Pidoux, Dr, 327.
Piecing, of flax, 693.
Piedmont, anchylostomiasis endemic in, 743.
Pig-keepers, 249.
Pigments, manufacture of, 566.
Placers in potteries, 383.
Plague, seamen subject to, 183.
Planing machines, 229.
Plasterers, anthrax in, 244;
eye accidents from lime to, 785.
Plate-glass factories in England, 804.
Platelayers, 195.
Plate wheels, 218.
Playfair, Lord, 80.
Pleurisy, in field-workers, 234;
steel grinders, 410.
Pliny, _Natural History_, 63;
“diseases of slaves,” 25.
“Plug and feather” method of using explosives in quarries, 559.
Plumbers, and white lead, 292;
lead insanity, 308;
plumbism, 333, 770.
Plumbism, 14, 16–19, 21, 22, 26;
colic and kidney disease due to, 15;
in potteries, 57, 58, 136, 351, 353, 360–62;
among cutlers, 137, 595;
file-cutters, 138, 341–43, 595, 770;
glaziers, 142;
lead-workers, 142, 595;
painters, 142, 770;
occupied and unoccupied males, 164, 595, 720;
operatives in electric works (including motor cars and tramways),
259, 320, 322, 323;
lead smelting works, 286;
white lead works, 295–300;
mortality tables, 297, 298, 371;
and pregnancy, 301;
its symptoms, 304;
and alcoholism, 305, 310;
encephalopathy (lead insanity), 307–309;
preventive and curative treatment of, 310–15;
in Paris, 311;
due to soldering, 323;
among typographers, 324–32;
plumbers, 333, 770;
house painters, 333–37;
coach painters, 337;
glass-workers, 339, 595;
earthenware makers, 360, 595;
in chromo-lithograph and transfer making, 366;
tile-making, 368;
produced by washing lead-workers’ and painters’ clothes, 369;
lead foil makers, shoe-finishers, 370;
electric treatment of, 373–77;
in mirror-silvering works, 441;
among chemical workers, 595;
its effect on the eyes, 770.
Pommata, Dr, Brigue, 741, 743.
Pneumatic chipper in steel works, 781, 783.
Pneumoconiosis, lung disease caused by dust, 268, 271;
in quarriers, 563.
Pneumonia, in field-workers, 234;
masons, porcelain and cement makers, 274;
typographers, 329, 330;
steel grinders, 410;
millers, bakers, 505;
miners, 535;
jute workers, 660;
agriculturists, cotton operatives, 720;
boiler makers and shipbuilders, 754;
engine drivers and firemen, 797;
glass-makers, 805.
Poikilocytosis, 484.
Poincaré, Dr, 794.
Poisoning by dinitrobenzine, 477–86;
acute, 477;
subacute, 478;
chronic, 479;
precautions against, 487;
treatment of, 489.
Poisonous substances, control of their use in manufacture, 42.
_Poisons Industriels_, Paris, 284, 302, 360, 794.
Poisson, Dr, 794.
Pol and Watelle, MM., on effects of compressed air at Douchy mine,
730.
Polishing of cutlery, 412.
Pollender, Professor, on the anthrax bacillus, 623.
Ponteau, M., experiments in matches, 430.
Pontypool, first tinplate works at, 681.
Poole, Dorset, fireclay working at, 400.
Poore, Vivian, 819.
Pope, Dr Walter, 26, 434.
Porcelain, diseases of workers, 274;
three kinds of, 349;
stoves, 367.
Porphyry quarries, 558.
Porter, Dr, 343.
Potassium and sodium bichromate, lesions resulting from manufacture
and uses of, 447–54.
Potassium chlorate, 419.
Potassium, cyanide of, in glazed ware, 807.
Pott, Percivall, 237.
“Potteries,” the, 346.
Potters, phthisis of, 15, 389;
death rate, 135.
Pottery manufacture, 4, 21, 25;
use of lead in, 346–65.
Pottery Arbitration at Stoke-on-Trent, 21.
Pouce, flax dust, 697.
Power presses, 229, 230.
Precipitation process in white lead works, 291.
Pregnancy, and lead poisoning, 301;
and tobacco, 794.
Prendergast, Dr Hanley, 384, 388.
Preservation of Health and Morals of Apprentices Act (1802), 827.
Prevost, Dr, Geneva University, 258.
Priest and Ashmore, opticians, Sheffield, 782.
Priestley, Dr, 280.
Prime movers, 205.
Printers, death rate, 150;
and lead dust, 275;
colic, 324;
their cats suffer from plumbism, 327;
subject to phthisis, 328–30;
and to plumbism, 324–32.
Pröbsting, Dr, oculist, Cologne, 806.
Prospector, mining, 509, 510.
Protection necessary in factories, 64;
Protection of Infant Life, Select Committee (1871) on, 79.
Protective legislation and Factory Acts, 32.
Proust, Dr, 322.
Pruritus (itchiness), 270.
Prussian Official Miners’ Relief Fund, 533.
Public Health Acts, 22, 29, 565.
_Public Health Journal_, 497.
_Public Health Engineer_, 504.
Publicans, death rate, 800.
Puddling furnacemen subject to heart disease, 756.
Pulleys, for mill-gearing, 209, 210;
loose, 217.
Pulling room, for transformation of rabbit skins, 724.
Pulmonary anthracosis, in stokers, 797.
Pulmonary anthrax, “wool-sorter’s disease,” 637.
Pulmonary diseases, in china and earthenware makers, 382–89;
blast furnacemen, 756;
blacksmiths, 757;
dressmakers, 805;
chimney sweeps, 808.
Purdon, Dr C. P., 270, 695, 697.
Putty powder, frequent cause of plumbism, 339.
Pyroxiline, 792.
Quarriers, diseases of, 135, 143, 561–64;
accidents, 560, 561;
eye accidents, 784.
Quarries, 557–67.
Quarries Act (1894), 42, 557, 564.
Quarry Fencing Act, 565.
Quicksilver, mining of, 25, 434;
extraction from cinnabar, 438.
Rabbit down and skins, 724–27.
“Racing the stone,” in wet-grinding, 412.
Rag-grinding, 645.
Rag-cleaning, dust from, 276.
Rag-sorters, liable to anthrax, 244;
health of, 645.
Rags and their products in relation to health, 644–47.
_Railway Times_, 198.
Railways, 190–202;
accidents on, 190 _et seq._, 530;
Royal Commission (1865) on, 192;
block system and automatic couplings, 193;
overwork on, _ibid._;
gases in underground, 744–45;
employés’ risks, 796.
Railways Regulation Act (1871), 193;
(1873), 192.
Rainhill, file-cutting at, 340.
Ramazini, Dr, _Diseases of Artificers_ (_De morbis artificium
diatriba_), 24, 267, 434, 789.
Ransome, Dr, 80, 707.
Rasch, Professor, 368.
Rats and sequoia sawdust, 792.
Ravenal, Dr, Pennsylvania, 624.
Rawson, C., _Manual of Dyeing_, 447.
Raymondaud, Professor, Limoges, 385.
Reachers (cotton-spinning), 703.
Read, Holliday, & Sons, 612.
Read-Holliday Acetylene Company, 497, 501.
Red lead, 287;
Special Rules for manufacture of, 846.
Red, or amorphous phosphorus, 417–19.
Red oxide, 443.
Redgrave, Alexander, Factory Inspector, 29, 36.
Redheugh Bridge, Newcastle, 729, 734.
Redwick Well, Gloucestershire, 545.
Reeling, measuring flax yarn into hanks, 695.
Regent’s Park, gunpowder explosion in, 607, 608.
Reitz, Dr J., _Ueber die giftigen Hutmacherbeizen und deren
nachtheiligen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit_, 435.
Renk, Professor von, 436.
Resin, 619.
Respiratory diseases, _see_ phthisis.
Retting, or steeping pond, for jute, 651.
Return road (mines), 540.
_Revue d’Hygiène et de Police Sanitaire_, 431, 739.
Rex, Wilton, 363.
Reynolds, Dr, 482.
