Canals, Suez, 110-112;
Panama, 112;
Nicaraguan, 112;
Kiel, 112;
neutralization of, 279, 280.
Canning, George, on the neutrality of the United States, 282.
Canon law, 9, 15.
Capitulation, what it is, 269;
in excess of authority, 269.
Capture of hostile private property, 247, 257-259;
goods as determined by ownership, 299.
Cartel ship, exemption of, from capture, 245, 246;
defined, 265.
Cartels, what they are, 201, 263, 265.
Ceremonials, inequalities in, 89;
maritime, 89.
Cessation of hostilities, 267, 271.
Cession, as a means of acquiring territory, 100;
of jurisdiction, 101.
Chargés d'Affaires, rules as to, 156 _et seq._
Charitable institutions, 240.
Chile, belligerency in case of, 58;
right of asylum in, 181.
China, international law as applied to, 5, 64;
jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131, 132;
termination of treaty of, with Japan, 215;
treaty of peace of, with Japan, 272.
Churches. _See_ Religion.
Citizenship, as affected by naturalization, 125-130.
Civil law. _See_ Roman Law.
Civil war, intervention in case of, 85;
when it begins, 230, 231.
Classification of treaties, 210-212.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, as laying down new rules, 32;
as to the Panama or Nicaraguan Canal, 112.
Cleveland, President, attitude of, as to United States of Colombia, 58;
neutrality proclamation of, 284 _n._
Coal, when not to be supplied to belligerents, 291;
as contraband of war, 305;
auxiliary ships carrying, 310.
Combatants, who are, 235-237.
Commencement of war, 229-231.
Common law, a basis of international law, 10.
Condemnation for carrying contraband, 306.
Conditionally contraband, what articles are, 305.
Conference of London of 1871, 32.
Conferences and congresses as a means of settling disputes, 218.
Confiscation of property in war, 241, 242.
Congo Free State, recognition of, 44;
neutralization of, 52.
Conquest, acquisition of title by, 99;
termination of war by, 270, 271.
Consolato del Mare. _See_ Sea Laws.
Constitution of the United States as to ambassadors, etc., 31, 183, 184;
citizens of the United States, 123;
naturalization, 125;
criminal prosecutions, 179;
treaties, 207.
Consulates, development of, 18.
Consuls, jurisdiction of Supreme Court as to, 31;
exemptions of, 137;
courts of, 140, 141;
historically considered, 186;
rank of, 188;
nomination of, 189;
functions of, 190;
powers of, in Eastern and non-Christian states, 193, 194;
privileges and immunities of, 194-196;
vacating the office of, 196, 197.
Continuous voyages, rule as to, 320-324.
Contraband of war, capture of, 247, 297;
what is, 303-306;
penalty for carrying, 306, 307;
difference between, and unneutral service, 308-310;
visit and search for, 310-313;
rule of, in case of, 313, 314;
relations of, to blockade, 314-319;
violation of blockade, 319, 320;
continuous voyages, 320-324;
prize and prize courts, 324-328;
visit and search for, 311.
Contributions, what they are, 242, 243.
Convention, difference between, and treaty, 199. _See_ Treaties.
Convoy, vessels under, 313, 314.
Corporations, status of, 54.
Correspondence, diplomatic and consular, 309.
Courts of admiralty, 30;
prize, 30, 324-328;
arbitration, 31;
domestic matters, 31.
Crete, Pacific blockade of, 223, 224.
Crew of merchant vessels, status of, 236.
Crimes, jurisdiction of consular courts as to, 139-141;
extradition for, 142-146.
Crusades, influence of, 16, 19.
Cuba, intervention in case of, 85.
Custom, practice and usage, 29, 30.
Customs of Amsterdam. _See_ Sea Laws.
Death of diplomatic agent, proceedings in case of, 172.
Debts, law as to, in time of war, 274.
Deceit involving perfidy, 252, 253.
Declaration of Paris, agreed to by the United States, 33;
provisions of, 247, 255, 302, 303, 315, 317;
form of, 247, 398.
Declaration of war, 231, 232;
blockade, 316.
Declarations, defined, 200, 212.
Definition of international law, 3;
a state, 39, 40;
of neutralized states, 51;
of corporations, 54;
insurgents, 56;
belligerents, 59;
jurisdiction, 96;
territorial domain, etc., 97;
prescription, 101;
nationality, 121;
diplomacy, 151;
treaties, 198;
non-hostile redress, 220;
retorsion, 220;
reprisals, 221;
embargo, 221;
Pacific blockade, 223;
war, 229;
contributions, 243;
requisitions, 243;
booty, 244;
belligerent occupation, 251;
prisoners of war, 262;
cartel, 265;
cartel ship, 265;
license to trade, 266;
capitulation, 269;
neutrality, 277;
neutralization, 278;
contraband of war, 303;
unneutral service, 308;
convoy, 313;
blockade, 314;
prize, 324.
Denmark, intervention in affairs of, 80;
jurisdiction of, over Danish Sound and Two Belts, 109.
Denunciation of treaties, 216.
Devastation forbidden in war, 254.
Diplomatic agents, exemptions of, 137;
laws as to, 152-197.
Diplomatic negotiation as a means of settling disputes, 218.
Diplomatic papers. _See_ State Papers.
Diplomatic relations, breaking off of, 173, 174.
Discovery of America, 18;
a method of acquiring territory, 98.
Dispatches, carriage of, 308.
Disputes, amicable settlement of, 217-225.
Domicile, papers proving, 128.
Draft of treaties, 203.
"Due diligence," in the Alabama case, 297.
Eastern and non-Christian states, powers of consuls in, 193-196.
East India Company, powers of, 54, 55.
Educational institutions, exemption of, 239, 240.
Egypt, relations of, to Great Powers, 92;
mixed courts of, 141.
Embargo, defined, 221, 222.
"Enemy's Ships, enemy's goods," doctrine of, 22, 300.
Enemy subjects, status of, 238.
English orders in council of 1806 and 1807, 315.
Enlistment of troops for belligerent service, 295.
Envoys. _See_ Ambassadors, Diplomatic Agents.
Equality of states, 68, 88-93.
Equity, a basis of international law, 10.
Estuaries, as affecting jurisdiction, 108.
Exchange, as a means of acquiring territory, 100;
of prisoners of war, 263, 265.
Exequatur, form of, 190;
what it relates to, 190, 191, 194, 195.
Exploration, exemption of vessels engaged in, 245, 246.
Exterritoriality, what it is, 134 _et seq._, 177.
Extradition, law as to, 141-146.
False colors, use of, 252.
"Favored nation." _See_ Most Favored Nation.
Feudalism, influence of, 16, 19.
Financial transactions, intervention on the ground of, 86, 87.
Fisheries, on the high seas, 114;
Canadian, 114-116;
Bering Sea, 116.
Fishing vessels, exemption of, from capture, 246.
Flags of truce, use of, 253, 264, 265, 267-269, 272.
Foraging, when may be resorted to, 243.
Forbidden methods in war, 252-254.
Foreign-born subjects, jurisdiction over, 122.
Foreign Enlistment Act of Great Britain, 283.
France, recognition of republic of, 45-47;
relation of, to balance of power, 83;
one of the Great Powers, 90;
friendship of, with Russia, 93;
sale of territory to, by Monaco, 101;
by Sweden, 101;
partition of Africa by, 103;
jurisdiction of, over certain gulfs, 108;
treaty of, with England as to enclosed waters, 108;
convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;
jurisdiction over foreign merchantmen within her ports, 120, 121;
as to foreign-born subjects, 122-124;
marriage, 125;
naturalization, 127;
sale of forests of, by Prussians, 261;
termination of wars of, 271;
relations of, to neutrality and neutralization, 278, 279;
citizens of, on expedition during Franco-German War, 289;
views of, as to horses as contraband, 305.
"Free ships, free goods," doctrine of, 247, 278, 300-303.
Gallatin, Minister, liability of servant of, to local jurisdiction, 180.
Garfield, President, testimony of foreign minister at trial of
assassin of, 179.
Genêt, M., action of, as to privateers
in the United States, 282;
consular prize courts of, 325.
Geneva Arbitration, treaty as to, 204;
the Alabama case at the, 297.
Geneva Convention, as laying down new rules, 32;
sick and wounded under, 264, 280;
provisions of, 395-399.
Germany, recognition of, 44;
one of the Great Powers, 90;
a party to the Triple Alliance, 92;
partition of Africa by, 103;
convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;
jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123, 124;
citizens of, in China, 131;
volunteer navy of, 255;
sale of French forests by, 261;
application of, to transport wounded across Belgium, 287;
law of, as to prize money, 327.
Gift, as a means of acquiring territory, 100.
Good offices, settlement of disputes by resorting to, 218.
Government of armies of United States, 331-365.
Grant, President, recognition of France by, 45;
proclamation of, as to belligerent vessels leaving United States
ports, 291, 292.
