TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
* Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_.
* Small caps are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.
* Letter spaced Greek text is enclosed in tildes as in ~καὶ τὰ
λοιπά~.
* Footnotes have been renumbered. Each footnote is placed at the
end of the paragraph that includes its anchor.
* Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected, after
comparison with a later edition of this work. Greek text has
also been corrected after checking with this later edition and
with Perseus, when the reference was found.
* Original spelling, hyphenation and punctuation have been kept,
but variant spellings were made consistent when a predominant
usage was found.
* Nevetherless, no attempt has been made at normalizing proper
names. The author established at the beginning of the first
volume of this work some rules of transcription for proper names,
but neither he nor his publisher follow them consistently.
HISTORY OF GREECE.
BY
GEORGE GROTE, ESQ.
VOL. IV.
REPRINTED FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
329 AND 331 PEARL STREET.
1880.
CONTENTS.
VOL. IV.
PART II.
CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.
CHAPTER XXV.
ILLYRIANS, MACEDONIANS, PÆONIANS.
Different tribes of Illyrians. — Conflicts and contrast of
Illyrians with Greeks. — Epidamnus and Apollonia in relation to
the Illyrians. — Early Macedonians. — Their original seats. —
General view of the country which they occupied — eastward of
Pindus and Skardus. — Distribution and tribes of the Macedonians.
— Macedonians round Edessa — the leading portion of the nation. —
Pierians and Bottiæans — originally placed on the Thermaic gulf,
between the Macedonians and the sea. — Pæonians. — Argeian Greeks
who established the dynasty of Edessa — Perdikkas. — Talents for
command manifested by Greek chieftains over barbaric tribes. —
Aggrandizement of the dynasty of Edessa — conquests as far as
the Thermaic gulf, as well as over the interior Macedonians. —
Friendship between king Amyntas and the Peisistratids.
_pages_ 1-19
CHAPTER XXVI.
THRACIANS AND GREEK COLONIES IN THRACE.
Thracians — their numbers and abode. — Many distinct tribes, yet
little diversity of character. — Their cruelty, rapacity, and
military efficiency. — Thracian worship and character Asiatic.
— Early date of the Chalkidic colonies in Thrace. — Methônê the
earliest — about 720 B. C. — Several other small settlements
on the Chalkidic peninsula and its three projecting headlands.
— Chalkidic peninsula — Mount Athos. — Colonies in Pallênê, or
the westernmost of the three headlands. — In Sithonia, or the
middle headland. — In the headland of Athos — Akanthus, Stageira,
etc. — Greek settlements east of the Strymôn in Thrace. — Island
of Thasus. — Thracian Chersonesus. — Perinthus, Selymoria, and
Byzantium. — Grecian settlements on the Euxine, south of the
Danube. — Lemnos and Imbros. 20-28
CHAPTER XXVII.
KYRENE AND BARKA. — HESPERIDES.
First voyages of the Greeks to Libya. — Foundation of Kyrênê.
— Founded by Battus from the island of Thêra. — Colony first
settled in the island of Platea — afterwards removed to Kyrênê.
— Situation of Kyrênê. — Fertility, produce, and prosperity. —
Libyan tribes near Kyrênê. — Extensive dominion of Kyrênê and
Barka over the Libyans. — Connection of the Greek colonies with
the Nomads of Libya. — Manners of the Libyan Nomads. — Mixture
of Greeks and Libyan inhabitants at Kyrênê. — Dynasty of Battus,
Arkesilaus, Battus the Second, at Kyrênê — fresh colonists from
Greece. — Disputes with the native Libyans. — Arkesilaus the
Second, prince of Kyrênê — misfortunes of the city — foundation
of Barka. — Battus the Third, a lame man — reform by Demônax,
who takes away the supreme power from the Battiads. — New
emigration — restoration of the Battiad Arkesilaus the Third. —
Oracle limiting the duration of the Battiad dynasty. — Violences
at Kyrênê under Arkesilaus the Third. — Arkesilaus sends his
submission to Kambysês, king of Persia. — Persian expedition from
Egypt against Barka — Pheretimê, mother of Arkesilaus. — Capture
of Barka by perfidy — cruelty of Pheretimê. — Battus the Fourth
and Arkesilaus the Fourth — final extinction of the dynasty about
460-450 B. C. — Constitution of Demônax not durable. 29-49
CHAPTER XXVIII.