Rheumatic fever, in cotton operatives, 147, 720;
wool-sorters, 148;
drapers, 154;
brewers, cutlers, carpenters, chemical workers, earthenware and
glass makers, 595;
occupied and unoccupied men, 595, 720;
agriculturists, 720.
Rheumatism, in seamen, 183, 186;
field-workers, 232;
quarriers, 564;
jute-workers, 660;
jam-makers, 680;
tinplate workers, 683;
aerated water workers, 689;
blast furnacemen, 756;
sawyers, 791;
drivers of public vehicles, 798.
Riders’ bone, bursæ, sprain, 245.
Ridley, Sir Matthew White, 69, 353.
Ring frame, in cotton-spinning, 703.
Ringworm, in cows, 247.
Ritchie, C. T., 72, 193, 197;
his Railway Bills, 198, 202.
Rivers, Dr, 773.
Riveters, deafness in, 752.
_Rivista de Servizio Minerario_, 521.
Roads, “intake” and “return” (mines), 540.
Roberts, Sir William, 707.
Robertshaw, Dr, Stockbridge, 400.
Robertson, Dr John, Medical Health Officer, Sheffield, 340.
Robinson, Dr William, Sunderland, 284, 819.
Roburite, 555, 559, 619.
Roburite Company, 615.
Rochester Bridge, 731.
Rodgers, Mr, Factory Inspector, 591.
Rome, Jews as glass makers in, 804.
Romiée, Dr, 764.
Root’s blower, 570.
Rope-makers, death rate, 135.
Roques, _Mouvement Médical_, 303.
Roscoe, Sir H., 707.
Rose, Dr Frederick, Consul at Stuttgart, _Rise, Progress, and
Present Condition of the Carbide and Acetylene Industries
in Germany_, 504.
Rosewood, 792.
Roslin, Edinburgh, gunpowder explosions at, 609.
Ross, Dr, 479.
Roughers, in flax works, 693;
addicted to alcoholism, 697.
Roussel, Professor, 422.
Rove, twisted jute yarn, 653.
Roving frames, cotton spinning, 703.
Roving machines, flax works, 694.
Royal College of Surgeons, 809.
Royal Commission on:--Labour, 74, 83, 186;
Mines (1841), 31;
Railways (1865 and 1899), 192, 198.
Royal Institution, 737, 740.
Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 457.
Royal Society, 118.
_Royal Society of England, Transactions of_, 26, 27.
_Royaume de Belgique--Statistique de Mines, Minières, Carrières,
etc._, 519.
Russell, Dr, 625.
Russell, Risien, 822.
Russell, Sir James, Edinburgh, 791.
Russia, factory inspectorate in, 49;
ergotism in, 234.
Rye, spurred, 234.
S. S. Powder, 619.
Saccardo system, for ventilating St Gothard Tunnel, 738.
Sack-sewers (jute works), 652.
Safe-guarding of machinery, 203–31.
Safety lamps, in coal mines, 528.
Saggers, vessels in which earthenware is fired, 347, 383.
Sailing vessels, mortality incident in, 184.
Sailors, health of, 182–89;
food and habits of, 183;
diseases due to employment, habits, and climate, 184, 185;
to insanitary conditions and environment, 186;
accident death rate, 530.
St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 237, 245, 809.
St Gothard Tunnel, 738.
St Helens, copper-smelting at, 466;
chemical works at, 571, 579, 582, 584, 596;
plate-glass works at, 804.
St Yriex, near Limoges, kaolin found at, 385.
Salt, electrolysis of, 583.
Salt cake, or sulphate of soda, 570, 573;
hours of work, etc., of makers of, 586.
Salt mines (Cheshire), 508;
accidents in German, 513–15.
Saltash, use of caissons at, 731.
Saltpetre, 600, 611.
Sand quarries, 558.
Sandstone, dust, 274;
quarries, 558.
Sanitary Act, 29, 36.
Sanitary Commissions, 29.
Sanitary Condition of Labouring Population, Report (1838) on, 45.
Sanitary Congress, Newcastle, 808.
Sanitary measures in Factory Act of 1864, 35.
Sanitary State of the People of England (1858), 76.
Saturnine poisoning, _see_ encephalopathy.
Saws, circular, 227.
Sawyers, subject to rheumatism, bronchitis, and asthma, 791.
Saxony, mines, 518;
cancer of lung in smaltite miners, 538;
secret of tinplate making brought from, 681.
Scale tang cutlery, 412, 413.
Scapula’s _Lexicon_, 232.
Scarlet fever caused by cows’ milk, 247.
Schaefer, Dr H., _Die Spiegelberger_, 441.
Scheele, Dr, Berlin, 805.
Scheele’s green, 379.
Schmeisser, _The Goldfields of Australia_, 509.
Schmidt, Dr, 340.
Schölberg, H. A., his chemical analysis of a ganister miner’s lung,
404.
Schonbein, Professor, 419.
Schröter of Vienna, discovers red or amorphous phosphorus, 418.
Schultze powder, 619.
Schutte, Landsberg, & Co., 492.
Schweinfurt or Vienna green, 379.
Schweinitz, Professor de, _Toxic Amblyopias_, 769, 770.
Sciatica in field-workers, 232.
Scissors-makers, death rate, 137.
Scotch Fishery Board, 674.
Scotland, match works in, 419;
bichrome factories in, 449;
fish-curing a staple industry in, 674.
Scott, Dr Alexander, Glasgow, 796.
Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society, 801.
Scottish Council for Women’s Trades, 98.
Scouring china, 384.
Screws, set (mill-gearing), 209, 214.
Scriveners’ palsy, or spasm, 815–17.
Scroll- or draw-bands, 225.
Scurvy, in sailors, 183, 187.
Scutch mills, flax, 692, 694, 698.
Seamstresses’ cramp, 821.
Self-acting mules, 223–25.
Septum, ulceration of the nasal, 450–52.
Sequoia wood, effect of its sawdust, 791.
Serpentine quarries, 558.
Servants, domestic, liable to stomach ulceration, 798.
Sesquisulphide of phosphorus, 421, 430–32.
Set-screws (mill-gearing), 209, 214.
Setters, in ganister works, 398.
Severn Tunnel, nitro-glycerine fumes in, 613.
Sewing-machine workers, their ailments, 802.
Seymour, Lord, his Railway Act, 191.
Shaft ends, 217.
Shaftesbury, Lord, 38.
Shafting, for mill-gearing, 209, 210.
Shafts, downcast and upcast (mines), 540.
Shale quarries, 558.
Shanghai hides, 629.
Shears, Professor, 769.
Sheep, and anthrax, 624.
“Sheep dip,” arsenic in, 378.
Sheep’s wool, 634.
Sheet-glass factories, 804.
Sheffield, mother-of-pearl grinding in, 276;
file-cutters, 340;
high mortality in, 344, 345;
snuff, 769.
Sheffield Royal Infirmary, 777, 779, 781.
Shennan, Dr, Edinburgh, 778.
Shepherds and sheep diseases, 244, 247, 248.
Sherwin, J., 363.
Ship painters, 494.
Shipwrights, death rate, 596, 754.
Shoddy, 646.
“Shoddy fever,” in rag-grinders, 645.
Shoe-finishing and staining by lead compounds, plumbism and, 370.
Shoemakers, death rate, 155, 824;
spasm (idiopathic tetany), 822;
instance of chest deformity in, 823.
Shoreditch, cases of anthrax in, 627.
Shunters, railway, a perilous trade, 195–97.
Sicily, effects of fatigue in, 112.
Sick Insurance Fund, Germany, 55, 58.
Sidemoor, nail-making at, 760.
Siderosis, lung disease due to metallic dust, 273.
Siemens-Martin furnace, 756.
Siemens metal, heat of, 772.
Sierra de Gador, lead mines of, 284.
Sieve mills, ganister works, 398.
Sighters of aerated water, 787;
eye accidents to, 786.
Silicate of cotton, 788.
Silicosis, or chalicosis, lung disease due to stone-dust, etc.,
273.