Great Britain, diplomatic papers of, 34;
protectorates of, 52, 53;
power of, over various companies, 54, 55;
recognition of belligerency by, 60;
relations of, to treaty of Utrecht, 76;
difference of, with Venezuela, 78;
intervention of, in affairs of Denmark, 80;
relation of, to balance of power, 83;
one of the Great Powers, 90;
attitude of, at the congress of Troppau, 90;
Verona, 91;
cession of Horse-shoe Reef by, to United States, 100;
sale of territory to, by Netherlands, 101;
partition of Africa by, 103;
treaty of, with France as to enclosed waters, 108;
convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;
attitude of, as to the three-mile limit, 112-114;
treaties of, as to Canadian fisheries, 114-116;
Bering Sea, 116, 117;
territorial waters jurisdiction act of, 120;
jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123;
attitude of, as to naturalization, 127;
jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131;
immunities of diplomatic agents of, 180 _et seq._;
protectorate of, over Ionian Islands, 214;
war of, with the Transvaal, 230;
volunteer navy of, 256;
guaranty of, as to Suez Canal, 280;
neutrality laws of, 283;
attitude of, as to, Terceira affair, 288;
Alabama case, 297;
contraband, 307;
convoy, 313;
blockade, 319, 320;
continuous voyages, 320-324;
law of, as to prize money, 327.
Great Powers, enumeration of, 90;
policy of, 90-93.
Greece, in early international law, 13;
recognition of, 44;
intervention in affairs of, 84, 211;
attitude of Great Powers as to, 91, 92, 279;
recall of citizens by, 130;
pacific blockade of, 223;
volunteer navy of, 256.
Guaranty, treaties of, 211;
as to canals, 279, 280.
Guerrilla troops, status of, 236.
Guidon de la Mar. _See_ Sea Laws.
Gulfs, as affecting jurisdiction, 108.
Hanseatic League, treaty of, as to tolls, 109. _See_ Sea Laws.
Harbors, neutrality of, 287.
"Hinterland Doctrine," explained, 99, 104.
Historical collections, exemption of, 247.
Holy Alliance, relations of, to Monroe Doctrine, 77;
to intervention, 84;
opposition of, to popular liberty, 91.
Horses, as contraband of war, 305.
Hospital flag, use of, 253.
Hospital ships, exemption of, 245, 246;
neutralization of, 280.
Hostages, when last given, 9 _n._;
in case of ransom, 259.
Hostile vessels, departure of, from neutral port, 291.
Hostilities, commencement of, 230.
Humanity, intervention on the ground of, 84, 85.
Hungary, jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123.
Immunities and privileges of diplomatic agents, 175-182;
consuls, 194-197.
Independence of states, 68, 74-87.
Indians, extinguishment of title of, 99.
Individuals under international law, 56.
Inequalities among states, court precedence, 89;
matters of ceremonial, 89;
weight of influence, 89-93.
Institute of international law, as to marine jurisdiction, 113;
pacific blockade, 223.
Instructions to diplomatic agents, 163, 202;
for United States armies, 331-365.
Insurgents, who are, 56-58.
Intercourse of states, 70.
International law, definition and general scope of, 3-5;
nature of, 6-11;
historical development of, in early period, 12-14;
in middle period, 14-19;
in modern period, 19-24;
writers, 24-28;
sources of, practice and usage, 29, 30;
precedent and decisions, 30, 31;
treaties and state papers, 31-33;
text writers, 33, 34;
diplomatic papers, 34, 35;
states, definition, 39, 40;
nature, 40, 41;
recognition of new, 41-49;
legal persons having qualified status, members of confederations,
etc., 50, 51;
neutralized states, 51, 52;
protectorates, suzerainties, etc., 51-53;
corporations, 54, 55;
individuals, 56;
insurgents, 56-58;
belligerents, 59-63;
communities not fully civilized, 63, 64;
general rights and obligations of states, existence, 67, 68;
independence, 68;
equality, 68, 69;
jurisdiction, 69;
property, 69, 70;
intercourse, 70;
existence, application of the right, 71, 72;
extension of the right to subjects, 72, 73;
independence, manner of exercise, 74, 75;
balance of power, 75, 76;
Monroe Doctrine, 77, 78;
non-intervention, 78, 79;
practice as to intervention, 79-87;
equality in general, 88, 89;
inequalities, 89-93;
jurisdiction, in general, 96;
domain, 97, 98;
method of acquisition, 98-102;
qualified, 103, 104;
maritime and fluvial, 104, 105;
rivers, 105, 106;
navigation of rivers, 106-108;
enclosed waters, 108-112;
the three-mile limit, 112-114;
fisheries, 114-117;
vessels, 117-121;
personal, general--nationality, 121, 122;
natural-born subjects, 122;
foreign-born subjects, 122-124;
acquired nationality, 125-130;
jurisdiction over aliens, 130-133;
exemptions from jurisdiction, 134, 135;
sovereigns, 135, 136;
state officers and property, 136-139;
special exemptions, 139-141;
extradition, 142-146;
servitudes, 146, 147;
property, in general, 148, 149;
of the state, 149;
diplomacy and international relations in time of peace, general
development, 151, 152;
diplomatic agents, 152-159;
suite, 160;
who may send diplomatic agents, 160, 161;
who may be sent, 161, 162;
credentials, instructions, passport, 162-165;
ceremonial, 165-170;
functions, 170-172;
termination of mission, 172-175;
immunities and privileges, 175-182;
diplomatic practice of the United States, 183-186;
consuls, 186-197;
treaties, definition, 198, 199;
other forms of international agreements, 199-202;
negotiation of, 202-209;
validity of, 209-210;
classification of, 210-212;
interpretation of, 212-214;
termination of, 214-216;
amicable settlement of disputes, 217-219;
non-hostile redress, 220;
retorsion, 220, 221;
reprisals, 221;
embargo, 221, 222;
Pacific blockade, 223-225;
war, definition, 229;
commencement, 229, 230;
declaration, 231, 232;
object, 232, 233;
general effects, 233, 234;
status of persons in war, persons affected by war, 235;
combatants, 235-237;
non-combatants, 237, 238;
status of property on land, public property of the enemy, 239, 240;
real property of enemy subjects, 240, 241;
personal property of enemy subjects, 241-244;
status of property at sea, vessels, 245, 246;
goods, 247;
submarine telegraphic cables, 248;
conduct of hostilities, belligerent occupation, 250-252;
forbidden methods, 252-254;
privateers, 254, 255;
volunteer and auxiliary navy, 255-257;
capture and ransom, 257-259;
postliminium, 260-262;
prisoners and their treatment, 262-264;
non-hostile relations of belligerents, 264-269;
termination of war, methods of, 270;
by conquest, 270, 271;
by cessation of hostilities, 271, 272;
treaty of peace, 272-274;
definition of neutrality, 277;
forms of neutrality and of neutralization, 277-280;
history, 280-283;
declaration, 283, 284;
divisions, 284;
relations of neutral states and belligerent states, general
principles of the relations between states, 285, 286;
neutral territorial jurisdiction, 286-289;
regulations of neutral relations, 289-293;
no direct assistance by neutral, 293-295;
positive obligations of a neutral state, 295-297;
neutral relations between states and individuals: ordinary commerce,
299-303;
contraband, 303-306;
penalty for carrying contraband, 306, 307;
unneutral service, 308-310;
visit and search, 310-313;
convoy, 313, 314;
blockade, 314-319;
violation of blockade, 319, 320;
continuous voyages, 320-324;
prize and prize courts, 324-328.
Internment of belligerent troops, 286, 290.
Interpretation of treaties, 212-214.
Intervention in affairs of other nations, 77-87.
Ionian Islands, protectorate of, 23, 214.
Islands, title to, when formed in rivers, 102.
Italy, one of the Great Powers, 90;
relation of, to the Triple Alliance, 92;
partition of Africa by, 103;
convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111.
Jackson, President, attitude of, as to the Falkland Islands, 46.
Japan, recognition of, 43, 44;
jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131, 132;
freedom of Emperor of, from suit, 136;
treaty of United States with, as to consular functions, 193;
termination of treaty of, with China, 215;
prize law of, 246, 313;
treaty of peace of, with China, 272;
attitude of, as to convoy, 314.
Jettison of cargo, 13.
Jurisdiction of states, 69, 94 _et seq._;
of diplomatic agents, 175-182;
consuls, 193-196;
over non-combatants, 237;
neutral territorial, 286-289;
in case of blockade, 314-324;
as to prize courts, 325. _See_ International Law.
_Jus belli_, early international law, 13.
_Jus fetiale_, defined, 7, 13.
_Jus gentium_, defined, 7, 14.
_Jus inter gentes_, defined, 7, 14.
_Jus naturale_, defined, 6.
Koszta, case of, 129, 130.
Lakes, change in, as affecting territory, 102.
Language used in treaties, 205, 206;
in diplomacy, 170 _n._ 3.
Law of nations, term long used, 8.
Laws of Antwerp. _See_ Sea Laws.
Laws of Oleron. _See_ Sea Laws.
Laws of the Rhodians, fragment of, 13.
_See_ Sea Laws.
Legates, rules as to, 156, _et seq._
_See_ Ambassadors, Diplomatic Agents.
Letter of credence, form of, 164.
Letters, in diplomatic relations, 200, 201.
Letters of marque. _See_ Privateering.
Levies _en masse_, as combatants, 236, 262.
Liberia, recognition of, 44.
Licenses to trade, 266, 267.
Lien, right of state to enforce, 98.