PAN-HELLENIC FESTIVALS — OLYMPIC, PYTHIAN, NEMEAN, AND ISTHMIAN.
Want of grouping and unity in the early period of Grecian
history. — New causes, tending to favor union, begin after
560 B. C. — no general war between 776 and 560 B. C. known to
Thucydidês. — Increasing disposition to religious, intellectual,
and social union. — Reciprocal admission of cities to the
religious festivals of each other. — Early splendor of the
Ionic festival at Delos — its decline. — Olympic games — their
celebrity and long continuance. — Their gradual increase —
new matches introduced. — Olympic festival — the first which
passes from a local to a Pan-Hellenic character. — Pythian
games, or festival. — Early state and site of Delphi. — Phocian
town of Krissa. — Kirrha, the seaport of Krissa. — Growth of
Delphi and Kirrha — decline of Krissa. — Insolence of the
Kirrhæans punished by the Amphiktyons. — First Sacred War, in
595 B. C. — Destruction of Kirrha. — Pythian games founded by
the Amphiktyons. — Nemean and Isthmian games. — Pan-Hellenic
character acquired by all the four festivals — Olympic, Pythian,
Nemean, and Isthmian. — Increased frequentation of the other
festivals in most Greek cities. — All other Greek cities, except
Sparta, encouraged such visits. — Effect of these festivals upon
the Greek mind. 50-73
CHAPTER XXIX.
LYRIC POETRY. — THE SEVEN WISE MEN.
Age and duration of the Greek lyric poetry. — Epical age
preceding the lyrical. — Wider range of subjects for poetry — new
metres — enlarged musical scale. — Improvement of the harp by
Terpander — of the flute by Olympus and others. — Archilochus,
Kallinus, Tyrtæus, and Alkman — 670-600 B. C. — New metres
superadded to the Hexameter — Elegiac, Iambic, Trochaic. —
Archilochus. — Simonidês of Amorgos, Kallinus, Tyrtæus. — Musical
and poetical tendencies at Sparta. — Choric training — Alkman,
Thalêtas. — Doric dialect employed in the choric compositions.
— Arion and Stêsichorus — substitution of the professional in
place of the popular chorus. — Distribution of the chorus by
Stêsichorus — Strophê — Antistrophê — Epôdus. — Alkæus and
Sappho. — Gnomic or moralizing poets. — Solon and Theognis. —
Subordination of musical and orchestrical accompaniment to the
words and meaning. — Seven Wise Men. — They were the first men
who acquired an Hellenic reputation, without poetical genius.
— Early manifestation of philosophy — in the form of maxims. —
Subsequent growth of dialectics and discussion. — Increase of the
habit of writing — commencement of prose compositions. — First
beginnings of Grecian art. — Restricted character of early art,
from religious associations. — Monumental ornaments in the cities
— begin in the sixth century B. C. — Importance of Grecian art as
a means of Hellenic union. 73-101
CHAPTER XXX.
GRECIAN AFFAIRS DURING THE GOVERNMENT OF PEISISTRATUS AND HIS SONS AT
ATHENS.