Silk-dust, its effect on workers, 26.
Silver and gold extraction, 440.
Silver finishers or burnishers, eye affection, of, 771.
Silvering of mirrors, 440.
Simon, Sir John, Medical Officer to the Privy Council, 24, 26, 29,
76, 77, 81, 84.
Simon, Dr R., 144.
Simplon Tunnel, 739.
Size in cotton, its effects on health, 705, 706;
constituents of, 715.
Skin and hides, Special Rules for dry-salting, 856.
Skin disease due to dust (pneumoconiosis), 268;
in flax workers, 260.
Slag, basic, 276, 390–95.
Slate quarries, 558.
Slaughterers liable to anthrax, 244;
and erysipelas, 245.
Sledge hammer, or Oliver, 759.
Sledging, in ganister crushing, 397.
Slip-makers (pottery), 383.
Slips, in mill-gearing, 225.
Slubbing frames (cotton spinning), 703.
Smallpox, allied to cowpox and horsepox, 247;
caused by rags in papermaking, 644;
upholsterers liable to, 789.
Smaltite, causes lung cancer, 538.
Smelting works (Germany), accidents in, 513–15.
Smith, Dr Andrew, New York, 731, 735.
Smith, Angus, _Air and Rain_, 543.
Smith, Sir Frederick, Inspector General, Board of Trade, 191.
Smith, Commander Hamilton, 277, 767.
Smith, Lorrain, 544, 550.
Smith, Sidney, Factory Inspector, 591.
Smoke in mines, carbonic acid, its poisonous constituent, 553, 554.
Smyrna, emery rock imported from, 813.
Snaefell colliery accident, 554.
Snell, Dr Simeon, 482, 488, 730.
Snuff, manufacture of, 767.
Social Science Congress (1865), 411.
Society of Arts, 501.
Society of File-Cutters by Hand in Sheffield, 345.
Soda, 581, 583.
Sodium, manufacture of, 447–54;
Special Rules for, 844.
Sodium nitrate, 581.
Soft rags, 644.
Soldering, and plumbism, 323.
Soldiers, diseases of, 166–81;
their barracks, 168;
tight-fitting uniforms abolished, 169;
“irritable heart” and tobacco, _ibid._;
night-guard, 170;
life in hot dry climates, 171;
in hot moist climates, 173;
specific diseases of campaigns, 177.
Sommerfeld, _Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten_, 439.
Soot merchants, death rate, 145.
Soot, its effects on the skin, 808;
and cancer, 810.
Soot warts, 810.
South London, fur-pullers in, 726.
South Wales, mines, 158–60;
tinplate works, 681.
Southwark, cases of anthrax in, 627.
Spain, employment of women after childbirth in, 54;
pellagra in, 235.
Spanish lead ore, 283.
Spanton, W. D., 354.
Spear, Mr, Local Government Board, 625, 626, 630–32.
Special Rules, in Germany and England, 55, 59;
France, 57;
and Arbitration, 65–71;
in potteries, 361, 365;
under Factory Acts, 829–64.
Spiegel iron, 758.
Spike nails, 759.
Spindle ends, 217.
Spinners (flax), phthisis among, 696–98.
Spirit or inflammable paints, use of, 494–96.
Splenic fever, _see_ anthrax.
Sporting explosives, 619.
Spragging, in coal mines, 527.
Spur wheels, 216.
Squire, Miss, 442, 671.
Stablemen, subject to glanders and farcy, 238.
Staffordshire, infant mortality in artisan towns of, 73;
wages of male and female workers, 88;
mines in, 158–61;
home of the pottery industry, 346;
earthenware and china makers in, 350, 351.
Stagnant and compressed air, diseases due to working in, 728–48.
“Stamp-lickers’ tongue,” 803.
Stannington clay, 397.
Starch, 619.
Starting-gear for gas and oil engines, 208.
_Statistik der Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft für das Deutsche
Reich_, 512.
_Statistique de l’Industrie Minérale en France et en Algerie_, 520.
_Statisque de Mines, etc., Royaume de Belgique._
Steam engines, 206.
Steam laundries, machinery in, 665.
Steamers, mortality incident in, 184.
Steel and iron industries, 756–60.
Steel-melters’ composition, 400.
Steel-workers, death rate, 135, 140;
eye diseases, 771–75;
eye accidents, 776–83.
Steel works, use of converters in, 757.
Steel grinding, 408–16.
Steel pens, and writers’ palsy, 815, 818, 819.
Steeping or retting pond, for jute, 651;
for flax, 652.
Stephenson, George, 191.
Stephenson, Dr, Medical Health Officer, Blackburn, 706.
Stereotyping, 331.
Stevenson, Dr, 460, 461.
Stive room, in basic slag works, 391.
Stockman, Professor, Glasgow, 426.
Stoke-on-Trent, Pottery Arbitration at, 21, 363;
potteries at, 554.
Stokers, railway, pulmonary anthracosis in, 797.
Stokes, Mr, Report on Whitwick Colliery fire, 554.
Stomach ulceration, domestic servants liable to, 798.
Stone, racing the (wet-grinding), 412.
Stone, workers in (cutters, masons, quarriers, etc.), eye accidents
to, 784.
Stone-quarriers, death rate, 135, 143.
Stooping gait (kyphosis), in field-workers, 133.
Stourbridge fireclay, 399, 400.
Strap forks, 217.
Strasburg Bridge, Rhine, 731.
Strassmann and Strecker, 482, 486.
Strick of flax, 693.
Strong’s “Standard Guard” for engine fly-wheels, 207.
Stühler, Dr, Berlin, 325, 333.
Stumpf, Dr, 325.
Subchloride of mercury (calomel), 442, 443.
Suffit, Dr Courtois-, 431.
Sugar and alcohol, as muscular food, 114.
Suicide, in file-cutters, 138;
chimney sweeps, 146;
bookbinders, printers, musicians, 151;
hatters, 152;
drapers, 154, 155;
shoemakers, 155;
ironstone miners, 161;
occupied and unoccupied men, 164;
publicans, 802.
Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, 570, 573.
Sulphide of lead (galena), 348, 538.
Sulphide of mercury (vermilion), 438, 443.
Sulphur, 581, 582.
Sulphur dioxide, 580, 581.
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 555, 582.
Sulphuric acid, 570;
manufacture of, 580.
Sulser-Ziegler, Mr, Director of Brandt, Brandau et Cie., Zurich,
740.
Sunderland, 360.
Sunderland Infirmary, 808.
Sunstroke, 171, 175, 180.
Sutton, H., 363.
Swan, Joseph Wilson, 5.
Swansea, copper smelting at, 466, 467.
Sweating System, House of Lords’ Committee on the, 40.
Sweden, factory inspectorate in, 47;
ergotism in, 234;
lucifer match industry in, 422.
Swift, or drum for rag-grinding, 645.
Swine and anthrax, 624.
Switzerland, factory inspectorate in, 47;
employment of women after childbirth, 53, 88, 685;
use of white phosphorus limited, 60;
yellow phosphorus prohibited, 422;
phosphorus necrosis in, 428;
chimney sweeping in, 811.
Sydney, week’s work of forty-four hours in coal mines and
factories, 8;
death from electric shock in, 257.
Syphilis, sailors and, 184.
Tailors, death rate, 153.
Talamon, Dr, 320.
Tanners, death rate, 244, 245.
Tannery refuse, and anthrax, 624.
Tanquerel, Dr, 327.
Tar, cancer among workers in, 812.
Tardien, M., 303.
Tasmania, eight hours’ day in, 8.
Tatham, Dr John, _Decennial Supplements to Registrar-General’s
Reports_, 118, 345, 389, 593, 596, 717, 719, 801, 809.
Taylor, Dr Frederick, 746.
Tea lead rollers, lead insanity among, 308.
Teagles, 221.
Telegraphists’ spasm or cramp, 819.
Telfer, Councillor, Edinburgh, 791.
Templeman, Dr, Medical Health Officer, Dundee, 82.
Tennant, H. J., M.P., 14.
Terra-cotta, 348.