Lincoln, President, proclamation of, as to blockade, 231, 317 _n._
Loans of money, by neutral to belligerent state, 295;
by citizens of a neutral state, 295.
Luxemburg, neutralization of, 52, 278.
Madagascar, protectorate of, 53.
Mails and mail steamers, under neutral flag, 309.
Marcy, Secretary, as to naturalization, 128.
_Mare Clausum_, rule of, as to Bering Sea, 116.
Marine League. _See_ Three-mile limit.
Maritime ceremonials, in salutes, 89.
Maritime war. _See_ Neutrality.
Marriage, as affecting nationality, 125;
performed by diplomatic agent, 172.
McKinley, President, message of, as to Cuba, 85;
proclamation of as to blockade, 317 _n._
Mediation. _See_ Good Offices.
Memoranda, what they are, 171, 200.
Messages, transmission of, 310.
Milan decree of Napoleon, 315.
Military assistance not to be furnished by neutral to belligerent, 293.
Ministers, jurisdiction of Supreme Court as to, 31.
_See_ Ambassadors, Diplomatic Agents.
Money, as contraband of war, 305.
Monroe Doctrine, history of 77;
position of United States as to, 93.
Monroe, President, author of Monroe Doctrine, 77.
Montenegro, recognition of, 44.
"Most favored nation," what it means in treaties, 213, 214.
Munitions of war, sales of, by neutral, 294.
_See_ Supplies of war.
Napoleon Bonaparte, relation of, to Monroe Doctrine, 77;
sale of Louisiana by, 101;
Berlin decrees of, 222, 315;
Milan decrees of, 315.
Natural-born subjects, jurisdiction over, 122.
Naturalization, law as to, 125-130.
Naval war code of the United States, 222, 400-416.
Navigation of rivers, 106-108.
Navy, exemption of, from local jurisdiction, 138.
Netherlands, sale of territory by, to Great Britain, 101;
convention of, as to Suez Canal, 111.
Neutral goods, capture of, 247, 299 _et seq._
Neutrality, proclamation of, 60;
of goods, 247;
submarine telegraphic cables, 248;
definition and history of, 275-284;
laws of United States as to, 283, 296;
of nations during war between Spain and the United States, 283;
as to departure of hostile vessels from neutral ports, 291;
British regulations as to, 291 _n._;
as to direct assistance, 293-295;
obligations of state, 295-297;
ordinary commerce in case of, 299-303;
contraband in ease of, 303-307;
unneutral service in case of, 308-310;
visit and search in case of, 310-313;
convoy in care of, 313, 314;
blockade, 314-319;
violation of blockade, 319, 320;
continuous voyages, 320-324;
prize and prize courts, 324-328.
Neutrality statutes of United States, 283, 417-420.
Neutralization of states, 51, 52;
forms of, 277-280.
Non-combatants, who are, 237, 238.
Non-hostile redress, what is, 220.
North Sea fisheries, convention as to, 114.
Notes, what they are, 171, 200, 212.
Notification of blockade, 316, 317.
Nuncios, rules as to, 156 _et seq._
_See_ Ambassadors, Diplomatic Agents.
Occupation, a method of acquiring territory, 98, 99;
belligerent, 250, 252.
Officers of merchant vessels, status of, 236.
Oleron, laws of. _See_ Sea Laws.
Oriental states, exemption of subjects of Western states in, 139-141.
Oxford Manual, provisions of, 368, 381.
Pacific Blockade, what it is, 223-225.
Paris, treaty of, 206.
Parole, release on, 263.
Passengers, capture of, 258.
Passport, form of, 133;
of diplomatic agent, 163, 171;
given in time of war, 266.
Peace of Westphalia, relation of, to the balance of power, 75;
recognition of diplomacy by, 154, 155;
preceded by armistice, 272.
Perfidy. _See_ Deceit.
Personal property, status of, in war, 241-244.
Persons, jurisdiction over, 121;
status of, in war, 235, _et seq._
Philippines, sale of, to the United States, 101.
Pillage, prohibition of, 142.
Poison, use of, forbidden in war, 253.
Poland, partition of, 22, 76, 101.
Political refugees. _See_ Right of Asylum.
Ports, neutrality of, 287.
Portugal, partition of Africa by, 103;
jurisdiction of, as to foreign-born subjects, 123;
relations of, to Terceira affair, 288.
Postal communication, cartels as to, 265.
Postliminium, what it is, 260.
Prescription, acquisition of territory by, 101, 102.
Prestation. _See_ Angary.
Prisoners of war, treatment of, 262-264;
exchange of, 265;
when must be restored, 268;
treaties as to, 273.
Privateering, history of, 254;
action of, M. Gênet as to, 282.
Private international law, of what it treats, 4, 122, 146.
Private property of enemy, capture of, at sea, 247, 300 _et seq._;
inviolability of, on land, 252.
Private vessels, liability of, to capture, 245;
exemption of, 246.
Prize, courts of, 30;
disposition of, 258, 259;
salvage in case of, 260, 261;
taking of, into neutral waters, 293;
attitude of Japan as to, 313, 314;
law of, 324-328;
procedure as to, in court, 421-429.
Prize courts. _See_ Prize.
Prize law of Japan, 246.
_Procès-verbaux._ _See_ Protocol.
Proclamation of the United States as to the Declaration of Paris, 33;
of Queen Victoria as to belligerency, 60;
of treaties, 209;
of the United States as to war with Spain, 222;
of blockade, 230, 231.
President, as to neutrality, 282;
of nations during war between Spain and the United States, 283, 288;
as to departure of belligerents on vessels from port, 291.
Projectiles, inflicting unnecessary suffering, 253;
from balloons, 253.
Promulgation of treaty, 209.
Property, in general, 148, 149;
of the state, 149;
of the enemy, status of, 239-244;
at sea, status of, 245-249.
Protectorates, states under, 52, 53;
jurisdiction in case of, 103;
spheres of influence, 103, 104.
Protocol, what it is, 171, 199, 200, 202, 208, 209, 212, 272.
Provisions, when may be supplied to belligerents, 290;
as contraband of war, 305.
Prussia, attitude of, at the Congress of Troppau, 90.
_See_ Germany.
Public buildings, protection of, in war, 240.
Public debt, stock held by enemy in, 242.
Public international law, of what it treats, 4.
Public vessels, liability of, to capture, 245.
Quarter, refusal of, 263.
Railway plant, status of, in war, 240, 252.
Ransom. _See_ Capture.
Ratification of treaties, 207-209.
Real property, status of, in war, 240, 241.
Rebellion, intervention in case of, 85, 86.
Recognition, of new states, 41-49;
of belligerency, 59-63.
Religion, protection of, 182, 240.
Repair, hostile character of ships of, 310.
Reprisals, defined, 221.
Requisitions, what they are, 240, 241, 243.
Retaliation, liability to, 263;
when forbidden, 254.
Retorsion, defined, 220, 221.
Right of asylum, on ship of war, 119, 288, 290;
as to sovereign's hotel, 137;
in house of diplomatic agent, 180-182.
_See_ Internment.
Rivers, in determining territory, 102;
as affecting jurisdiction, 105-108.
Roman law, a basis of international law, 9, 14, 15;
as to alluvium, 102.
Roumania, recognition of, 44;
cession of Bessarabia and a part of Turkey to, 100.
Russia, suzerainty of, 53;
relation of, to the balance of power, 83;
one of the Great Powers, 90;
attitude of, at the Congress of Troppau, 90;
friendship of, with France, 93;
sale of Alaska by, 101;
treaty of, with Turkey as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;
convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;
claim of, as to Pacific Ocean, 116;
volunteer navy of, 256.
Safe conduct, what it is, 266.
Safeguard, what it is, 266.
Sale, transfer of territory by, 100.
Salvage, granting of, 260-262.
Samoa, neutralization of, 52;
suzerainty of, 53.
Scientific works, exemption of, 239;
vessels engaged in, 245, 246.
Sea laws, amalfitan tables, 17, 186;
_Consolato del Mare_, 17, 186, 300;
laws of Oleron, 17, 186;
laws of Wisby, 17, 186;
Hanseatic League, 18, 29, 187;
customs of Amsterdam, 18;
laws of Antwerp, 18;
Guidon de la Mar, 18;
Lex Rhodia, 17, 187.
Search. _See_ Visit and Search.
Self-preservation, intervention for, 80.
Servia, recognition of, 44.
Servitudes, in case of Canadian fisheries, 114;
different kinds of, 146, 147.
Ship's papers, deposit of, in consul's office, 191;
what required, 312.
Sick and wounded, treatment of, 264, 280;
exchange of, 265.
Sound dues, history of, 109.
South African Republic, protectorate of, 52;
war in, 230, 324.
South American states, husbands in, acquiring citizenship of wife, 125;
views of, as to extradition, 143.
Sovereign, exemptions and privileges of, in foreign countries, 135, 136.
Spain, relations of, to Treaty of Utrecht, 76;
interference in affairs of, 85;
relations of, to Great Powers, 90;
attitude of Congress of Verona as to, 91;
convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;
jurisdiction of, as to foreign-born subjects, 123;
termination of treaty of, with United States, 215;
vessels of, during war with the United States, 222, 246;
attitude of, as to Declaration of Paris, 247, 255, 302.