Peisistratus and his sons at Athens — B. C. 500-510 — uncertain
chronology as to Peisistratus. — State of feeling in Attica at
the accession of Peisistratus. — Retirement of Peisistratus, and
stratagem whereby he is reinstated. — Quarrel of Peisistratus
with the Alkmæônids — his second retirement. — His second and
final restoration. — His strong government — mercenaries —
purification of Delos. — Mild despotism of Peisistratus. — His
sons Hippias and Hipparchus. — Harmodius and Aristogeitôn. — They
conspire and kill Hipparchus. B. C. 514. — Strong and lasting
sentiment, coupled with great historical mistake, in the Athenian
public. — Hippias despot alone — 514-510 B. C. — his cruelty and
conscious insecurity. — Connection of Athens with the Thracian
Chersonesus and the Asiatic coast of the Hellespont. — First
Miltiadês — œkist of the Chersonese. — Second Miltiadês — sent
out thither by the Peisistratids. — Proceedings of the exiled
Alkmæônids against Hippias. — Conflagration and rebuilding of
the Delphian temple. — The Alkmæônids rebuild the temple with
magnificence. — Gratitude of the Delphians towards them — they
procure from the oracle directions to Sparta, enjoining the
expulsion of Hippias. — Spartan expeditions into Attica. —
Expulsion of Hippias, and liberation of Athens. 102-126
CHAPTER XXXI.
GRECIAN AFFAIRS AFTER THE EXPULSION OF THE PEISISTRATIDS. —
REVOLUTION OF KLEISTHENES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY AT ATHENS.
State of Athens after the expulsion of Hippias. — Opposing
party-leaders — Kleisthenês — Isagoras. — Democratical revolution
headed by Kleisthenês. — Rearrangement and extension of the
political franchise. — Suppression of the four old tribes, and
formation of ten new tribes, including an increased number
of the population. — Imperfect description of this event in
Herodotus — its real bearing. — Grounds of opposition to it in
ancient Athenian feeling. — Names of the new tribes — their
relation to the demes. — Demes belonging to each tribe usually
not adjacent to each other. — Arrangements and functions of the
deme. — Solonian constitution preserved, with modifications. —
Change of military arrangement in the state. — The ten stratêgi,
or generals. — The judicial assembly of citizens, or Heliæa,
subsequently divided into fractions, each judging separately. —
The political assembly, or ekklesia. — Financial arrangements.
— Senate of Five Hundred. — Ekklesia, or political assembly. —
Kleisthenês the real author of the Athenian democracy. — Judicial
attributes of the people — their gradual enlargement. — Three
points in Athenian constitutional law, hanging together: —
Universal admissibility of citizens to magistracy — choice by lot
— reduced functions of the magistrates chosen by lot. — Universal
admissibility of citizens to the archonship — not introduced
until after the battle of Platæa. — Constitution of Kleisthenês
retained the Solonian law of exclusion as to individual office. —
Difference between that constitution and the political state of
Athens after Periklês. — Senate of Areopagus. — The ostracism.
— Weakness of the public force in the Grecian governments. —
Past violences of the Athenian nobles. — Necessity of creating a
constitutional morality. — Purpose and working of the ostracism.
— Securities against its abuse. — Ostracism necessary as a
protection to the early democracy — afterwards dispensed with.
— Ostracism analogous to the exclusion of a known pretender to
the throne in a monarchy. — Effect of the long ascendency of
Periklês, in strengthening constitutional morality. — Ostracism
in other Grecian cities. — Striking effect of the revolution
of Kleisthenês on the minds of the citizens. — Isagoras calls
in Kleomenês and the Lacedæmonians against it. — Kleomenês and
Isagoras are expelled from Athens. — Recall of Kleisthenês —
Athens solicits the alliance of the Persians. — First connection
between Athens and Platæa. — Disputes between Platæa and Thebes
— decision of Corinth as arbitrator. — Second march of Kleomenês
against Athens — desertion of his allies. — First appearance of
Sparta as acting head of Peloponnesian allies. — Signal successes
of Athens against Bœotians and Chalkidians. — Plantation of
Athenian settlers, or klêruchs, in the territory of Chalkis. —
Distress of the Thebans — they ask assistance from Ægina. — The
Æginetans make war on Athens. — Preparations at Sparta to attack
Athens anew — the Spartan allies are summoned, together with
Hippias. — First formal convocation at Sparta — advance of Greece
towards a political system. — Proceedings of the convocation
— animated protest of Corinth against any interference in
favor of Hippias — the Spartan allies refuse to interfere. —
Aversion to single-headed rule — now predominant in Greece. —
Striking development of Athenian energy after the revolution of
Kleisthenês — language of Herodotus. — Effect of the idea or
theory of democracy in exciting Athenian sentiment. — Patriotism
of an Athenian between 500-400 B. C. — combined with an eager
spirit of personal military exertion and sacrifice. — Diminution
of this active sentiment in the restored democracy after the
Thirty Tyrants. 126-181
CHAPTER XXXII.
