Indo-Chinese Peninsula, along the China Sea. It comprises Tonquin in the
north, Annam (in a narrower sense), and Cochin-China farther south; with
the inland territory of the Laos tribes: together, area, 170,000 sq. miles;
pop. 15,000,000, 9,000,000 being in Tonquin. In the narrow sense Annam now
denotes the country between Tonquin and French Cochin-China, under the
nominal rule of a native king (the present ruler, Khai-Dinh, succeeded to
the throne in 1916). Annam has an area of 52,100 sq. miles. Pop. (1919),
5,952,000, including 2117 Europeans. The coast is considerably indented,
especially at the mouths of the rivers, where it affords many commodious
harbours. Tonquin is mountainous on the north, but in the east is nearly
level, terminating towards the sea in an alluvial plain yielding good crops
of rice, cotton, fruits, ginger, and spices, and a great variety of varnish
trees, palms, &c. The principal river is the Song-ka, which has numerous
tributaries, many of them being joined together by canals, both for
irrigation and commerce. Tonquin is rich in gold, silver, copper, and iron.
Annam (in the narrow sense) is, generally speaking, unproductive, but
contains many fertile spots, in which grain, leguminous plants, sugar-cane,
cinnamon, &c., are produced in great abundance. Agriculture is the chief
occupation, but many of the inhabitants are engaged in the spinning and
weaving of cotton and silk into coarse fabrics, the preparation of varnish,
iron-smelting, and the construction of ships or junks. The inhabitants are
said to be the ugliest of the Mongoloid races of the peninsula, being under
the middle size and less robust than the surrounding peoples. Their
language is monosyllabic, and is connected with the Chinese. The religion
of the majority is Buddhism, but the educated classes hold the doctrines of
Confucius. The principal towns are Hanoi, the capital of Tonquin, and Hue,
the capital of the kingdom and formerly of the whole empire. Annam was
conquered by the Chinese in 214 B.C., but in A.D. 1428 it completely won
its independence. The French began to interfere actively in its affairs in
1847 on the plea of protecting the native Christians. By the treaties of
1862 and 1867 they obtained the southern and most productive part of
Cochin-China, subsequently known as French Cochin-China; and in 1874 they
obtained large powers over Tonquin, notwithstanding the protests of the
Chinese. Finally, in 1883, Tonquin was ceded to France, and next year Annam
was declared a French protectorate. After a short period of hostilities
with China the latter recognized the French claims, and Tonquin is now a
French colony, while the kingdom of Annam is, since 1886, entirely under
French direction. Cf. F. R. Eberhardt, _Guide de l' Annam_.
ANNAMABOE (-b[=o]'), a seaport in Western Africa, on the Gold Coast, 10
miles east of Cape Coast Castle, with some trade in gold-dust, ivory,
palm-oil, &c. Pop. about 5000.
AN'NAN, a royal and police burgh in Scotland, on the Annan, a little above
its entrance into the Solway Firth, one of the Dumfries district of burghs.
Pop. 3928.--The River _Annan_ is a stream 40 miles long running through the
central division of Dumfriesshire, to which it gives the name of
_Annandale_.
ANNAP'OLIS, the capital of Maryland, United States, on the Severn, near its
mouth in Chesapeake Bay. It contains a college (St. John's), a state-house,
and the United States Naval Academy. Pop. (1920), 11,214.
ANNAP'OLIS, a small town in Nova Scotia, on an inlet of the Bay of Fundy,
with an important traffic by railway and steamboat. It is one of the oldest
European settlements in America, dating from 1604.
ANN ARBOR, a town of Michigan, United States, on the Huron River, about 40
miles west of Detroit; the seat of the State university. It has
flour-mills, and it manufactures woollens, iron, and agricultural
implements. Pop. 19,516.