Spheres of influence, theory of, 92, 103, 104.
Spies, status of, 236, 237, 265.
Sponsions, defined, 201, 269.
State officers, exemptions of, 136-139.
State papers, as a source of international law, 31-35.
Statute of limitations, law of, as to debts in time of war, 274.
Steamers, status of, in war, 240.
Stock, held by enemy in public debt, 242.
Straits, jurisdiction of, 109.
Stratagems, use of, 253.
Submarine cables, convention for the protection of, 32, 248;
censorship of, 310.
Suez Canal. _See_ Canals.
Sulphur, as contraband of war, 305, 306.
Supplies of war, not to be furnished by neutral to belligerent, 294;
ships carrying, 310.
_See_ Munitions of War.
Supreme Court of the United States, 30, 31.
Suspension of treaties, 234.
Suzerainty, instances of, 53.
Sweden, relations of, to Great Powers, 90;
sale of territory by, to France, 101;
jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123.
Switzerland, neutralization of, 23, 52, 278;
state existence of, before recognition, 41;
jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123, 124.
Taxes, lien of state for, 98;
upon property of diplomatic agent, 182;
of enemy subjects, 242;
collection of, by an occupying state, 242, 260.
Telegraph, status of, in war, 240, 248;
cables, 310.
Telephone, status of, in war, 240.
Terceira expedition, what it was, 288.
Termination of treaties, 214;
war, 270-274.
Territorial waters. _See_ Three-mile Limit.
Territory, acquisition of, 98-102;
cession of, jurisdiction over, 101;
formed by alluvium, 102;
as determined by rivers and lakes, etc. 102;
annexation of, 126.
Three-mile limit, jurisdiction as to, 112-114, 120, 287.
Transfer of territory, 100, 101;
allegiance, 126.
Transport, ships of, 310.
Transvaal, war of, with Great Britain, 230.
Treaties, as a source of international law, 31-33;
intervention, because of, 82;
of United States as to Canadian fisheries, 114-116;
of extradition, 142;
definition of, 198;
other forms, 199-202;
negotiation of, 202-209;
validity of, 209, 210;
classification of, 210-212;
of London, 1831, 1839, 211;
interpretation of, 212-214;
termination of, 214, 216;
denunciation of, 216;
abrogation or suspension of, 234;
of peace, 272-274;
as to canals, 279, 280;
as to free vessels making free goods, 300 _et seq._
Treaty of Berlin, suzerainties established by, 53;
relations of, to Great Powers, 92;
provision of, as to a portion of Bessarabia, 100;
closing ports, 118;
servitudes, 146;
Congo, 278.
Treaty of Paris, relations of, to Great Powers, 92;
provision of, as to Bessarabia, 100;
provision of, as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;
relations of, to Ottoman Empire, 211;
provisions of, as to privateering, neutral goods, enemy's goods, and
blockade, 247, 254, 398.
Trent, case of, 309.
Tribunal, none, of international law, 11.
Triple Alliance, nations parties to, 92.
Troops, internment of belligerent, 286, 290;
enlistment of, for belligerent service, 295.
Troppau, Congress of, 90.
Truce. _See_ Flags of Truce.
Turkey, recognition of, 44;
suzerainty of, 53;
application of balance of power to, 83;
policy as to territory of, 91, 92;
portion of, ceded to Roumania, 100;
treaty of, with Russia as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;
convention of, as to Suez Canal, 111;
letters of minister to, 163.
Uniform of enemy, use of, 252.
United States, agrees to the Treaty of Paris, 33;
diplomatic papers of, 34;
recognition of other countries by, 44-49;
suzerainty of, over Indians, 53;
intervention of, in case of Venezuela, 78;
Cuba, 85;
attitude of, as to the Monroe Doctrine, 93;
extinguishment of Indian title by, 99;
cession of "Horse-shoe Reef" to, by Great Britain, 100;
sale of Alaska, Louisiana, and the Philippines to, 101;
territory of, formed by alluvium, 102;
claim of, to jurisdiction over Chesapeake and Delaware bays, 108;
attitude of, as to sound dues, 109;
Dardanelles, 110;
Bering Sea, 113, 116, 117;
jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 122-124;
as to marriage, 125;
laws of, as to naturalization, 125-130;
attitude of, as to Koszta, 129, 130;
jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131;
courts of consuls of, 140, 141;
attitude of, as to diplomatic agents, 178 _et seq._;
diplomatic practice of, 183-186;
French language used in treaties of, 206;
making and ratification of treaties of, 207-209;
termination of treaty of, with Spain, 215;
attitude of, as to embargo of 1807, 222;
naval war code of, 222, 400;
vessels of, during war with Spain, 222;
attitude of, as to, blockade of Crete, 223, 224;
Spanish vessels during war with Spain, 246;
Declaration of Paris during war with Spain, 247, 255, 302;
volunteer navy of, 256;
destruction of vessels by, in War of 1812, 259;
attitude of, as to ransom, 259;
salvage, 260, 261;
practice of, as to exchange of prisoners, 263;
guaranty by, of neutrality of trans-isthmian canal, 279;
neutrality laws of, 283, 296, 417;
attitude of, as to Alabama case, 297;
treaties of, as to free ships making free goods, 300 _et seq._;
articles enumerated by, as contraband of war, 304 _et seq._;
attitude of, as to convoy, 313;
blockade, 319, 320;
continuous voyages, 322;
practice of, as to prize courts, 325 _et seq._;
repeal by, of law as to prize money, 327.
Unneutral service, what it is, 308-310.
_Uti possidetis_, Doctrine of, 273, 274.
Utrecht, Peace of, as an epoch in international law, 21 _et seq._, 77,
206.
Venezuela, boundary line of, 78.
Verona, Congress of, 77, 91.
Vessels, classes of, 117;
nationality of, how determined, 117;
jurisdiction over, 117-121;
status of, at sea, 245 _et seq._;
in port at outbreak of hostilities, 246;
voluntary and auxiliary navy, 255-257;
capture and ransom of, 257-258;
postliminium, 260-262;
cartel, 265;
in case of neutral relations between states and individuals, 298-328;
visit and search of, 310-343.
_See_ Privateering, Right of Asylum.
Vienna, Congress of, settling of court precedence by, 89;
determination of rank of state agents by, 155 _et seq._;
language used in, 206;
as to neutralization, 278, 279.
Visit and search, right of, 310, 311;
object of, 311;
method of, 311, 312;
seizure in case of, 312, 313.
Volunteer and auxiliary navy of, Prussia, 255, 256;
Greece, 256;
Russia, 256;
Great Britain, 256;
United States, 256.
War, definition of, 229;
commencement of, 229, 230;
declaration of, 231, 232;
object of, 232, 233;
general effects of, 233, 234;
persons affected by, 235;
combatants in, 235-237;
non-combatants in, 237, 238;
public property of the enemy in, 239, 240;
real property of enemy subjects in, 240, 244;
personal property of enemy subjects in, 241-244;
vessels, 245, 246;
goods, 247;
submarine telegraphic cables, 248, 249;
belligerent occupation during, 250-252;
forbidden methods in, 252-254;
privateers in, 254, 255;
voluntary and auxiliary navy in, 255, 257;
capture and ransom in, 257-259;
postliminium in, 260-262;
prisoners and their treatment in, 262-264;
non-hostile relations of belligerents in, 264-269;
methods of termination of, 270-274.
Warlike expedition, what is a, 289.
Washington, President, attitude of, as to neutrality, 282.
Waters, as affecting jurisdiction, 102 _et seq._
Webster, Daniel, views of, in case of the "Caroline," 435.
Westphalia, Peace of, as an epoch in international law, 19.
Wisby, laws of. _See_ Sea Laws.
Women, nationality of, 125.
Works of art, exemption of, 239, 247.
Writers, upon international law, 24-28, 33, 34.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Hall, Introductory chapter.
[2] Dicey, "Conflict of Laws," English, with notes of American
cases, by J. B. Moore.
[3] Wheaton's "International Law," translated and made a textbook
for Chinese officials in 1864.
[4] "Inst.," I., 1, 1.
[5] "De Jure Belli," Bk. I., Ch. I., § 10.
[6] I. "Political Ethics," 2d ed., p. 68.
[7] Maine, "Ancient Law," Ch. IV.
[8] "Inst.," I., 2, 1.
[9] "Inst.," I., 2, 2.
[10] Heffter, "Völkerrecht," § 2.]
[11] Cicero, "De Republica," 2. 17.
[12] _Droit international_ is the French term, subsequently adopted.
[13] Last hostages given in Europe 1748, by England to France.
[14] "Lectures on Jurisprudence," I.
[15] Walker, "Science of International Law," Chs. I. and II., fully
discusses Austin's definition.
[16] Bluntschli, "Völkerrecht," Introduction; Lawrence, § 20.
[17] Walker, "Science of International Law," Ch. III., p. 58. "But
when, beside the vague and fleeting World Law, the law of all
humanity, was recognized a law special to certain peoples, when the
distinction was drawn between the progressive and the stationary,
between civilization and barbarity, when the Greek noted [Greek] ta
nomima tôn Hellênôn, and the Roman felt the ties of a particular
_Jus Fetiale_ and a particular _Jus Belli_, International Law cast
off its swaddling bands, and began its walk on earth."