RISE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. — CYRUS.
State of Asia before the rise of the Persian monarchy. — Great
power and alliances of Crœsus. — Rise of Cyrus — uncertainty of
his early history. — Story of Astyagês. — Herodotus and Ktêsias.
— Condition of the native Persians at the first rise of Cyrus.
— Territory of Iran — between Tigris and Indus. — War between
Cyrus and Crœsus. — Crœsus tests the oracles — triumphant reply
from Delphi — munificence of Crœsus to the oracle. — Advice given
to him by the oracle. — He solicits the alliance of Sparta. —
He crosses the Halys and attacks the Persians. — Rapid march of
Cyrus to Sardis. — Siege and capture of Sardis. — Crœsus becomes
prisoner of Cyrus — how treated. — Remonstrance addressed by
Crœsus to the Delphian god. — Successful justification of the
oracle. — Fate of Crœsus impressive to the Greek mind. — The
Mœræ, or Fates. — State of the Asiatic Greeks after the conquest
of Lydia by Cyrus. — They apply in vain to Sparta for aid. —
Cyrus quits Sardis — revolt of the Lydians suppressed. — The
Persian general Mazarês attacks Ionia — the Lydian Paktyas. —
Harpagus succeeds Mazarês — conquest of Ionia by the Persians.
— Fate of Phôkæa. — Emigration of the Phôkæans vowed by all,
executed only by one half. — Phôkæan colony first at Alalia, then
at Elea. — Proposition of Bias for a Pan-Ionic emigration not
adopted. — Entire conquest of Asia Minor by the Persians. 182-208
CHAPTER XXXIII.
GROWTH OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.
Conquests of Cyrus in Asia. — His attack of Babylon. — Difficult
approach to Babylon — no resistance made to the invaders. — Cyrus
distributes the river Gyndês into many channels. — He takes
Babylon, by drawing off for a time the waters of the Euphrates.
— Babylon left in undiminished strength and population. — Cyrus
attacks the Massagetæ — is defeated and slain. — Extraordinary
stimulus to the Persians, from the conquests of Cyrus. —
Character of the Persians. — Thirst for foreign conquest among
the Persians, for three reigns after Cyrus. — Kambysês succeeds
his father Cyrus — his invasion of Egypt. — Death of Amasis, king
of Egypt, at the time when the Persian expedition was preparing
— his son Psammenitus succeeds. — Conquest of Egypt by Kambysês.
— Submission of Kyrênê and Barka to Kambysês — his projects for
conquering Libya and Ethiopia disappointed. — Insults of Kambysês
to the Egyptian religion. — Madness of Kambysês — he puts to
death his younger brother, Smerdis. — Conspiracy of the Magian
Patizeithês who sets up his brother as king under the name of
Smerdis. — Death of Kambysês. — Reign of the false Smerdis —
conspiracy of the seven Persian noblemen against him — he is
slain. — Darius succeeds to the throne. — Political bearing
of this conspiracy — Smerdis represents Median preponderance,
which is again put down by Darius. — Revolt of the Medes —
suppressed. — Discontents of the satraps. — Revolt of Babylon.
— Reconquered and dismantled by Darius. — Organization of the
Persian empire by Darius. — Twenty satrapies with a fixed tribute
apportioned to each. — Imposts upon the different satrapies.
— Organizing tendency of Darius — first imperial coinage —
imperial roads and posts. — Island of Samos — its condition at
the accession of Darius. — Polykratês. — Polykratês breaks with
Amasis, king of Egypt, and allies himself with Kambysês. — The
Samian exiles, expelled by Polykratês, apply to Sparta for aid.
