds are
some large horn buttons and a so-called "portemonnaie lacustre" (No.
22).[17]
At Champ Martin there is a steinberg, on which spindle-whorls and a
few other things have been found.
At Cudrefin the lake-dwellings are unimportant, but the station is
well known as the site of a canoe, carefully described by Professor
Grangier. It measures 36½ feet long, 2 feet 9 inches broad, and
1 foot 6 inches deep. This dug-out, like so many in Ireland and
Scotland, had for strengthening purposes four transverse beams left in
the solid. The prow had a perforated beak, which might have been used
as a means for fastening a rope. (B. 194.)
At La Sauge fragments of Roman amphoræ and tiles were found associated
with some piles.