ANNATES (an'n[=a]ts), a year's income claimed for many centuries by the
Pope on the death of any bishop, abbot, or parish priest, to be paid by his
successor. In England they were at first paid to the Archbishop of
Canterbury, but were afterwards appropriated by the Popes. In 1532 the
Parliament gave them to the Crown; but in 1703 Queen Anne restored them to
the Church by applying them to the augmentation of poor livings. See _Queen
Anne's Bounty_.
[Illustration: Annatto (_Bixa Orell[=a]na_)]
ANNAT'TO, or ANNATO, an orange-red colouring matter, obtained from the pulp
surrounding the seeds of _Bixa Orell[=a]na_, a shrub native to tropical
America, and cultivated in Guiana, St. Domingo, and the East Indies. It is
sometimes used as a dye for silk and cotton goods, though it does not
produce a very durable colour, but it is much used in medicine for tinging
plasters and ointments, and to a considerable extent by farmers for giving
a rich colour to milk, butter, and cheese. The colour given by annatto
approaches very nearly the natural colouring matter of milk fat. It is
guaranteed to preserve the same colour throughout the year, and is
considered to be a legitimate colouring matter.
ANNE, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland was born at Twickenham, near
London, 6th Feb., 1664. She was the second daughter of James II, then Duke
of York, and Anne, his wife, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. With her
father's permission she was educated according to the principles of the
English Church. In 1683 she was married to Prince George, brother of King
Christian V of Denmark. On the arrival of the Prince of Orange in 1688,
Anne wished to remain with her father; but she was prevailed upon by Lord
Churchill (afterwards Duke of Marlborough) and his wife to join the
triumphant party. After the death of William III in 1702 she ascended the
English throne. Her character was essentially weak, and she was governed
first by Marlborough and his wife, and afterwards by Mrs. Masham. Most of
the principal events of her reign are connected with the war of the Spanish
Succession. The only important acquisition that England made by it was
Gibraltar, which was captured in 1704. Another very important event of this
reign was the union of England and Scotland under the name of Great
Britain, which was accomplished in 1707. Anne seems to have long cherished
the wish of securing the succession to her brother James, but this was
frustrated by the internal dissensions of the cabinet. Grieved at the
disappointment of her secret wishes, she fell into a state of weakness and
lethargy, and died, 20th July, 1714. The reign of Anne was distinguished
not only by the brilliant successes of the British arms, but also on
account of the number of admirable and excellent writers who flourished at
this time, among whom were Pope, Swift, and Addison. Anne bore her husband
many children, all of whom died in infancy, except one son, the Duke of
Gloucester, who died at the age of twelve.
ANNE (of Austria), daughter of Philip III of Spain, was born at Madrid in
1602, and in 1615 was married to Louis XIII of France. Richelieu, fearing
the influence of her foreign connections, did everything he could to humble
her. In 1643 her husband died, and she was left regent, but placed under
the control of a council. But the Parliament overthrew this arrangement,
and entrusted her with full sovereign rights during the minority of her son
Louis XIV. Having brought upon herself the hatred of the nobles by her
boundless confidence in Cardinal Mazarin, she was forced to flee from Paris
during the wars of the Fronde. She ultimately quelled all opposition, and
was able in 1661 to transmit to her son unimpaired the royal authority. She
spent the remainder of her life in retirement, and died 20th Jan., 1666.
ANNEALING (an-[=e]l'ing), a process to which many articles of metal and
glass are subjected after making, in order to render them more tenacious
and which consists in heating them and allowing them to cool slowly. When
the metals are worked by the hammer, or rolled into plates, or drawn into
wire, they acquire a certain amount of brittleness, which destroys their
usefulness, and has to be remedied by annealing. The tempering of steel is
one kind of annealing. Annealing is particularly employed in glass-houses,
and consists in putting the glass vessels, as soon as they are formed and
while they are yet hot, into a furnace or oven, in which they are suffered
to cool gradually. The toughness is greatly increased by cooling the
articles in oil.