— The Lacedæmonians attack Samos, but are repulsed. — Attack on
Siphnos by the Samian exiles. — Prosperity of Polykratês. — He is
slain by the Persian satrap Orœtês. — Mæandrius, lieutenant of
Polykratês in Samos — he desires to establish a free government
after the death of Polykratês — conduct of the Samians. —
Mæandrius becomes despot. — Contrast between the Athenians
and the Samians. — Sylosôn, brother of Polykratês, lands with
a Persian army in Samos — his history. — Mæandrius agrees to
evacuate the island. — Many Persian officers slain — slaughter
of the Samians. — Sylosôn despot at Samos. — Application of
Mæandrius to Sparta for aid — refused. 209-252
CHAPTER XXXIV.
DEMOKEDES. — DARIUS INVADES SCYTHIA.
Conquering dispositions of Darius. — Influence of his wife,
Atossa. — Dêmokêdês, the Krotoniate surgeon — his adventures — he
is carried a slave to Susa. — He cures Darius, who rewards him
munificently. — He procures permission by artifice, and through
the influence of Atossa, to return to Greece. — Atossa suggests
to Darius an expedition against Greece. — Dêmokêdês, with some
Persians, is sent to procure information for him. — Voyage of
Dêmokêdês along the coast of Greece — he stays at Kroton — fate
of his Persian companions. — Consequences which might have been
expected to happen if Darius had then undertaken his expedition
against Greece. — Darius marches against Scythia. — His naval
force formed of Asiatic and insular Greeks. — He directs the
Greeks to throw a bridge over the Danube and crosses the river.
— He marches into Scythia — narrative of his march impossible
and unintelligible, considered as history. — The description
of his march is rather to be looked upon as a fancy-picture,
illustrative of Scythian warfare. — Poetical grouping of the
Scythians and their neighbors by Herodotus. — Strong impression
produced upon the imagination of Herodotus by the Scythians. —
Orders given by Darius to the Ionians at the bridge over the
Danube. — The Ionians are left in guard of the bridge; their
conduct when Darius’s return is delayed. — The Ionian despots
preserve the bridge and enable Darius to recross the river, as
a means of support to their own dominion at home. — Opportunity
lost of emancipation from the Persians — Conquest of Thrace by
the Persians as far as the river Strymon — Myrkinus near that
river given to Histiæus. — Macedonians and Pæonians are conquered
by Megabazus. — Insolence of the Persian envoys in Macedonia
— they are murdered. — Histiæus founds a prosperous colony at
Myrkinus — Darius sends for him into Asia. — Otanês Persian
general on the Hellespont — he conquers the Pelasgian population
of Lemnos, Imbros, etc. — Lemnos and Imbros captured by the
Athenians and Miltiadês. 252-280
CHAPTER XXXV.
IONIC REVOLT.
Darius carries Histiæus to Susa. — Application of the banished
Hippias to Artaphernês, satrap of Sardis. — State of the island
of Naxos — Naxian exiles solicit aid from Aristagoras of Milêtus.
— Expedition against Naxos, undertaken by Aristagoras with the
assistance of Artaphernês the satrap. — Its failure, through
dispute between Aristagoras and the Persian general, Megabatês.
— Alarm of Aristagoras — he determines to revolt against Persia
— instigation to the same effect from Histiæus. — Revolt of
Aristagoras and the Milesians — the despots in the various cities
deposed and seized. — Extension of the revolt throughout Asiatic
Greece — Aristagoras goes to solicit aid from Sparta. — Refusal
of the Spartans to assist him. — Aristagoras applies to Athens —
obtains aid both from Athens and Eretria. — March of Aristagoras
up to Sardis with the Athenian and Eretrian allies — burning of
the town — retreat and defeat of these Greeks by the Persians.