[18] Cicero, "Pro Lege Manilia," Ch. XIII.
[19] Justinian Digest, 14. 2, "If goods are thrown overboard to
lighten the ship, as this is done for the sake of all, the loss
shall be made good by a contribution of all."
[20] Bluntschli, "Völkerrecht," Introduction; Thucydides,
"Peloponnesian War," II., 12, 22, 29.
[21] The Amphyetionic League recognized some principles of
interstate right and comity, as well as preserved Grecian
institutions and religious traditions. This is shown in the oath of
the members, "We will not destroy any Amphyctionic town nor cut it
off from running water, in war or peace; if any one shall do this,
we will march against him and destroy his city. If any one shall
plunder the property of the god, or shall be cognizant thereof, or
shall take treacherous counsel against the things in his temple at
Delphi, we will punish him with foot and hand and voice, and by
every means in our power." They also agreed to make and observe
humane rules of warfare. See also Bluntschli, "Völkerrecht,"
Introduction.
[22] Maine, "Ancient Law," Ch. III. The idea as to what _jus
gentium_ was, of course varied with times. Under the Empire it lost
its old meaning. See Cicero, "De Officiis," III., 17; Livy, VI., 17;
IX., 11; I., 14; V., 36; Sallust, "Bell. Jug.," XXII.; Tacitus,
"Ann.," 1, 42; "Quintus Curtius," IV., 11, 17.
[23] Bryce, "Holy Roman Empire," Ch. VII.
[24] Bryce, "Holy Roman Empire," Chs. VII, and XV. The "Truce of
God" introduced by the clergy (1034) left only about eighty days in
a year for fighting and settling feuds.
[25] On effects of Crusades, see Milman, "Latin Christianity," VII.,
6; Hallam, "Middle Ages," Ch. III., Pt. I.; Bryce, "Holy Roman
Empire," Chs. XI., XIII.
[26] Hall, § 268, p. 740.
[27] Laws of Wisby contain early reference to marine insurance, §
66.
[28] Expanded in 1614.
[29] De Valroger, "Droit Maritime," I., § 1.
[30] The Marine Ordinance of Louis XIV, 1681, became the basis of
sea law.
[31] With the decline of the influence of the "Holy Roman Empire,"
the use of Latin in diplomacy became less general.
[32] Abbé Saint-Pierre, in three volumes, 1729, "Abrégé du Projet de
Paix perpétuelle," outlines a plan for peace by fixed system of
balance of power.
[33] "Institutes," II., 1, 21, 22.
[34] Declaration of Russia, Feb. 28, 1780.
[35] The works of Moser (1701-1786) and his immediate followers
attempt to make practical the principles of International Law.
[36] I. Hertslet, 317.
[37] I. Hertslet, 573.
[38] _Ibid._, 658.
[39] Hall, § 88, p. 297.
[40] Walker, "Hist. Law of Nations," pp. 283, 336.
[41] See p. xix for list of authors and works.
[42] Jenks, "Law and Politics in the Middle Ages," p. 30.
[43] The Santa Cruz, 1 C. Rob., 49, 61.
[44] Act of Congress, March 3, 1891. 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 826.
[45] Lawrence, § 64.
[46] Bolton _v._ Gladstone, 5 East, 155, 160.
[47] United States _v._ Rauscher, 1886, 119 U. S., 407.
[48] United States Constitution, Art. III., § 2. For English view,
see Walker, p. 46, who quotes 3 Burr, 1480.
[49] Declarations, protocols, conventions, proclamations, notes,
etc.
[50] III. Hertslet, 1904.
[51] Holtzendorff, "Introduction droit public," 44.
[52] Hall, § 1 p. 18; I., Rivier, § 3, 9, I.
[53] Hall, § 1, p. 20.
[54] The internal acts of a _de facto_ state are valid, whatever the
attitude of the international circle. As an example, in 1777, during
the Revolutionary War, the British governor of Florida made a grant
of land in what is now the southern part of the United States. Fifty
years later a descendant of the grantee laid claim to the land, but
the Supreme Court of the United States declared, "It has never been
admitted by the United States that they acquired anything by way of
cession from Great Britain by that treaty [of Peace, 1783]. It has
been viewed only as a recognition of preëxisting rights, and on that
principle the soil and the sovereignty, within their acknowledged
limits, were as much theirs at the Declaration of Independence as at
this hour. By reference to the treaty, it will be found that it
amounts to a simple recognition of the independence and limits of
the United States, without any language purporting a cession or
relinquishment of the right, on the part of Great Britain ... grants
of soil made _flagrante bello_ by the party that fails, can only
derive validity from treaty stipulations." Harcourt _v._ Gaillard,
12 Wheat., 523, 527. See also M'Ilvaine _v._ Coxe's Lessee, 4 Cr.,
209, 212.
[55] Suarez, "De Legibus," 6.
[56] Wheat., D., 41 n.
[57] United States of Central America, Nov. 1, 1898, from Republics
of Nicaragua, Salvador, and Honduras.
[58] Japan has been generally recognized since 1894, and her foreign
relations have been in course of readjustment.
[59] 1 Whart., § 70.
[60] I. Rivier, §§ 44, 125.
[61] See on this subject 1 Whart., § 70.
[62] 13 Pet., 415. See also Jones _v._ United States, 137 U. S. 202;
Foster _v._ Neilson, 2 Pet., 253.
[63] State of Mississippi _v._ Johnson, President, 4 Wall., 475,
500. For late review of the question, see 32 Amer. Law Rev., 390, W.
L. Penfield.
[64] I. Rivier, _Droit des gens_, §§ 3, 11.
[65] Hall, § 26*, note 1, p. 93.
[66] Hall, § 27, p. 100.
[67] Lawrence, § 51, p. 75.
[68] "Political Annuals," since 1887 rich in discussion of
neutralization.
[69] Statesman's Year Book 1901, p. 591.
[70] _Ibid._, pp. 657, 1237.
[71] 6 American Cycl., 376.
[72] Lawrence, p. 82, § 54.
[73] Wheat., D., note 15, p. 37.
[74] For full discussion see Wilson, "Insurgency" lectures U. S.
Naval College, 1900.
[75] Hall, § 5, p. 31, ff.
[76] 3 Whart., § 381; United States _v._ "Ambrose Light," 25 Fed.
Rep. 408. Snow, 206, "Montezuma."
[77] President Cleveland's Message, Dec. 2, 1885. U. S. For. Rel.
1885, pp. 254, 273.
[78] Parl. Papers, 1887, 1 Peru, 18.
[79] 3 Whart., § 381, "Huascar."
[80] 33 Albany Law Jour., 125.
[81] Lawrence, § 162.
[82] 1885, For. Rel. U. S. 252, 264.
[83] 1885, For. Rel. U. S. 254, 273.
[84] See 3 Whart., § 381; Bluntschli, § 512; Hall, § 5, p. 34; U. S.
For. Rel. (1885), 252, 254, 264, 273.
[85] See numerous references in 51 Br. and Fr. St. Papers; also
Hall, § 5, p. 39.
[86] Hall, § 5, p. 35.
[87] Wheat., D., note 15, p. 34.
[88] 1 Whart., §§ 69, 71.
[89] Story, "Santissima Trinidad," 7 Wheat. 354.
[90] Hall, § 83, p. 281.
[91] "Caroline," 1 Whart., § 50 c; 2 _ibid._, § 224. See Appendix,
p. 434.
[92] 3 Whart., § 327, p. 147. Snow's Cases, § 179.
[93] § 87, p. 291.
[94] Hall, § 87, p. 294.
[95] Von Gentz, "Fragments upon the Balance of Power in Europe,"
1806.
[96] Hume, "Essays," VII.
[97] Nys, "Origines," pp. 165 ff.
[98] Bernard Lectures on "Diplomacy," 98.
[99] Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine," 4.
[100] "The Monroe Doctrine," VI.
[101] See Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine."
[102] Ann. Cycl. (1895), p. 741; (1896), p. 804; (1899), p. 845,
also U. S. For. Rel. 1896.
[103] Bonfils, No. 295; Pradier-Fodéré, No. 355.
[104] § 92, p. 304.
[105] Hall, § 88, p. 297.
[106] Bonfils, 295.
[107] "Letters to Historicus," p. 41.
[108] See Rolin-Jaequemyns, R. D. I., XVIII., 591.
[109] Hall, § 91, p. 301.
[110] Hertslet, 1181, 1193.
[111] § 85, p. 129. See also 1 Halleck, 507.
[112] 1 Hertslet, 317. _Ibid._, 658.
[113] Walker, p. 151.
[114] Ann. Cycl. 1898, p. 159; U. S. For. Rel., 1898, p. 760.
[115] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 738.
[116] Bluntschli, § 477.
[117] § 94, p. 307.
[118] 1 Hertslet, 664 ff.
[119] See ch. XV.
[120] See § 70 (_b_).
[121] 1 Hertslet, 574.
[122] For detailed summary, 1826-1881, see Holland, "European
Concert in the Eastern Question," Ch. II.