Terrier, Professor, 775.
Tetanus, or lockjaw, 240–42;
its micro-organism, 241;
in quarrymen, 564;
jute-workers, 659;
idiopathic (shoemakers’ spasm), 822.
Textile factories, accidents in, 12;
limitation of hours in, 35;
death rate of workers in, 147;
machinery in, 225, 226.
Thackrah, Dr, _Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions on Health
and Longevity_, 458.
Thermometer-making, 439.
Thomas, Dr, Limehouse, 280.
Thomas Gilchrist process, in steel manufacture, 390.
Thomson, Captain, Inspector of Explosives, 502.
Thorpe, Professor T. E., 350–53, 355, 357–61, 363, 364, 368, 417,
419, 803.
Thread mills, 803.
Threshing, eye accidents in, 783.
Throstles (cotton spinning), 703.
Throwing (potteries), 383.
Tile making, and manufacture of porcelain stoves, 367.
Tillmanns, Professor, Leipzig, 812.
_Times_, 362.
Tin-houses, in tinplate works, 685.
Tin-miners, death rate, 162, 535.
Tinplate works, processes of manufacture in, 681;
women’s labour in, 681–86;
risks to health, 683.
Tinker and Holliday, Huddersfield, 501.
Tinley, Dr, 234.
Tinning and enamelling of hollow ware, 319;
Special Rules for, 848, 863.
Tizzoni, Professor, the tetanus bacilli, 241, 242;
on hydrophobia, 244.
Tobacco, soldiers use of, 169;
manufacture of, 768, 793;
toxic amblyopia in workers, 768;
pregnancy and, 794.
Todmorden, cotton sizing at, 705.
Tolindene, 591.
Toluene, 475.
Tonite (cotton powder), 555, 559, 611, 620.
Tools, machine, 212.
Toothed wheels, 216, 217.
Torticollis, or wry-neck, 762.
Tow, flax, 673;
sliver-yarn, 694.
Towing (pottery), 383.
Toxic hysteria, caused by bisulphide of carbon, 473.
Trade, Grand Committee (1902) on, 43.
Trade Accident Associations (Germany), 55.
Trade Unions, 2.
Trades Union Congress (1882), 705.
Tramways, electric, 323.
_Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers_, 508, 516,
517, 541, 543.
_Transactions of Ophth. Society of the United Kingdom_, 770.
_Transactions of the Royal Society of England_, 26, 27.
Transfer making and chromo-lithographic works, 365;
Special Rules for, 840.
Transformer stations, electric, 250.
Tremenheere, Mr, Inspector of Mines, 28.
Triamidobenzine, 483.
Trichinosis, 249.
Triger, M., French engineer, 730.
Trinitrobenzine, 476, 483.
Trinitrophenol, or picric acid, 619.
Trinitrotoluene, 476.
Tropical diseases, in sailors, 185.
Tuberculosis, common disease in cows, 247;
in typographers, 275, 329, 330.
Tunnels, dangers of making and working in, 737–43.
Tunstall potteries, 346.
Turbines, 208.
Turin, Congress of Hygiene at, 288.
Tuyere holes (steel works), 758.
_Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine_, 442, 819.
Tyler, Captain, Board of Trade Inspecting Officer, 193.
Tyneside, decay of chemical industry on, 6;
lead insanity in, 283;
plumbism, 312.
Typhoid fever, 174, 177, 179;
among field-workers, 234;
in Dundee, 662;
among boilermakers and shipbuilders, 754.
Type-setters’ spasm, 821.
Typographers (type founders and setters) and lead dust, 275;
and plumbism, 324–32.
Typographical Associations, 328;
Mortality Tables, 329, 330.
Tyrol, milkers’ spasm in cowherds of the, 821.
Ulceration of the nasal septum, due to bichromes, 451;
of the stomach in domestic servants, 798.
Underground railways, gases in, 744–45.
Unhealthy trades, Dr Guy’s classification of, 130.
United Alkali Co., 570, 579.
United Society of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders, 754.
Unoccupied and occupied men, mortality of, 162, 594, 595, 719, 720.
Upcast shaft (mines), 540.
Upholsterers, and flocks, 466;
subject to respiratory troubles, smallpox, erysipelas, etc., 789.
Urinary diseases, in potters, 136;
cutlers, 137, 595;
file-cutters, 138, 595;
glass-makers, 139, 595;
copper-workers, 140, 595;
iron-workers, 141;
lead-workers, 143, 595;
brass-workers, 145;
chimney sweeps, 146;
wool-workers, 148;
bookbinders, 150;
printers, musicians, 151;
miners, 158, 161, 162;
occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595;
caused by dinitrobenzine, 482–85;
among brewers, carpenters, chemical workers, earthenware makers,
595;
publicans, etc., 802.
Urobilin, 483.
Uttley, Stuart, 345.
Vaccinia, or cowpox, cowmen and dairymaids subject to, 246.
Van der Borght, Dr, his definition of industrial disease, 15.
Van Giesson, 401.
Van Leyden, 747.
Varicocele, in carpenters, 791;
engine drivers, 796.
Varicose veins, 19.
Vegetable dyes, 317.
Velten in Brandenburg, plumbism among glazed tile makers, 368.
Venereal diseases, in soldiers, 177;
sailors, 183, 185.
Ventilation of factories, 51.
Vermilion (sulphide of mercury), 443.
Verhægen, Arthur, 14, 16–18.
Vernati, Sir Philberto, 26.
Veterinary surgeons, 238, 244, 247, 248.
Victor guard, 228.
Victoria, eight hours’ day in, 8.
Vienna, epidemic of idiopathic tetany in, 822.
Violinists’ cramp, 821.
Viper bites, in field-workers, 236.
Vitriol makers, hours of work, etc., 586.
Vitriol, oil of, 570.
Volante, Dr, Medical Officer at Iselle (Simplon Tunnel), 741, 743.
Volts, 252, 253.
Vulcanisation of indiarubber, 768;
Special Rules for, 855.
Wadsworth’s “Self-landing and Delivering Hoist,” 222.
Wages, effect of home work on, 103.
Wall papers, arsenic in, 379.
Walmsley, J. H., Factory Inspector, Stoke-on-Trent, 352, 354.
Walsrode (sporting powder), 619.
Ward, Thomas, _The Subsidences in and around the Town of Northwich
in Cheshire_, 508.
Warpers, flax, 695;
cotton spinning, 703.
Washers, in tinplate works, 682;
of aerated water bottles, 688.
Washing of lead-workers’ and painters’ clothes, plumbism caused by,
369.
Water, importance of its source and purity, 177, 185, 188.
Water-born diseases, enteric and cholera, 178, 179, 185, 188.
Water-gauges on boilers, eye accidents due to bursting of, 787.
Water-gilding, 440.
Water-wheels, 208.
Watson, Mr, Secretary, Miners’ Permanent Benefit Fund, 776.
Weavers, flax, phthisis and bronchial troubles in, 696–98;
eye accidents to, 785.
Weavers’ Association, 707.
Weaving sheds (cotton spinning), 704.
Weber, Professor H. F., his electric experiments, 252.
Wedgewood, 347.
Wegner, Professor, experiments with phosphorus, 425.
Weldon process, in bleach powder making, 575, 576, 580.
Well-sinkers, eye accidents to, 542.
West coast of Africa, 173.
West Riding, Yorkshire, mines, 160;
wool industry in, 634.
Westphalia, mining laws in, 537;
anchylostomiasis in, 537.
Westphalite, for blasting, 619.
Wet-grinders, 411–16;
phthisis in, 412.
Weyl’s _Handbuch der Hygiene_, 441.
Wheat-cleaning, dust from, 276;
dirt in imported, 506.
Wheels (in mill-gearing), bevel, 212, 217;
toothed, 216, 217;
spur, 216, 226;
plate, 218;
carriages, 225;
balance, 226.
Whinstone, or basalt, quarries, 558.
White, Dr Sinclair, 343.
White, Walter, _Month in Yorkshire_, 644.
White lead, 288;
is there a substitute for? 293–295.