— The Athenians abandon the alliance. — Extension of the revolt
to Cyprus and Byzantium. — Phenician fleet called forth by the
Persians — Persian and Phenician armament sent against Cyprus
— the Ionians send aid thither — victory of the Persians —
they reconquer the island. — Successes of the Persians against
the revolted coast of Asia Minor. — Aristagoras loses courage
and abandons the country. — Appearance of Histiæus, who had
obtained leave of departure from Susa. — Histiæus is suspected by
Artaphernês — flees to Chios. — He attempts in vain to procure
admission into Milêtus — puts himself at the head of a small
piratical squadron. — Large Persian force assembled, aided by the
Phenician fleet, for the siege of Milêtus. — The allied Grecian
fleet mustered at Ladê. — Attempts of the Persians to disunite
the allies, by means of the exiled despots. — Want of command
and discipline in the Grecian fleet. — Energy of the Phôkæan
Dionysius — he is allowed to assume the command. — Discontent
of the Grecian crews — they refuse to act under Dionysius.
— Contrast of this incapacity of the Ionic crews with the
subsequent severe discipline of the Athenian seamen. — Disorder
and mistrust grow up in the fleet — treachery of the Samian
captains. — Complete victory of the Persian fleet at Ladê — ruin
of the Ionic fleet — severe loss of the Chians. — Voluntary
exile and adventures of Dionysius. — Siege, capture, and ruin of
Milêtus by the Persians. — The Phenician fleet reconquers all
the coast-towns and islands. — Narrow escape of Miltiadês from
their pursuit. — Cruelties of the Persians after the reconquest.
— Movements and death of Histiæus. — Sympathy and terror of
the Athenians at the capture of Milêtus — the tragic writer
Phrynichus is fined. 280-310
CHAPTER XXXVI.
FROM THE IONIC REVOLT TO THE BATTLE OF MARATHON.
Proceedings of the satrap Artaphernês after the reconquest of
Ionia — Mardonius comes with an army into Ionia — he puts down
the despots in the Greek cities. — He marches into Thrace and
Macedonia — his fleet destroyed by a terrible storm near Mount
Athos — he returns into Asia. — Island of Thasos — prepares to
revolt from the Persians — forced to submit. — Preparations of
Darius for invading Greece — he sends heralds round the Grecian
towns to demand earth and water — many of them submit. — Ægina
among those towns which submitted — state and relations of this
island. — Heralds from Darius are put to death, both at Athens
and Sparta. — Effects of this act in throwing Sparta into a state
of hostility against Persia. — The Athenians appeal to Sparta,
in consequence of the _medism_ (or submission to the Persians)
of Ægina. — Interference of Sparta — her distinct acquisition
and acceptance of the leadership of Greece. — One condition of
recognized Spartan leadership was the extreme weakness of Argos
at this moment. — Victorious war of Sparta against Argos. —
Destruction of the Argeians by Kleomenês, in the grove of the
hero Argus. — Kleomenês returns without having attacked the
city of Argos. — He is tried — his peculiar mode of defence
— acquitted. — Argos unable to interfere with Sparta in the
affair of Ægina and in her presidential power. — Kleomenês goes
to Ægina to seize the _medizing_ leaders — resistance made to
him, at the instigation of his colleague Demaratus. — Demaratus
is deposed, and Leotychidês chosen king, by the intrigues of
Kleomenês. — Demaratus leaves Sparta and goes to Darius. —
Kleomenês and Leotychidês go to Ægina, seize ten hostages,
and convey them as prisoners to Athens. — Important effect of
this proceeding upon the result of the first Persian invasion
of Greece. — Assemblage of the vast Persian armament under
Datis at Samos. — He crosses the Ægean — carries the island of
Naxos without resistance — respects Delos. — He reaches Eubœa
— siege and capture of Eretria. — Datis lands at Marathon. —
Existing condition and character of the Athenians. — Miltiadês
— his adventures — chosen one of the ten generals in the year
in which the Persians landed at Marathon. — Themistoklês and
Aristeidês. — Miltiadês, Aristeidês, and perhaps Themistoklês,
were now among the ten stratêgi, or generals, in 490 B. C. —
The Athenians ask aid from Sparta — delay of the Spartans. —
Difference of opinion among the ten Athenian generals — five of
them recommend an immediate battle, the other five are adverse
to it. — Urgent instances of Miltiadês in favor of an immediate
battle — casting-vote of the polemarch determines it. — March of
the Athenians to Marathon — the Platæans spontaneously join them
there. — Numbers of the armies. — Locality of Marathon. — Battle
of Marathon — rapid charge of Miltiadês — defeat of the Persians.
