Destroyers on Guard--Preparations of Flotilla to Cross the
Ocean--Meeting the "Adriatic"---Flotilla Arrives in Queenstown--
Reception by British Commander and Populace--"We are Ready
Now, Sir"--Arrival of the Famous Captain Evans on the American
Flag-Ship--Our Navy a Warm-Weather Navy--Loss of the "Vacuum"
When we entered the war the Navy Department had one definite idea
concerning its duty with regard to the submarine. It was felt that it
was more necessary to deal drastically with this situation than to meet
it merely by building a large fleet of cargo-carrying vessels in the
hope that a sufficient number of them would escape the U-boats to insure
the carrying of adequate food and supplies to France and the British
Isles. The view was taken that, while the ship-building programme was
being carried out--there was of course no idea of not furthering the
policy embodied in the plea of the British statesman for ships, ships
and yet more ships--means should be taken of driving the submarine from
the seas.
We held the attitude that the nation which had given to the world a
weapon so formidable as the undersea fighter had within it the ability
to devise a means of combating it successfully. And, as a matter of
fact, long before we went into the conflict the Navy Department had not
ignored consideration of ways and means in this respect. As a
consequence, when the British and French War Commissions arrived in this
country they found our naval officers bristling with ideas, some of them
apparently so feasible that the British naval representatives were both
pleased and astonished.
We do not know all that passed between the Americans and the British
with regard to the submarine, but this we do know: that the British went
back to England with a greater respect for our powers of constructive
thought than they had when they reached this country. Among some of the
early suggestions was the sowing of contact mines in waters through
which the submarines would be obliged to pass in leaving and entering
their bases. Then there was the scheme of protecting vessels in groups,
and other excellent ideas which were soon put into effect.
Immediately after the signing of the war resolution by President Wilson
the Navy Department proceeded to put various plans into execution. At
9.30 o'clock one warm April night commanders of various destroyers in
service along the coast received orders to proceed at daylight to the
home navy-yards and fit out with all despatch for distant service. None
of the officers knew what was ahead, not definitely, that is; but all
knew that the future held action of vital sort and with all steam the
venomous gray destroyers were soon darting up and down the coast toward
their various navy-yards, at Boston, New York, and elsewhere.
Arriving here, the vessels went at once into dry dock while a force of
men who were in waiting proceeded to clean and paint the hulls, while
stores and provisions to last three months were assembled. In a few days
the flotilla set forth. No commander knew where he was going.
Instructions were to proceed to a point fifty miles east of Cape Cod,
and there to open sealed instructions. One may imagine the thoughts of
the officers and crews of the sea-fighters--which above all other craft
had signally demonstrated the fact that they and they alone were
qualified to bring the fear of God, as the navy saying is, to the
Germans--as they ploughed through the seas to the point where orders
might be opened and the way ahead made clear.
"And when," said a destroyer commander, speaking of that trip, "I got to
the designated point at midnight, I opened my orders and found that we
were to make for Queenstown. You may be sure I breathed a fervent cheer,
for I had been itching for a crack at the sub ever since certain events
off Nantucket the preceding fall."
The flotilla took ten days in making the journey, the time thus consumed
being due to a southeast gale which accompanied the boats for the first
seven days of the journey. There were various incidents, but nothing of
the dramatic save the picking up and escorting of the big British liner
_Adriatic_, and later the meeting 300 miles off the Irish coast of the
brave little British destroyer _Mary Rose_, which had been sent out to
meet the Americans. The _Mary Rose_, by the way, was sunk three months
later by a German raider. The commander of the _Mary Rose_ assured the
Americans that they would be welcome and that their co-operation would
be highly appreciated.
One may fancy so. Things were looking exceedingly black about that time.
In the previous three weeks submarines had sunk 152 British merchant
vessels, and patrol-vessels each day were bringing in survivors of the
various victims. It was a situation which could not go on if the British
cause were not to be very seriously injured. The question of supplies,
food, munitions, and the like, for which both France and England were
relying upon the United States to furnish, was looming vitally. This
country had the things to send, all cargoes, of all sorts. But to send
them to the war zone and then have them lost was a heart-breaking
situation for every one concerned.
One thus is able to imagine the emotions with which the British at
Queenstown received our flotilla when it came in from the sea on the
morning of May 13. Motion pictures of this eventful arrival have been
shown in this country, with the result that we who were not there have
an impression of a crowded waterfront, of American flags flying
everywhere, of the American commander leaving his vessel and going
ashore to call upon the British commander Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly and
the Honorable Wesley Frost, the American Consul at Queenstown. The
destroyers had steamed into the harbor in a long line and with great
precision came to a stop at the designated moorings. All this, as said,
we have seen on the film, as we have seen the British and American
officers going through the motions of formal felicitation. What was
said, however, came to us through another medium. Admiral Bayly, after
the formal ceremony of greeting was ended, said with British directness:
"When will you be ready for business?"