ANNECY ([.a]n-s[=e]), an ancient town in France, department of
Haute-Savoie, situated on the Lake of Annecy, 21 miles s. of Geneva;
contains a cathedral and a ruinous old castle once the residence of the
counts of Genevois; manufactures of cotton, leather, paper, and hardware.
Pop. 15,622.--The lake is about 9 miles long and 2 broad.
[Illustration: Lobworm (one of the Annelida)]
ANNEL'IDA, or ANNULATA, an extensive division or class of Annulosa or
articulate animals, so called because their bodies are formed of a great
number of small rings, the outward signs of internal segmentation. The
earth-worm, the lobworm, the nereis, and the leech belong to this division.
They have red, rarely yellow or green, blood circulating in a double system
of contractile vessels, a double ganglionated nervous cord, and respire by
external branchiae, internal vesicles, or by the skin. Their organs of
motion consist of bristles or _setae_, which are usually attached to the
lateral surfaces of each segment, the bristles being borne on 'foot
processes' or _parapodia_. The number of body segments varies. As many as
400 may be found in some sea-worms. A complete digestive system is
developed, consisting of a mouth--armed with horny jaws and a protrusible
proboscis--gizzard, stomach, and intestine. See _Earth-worm_, _Leech_, &c.
ANNEXATION, a term applied to the acquisition by a State of territory
previously belonging to another Power, or independent. It is applicable not
only to the extension of a State's sovereignty over adjoining territory,
but also to an acquisition of a remote territory. The inhabitants of the
annexed territory are absolved from their allegiance to their former
sovereign. Such annexations in modern history were those of Alsace-Lorraine
by Germany in 1871, of California by the United States, of Bosnia and
Herzegovina by Austria in 1908, and of the Boer Republics by Great Britain.
ANNFIELD PLAIN, a straggling colliery town (urban district) of England,
Durham, about 7 miles south-west of Gateshead. Pop. (1921), 16,524.
ANNOBON', or ANNOBOM, a beautiful Spanish island of Western Africa, south
of the Bight of Biafra, about 4 miles long by 2 miles broad, and rising
abruptly to the height of 3000 feet, richly covered with vegetation. Pop.
2000.
ANNONAY ([.a]n-o-n[=a]), a town in southern France, department of Ardeche,
37 miles S.S.W. of Lyons, in a picturesque situation. It is the most
important town of Ardeche, manufacturing paper and glove leather to a large
extent, also cloth, felt, silk stuffs, gloves, hosiery, chemical manures,
glue, gelatine, brushes, chocolate, and candles. There is an obelisk in
memory of Joseph Montgolfier of balloon fame. Pop. 16,660.
AN'NUAL, in botany, a plant that springs from seed, grows up, produces
seed, and then dies, all within a single year or season. Among annual
grasses may be noted all our cereals, barley, wheat, rye, and oats.
AN'NUAL, in literature, the name given to a class of publications which at
one time enjoyed an immense yearly circulation, and were distinguished by
great magnificence both of binding and illustration, which rendered them
much sought after as Christmas and New Year presents. Their contents were
chiefly prose tales and ballads, lyrics, and other poetry. The earliest was
the _Forget-me-not_, started in 1822, and followed next year by the
_Friendship's Offering_. The _Literary Souvenir_ was commenced in 1824, and
the _Keepsake_ in 1827. Among the names of the editors occur those of
Alaric A. Watts, Mrs. S. C. Hall, Harrison Ainsworth, Lady Blessington,
Mary Howitt, &c. The popularity of the annuals reached its zenith about
1829, when no less than seventeen made their appearance; in 1856 the
_Keepsake_, the last of the series, ceased to exist.
ANNUAL REGISTER, an English publication commenced in 1758 by Dodsley, the
publisher, and since continued in yearly volumes down to the present day.
There was also an _Edinburgh Annual Register_, the historical part of which
was for several years contributed by Sir Walter Scott and afterwards by
Robert Southey. It commenced in 1808 and came to a close in 1827.