— Loss on both sides. — Ulterior plans of the Persians against
Athens — party in Attica favorable to them. — Rapid march of
Miltiadês back to Athens on the day of the battle. — The Persians
abandon the enterprise, and return home. — Athens rescued through
the speedy battle brought on by Miltiadês. — Change of Grecian
feeling as to the Persians — terror which the latter inspired
at the time of the battle of Marathon. — Immense effect of the
Marathonian victory on the feelings of the Greeks — especially
of the Athenians. — Who were the traitors that invited the
Persians to Athens after the battle — false imputation on the
Alkmæônids. — Supernatural belief connected with the battle —
commemorations of it. — Return of Datis to Asia — fate of the
Eretrian captives. — Glory of Miltiadês — his subsequent conduct
— unsuccessful expedition against Paros — bad hurt of Miltiadês.
— Disgrace of Miltiadês on his return. — He is fined — dies of
his wound — the fine is paid by his son Kimon. — Reflections on
the closing adventures of the life of Miltiadês. — Fickleness
and ingratitude imputed to the Athenians — how far they deserve
the charge. — Usual temper of the Athenian dikasts in estimating
previous services. — Tendency of eminent Greeks to be corrupted
by success. — In what sense it is apparently true that fickleness
was an attribute of the Athenian democracy. 311-378
CHAPTER XXXVII.
IONIC PHILOSOPHERS. — PYTHAGORAS. — KROTON AND SYBARIS.
Phalaris despot of Agrigentum. — Thalês. — Ionic philosophers
— not a school or succession. — Step in philosophy commenced
by Thalês. — Vast problems with scanty means of solution. —
One cause of the vein of skepticism which runs through Grecian
philosophy. — Thalês — primeval element of water, or the fluid.
— Anaximander. — Problem of the One and the Many — the Permanent
and the Variable. — Xenophanês — his doctrine the opposite of
that of Anaximander. — The Eleatic school, Parmenidês and Zeno,
springing from Xenophanês — their dialectics — their great
influence on Grecian speculation. — Pherekydês. — History of
Pythagoras. — His character and doctrines. — Pythagoras more a
missionary and schoolmaster than a politician — his political
efficiency exaggerated by later witnesses. — His ethical training
— probably not applied to all the members of his order. — Decline
and subsequent renovation of the Pythagorean order. — Pythagoras
not merely a borrower, but an original and ascendent mind. — He
passes from Samos to Kroton. — State of Kroton — oligarchical
government — excellent gymnastic training and medical skill.
— Rapid and wonderful effects said to have been produced by
the exhortations of Pythagoras. — He forms a powerful club, or
society, consisting of three hundred men taken from the wealthy
classes at Kroton. — Political influence of Pythagoras — was an
indirect result of the constitution of the order. — Causes which
led to the subversion of the Pythagorean order. — Violences which
accompanied its subversion. — The Pythagorean order is reduced
to a religious and philosophical sect, in which character it
continues. — War between Sybaris and Kroton. — Defeat of the
Sybarites, and destruction of their city, partly through the
aid of the Spartan prince Dorieus. — Sensation excited in the
Hellenic world by the destruction of Sybaris. — Gradual decline
of the Greek power in Italy. — Contradictory statements and
arguments respecting the presence of Dorieus. — Herodotus does
not mention the Pythagoreans, when he alludes to the war between
Sybaris and Kroton. — Charondas, lawgiver of Katana, Naxos,
Zanklê, Rhegium, etc. 378-419
HISTORY OF GREECE.
PART II.
CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.