[123] "European Concert in the Eastern Question," p. 221.
[124] Lawrence, "Disputed Questions," V.
[125] Lawrence, "Disputed Questions," V., end.
[126] 3 Kent Com., 379, 380; 1 Gould and Tucker, 484.
[127] In case of the United States, while the President may after
declaration of war conquer and hold foreign territory, the joint
action of the President and Senate is necessary to make the title
complete by treaty.
[128] Treaties of U. S., 444.
[129] Woolsey, 496.
[130] See discussion in Hall, § 36, note 1, p. 124.
[131] The "Anna," 5 C. Rob., 373.
[132] "Institutes," II., 1, 20.
[133] See Lawrence, 153, 161, 164-167; Reinsch, "World Politics,"
pp. 60, 113, 184.
[134] Wheat., D., § 193, p. 274.
[135] Ed. Engelhardt, "Du régime conventionnel des fleuves
internationaux," Ch. II.
[136] Grotius, II., ii., 12-14; Pufendorf, III., 3, 4; Vattel, §§
104, 126-130, 132-134; Bluntschli, § 314; Calvo, §§ 259, 290-291;
Fiore, §§ 758, 768; Carnazza-Amari, "Traite," § 2, Ch. VII., 17;
Heffter, § 77; Wheat., D., § 193.
[137] Wheat., D., §§ 197-204; Whart., § 30; Pradier-Fodéré,
"Traite," §§ 727-755.
[138] Justinian, "Inst.," 2, t. 1, §§ 1-5.
[139] 3 Whart., § 305 _a_.
[140] Parl. Papers, 1889, Commercial, No. 2; Holland, "Studies in
International Law," p. 270.
[141] See Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine," pp. 43-76; Lawrence, "Disputed
Questions," 72-146.
[142] See Regina _v._ Keyn, 2 L. R. (Exch. Div.), 63.
[143] Ann. Cycl. (1894), 292.
[144] Lawrence, pp. 138, 182.
[145] See Cushing's "Treaty of Washington."
[146] 24 U. S. Sts. at Large, 475.
[147] See Whart., §§ 301-308.
[148] Treaties of U. S., 940.
[149] Proceedings Fur Seal Arbitration, 1893; also 27 U. S. Sts. at
Large, 947.
[150] Note 63, § 105.
[151] IV. Hertslet, 2783.
[152] Art. 28, Gen. Act Brussels Conference, July 2, 1890.
[153] Wildenhus's Case, 120 U. S. 1, 18.
[154] Bonfils, "De la compétence des tribunaux français," § 326.
[155] Statutes, 41 and 42, Vict., p. 579.
[156] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1993; 1 Gould and Tucker, 478; 2 _ibid._,
178, 203.
[157] Civil Code, Art. 28.
[158] Law of June 1, 1870.
[159] Dec. 24, 1879.
[160] Feb. 27, 1858.
[161] July 3, 1876.
[162] Whart., § 183 ff.
[163] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1648-1653.
[164] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1994; 1 Gould and Tucker, 479; 2 _ibid._,
178.
[165] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1656 ff.
[166] Constitution of U. S., Art. I., § 8.
[167] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 2165-2174; 1 Gould and Tucker, 513; 2
_ibid._, 202.
[168] 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 863; 3 _ibid._, 1671 ff.
[169] Treaties of U. S., 1262; 2 Whart., § 181.
[170] Hall, § 71, p. 240 ff.
[171] 2 Whart., § 175, Frelinghuysen to Wallace, March 25, 1887.
[172] 2 Whart., § 175, Bayard to Williams, Oct. 29, 1885.
[173] 2 Whart., § 193, Marcy to Seibels, May 27, 1854.
[174] 2 Whart., § 193, Marcy to Fay, May 27, 1854.
[175] 2 Whart., § 198, Marcy to Hüselmann, Sept. 26, 1853.
[176] 6 Messages and Papers of President, 168.
[177] Bonfils, 337.
[178] § 48, p. 173.
[179] Snow's "Cases," 72 ff., for this and other cases.
[180] Snow's "Cases," 82, Rothschild _v._ Queen of Portugal;
Bynkershoek, "De Foro Legatorum," C. XVI.
[181] See § 80 (_f_) for full discussion.
[182] Exchange _v._ M'Faddon, 7 Cr., 116, 139.
[183] "International Law," Naval War Col., 2d ed., p. 23.
[184] Hall, § 55.
[185] Snow's "Cases," p. 114.
[186] § 55, p. 205.
[187] 1 Whart., § 125.
[188] By treaties with Japan, going into effect 1899, such courts
were abolished in that empire. 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 848.
[189] 1 U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4083-4130; 1 Gould and Tucker, 770-772;
2 _ibid._, 503; Treaties of U. S., 1279, 1288; 1 Whart., § 125.
[190] Proclamation of March 27, 1876; 19 U. S. Sts. at Large, 662.
[191] "The surrender of fugitives from justice is a matter of
conventional arrangement between states, as no such obligation is
imposed by the law of nations." In the Matter of Metzger, 5 How.
176, 188.
[192] 2 Whart., § 268.
[193] Snow's "Cases," 151 ff.; Treaties of U. S., 1289-1293.
[194] I. Moore, "Extradition," 156.
[195] 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1508; Snow's "Cases," 151 _et seq._; 2
Whart., § 270; 1 Moore, "Extradition," 196 ff.; Treaties of U. S.,
1289 _et seq._; 1 Gould and Tucker, 987.
[196] Treaties of U. S., 437 and 1289-1293; 26 U. S. Sts. at Large,
1510; U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5270-5280; 1 Gould and Tucker, 979-989; 2
Whart., §§ 274-280.
[197] In case of Chesapeake, 1863, the consul acted as agent.
Wheat., D., § 428, note 207; 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1876.
[198] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1877.
[199] "Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international," 1881-1882, p.
128.
[200] IV. Hertslet, 2783.
[201] _Ibid._
[202] For the general question, see 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 834, 845.
[203] § 43, p. 167.
[204] U. S. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882, 1 Gould and Tucker, 502 _et
seq._; 2 _ibid._, 193 _et seq._
[205] Digest, LVII., 17.
[206] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1233.
[207] Nys, "Les Origines du Droit International," 297.
[208] Walton, "Life of Wotton," 155.
[209] Calvo, § 1311 ff.
[210] I. Hertslet, 62, 63.
[211] I. Hertslet, 575. These rules have been adopted by the U. S.
Department of State.
[212] Calvo, § 1328 ff.
[213] March 1, 1893, 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, c. 182.
[214] 1 Whart., §§ 82, 82 _a_, 83.
[215] "The American Passport," U. S. Dept. State, 1898, p. 7.
[216] Wicquefort, "The Embassador and his Functions," Digby's
translation, Ch. XXII., p. 201.
[217] "Droit des gens," Liv. IV., Ch. VI.
[218] Calvo, § 1328 ff.
[219] Lehr, "Manuel des Agents Diplomatiques," § 367 ff.
[220] The Department of State instructs the representatives of the
United States to follow this practice.
[221] U.S. Rev. Sts., § 2000.
[222] U.S. Rev. Sts., § 4075.
[223] Till the reign of Louis XIV., Latin was the language of
diplomacy; from that time, French became more and more used. Since
the Congress of Vienna, 1815, any language may be used without
offense, Art. 120.
[224] 22 U. S. Sts. at Large, 216, § 5.
[225] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1750; 1 Gould and Tucker, 446; 2 _ibid._,
158.
[226] Hall, § 53, n. 1., p. 192.
[227] 16 Ann. Cycl., 833.
[228] 1 Whart., § 84.
[229] "Droit Int.," § 1481, ff.
[230] Lehr, "Manuel," §§ 988-998.
[231] Despagnet, "Droit international public," 2d ed., § 235;
Heffter, § 204.
[232] Grotius, "De Jure Belli," II., 18.
[233] § 50.
[234] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4063, 4064; Wheat., D., 308-310.
[235] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, § 47.
[236] 1 Whart., § 98.
[237] _Ibid._
[238] De Martens, "Causes Cél.," I., 174.
[239] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, 1897, § 50.
[240] Hall, § 52, p. 189.
[241] See the "Right of Asylum in the Legations of the United States
in Central and South America," by Barry Gilbert, in _Harvard Law
Review_ for June, 1901, p. 118.
[242] U. S. Constitution, Art. III., § 2, 2.
[243] U. S. Constitution, Art. I., § 9, 8.
[244] 1 Whart., § 100.
[245] 1 Whart., § 105.
[246] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., 1897, §§ 68, 69.
[247] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1751.
[248] 1 Whart., § 99.
[249] 1 Whart., § 102.
[250] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1226.
[251] _Ibid._, § 1688.
[252] Schuyler, "Amer. Dip.," 144.
[253] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., § 67.
[254] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 1674-1752; 1 Gould and Tucker, 439-447; 2
_ibid._ 155-158.
[255] Nys, "Les origines du droit international," "Le Commerce," p.
286.
[256] Lawrence, "Commentaire sur Wheaton," IV., p. 6.
[257] Consular Regulations, 1896, 1.
[258] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.
[259] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.
[260] § 105, p. 331.