ANNU'ITY, a periodical payment, made annually, or at more frequent
intervals, and continuing either a certain number of years, or for an
uncertain period, to be determined by a particular event, as the death of
the recipient or annuitant, or that of the party liable to pay the annuity;
or the annuity may be perpetual. An annuity is usually raised by the
present payment of a certain sum as a consideration whereby the party
making the payment, or some other person named by him, becomes entitled to
an annuity, and the rules and principles by which this present value is to
be computed have been the subjects of careful investigation. The present
value of a perpetual annuity is evidently a sum of money that will yield an
interest equal to the annuity, and payable at the same periods; and an
annuity of this description, payable quarterly, will evidently be of
greater value than one of the same amount payable annually, since the
annuitant has the additional advantage of the interest on three of the
quarterly payments until the expiration of the year. In other words, it
requires a greater present capital to be put at interest to yield a given
sum per annum, payable quarterly, than to yield the same annual sum payable
at the end of each year. The present value of an annuity for a limited
period is a sum which, if put at interest, will at the end of that period
give an amount equal to the sum of all the payments of the annuity and
interest; and, accordingly, if it be proposed to invest a certain sum of
money in the purchase of an annuity for a given number of years, the
comparative value of the two may be precisely estimated, the rate of
interest being given. But annuities for uncertain periods, and particularly
life annuities, are more frequent, and the value of the annuity is computed
according to the probable duration of the life by which it is limited. Such
annuities are often created by contract, whereby the Government or a
private annuity office agrees, for a certain sum advanced by the purchaser,
to pay a certain sum in yearly, quarterly, or other periodical payments to
the person advancing the money, or to some other named by him, during the
life of the annuitant. Or the annuity may be granted to the annuitant
during the life of some other person, or during two or more joint lives, or
during the life of the longest liver or survivor among a number of persons
named. If a person having a certain capital, and intending to spend this
capital and the income of it during his own life, could know precisely how
long he should live, he might lend his capital at a certain rate during his
life, and by taking every year, besides the interest, a certain amount of
the capital, he might secure the same annual amount for his support during
his life in such manner that he should have the same sum to spend every
year, and consume precisely his whole capital during his life. But since he
does not know how long he is to live, he agrees with the Government or an
annuity office to take the risk of the duration of his life, and they agree
to pay him a certain annuity for life in exchange for the capital which he
proposes to invest in this way. The probable duration of his life therefore
becomes a subject of computation; and for the purpose of making this
calculation tables of longevity are made by noting the proportion of deaths
at certain ages in the same country or district. Founding on a comparison
of many such tables, the British Government has empowered the
Postmaster-General to grant annuities at the following rates, which are
probably more closely adjusted to their actual value than those of
insurance companies and other dealers in annuities: To secure an immediate
annuity of L100, the cost is, for males of 20 years, L2279, 3s. 4d.; for
females of same age, L2482, 10s.; for males of 30 years, L2045, 8s. 4d.,
for females, L2258, _6s._ 8d.; for males of 40 years, L1789, 6s. 8d.; for
females, L1990; for males of 60, L1148, 6s. 8d.; females, L1275, 8s. 4d.;
and so on. _Deferred_ annuities, that is, such as have their first payments
postponed for a greater or less number of years, are also granted. We give
the rates for an annuity of L100 deferred 20 years: Males aged 20, L848,
6s. 8d.; females, L1014, 13s. 4d.; males aged 35, L557, 1s. 8d.; females,
L697, 1s. 8d.; and so on. If a person on whose life the deferred annuity is
to depend should die before payment commences, the purchase-money may be
returned to his or her representatives, provided that an agreement to that
effect had been made in the first instance, but in this case the
purchase-money is necessarily higher. See _Insurance_.--BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Baily, _Life Annuities and Assurances_; J. Henry, _Government Life Annuity
Commutation Tables_.
ANNULOI'DA, one of Professor Huxley's eight primary groups, a division
(sub-kingdom) of animals, including the Rotifera, Scolecida (tape-worms,
&c.), all which are more or less ring-like in appearance, and the
Echinodermata, whose embryos show traces of annulation.