White Lead Commission (1893), 259, 286, 289, 293, 298, 313, 318,
369.
White lead poisoning, _see_ plumbism.
White lead works, 36, 39, 42;
blue and white beds in, 289;
different methods of manufacture in, 291, 292;
plumbism in, 295 _et seq._;
displacement of female by male labour, 297;
Special Rules for, 829.
White or yellow phosphorus, 417–19, 421;
a substitute for, 429, 432.
White-damp, 554.
Whitelegge, Dr A., Chief Inspector of Factories, 12, 419, 464, 626.
Whittaker, J. L., 363.
Whittingham Asylum, Preston, Lancashire, 800.
Whitwick Colliery fire, 554.
Whymper, Mr, on tinplate works, 682.
Wiesbaden, plumbism in electric accumulators works at, 320.
Wigan, railway accident at, 192.
Wildmark, Professor, 775.
Wilkin, Dr, Dresden, 363.
Wilks, Sir Samuel, 421.
Williams, G. J., Mines Inspector, 554.
Williams, W., Factory Inspector, 713, 714, 716.
Wilson, H. J., Factory Inspector, 277, 299, 659, 756.
Winches, cranes, etc., 221.
Winders, flax, 695;
cotton, 703.
Windmills, 208.
_Windsor Magazine_, 497, 498.
Winlaton, manufacture of nails, locks, and angle iron at, 759.
Wire-drawing, eye accidents in, 785.
Wirers, aerated water, 687.
Wollner, Dr, 441.
Wolverhampton, iron-plate enamelling industry at, 317;
hollow ware, 319.
Women, Factory Acts first extended to, 32;
appointed Factory Inspectors (1893), 41;
limitation of employment after childbirth, 53, 54;
as dust sorters, 278–81;
more susceptible to plumbism than men, 296, 318;
effects of mercurial poisoning on, 438;
in tinplate works, 681–86;
in aerated water works, 687–90;
in tobacco and cigar factories, 794, 795.
Women’s Industrial Council of London, 98, 795.
Wood turners, death rate, 135.
Woodhouse and Mitchell’s guard, 229.
Wool and worsted workers, death rate, 135, 148;
and anthrax, 244, 634–43;
Special Rules for, 851–54, 857.
“Wool-sorters’ disease,” pulmonary anthrax, 637.
Woollen rags, 644.
Woolwich Arsenal adopts eight hours’ day, 8.
Woolwich Testing Station, 616.
Worcester Porcelain Company, 360.
Work and fatigue, physiology and pathology of, 104–117.
Working classes, and factory legislation, 3;
physique of, 7;
physical, moral, and economical evils of, 25;
indifference to the health of, 27;
divided into artisans and labourers, 111;
and the use of alcohol, 113.
Workmen’s Compensation Act (1897), 9–13, 19, 20, 565.
Workshop Regulation Act of 1867, amended 1870, 36.
Workshops, survey of legislation for, 44–62.
Wrecks, 184.
Wright, G. F., Factory Inspector, 370.
“Wrist drop,” 306;
in file-cutters, 343.
Writers’ palsy, or cramp, 815–19.
Wry-neck, or torticollis, 762.
Wutzdorff, Dr, _Die in Chromatfabriken, etc._, 320, 448, 449, 453.
Yarn, jute, 652;
flax, 694.
Yellow fever in sailors, 183, 186.
Yellow lead works, Special Rules for, 847.
Yellow or white phosphorus, 417–19, 421;
a substitute for, 429, 432, 433.
Ygonin, Professor, 794.
Yolk, or grease, in wool of animals, 636.
Yorkshire, efforts of labour employers in, 82;
child-labour in, 92;
mines, 161.
Youatt, Mr, on influenza in horses, 244.
Young, Ralph, 9, 11.
_Zeitschrift Deutsche Milit._, 751.
_Zeitschrift für Chirurgie, Deutsche_, 812.
_Zeitschrift für das Berg-, Hütten- und Salinen-wesen im
Preussischen Staate_, 518, 537.
Ziegler, Sulser-, Mr, 740.
Zinc chloride, in sizing, 715.
Zinc poisoning in brass-works, 460.
Zinc white, a substitute for white lead? 293–295.
Zinc-workers, death rate, 135, 141.
Printed by
Oliver & Boyd
Edinburgh
FOOTNOTES:
[1] See also Prof. Louis’ paper, “Coal Mining,” where this subject is
dealt with at greater length.
[2] As an outcome of suggestions made at the Pottery Arbitration at
Stoke-on-Trent (November 1901), a scheme is being formulated by a
committee of employers, representatives of the operatives, and the
Ocean Accident Insurance Company, under which all workers in dangerous
processes in potteries will be able to insure against lead poisoning,
the premiums to be supplemented by contributions from the manufacturers.
[3] For example: “The accidents which happen to the workmen are:
Immediate pain in the stomach, with exceeding contortions in the guts,
and costiveness that yields not to cathartics; ... next a vertigo
or dizziness in the head with continual great pain in the brows,
blindness, stupidity, and paralytic affections; loss of appetite,
sickness and frequent vomiting to the extremest weakness of the
body.”--_Transactions of the Royal Society_, Abridged Edition,
vol. ii., p. 576; paper by Sir Philberto Vernati).
[4] The same volume, papers by Dr Walter Pope and Dr Ed. Brown.
[5] Ramazzini: see passages I have quoted, with comparisons, in the
Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1898, pp. 171–2.
[6] _Transactions of the Royal Society_, vol. ii.
[7] See especially, Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of
the Labouring Population of Great Britain. Printed by W. Clowes & Sons
for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1842, pp. 256–261, 409–444, etc.
[8] See more particularly, Special Reports on Mines Legislation in
Germany, France, Belgium, by Her late Majesty’s Mines Inspector, Mr
Tremenheere, in 1848 and 1849.
[9] “Defects of ventilation are in theory dealt with under the Nuisance
Removal Act.... In practice these powers are hitherto almost unapplied;
partly because the magnitude of the evil is but most imperfectly
appreciated either by local authorities and justices, or by the slowly
suffering artisans themselves; and perhaps still more ... for another
reason. In any proceedings ... an official complainant should be ready
to state in precise terms what remedy he asks the justices to apply.
Now, to describe suitable ventilation for a workplace there must be a
fair amount of intelligence and discrimination.... An average inspector
of nuisances cannot dictate ventilation off-hand, as he would direct
the clearance of a dust-bin. Justices acting without skilled advice
cannot themselves order in detail particular means of ventilation....
Thus it seems, the evil is left unabated.... Against the other sources
of disease to which the report has referred, no law yet pretends to
make provision.”--_Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy
Council_, 1861, p. 29.
[10] Except for prohibition of underground employment of women and
girls, and limitation of employment of boys (1842), metalliferous mines
were unregulated until 1872.
[11] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1862,
p. 31.
[12] When legislation followed the terrible revelations of the Royal
Commission of 1841.
[13] Intervening Acts had extended the general principle of protection
to young workers in cotton mills other than apprentices.
[14] The principles of organised inspection and reporting of fatal
accidents had been already secured by a short Act of 1850. Both this
and the Act of 1855 were to continue for five years only in force;
later Acts were permanent in form.
[15] It should be noted that in 1862–3 skilled observations were being
made and valuable reports presented by Dr Bristowe and others, under
the Medical Officer to the Privy Council, on industries in which
lead, phosphorus, arsenic and mercury were used, and the precautions
necessary for health.
[16] In the Report of the Commissioners of 1875, this industry was
especially named as needing closer regulation.
[17] Report by Alexander Redgrave, Esq., C.B., on white lead poisoning,
November 1882, p. 12.
[18] I set aside entirely consideration of the otherwise important
educational, wages, and employment sections of this code, as beyond the
scope of this article.
[19] Hitherto touched only by the employment limitations of Lord
Shaftesbury’s Act of thirty years before, and the first five sections
of the Act of 1860 relating to age and certificates of boys, and
prohibition of employment of youths under eighteen in charge of
machinery for raising and lowering persons at the pit.