The reply was prompt:
"We can start at once, sir."
Admiral Bayly did not attempt to conceal his surprise, but he made no
comment until after he had completed a tour of the various American
craft. Then he turned to the American commander:
"You were right about being prepared."
"Yes," returned the American; "we made preparations in the course of the
trip over. That is why we are ready."
"Very good," smiled the British commander. "You are a fine body of men
and your boats look just as fit." As a matter of fact, while all
equipment was found to be in excellent condition and the men ready and
eager to go out after submarines, it was deemed best to send one or two
of the craft to dry dock to have their hulls inspected and, if
necessary, shorn of all barnacles or other marine growth that might have
become attached to the plating on the journey across.
In the meantime had occurred a very pretty incident which is now one of
the stock stories in the ward-rooms of British and American sea-fighters
in European waters. It seems that not long before the destroyers were
due to arrive Captain Edward R. G. R. Evans, C.B., who was second in
command of the Scott Antarctic Expedition, came up the Thames on board
his battered destroyer, the _Broke_. Now, the _Broke_ on the night of
April 20, off Dover, had been engaged in an action which stands as one
of the glorious achievements at arms in the annals of sea-fighting. The
_Broke_ that night was attacked by six German destroyers and, after a
battle characterized by bulwark rasping against bulwark, by
boarding-parties, hand-to-hand fighting, and all the elements that make
the pages of Mayne Reid thrilling, defeated the six destroyers and
proceeded to port with flags flying.
With all this in mind the admiralty decided to pay the Americans the
distinguished compliment of attaching Captain Evans to the American
flag-ship as a sort of liaison officer. So when the American flotilla
was reported, the British hero set forth and in good time boarded the
flag-ship of the flotilla. He was accompanied by a young aide, and both
were received with all courtesy by the American commander. But the
British aide could see that the American had not associated his visitor
with the man whose laurels were still fresh not only as an explorer but
as a fighter.
There was talk of quarters for Captain Evans, and the American commander
seemed doubtful just where to put his guest. Finally he sent the British
officer below with a lieutenant to see what could be done. When the two
had disappeared Evans's aide turned to the American commander.
"I don't think," he said, flushing rather diffidently, "that you quite
grasped just who you have on board," and then with great distinctness he
added: "He is R. G. R. Evans. He--"
There came an exclamation from the American, and stepping forward he
seized the young officer by the shoulders.
"Do you mean to say that he is Evans of the _Broke_?" he cried.
As the Briton nodded and was about to speak, the American leaped from
his side, made the companion-ladder, and fairly tumbled below,
Approaching Captain Evans, he said:
"Captain Evans, my apologies; I didn't quite place you at first. I
merely wish to tell you now not to worry about quarters. I say this
because you are going to have my bunk--and I--I am going to sleep on the
floor."
And here is a little incident which occurred when the destroyers picked
up and escorted the _Adriatic_ of the White Star Line. As may be
imagined, the Americans on board were delighted to see a destroyer with
an American flag darting about the great vessel like a porpoise, while
the British appreciated to the full the significance of the occasion--so
much so that the following message was formulated and wirelessed to the
destroyer:
"British passengers on board a steamship bound for a British port under
the protection of an American torpedo-boat destroyer send their hearty
greetings to her commander and her officers and crew and desire to
express their keen appreciation of this practical co-operation between
the government and people of the United States and the British Empire
who are now fighting together for the freedom of the seas."
One may imagine with what emotions the officers and men of the American
war-ship, bound for duty in enemy seas and at the very outset having a
great greyhound intrusted to their care, received this glowing despatch.
There were many functions attending the arrival of the Americans at
Queenstown, aside from those already set forth. Many of the seamen were
granted shore-leave and were immediately captured by the townspeople,
who took them to their homes and entertained most lavishly. They were
the first American naval men that the Queenstowners had seen at close
quarters in years, and the bluejackets were bombarded with questions.
And while the jackies were thus being treated the American officers made
a memorable visit to Cork. They journeyed up the River Lee in an
admiral's barge accompanied by Captain Evans. At the Cork custom-house
they were met by distinguished military officers, by the lord-lieutenant
of the county, and by the lord mayor of Cork. It was a most memorable
occasion, and when they returned they found the British and American
seamen on such good terms that the two bodies had already tried each
other out in friendly fisticuffs, the net results being common respect
one for the other.