ANNULO'SA, a division (sub-kingdom) of animals regarded by some as
synonymous with the Arthropoda or Articulata; according to other
systematists, including both the Articulata and Annulata or worms.
ANNUNCIATION, the declaration of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary
informing her that she was to become the mother of our
Lord.--_Annunciation_ or _Lady Day_ is a feast of the Church in honour of
the annunciation, celebrated on the 25th of March.--The Italian order of
_Knights of the Annunciation_ was instituted by Amadeus VI, Duke of Savoy,
in 1360. The king is always grand-master. The knights must be of high rank,
and must already be members of the order of St. Mauritius and St. Lazarus.
The decoration of the order consists of a golden shield suspended from a
chain or collar of roses and knots, the letters F. E. R. T. being inscribed
on the roses, and standing for _Fortitudo ejus Rhodum tenuit_ (its bravery
held Rhodes).--There are two orders of _nuns of the Annunciation_, one
originally French, founded in 1501 by Joanna of Valois; the other Italian,
founded in 1604 by Maria Vittoria Fornari of Genoa.
ANNUNZIO ([.a]n-n[u:]nt'sy[=o]), Gabriele d', Italian poet, novelist, and
dramatist, born at Pescara in 1863, his patronymic being Rapagnetta. He was
educated at Prato and in Rome, and early took to literature and journalism.
In 1898 he was elected a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, in
which he joined the Socialist party. He came before the public when a
schoolboy with a volume of verse called _Primo Vere_, to which
others--naturally much more mature--were subsequently added. Several of his
novels have been published in English, as: _The Child of Pleasure_, _The
Victim_, _The Triumph of Death_, _The Virgin of the Rocks_, _The Fire of
Life_. Some of these have been very successful, though disfigured to some
extent by coarse realism and voluptuousness. He began to write plays later
in life. Among them _Gioconda_, _The Dead City_, and _Francesca da Rimini_
may be read in English versions, and _Gioconda_ and _Francesca_ have been
performed on the English stage. His more recent works include: _Le Martyr
de Saint Sebastien_ (1911), _Le Chevrefeuille_ (1914), _La Beffa di
Buccari_ (1918), _Notturno_ (1918). D'Annunzio is the most prominent
Italian writer of the present day, and in wealth of language and
distinction of style stands far ahead of all others. He served in the
European War from 1915-18, and was wounded. In Sept., 1919, he led a raid
and occupied the port of Fiume. See _European War_ and _Fiume_.
AN'OA, an animal (_Anoa depressicornis_) closely allied to the buffalo,
about the size of an average sheep, very wild and fierce, inhabiting the
rocky and mountainous localities of the Island of Celebes. The horns are
straight, thick at the root, and set nearly in a line with the forehead.
ANO'BIUM, a genus of coleopterous insects, the larvae of which often do
much damage by their boring into old wood. By means of their heads they
produce a loud, ticking sound in the wood, the so-called _death-watch_
ticking. _A. stri[=a]tum_, a common species, when frightened, is much given
to feigning death.
AN'ODE, (Gr. _ana_, up, _hodos_, way), the positive pole of the voltaic
current, being that part of the surface of a decomposing body which the
electric current enters: opposed to _cathode_ (Gr. _kata_, down, _hodos_,
way), the way by which it departs.
AN'ODON, or ANODON'TA, a genus of lamellibranchiate bivalves, including the
fresh-water mussels, without or with very slight hinge-teeth. See _Mussel_.
AN'ODYNE, a medicine, such as an opiate or narcotic, which allays pain.
ANOINTING, rubbing the body or some part of it with oil, often perfumed.