[20] “Such special rules for the guidance of the persons employed
... as may appear best calculated to enforce the use by them of the
requirements provided under this Act, and generally to prevent injury
to health in the course of their employment,” 46 and 47 Vict., ch. 53,
sect. 7.
[21] Mention may be made of manufacture of lucifer matches, extraction
of arsenic, manufacture of earthenware, enamelling of iron plates,
quarries, chemical works, lead smelting, flax mills, and linen
factories.
[22] For example, by control of structural conditions, ventilation
and cleanliness of workrooms, and of modes of handling dangerous
substances, and condition of appliances and machinery used; of
provision for cleanliness of workers, and maintenance of their general
health by periodical examination and suspension; and, not least
important, by exclusion of young workers.
[23] For example, such publications as the _Bulletin de l’Inspection
du Travail_ of France, and the _Annuaire de la Législation du
Travail_ of Belgium.
[24] A matter first dealt with by section 12 of the Government Factory
Bill, which passed its second reading June 1901.
[25] See Report prefacing the Royal Decree of 27th December 1886, for
the beginning of this tendency.
[26] Similar, though much fewer in number, are the special regulations
in Austria and in Hungary.
[27] The result of another year’s inquiry is given on p. 87 by Dr Reid.
[28] See Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths, and
Marriages for 1899.
[29] See _infra_, p. 77.
[30] See Report of Lady Assistant Commissioners, 1893.
[31] See Report in the _British Medical Journal_ of 17th November
1894 of the Deputation organised by the Parliamentary Bills Committee
of the British Medical Council, which waited upon Mr Asquith to urge
greater legislative restriction of the employment of mothers in
factories.
[32] _English Sanitary Institutions_, p. 298.
[33] Papers relating to the Sanitary State of the People of England,
1858.
[34] This is the period of abstention from work prescribed since 1891
under the Factory Act.
[35] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council.
[36] For the first two influences see quotation on p. 76, from the
Report made to the General Board of Health.
[37] The prohibition of employment within a month of childbirth,
enacted in 1891.
[38] Royal Commission on Labour. Reports of Lady Assistant
Commissioners, p. 102.
[39] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1861.
[40] The deafness of a stupid boy or girl is not usually the result of
a defect in the organ--but rather of brain-organisation. It requires
intelligence and often training to hear well--that is to say, to
receive impressions and interpret them rapidly.
[41] The question as to whether alcohol is a food is too large to
discuss here. There is nothing to show that alcohol itself contributes
to the building up of the body. Breaking down in the system into
carbonic acid and water, it supplies warmth, thereby aiding the vital
force; and by sparing the fat which should perform this function, and
allowing it to be deposited in the tissues, it adds to the body weight,
and is therefore indirectly a food.
[42] _Decennial Supplement to the 55th Report of the
Registrar-General_, Part II. By John Tatham, M.A., M.D. Eyre and
Spottiswoode.
[43] _Hygiene and Diseases of Occupations_, by Dr Arlidge, p. 306.
Percival & Co.
[44] These figures relate exclusively to Lancashire, which is the seat
of the cotton industry.
[45] Dr Ogle’s Decennial Supplement to the 45th Report of the
Registrar-General.
[46] There is also the opinion that beriberi is nothing else than
arsenical poisoning, but this awaits confirmation. T. O.
[47] Note that in all cases I have given the nearest round figures in
order to avoid encumbering the figures with fractions.
[48] By the addition of the words “or other appliance” to the
definition of “mill-gearing,” the Act of 1901, Sec. 156, would now
appear to include all belts by which the first moving power is
communicated to any machine in the expression “mill-gearing.”
[49] To show the importance of following this injunction, it is
only necessary to mention an accident recorded in the _Electrical
Review_. While a man was cleaning an electric street lamp at Boston
he received a shock and was killed, his body being suspended from
the wires. A man who endeavoured to remove the body came in contact
with it, and was dashed to the ground with such violence that he died
shortly afterwards.
[50] _Metals_, Huntington and M’Millan, p. 124.
[51] This process is more fully described on p. 313.
[52] _Bulletin de l’Inspection du Travail_, 1901, No. 1., p. 77.
[53] According to the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories
for 1897, there were 370 cases of plumbism reported as having occurred
during 1897 in white lead works. The average number of persons employed
in such works was, in 1896, 2499, and of these some were engaged in the
manufacture of red and yellow lead. One person out of seven of those
employed in white lead works suffered from plumbism during that year.
For 1898 the statistics as indicated below did not show any abatement,
a circumstance which led to a communication being sent from the Home
Secretary to the manufacturers as to the desirability of replacing the
old stoves by others of newer design, and the introduction of other
mechanical and structural arrangements with effective precautions.
Month. Males. Females. Total.
January 14 31 45
February 22 14 36
March 13 24 37
April 14 19 33
May 18 28 46
June 21 9 30
July 28 9 37
August 31 5 36
September 67 1 68
October 38 2 40
November 34 1 35
December 46 1 47
This table shows the transference of the incidence of plumbism from
female to male operatives. Since the introduction of new stoves
for drying, also other methods of mixing white lead, plumbism has
considerably decreased.
[54]
NUMBER OF PERSONS, male and female, employed in white lead
manufacture in the Newcastle-upon-Tyne district during two years
previous to the abolition of female labour, 1898, and two years
since. Supplied by Mr H. J. Wilson, H.M. Inspector of Factories.
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. |
+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+
|Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.|
| 328 | 565 | 329 | 571 | 648 | 350 | 741 | 227 | 769 | 231 |
| \ | / | \ | / | \ | / | \ | / | \ | / |
| 893 | 900 | 998 | 968 | 1000 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
Instead, therefore, of the number of hands employed in the white lead
industry in this district having diminished since the abolition of
female labour in the dangerous processes, the total number employed is
greater now than five years ago.
[55] Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories, 1897, p. 53.
[56] _Journal of Hygiene_, vol. i., p. 104, quoted by Dr Morison
Legge.
[57] “Lead Poisoning.” Gulstonian Lectures, delivered at Royal College
of Physicians, by Thomas Oliver, M.D. Published by Young J. Pentland,
Edinburgh.
[58] _British Medical Journal_, 22nd September 1900.
[59] Oliver, in Allbutt’s _System of Medicine_, vol. ii., “Lead
Poisoning.”
[60] Combe’s method in use in Paris, see p. 290.
[61] Messrs Locke, Blackett & Co.
[62] Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories, 1900, p. 313.
[63] “Die in electrisch. akkumulator fabriken”; Dr
Wutzdorff--_Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte_, 1898.
[64] _Encycloped. d’Hygiène_, p. 546.
[65] Quoted by Arlidge in _Diseases of Occupations_.
[66] “Dust from rafters contained 2.64 per cent. metallic lead; top
of stock, 14.82, and 22.28 per cent.; from floor under the stock,
2.63, and 4.37 per cent.”--Dangerous Trades Committee’s Fourth Interim
Report, p. 29.
[67] Lead Compounds in Pottery: Report to Secretary of State for Home
Department, by Professor T. E. Thorpe, F.R.S., and Professor T. Oliver,
M.D., 1899.
[68] By the term fritted lead is meant a compound of raw lead, silica,
and boric acid, etc., fused together at a very high temperature. The
product resembles glass in appearance, and is sparingly soluble in
acids. It is this substance which, when pulverised and mixed with water
and fine clay, can be used as a glaze for coating earthenware. (See p.
349.)
[69] This was written before the Arbitration Meeting at Stoke-on-Trent
in November 1901.
[70] In a Parliamentary paper published in February 1902, the number
of cases of lead poisoning occurring in earthenware and china works is
stated to be 106, _i.e._, 94 less than in the previous year.
[71] Dr MacAldowie, Senior Physician to the North Staffordshire
Infirmary, does not regard lead poisoning in the Potteries as the
serious malady it is generally believed to be. From 1891 to 1900 the
in-patients of the Infirmary numbered 19,505: of these, 213 were lead
poisoned patients, of whom 6 died. During the same period there were
91,748 out-patients, of whom 353 were lead poisoned; all recovered.