[261] See Treaties: United States and Colombia (New Granada), 1850;
United States and France, 1853; United States and Austria, 1870;
United States and Germany, 1871; Austria and Portugal, 1873; Germany
and Russia, 1874; France and Russia, 1874; United States and Italy,
1878; Portugal and Belgium, 1880; United States and Roumania, 1881;
United States and Congo Free State, 1891, and others.
[262] 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 848.
[263] See § 64 for extent of jurisdiction.
[264] U. S. Treaty with Borneo, June 23, 1850, Art. IX., Treaties of
U. S., 102.
[265] U. S. Treaty with China, Nov. 17, 1880, Art. IV., Treaties in
Force, 120.
[266] Hall, § 105 note, p. 338.
[267] Lehr, § 1236 ff.
[268] "De Clercq et de Vallat," I., pp. 106, 107.
[269] § 244.
[270] For various protocols, see Treaties of U. S., 824, 1148; 30 U.
S. Sts. at Large, 1593; _ibid._, 1596. For the recent protocol
between the United States and Spain as to terms of peace, see 30 U.
S. Sts. at Large, 1742.
[271] Wheat., D., §§ 254, 344.
[272] The Holy Alliance of 1815 was signed by three sovereigns.
[273] See p. 163.
[274] The Declaration of Paris, 1856.
[275] 17 U. S. Sts. at Large, 863; Treaties of U. S., 478.
[276] Art. II., § 2, 2.
[277] Calvo, §§ 643-668.
[278] Grotius, II., 16; Vattel, II., 17. The rules of Vattel are
briefly and well stated by Baker, "First Steps in International
Law," 1899, p. 105.
[279] For the subject of interpretation, see Hall, §§ 111, 112, p.
350 ff.; 2 Phillimore, Pt. V., Ch. VIII.; Calvo, §§ 1649-1650;
Pradier-Fodéré, §§ 1171-1188.
[280] For discussion of the "most favored nation" clause, see 2
Whart., § 134, also Appendix to Vol. III., p. 888.
[281] § 116, p. 367.
[282] See Holls's "Hague Peace Conference," 176 _et seq._
[283] See, on this entire subject, Moore's "International
Arbitration"; Holls's "Hague Peace Conference," 176-305; Cushing's
"Treaty of Washington."
[284] 3 Phillimore, 21, 22.
[285] Pradier-Fodéré, 2634-2636.
[286] Art. 15, U. S. Naval War Code; Proclamations and Decrees, p.
77. See Appendix, p. 405.
[287] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1770.
[288] Proclamations and Decrees, p. 93.
[289] Parl. Papers, Greece, No. 4, 1886.
[290] _The London Gazette_, March 19, 1897.
[291] U. S. For. Rel., 1897, p. 255.
[292] "De Jure Belli," I., II., "Bellum est publicorum armorum justa
contentio;" Instr. U. S. Armies, § 20.
[293] Halleck, Ch. XIV.; Calvo, § 1866 ff.
[294] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1769, 1776.
[295] Takahashi, 42 _et seq._
[296] Prize Cases, 2 Black, U. S. 635.
[297] Takahashi, 38 _et seq._
[298] Calvo, § 1910.
[299] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 364.
[300] The French declaration of war against Prussia in 1870 is given
in 2 Lorrimer, 443.
[301] Inst. U. S. Armies, § 29; Appendix p. 338.
[302] Appendix, p. 369.
[303] Hall, § 126, p. 405; Instr. U. S. Armies, §§ 20, 21, 22;
Appendix, pp. 336, 337.
[304] See Appendix, p. 386.
[305] Appendix, pp. 353, 372, 388.
[306] "De Jure Belli," III., ix., 4.
[307] "De Jure et Officiis Bellicis," l., v., 25.
[308] 4 Ellis and Blackburn's Reports, 217.
[309] Appendix, pp. 340, 385.
[310] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 451.
[311] Appendix, pp. 339, 385.
[312] 8 Cr., 110.
[313] See Index U. S. Treaties, "Reciprocal Privileges of Citizens."
[314] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 447.
[315] Appendix, pp. 339, 377.
[316] Lawrence, § 198.
[317] 3 Whart., § 339.
[318] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 4. See Appendix, p. 401.
[319] Appendix, p. 401.
[320] Appendix, p. 404.
[321] Appendix, p. 404.
[322] Proclamation of April 26, 1898.
[323] Decree of April 23, 1898.
[324] Takahashi, p. 178.
[325] Appendix, p. 398.
[326] U. S. Proclamation, April 26, 1898; Spain, Decree of April 23,
1898.
[327] Treaties U. S., p. 1176 ff.
[328] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 5. Appendix, p. 402.
[329] Captain C. H. Stockton, "Submarine Telegraph Cables in Time of
War," Proceed. U. S. Naval Inst., Vol. XXIV., p. 451.
[330] For the discussion of the laws and customs of war, at The
Hague Peace Conference, see Holls, 134 _et seq._
[331] See Appendix, p. 375.
[332] Oxford Manual, 51; Appendix, p. 377.
[333] Appendix, pp. 341, 369, 391.
[334] Appendix, p. 370.
[335] Appendix, pp. 370, 387.
[336] Appendix, p. 402.
[337] Appendix, pp. 370, 387.
[338] Appendix, p. 387.
[339] Appendix, p. 364.
[340] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 4; Appendix, p. 401.
[341] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 _et seq._, 455.
[342] Appendix, pp. 348, 370, 386, 387, 401.
[343] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 _et seq._, 461.
[344] For form, see United States _v._ Baker, 5 Blatchford, 6; 2
Halleck, 110.
[345] See article of Dr. Stark on "Privateering," in Columbia
University Publications (1897), Vol. VIII., No. 3.
[346] 1 Kent Com., 97.
[347] Appendix, p. 398.
[348] Proclamation and Decrees (April 25, 1898), p. 77.
[349] Hall, p. 547, § 181.
[350] R. D. I., IV., 695.
[351] See Act of May 10, 1892; 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, 27.
[352] Treaties of U. S., pp. 905, 906.
[353] 3 Whart., § 342.
[354] Appendix, 403.
[355] _Ibid._
[356] The "Grotius," 9 Cr., 368, 370.
[357] See rules of the "Inst. of Int. Law," 1882; "Annuaire," 1883,
p. 221.
[358] Justinian, I., xii., 5.
[359] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 4652.
[360] The "Two Friends," 1 C. Rob., 271.
[361] Instr. U. S. Armies, 50; Appendix, p. 344, 345.
[362] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 11. See Appendix, p. 403.
[363] Instr. U. S. Armies, 28. See Appendix, p. 338.
[364] Oxford Manual, 71. See Appendix, p. 380.
[365] Instr. U. S. Armies, 124. See, as to prisoners of war,
Appendix, pp. 359, 381, 390.
[366] For details, see Geneva Convention, Appendix, p. 395; Holls,
"Hague Peace Conference," 120 _et seq._; U. S. Naval War Code,
Appendix, p. 406.
[367] Appendix, p. 392.
[368] "International Law," Naval War College, 2d ed., p. 93.
[369] The "Venus," 4 C. Rob., 355.
[370] Appendix, p. 352.
[371] Halleck (3d ed.), 325.
[372] The "Sea Lion," 5 Wall., 630.
[373] Hall, § 196, pp. 575-578.
[374] § 192, p. 565.
[375] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 314 _et seq._
[376] Calvo, "Droit Int.," §§ 2440-2446.
[377] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 310 _et seq._
[378] Lawrence, p. 453.
[379] See 1 Halleck (3d ed.), 277.
[380] Heffter-Geffcken, "Droit Int.," II., §§ 176-190.
[381] See above, § 97.
[382] Case of Hesse Cassel, Hall, § 204, p. 588.
[383] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1742.
[384] The Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814, between U. S. and Great
Britain is a marked exception. See Treaties of U. S., 399; Wheaton,
"Hist. Int. Law," 585; Schurz, "Henry Clay," I., pp. 105 _et seq._
[385] Treaty between Spain and U. S., Dec. 10, 1898; 30 U. S. Sts.
at Large, 1754.
[386] Case of Swineherd, 1801, 1 Kent Com., 173, note (_b_);
"Sophie," 1 Kent Com., 174; 6 C. Rob., 138.
[387] Hall, § 198, p. 579.
[388] Treaties of U. S., 386.
[389] Lawrence, § 239.
[390] Lawrence, p. 566.
[391] 1 Hertslet, 64.
[392] _Ibid._, 370; see also "La Neutralité de Suisse," S. Bury, R.
D. I., II., 636.
[393] 2 Hertslet, 863.
[394] 3 _ibid._, 1592.
[395] Art. XXXV., Treaty of Dec. 12, 1846; Treaties of U. S., 204.
[396] Art. XV., Treaty of Jan. 21, 1867; Treaties of U. S., 1784.
[397] Parl. Papers, 1889, Commercial, No. 2. See also Holland,
"Studies in Int. Law," p. 216.
[398] Articles I. and II.; Appendix, pp. 395, 396.
[399] U. S. Naval War Code, § IV.; Appendix, p. 370.
[400] "De Jure Belli ac Pacis," Lib. III., C. XVI., iii., 1.
[401] "Le Droit de la Nature et des Gens," Liv. VIII., C. VI., vii.,
n. 2.