From time immemorial the nations of the East have been in the habit of
anointing themselves for the sake of health and beauty. The Greeks and
Romans anointed themselves after the bath. Wrestlers anointed themselves in
order to render it more difficult for their antagonists to get hold of
them. In Egypt it was common to anoint the head of guests when they entered
the house where they were to be entertained. In the Mosaic law a sacred
character was attached to the anointing of the garments of the priests, and
things belonging to the ceremonial of worship. The Jewish priests and kings
were anointed when inducted into office, and were called the _anointed of
the Lord_, to show that their persons were sacred and their office from
God. In the Old Testament also the prophecies respecting the Redeemer style
him _Messias_, that is, the _Anointed_, which is also the meaning of his
Greek name Christ. The custom of anointing still exists in the Roman
Catholic Church in the ordination of priests and the confirmation of
believers and the sacrament of extreme unction. The ceremony is also
frequently a part of the coronation of kings.
[Illustration: Anomalure (_Anomalurus Peli_)]
ANOM'ALURE (_Anomal[=u]rus_), a genus of rodent animals inhabiting the west
coast of Africa, resembling the flying-squirrels, but having the under
surface of the tail furnished for some distance from the root with a series
of large horny scales, which, when pressed against the trunk of a tree, may
subserve the same purpose as those instruments with which a man climbs up a
telegraph pole to set the wires.
ANOM'ALY, a deviation from the common rule. In astronomy, the angle which a
line drawn from a planet to the sun has passed through since the planet was
last at its perihelion or nearest distance to the sun. The _anomalistic
year_ is the interval between two successive times at which the earth is in
perihelion, or 365 days 6 hours 13 minutes 48 seconds. In consequence of
the advance of the earth's perihelion among the stars in the same direction
as the earth's motion, and of the precession of the equinoxes, which
carries the equinoxes back in the opposite direction to the earth's motion,
the anomalistic year is about 4 minutes 40 seconds longer than the sidereal
year, and about 25 minutes longer than the tropical or common year. The
time of a complete revolution of the perihelion is computed at 108,000
years.
ANOMU'RA, a section of the crustaceans of the ord. Decapoda, with irregular
tails not formed to assist in swimming, including the hermit-crabs and
others.
[Illustration: Anona or Sour-sop (_An[=o]na muric[=a]ta_)]
ANO'NA, a genus of plants, the type of the nat. ord. Anonaceae. _A.
squam[=o]sa_ (sweet-sop) grows in the West Indian Islands, and yields an
edible fruit having a thick, sweet, luscious pulp. _A. muric[=a]ta_
(sour-sop) is cultivated in the West and East Indies; it produces a large
pear-shaped fruit, of a greenish colour, containing an agreeable
slightly-acid pulp. The genus produces other edible fruits, as the common
custard-apple or bullock's heart, from _A. reticul[=a]ta_, and the
cherimoyer of Peru, from _A. Cherimolia_.
ANONA'CEAE, a nat. ord. of trees and shrubs, having simple, alternate
leaves, destitute of stipules, by which character they are distinguished
from the Magnoliaceae, to which they are otherwise closely allied. They are
mostly tropical plants of the Old and the New World, and are generally
aromatic. See _Anona_.
ANOPLOTHE'RIUM, an extinct genus of the Ungulata or Hoofed Quadrupeds,
forming the type of a distinct family, which were in many respects
intermediate between the swine and the true ruminants. These animals were
pig-like in form, but possessed long tails, and had a cleft hoof, with two
rudimentary toes. Some of them were as small as a guinea-pig, others as
large as an ass. Six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and six molars
existed in each jaw, the series being continuous, no interval existing in
the jaw. _A. comm[=u]ne_, from the Eocene rocks, is a familiar species.
ANOPLU'RA, an order of apterous insects, of which the type is the genus
Pedic[)u]lus or louse,
ANOPSHEHR. See _Anupshahr_.
ANOREXIA. See _Appetite_.
ANOS'MIA, a disease consisting in a diminution or destruction of the power
of smelling, sometimes constitutional, but most frequently caused by strong
and repeated stimulants, as snuff, applied to the olfactory nerves.
ANOURA. See _Anura_.