Dr MacAldowie is of opinion that lead poisoning is a curable malady
and seldom fatal. Also, that there is greater danger to health by the
operatives being exposed to minute than large quantities of lead.
Dealing with the low standard solubility of the fritt recommended in
our Report, he says: “The proposed extreme reduction in solubility
may be fraught with grave danger in the operatives. Where there is
prolonged and continuous exposure to the action of lead its toxic
effects are aggravated rather than minimized by minute doses.”
[72] “Ueber Bleivergiftungen der Arbeiten in Kachelofen-Fabriquen,” by
Rasch. (_Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesund_, 1898, xiv., p. 81.)
[73] Factories and Workshops: Annual Reports for 1899 and 1900.
[74] Included in other Industries.
[75] _Hygiene and Public Health_, London, 1901.
[76] _Our Domestic Poisons_, London, 1879.
[77] _Hygiene Diseases and Mortality of Occupations_, London, 1872.
[78] See also Dr Tatham’s Remarks and Tables, p. 136, etc.
[79] Published by Messrs Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1899.
[80] _Use of Phosphorus in the Manufacture of Lucifer Matches_,
1899, published by Eyre & Spottiswoode.
[81] Holland passed a law, dated 28th May 1901, prohibiting the
manufacture of phosphorus matches. This law, which came into force
on 1st July 1901, not only prohibits the manufacture of phosphorus
matches, but makes it illegal to convey or import them in larger
quantity than 100 grammes, or to hold more than this quantity for sale.
After January 1902 no such matches are to be kept in stock.
[82] _Hygiène des Professions et des Industries_ (Layet), p. 111.
[83] _British Medical Journal_, 1899, vol. ii., p. 270.
[84] As showing the extreme sensitiveness of the human mouth to
phosphorus, I recite the following: Into the rather wide canal of the
pipe of a friend who is a smoker there by chance entered a wax vesta,
with its head pointing to the mouthpiece. Shortly after smoking the
pipe my friend experienced a most unpleasant taste and disagreeable
odour. He continued smoking. Next day he had violent toothache. On
the second day so severe was the toothache that, on account of the
suppurating gums, tender teeth, and painful jawbone, the dentist was
obliged to extract five teeth. Although the teeth on their removal were
slightly carious, there had been no toothache until the smoking of
the pipe on the particular day. The acutely developed pain and rapid
destruction of the gums must in this case have been principally caused
by phosphorus fume.
[85] Extract from Dr T. Oliver’s Report to the Home Secretary, 20th
January 1899.
[86] _Revue d’Hygiène et de Police Sanitaire._ Oct. 1899.
[87] In May 1901 I visited the match works at Pantin, near Paris,
and found that as lucifer matchmaking was now regarded as a healthy
employment, the regulations previously insisted upon had been very
materially relaxed. Since the substitution of sesquisulphide for yellow
phosphorus, there has been no illness among the workpeople traceable to
their employment.
[88] _Histoire de l’Académie royale des Sciences pour l’Année_
1719, Paris, 1721, p. 359.
[89] _Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journ._, vol. viii., 1812, p. 376.
[90] _Untersuchungen über dem constitutionellen Mercurialismus_,
by Adolf Kussmaul, Würzburg, 1861.
[91] “Ueber die giftigen Hutmacherbeizen und deren nachtheiligen
Einfluss auf die Gesundheit,” by Dr J. Reitz.--_Zeitschrift für die
Staatsarzneikunde_, 1829, p. 381.
[92] For description of the machine, see Third Interim Report of the
Dangerous Trades Committee, p. 15: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1898.
[93] _Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte_, vol. v., p.
113.
[94] A. J. Kunkel, _Handbuch der Toxikologie_, p. 123.
[95] Sommerfeld, _Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten_, p. 502.
[96] See Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories for 1899, p. 138.
[97] Sommerfeld, _Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten_, p. 312.
[98] Quoted from _Die Spiegelbeleger_, by Dr H. Schaefer, p. 991,
of vol. viii. of Weyl’s _Handbuch der Hygiene_.
[99] For a full description of the processes, see a report by Miss
Deane and Miss Squire in the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of
Factories for the year 1898, p. 167.
[100] “Dangers du sécretage des poils par le mercure,” _Annales
d’Hygiène_, December 1892.
[101] Reference will be found to this source of mercurial poisoning in
America in the article on “Occupation Diseases,” by J. H. Lloyd, M.D.,
in _Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine_, vol. iii., p. 350.
[102] _Gefahren und Krankheiten in der chemischen Industrie_, by
Ch. Heinzerling, vol. i., p. 212.
[103] _Manual of Dyeing_, by E. Knecht, C. Rawson, and R.
Lœwenthal: C. Griffin, 1893.
[104] _Annales d’Hygiène publique_, vol. xx., p. 83.
[105] _Lancet_, 1854, i., p. 152.
[106] “Mémoire sur les accidents auxquels sont soumis les ouvriers
employés à la fabrication des chromates,” _Annales d’Hygiène
publique_, 1869, p. 5; and 1876, pp. 5 and 193.
[107] Report on the Condition of Labour in Chemical Works, the Dangers
to Life and Health of the Workpeople Employed therein, and the Proposed
Remedies: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1893.
[108] “Die in Chromatfabriken beobachtet an Gesundheitsschädigungen und
die zur Verhütung derselben erforderlichen Massnahmen,” _Arbeiten aus
dem Kaiserlichem Gesundheitsamte_, vol. xiii.
[109] “The Subsidences in and around the Town of Northwich in
Cheshire,” by Thomas Ward, _Trans. Inst. Min. Eng._, vol. xix., p.
241.
[110] Karl Schmeisser, _The Goldfields of Australia_, translated
by Henry Louis.
[111] _Statistik der Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft für das
Deutsche Reich_, Berlin, 1897.
[112] _Trans. Inst. Min. Eng._, vol. xix., p. 21.
[113] _Trans. Inst. Min. Eng._, vol. xix., p. 27.
[114] _Berichte über die Verwaltung der
Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft_, Berlin.
[115] _Zeitschrift für das Berg-, Hütten- und Salinen-wesen im
Preussischen Staate._
[116] _Jahrbuch für das Berg- und Hütten-wesen im Königreiche
Sachsen._
[117] _Royaume de Belgique--Statistique de Mines, Minières,
Carrières, etc._
[118] _Statistique de l’Industrie Minérale en France et en
Algérie._
[119] _Rivista del Servizio Minerario._
[120] _The Mineral Industry_, 1898, p. 719.
[121] See also the Annual General Reports upon the Mineral Industry of
the United Kingdom and Ireland for the years 1894, 1895, and 1896.
[122] Figures calculated from those given in the “Supplement to the
Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General,” 1897. These
figures refer to the years 1891–93.
[123] “Supplement to the Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the
Registrar-General.”
[124] From statistics kindly supplied by the Secretary of the
Association.
[125] Actuarial Report on the Northumberland and Durham Miners’
Permanent Relief Fund, 1897.
[126] _Loc. cit._
[127] In the Mines and Quarries Reports it is given as only 1.63, the
difference being mainly due to the fact that in the Registrar-General’s
returns, accidents not caused by the miners’ occupation are also
included.
[128] _Annales des Mines de Belgique_, vol. v., p. 318.
Bergassessor Hundt, “Die Bekämpfung der Wurmkrankheit (Ankylostomiasis)
im Oberbergamtsbezirke Dortmund,” _Zeitschrift f. Berg. Hütt. u.
Salinen-Wesen im Preussischen Staate_, 1898, p. 184.
[129] J. W. Hiene, “On the Effects of Copper on the Human Body,”
_Brit. Ass. Rept._, 1900, p. 697.
[130] Dr Harting and Dr Hesse (quoted by C. Le Neve Foster, _Ore and
Stone Mining_, p. 686).
[131] Report of Board of Inquiry at Broken Hill, Sydney, 1893.
[132] _Eleventh Census of the United States_, p. 238.
[133] _Trans. Inst. of Mining Engineers_, vol. xvi., 1899.