[402] "Quaestiones Juris Publici," I., ix.
[403] "Droit des Gens," III., viii.
[404] 5 Speeches, 50.
[405] 1 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 156.
[406] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5281-5291, see Appendix, p. 417. For
cases, see 1 Gould and Tucker, 990, and 2 _ibid._, 627.
[407] 33 and 34 Vict., c. 90, p. 560. See also 2 Lorimer, 490.
[408] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 31.
[409] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 63. President
Cleveland's neutrality proclamations as to the late war in Cuba are
given in 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 870, 881.
[410] Wheat., D., p. 509.
[411] "Internat. Law," Naval War College, p. 118.
[412] Case of the "Gen. Armstrong," 2 Whart., § 227; the "Anne," 3
Wheat., 435; 3 Whart., § 399.
[413] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39.
[414] 3 C. Rob., 164.
[415] Hall, § 221, p. 627.
[416] 3 Phillimore, 287-299.
[417] Hall, § 222, p. 631. For the case of the "Caroline," see
Appendix, p. 434.
[418] Oxford Manual, §§ 79, 80, 81. See Appendix, pp. 357.
[419] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39, p. 244. The Netherlands
Proclamation of Neutrality prescribed, in 1898, that "If ships of
war, pursued by the enemy, seek refuge within our territory, they
shall liberate their prizes."
[420] 7 Attorney-generals' Opinions, 122.
[421] As to the British Neutrality Regulations, see 2 Ferguson,
Appendix F, p. 77; 2 Lorimer, 446.
[422] 3 Whart., § 402; U. S. For. Rel., 1870.
[423] Proc. and Decrees of the war with Spain, Brazil, XVI, p. 15.
[424] Wheat, D., § 425; Dana, _contra_, note 203; 1 Kent Com., pp.
49, 116; Bluntschli, § 759; Woolsey, § 165.
[425] Hall, § 217, p. 621.
[426] 15 U. S. Sts. at Large, 259.
[427] 3 Whart., § 391.
[428] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 5288.
[429] 1 Amer. State Papers, 116.
[430] p. 627, § 221.
[431] See Appendix, p. 435.
[432] 3 Whart., § 402 _a_, p. 632.
[433] Bonfils, "Droit Int. Public," § 1494 ff.; Despagnet, "Droit
Int. Public," § 682 ff.
[434] Walker, "Science of Int. Law," p. 296.
[435] See Treaties of U. S. under respective dates.
[436] See Appendix, p. 398.
[437] For the discussion of "the immunity of private property on the
high seas," at the Hague Peace Conference, see Holls, 306 _et seq._
[438] Proclamations and Decrees during the war with Spain, pp. 77,
93.
[439] 3 Whart., § 391.
[440] Appendix, p. 365.
[441] "De Jure Belli," Bk. III., Ch. i., 5; The "Petershoff," 5
Wall., 28, 58.
[442] Woolsey, "Int. Law," § 194.
[443] U. S. Naval War Code, Arts. 34, 36; Appendix, p. 412; see
Propositions Institute Int. Law, Cambridge, 1895, §§ 3 and 4.
[444] The "Commercen," 1 Wheat., 382.
[445] See article of John Bassett Moore in _Review of Reviews_, May,
1899.
[446] The "Jonge Tobias," 1 C. Rob. 329.
[447] The "Staadt Embden," 1 C. Rob. 26; Takahashi, p. 94.
[448] Perels, "Manuel Droit Maritime," § 46, p. 283.
[449] p. 690, § 247.
[450] In some cases, belligerents exercise the so-called right of
using or destroying belligerent property on the plea of necessity,
giving compensation. This practice is called "angary" or
"prestation," and is by most jurists either condemned or regarded
with disfavor. An illustration is the sinking, during the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870, by the Germans, of several British
merchant ships in the Seine to prevent French gunboats from going up
the river. During the same war, the Germans seized in Alsace, for
military purposes, certain railway carriages of the Central Swiss
Railway and certain Austrian rolling stock, all of which remained in
the possession of the Germans for some time. See Lawrence, § 252;
Hall, p. 765, § 278. See Appendix, p. 402.
[451] 6 C. Rob. 440, 454.
[452] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 20; Appendix, p. 406.
[453] The "Orozembo," 6 C. Rob. 430.
[454] Wheat., D., p. 648.
[455] The "Kow-Shing," Takahashi, 24-51.
[456] 1 C. Rob. 340, 359.
[457] The "Marianna Flora," 11 Wheat., 1.
[458] "International Law," Naval War College, p. 164; Lawrence, §§
124, 210.
[459] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 31; Appendix, p. 409.
[460] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 32; Appendix, p. 410.
[461] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 33; Appendix, p. 410. Most of the
forms are given in Glass's "Marine International Law."
[462] Hall, p. 644, § 277.
[463] Takahashi, 16-23.
[464] Gessner, "Le droit des neutres sur mer," Ch. IV.; Perels,
"Manuel Droit Maritime," § 56.
[465] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 30.
[466] Takahashi, p. 13.
[467] Lawrence, § 268; Appendix, p. 409.
[468] Walker, "Science of Int. Law," p. 304.
[469] Appendix, p. 398.
[470] President McKinley's Proclamation of Blockade, during the war
with Spain, is given in Proclamations and Decrees, p. 75, and
President Lincoln's, during the war with the South, in 12 U. S. Sts.
at Large. Appendix, ii, iii.
[471] Declaration of Paris, Appendix, p. 398.
[472] Art. 37; see Appendix, 412.
[473] Calvo, § 2841.
[474] "International Law," Naval War College, p. 155.
[475] "Juffrow Maria Schroeder," 3 C. Rob., 147, 153, 154.
[476] See 3 Phillimore, Chap. XI.
[477] The "Maria," 5 C. Rob., 365, 368.
[478] 5 C. Rob., 385, 396.
[479] p. 695 n, § 247.
[480] 3 Wall., 514.
[481] Blatchford's Prize Cases, 387, 405, 407; Snow's "Cases," p.
509.
[482] Appendix, p. 398.
[483] U. S. Naval War Code, Arts. 13, 14, 21.
[484] Lawrence, § 212.
[485] Takahashi, p. 105.
[486] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 563, cl. 8; 18 St., 316, c. 80.
[487] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 4618, also 1624, par. 16-17; 4615, 4617,
4621; The "Nassau," 4 Wall., 634.
[488] Wheat., D., n. 186, III.; U. S. Rev. Sts. § 4622.
[489] Wheat., D., n. 186, III.; The "Springbok" 5 Wall., 1; The "Sir
William Peel," _ibid._, 517.
[490] Wheat., D., n, 186, III.
[491] The "La Manche," 2 Sprague, 207. The method of procedure in a
prize court, in case of enemy property, is given in Appendix, p. 421
_et seq._ With a few changes, the same forms may be used in the case
of neutral property. See further on the method of procedure in a
prize court, Takahashi, pp. 11 _et seq._, 73-107, 172-191.
[492] Lawrence, § 212.
[493] Perels, "Manuel Droit Maritime Int.," p. 457.
[494] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1007.
[495] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 50; Appendix, p. 415; U. S. Rev.
Sts. §§ 4615, 4627, 4628.
[496] This translation is by W. E. Hall, member of the Institute.
[497] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 457.
[498] The modified text alone is given. The entire report of the
proceedings by Sir A. Horsford will be found in 2 Lorimer, 337 _et
seq._
[499] See Glenn, 373; Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 457.
[500] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 121 _et seq._
[501] The British Foreign Enlistment Acts of 1819 and 1870 may be
found in 2 Lorimer, 476 _et seq._
[502] See late U. S. statute cited on p. 327.
[503] See 1 Whart., § 67.
[504] See _ibid._, §§ 21, 50 c., 3 _ibid._, § 350.
[505] Attorney Gen'l _v._ Sillem _et als_, 2 Hurlstone _v._ Coltman,
Exchequer Reports, 431.
[506] Page 544. For the cases of the "Pampero" and the two iron-clad
rams, see Wheat., D., note p. 572 _et seq._
[507] The American view may be found in Cushing's "Treaty of
Washington," and the British in Bernard's "Historical Account of the
Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War."
[508] See Wheat., D., note p. 553 _et seq._
[509] Hall, § 225.
[510] U. S. Treaties, 481.
[511] Argument of Sir R. Palmer in the "Argument at Geneva,"
published by the United States at p. 426 _et seq._
[512] 7 Cranch, 116.
[513] Argument of Mr. Evarts in "Argument at Geneva," p. 448 _et
seq._
[514] Decision and Award of the Tribunal of Arbitration in 3
Wharton, § 402 a.
[515] pp. 553, 554.
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Obvious errors of punctuation have been corrected. A list of the
other changes follows.
In " +Calvo, Ch.+ Droit International. 5e éd. 6 vols. 1896." "ed."
changed to "éd." (for French édition)
In "Nearly all the important states of the world acceded" "acceeded"
changed to "acceded"
In "from a failure to fulfill the obligations of neutrality" "fulfil"
changed to "fulfill"
In 455 "Kow-shing" changed to "Kow-Shing"
In index entry "Guerrilla troops" "Guerilla" changed to "Guerrilla"
to match spelling on referenced page