the orthography and pronunciation of foreign geographic names._
The names from nations who use the Roman or German alphabet are to be
rendered in the native form, excepting such for which a German
orthography has been generally adopted, as Kopenhagen, Neapel, Genna,
etc. Other foreign names which are generally known and whose
orthography has been generally adopted, as Zanzibar, not _Sansibar_;
Zulu, not _Sulu_, will not be changed.
The letters are pronounced as follows:
a, as _a_ in _Vater_.
å, between _a_ and _o_ (_Åland's Inseln_).
e, as in _Eden_.
i, as in _Ida_.
o, as in _Brot_.
u, as in _nur_.
ä, (æ, Ae) retain their German sounds.
ö, (oe, Oe) retain their German sounds.
ü, (ue, Ue) retain their German sounds.
ai, as in _Kaiser_.
au, as in _auch_.
ao, not quite as _one_ sound.
ei, as in _Ei_.
b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, x and z retain their
German sounds.
f, retains its German sound; also for _ph_, but the latter will not
be used.
c, always soft (as _z_). For the sound of _k_, _c_ is not to be
used.
j [with umlaut], for the English _j_ (_dj_).
q, will not be used; it is replaced by _k_; respectively by _ku_.
ch, as _tsch_.
sh, as _sch_.
y, is only used for the consonantal sound, not for _i_.
gh, oriental guttural sound (_Dagh_, _Ghazi_).
kh, oriental guttural sound (_Khan_).
v, is always soft; not to be used to give the sound of _f_.
When a vowel is to be pronounced clear and open the following
consonant will be doubled: (_Tanna_, _Mekka_, _Bonny_). To lengthen a
vowel sound, it will not be doubled, but if the vowel is repeated each
will be pronounced separately (_Nuuluha_, _Oosima_).
But one accent (') will be used to indicate if particularly necessary,
that is, in exceptional cases, the syllable on which stress is to be
laid (_Matupí_).
RUSSIAN-ENGLISH.
[Illustration: table of conversion of Russian letters to English
letters]
ENGLISH-RUSSIAN.
[Illustration: table of conversion of English letters to Russian
letters]