[134] _Air and Rain_, p. 167.
[135] See Haldane and Lorrain Smith, _Journal of Pathology_, vol.
i., p. 168.
[136] See Clowes, _Detection of Inflammable Gas_, 1896.
[137] Report to the Home Secretary on the Causes of Death in Colliery
Explosions and Fires: Parliamentary Paper, 1896.
[138] On the action of carbonic oxide, see papers by the writer in the
_Journal of Physiology_, vol. xviii., pp. 200, 430; vol. xx., p.
497; vol. xxii., p. 231; vol. xxv., p. 225; also the above-mentioned
Report to the Home Secretary, and Lorrain Smith, _British Medical
Journal_, 1889, vol. i., p. 780.
[139] See the very interesting Report on the Snaefell Fire by Professor
Le Neve Foster: Parliamentary Paper, 1897.
[140] See Mr Stokes’ Official Report: Parliamentary Paper, 1898.
[141] According to the last Annual Report of H.M. Twelve Inspectors
of Mines and Quarries, over 61,000 individuals are engaged as quarry
employés inside the quarry, _i.e._, inside the actual pit, hole,
or excavation, and over 32,000 outside the quarry, _i.e._, outside
the actual pit, hole, or excavation. In some districts a few females
are engaged in quarry work.
[142] See Act to provide for the better regulation of quarries:
Quarries Act, 1894.
[143] In giving the output of the various explosives, I have been most
careful so to classify them as to avoid disclosures which might by any
possibility be objected to by those members of the Explosives Trade to
whose courtesy I owe the information. For instance, I have not even
differentiated between gunpowder and high explosives, owing to the fact
that the gunpowder trade is now concentrated in the hands of three or
four firms.
[144] In the year 1899 alone 146 accidents with gunpowder in mines
killed 15 persons and injured 148 others. Few, if any, of these were
reported, and if multiplied by 10 and added to the casualties due to
this explosive, the figures under heading No. 1 would be enormously
increased.
[145] This is exclusive of accidents in factories which did not cause
death or personal injury.
[146] The question as to whether electric firing should be rendered
compulsory in dangerous mines is at present _sub judice_, and any
expression of opinion on the matter would therefore be out of place,
but it goes without saying that the means of firing should be as free
from risk as practicable.
[147] Prior to the year 1893, horses, asses, and mules were not
included in the definition of the word “animals” in the Orders relating
to Anthrax.
[148] Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1900.
[149] Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1900.
[150] In giving the figures showing the proportion of cases to the
total number of patients, any fractions have been omitted for the sake
of clearness.
[151] Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories for 1896.
[152] The age is raised to twelve by the Factory Act, 1901.
[153] _Vide_ Dr Gilbert’s Photographs of Dermatoconioses, page 269.
[154] Mr Williams, in his annual report to the Chief Inspector of
Factories for the year 1900, gives the results of his examination of
air from thirty-five weaving-sheds before and after the ventilation
had been improved so as to comply with this regulation. The average
of the amounts of carbonic acid found in the air of the sheds before
the improvement of the ventilation was 13 per 10,000, and after the
improvement 7.9 per 10,000. If the usual amount of carbonic acid in the
outside air of towns (4 per 10,000) be deducted, the amount of impurity
due to respiration is seen to be in the one case 9 parts, and in the
other only 3.9 parts per 10,000.
[155] To the above a note might be added, bearing upon the dangers
to health in the manufacture of felt hats from the prepared fur.
In the process of manufacture known in the trade as “carotting,”
_i.e._, where the rabbits’ skins are brushed with a solution
of nitrate of mercury, the workmen are exposed to the inhalation of
mercurial and nitrous vapours (a point alluded to by Dr T. M. Legge,
p. 442), and as a consequence the teeth become blackened and fall out
early. The men who are employed in the post-carotting processes, and
who are designated cutters, blockers, and pelt-shakers, often suffer
from muscular tremors (hatters’ shakers). In the _British Medical
Journal_, February 15, 1902, Dr Charles Porter, formerly Medical
Officer of Health for Stockport, and at present County Medical Officer
of Health for Shropshire, describes the processes of manufacture and
hygiene of felt hat making, and gives illustrations of the rugged,
loosened, and discoloured finger nails of plaukers and blockers, as
well as of the callosities which form upon the thenar and hypo-thenar
eminences of the hands.
T. O.
[156] Now Mr H. B. Fawcus, M.B., Royal Army Medical Corps.
[157] 1 kilometre = ⅝ English mile.
[158] A metre = 1 yard 3 inches.
[159] “The Great Alpine Tunnels,” Francis Fox, _Proceedings, Royal
Institution, Great Britain_ (November 1901), p. 422.
[160] Since this was written there has occurred a large inrush of water
from the superincumbent calcareous strata into the tunnel, at the
Iselle end, which has seriously delayed operations.
[161] See p. 537, Anchylostomiasis in coal miners.
[162] See also Dr Haldane’s remarks _re_ carbonic acid and carbon
monoxide gases, “The Air of Mines,” p. 544.
[163] Extracted from the Returns of the Registrar-General.
[164] Mr H. J. Wilson, H.M. Inspector of Factories, informs me that
a short while ago a healthy workman while charging a Siemens-Martin
furnace was struck on the ear by a spark of molten steel. The particle
rebounded off the external meatus and penetrated the drum of the ear,
setting up a purulent otitis, which was followed by meningitis, fatal
on the ninth day. The particle of steel was found after death in the
middle ear.
[165] Report of Dangerous Trades Committee of Home Office, published by
Messrs Eyre & Spottiswoode.
[166] _Miners’ Nystagmus_, Snell, 1892.
[167] _British Medical Journal_, vol. i., 1892.
[168] _Des Amblyopias et Amauroses Toxiques_, 1897, page 47.
[169] _British Medical Journal_, 1884, vol. i., page 202.
[170] “Influence of Tobacco on Vision; some Investigations made in
Tobacco Manufactories of Cincinnati,” _Cinn. Lancet Clinic_, 29th
October 1892.
[171] _Toxic Amblyopias_, De Schweinitz, 1896.
[172] _Trans. of Ophth. Soc. of the United Kingdom_, 1886, vi., p.
144.
[173] Brose, _Knapp’s Archives of Ophthalmology_, March 1894.
[174] Rivers, _Knapp’s Archives of Ophthalmology_, March 1894.
[175] By Priest & Ashmore, opticians, Sheffield.
[176] The interference with sight is not greater than that occasioned
by many ladies’ veils.
[177] Report by Dangerous Trades Committee.
[178] _Vide_ also Report, by myself, for the Home Office,
and published in the _Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of
Factories_, 1901.
[179] Prof. Alexander Ogston, of Aberdeen, _Lancet_, Feb. 22,
1902, gives details of burns caused by the ignition of celluloid
combs and collars. He suggests that celluloid should be rendered
incombustible by the addition of some chemical.
[180] See “Eye Diseases and Eye Accidents in Relation to Industrial
Occupations,” p. 769.
[181] See Final Report of the Dangerous Trades Committee, Appendix.
[182] _Bulletin médical_, 16th December 1899, p. 1126.
[183] _Annales d’Hygiène_, April 1900, p. 358.
[184] See Mr Simeon Snell’s paper, “Eye Accidents,” etc., p. 773.
[185] “On Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney Sweeps and Others”: Butlin.
Reprinted from _Brit. Med. Journal_, 1892.
[186] _Deutsche Zeitschr. für Chirurgie_, xiii., 519, 1880.
[187] Final Report of the Dangerous Trades Committee, 1899.
[188] At the quarries in the Island of Naxos 300 men are employed.
Emery stone is too hard to be dug out or even blasted. It is one of the
hardest substances known. Large fires are kept blazing round the huge
blocks until the natural cracks expand with the heat, when levers are
inserted to prise them apart. The process is repeated until the blocks
are reduced in size to masses of a cubic foot or less, in which form it
is exported. It is estimated that there are still 20,000,000 tons of
emery available in Naxos.
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
corrected silently.
2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
been retained as in the original.
3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.