Announcement of the arrival of the American vessels was made by the
British Admiralty, the American Navy Department, with a modest reticence
which ever since has been characteristic, saying nothing until the time
came to confirm the admiralty's statement. In doing this Secretary
Daniels announced that as a matter of fact an American flotilla of
destroyers had arrived at an English port on May 4, and the vessels
thereof engaged in the work of submarine hunting in both the Atlantic
and in co-operation with the French in the Mediterranean. About the same
time it was stated that a body of naval aviators, the first American
fighting-men to serve from the shore, had been landed in England.
Soon after this announcement came another from Washington, giving an
interchange of wireless amenities between Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty,
commander of the British Grand Fleet, to Rear-Admiral Henry T. Mayo,
commanding the United States Atlantic Fleet:
"The Grand Fleet rejoices that the Atlantic Fleet will share in
preserving the liberties of the world and maintaining the chivalry of
the sea."
And Admiral Mayo's reply:
"The United States Atlantic Fleet appreciates the message from the
British Fleet, and welcomes opportunities for work with the British
Fleet for the freedom of the seas."
In confirming the British announcement of the arrival of the flotilla at
Queenstown, Secretary Daniels said:
"It has been the purpose of the United States Navy to give the largest
measure of assistance to other countries at war with Germany that is
consistent with the full and complete protection of our own coast and
territorial waters."
Within a week after the arrival of our flotilla at Queenstown, the
vessels thereof ranging the seas side by side with the British,
submarine losses showed a marked reduction, and it was even more marked
the second week of our co-operation. It was also stated that more
submarines had been sunk in the week of May 12 than in the previous
month.
In preparing for co-operation with the British destroyers, the American
officers received lectures on the subject of effective submarine
fighting, while depth-bombs and appliances for releasing them were
supplied to the American boats, and all surplus gear and appurtenances
of various sorts were taken from the American vessels and stored ashore.
It was noted as a curious fact that the United States Navy had really
been a warm-weather navy. The ships were sent south in winter for drills
and target practice, usually in Guantanamo Bay; in the spring they
engaged in manoeuvres off the Virginia Capes, and in summer went to
Newport, Provincetown, and other New England points. Again, life in a
destroyer on the wintry Atlantic was not the most comfortable life in
the world. There were cold fogs, icy winds and fearful storms in the war
zone, and the thin steel hulls of the destroyers offered little in the
way of creature comforts. This fact perhaps gave color to the report
from Queenstown that our men were prepared in every respect save that of
clothing, a statement that was indignantly refuted by the Navy
Department, and a list of the garments furnished the sailors was
submitted. It was an adequate list and quite effectually silenced
further rumors on that score. As a matter of fact, no complaint ever
came from the jackies themselves. They had sea-boots, pea-jackets,
short, heavy double-breasted overcoats, knitted watch-caps, heavy
woollen socks, jerseys, extra jackets of lambskin wool, oil-skins, and
navy uniform suits--a complete outfit surely. In the meantime the young
women, elderly women, too, of the country were busily engaged in
knitting helmets, sweaters, mittens, and the like. Some of the girls,
more romantic than others, inserted their names and addresses in the
articles they sent to the sailors. Here is a little _jeu d'esprit_ that
one girl received from a sailor of Admiral Sims's command:
"Some sox; some fit!
I used one for a helmet.
And one for a mitt.
I hope I shall meet you
When I've done my bit.
But who in the devil
Taught you to knit?"
The reader may be sure that other, many other, more appreciative
messages were sent to the devoted young women of the country, and that
in many cases interesting correspondence was opened.
On May 25, 1917, Admiral Sims cabled to Secretary Daniels that Berlin
knew of American plans for sending our destroyers to Europe four days
before the vessels arrived at Queenstown, and that twelve mines had been
placed across the entrance to the harbor the day before the destroyer
flotilla reached their destination. The activity of British
mine-sweepers prevented whatever might have occurred. This gave rise to
considerable discussion in this country as to German spies here, and as
an instance of their work in keeping in touch with naval affairs the
following story was told in naval circles: When the oil-ship _Vacuum_,
with Lieutenant Thomas and a naval gun crew on board, sailed from this
country, the captain had instructions where to pick up British
destroyers at a certain point off the Irish coast. The _Vacuum_ arrived
at the designated spot, and before the war-ships arrived a submarine
appeared out of the water.
"I see," said the German commander, appearing out of the conning-tower,
"that you kept your appointment."
And then the _Vacuum_ was sent to the bottom. Later, under the convoy
system, submarines began to be very wary in the matter of triumphant
conversations with officers of merchantmen. In fact, this appears to
have been the last interchange of the sort.
Working with the British, the American destroyers patrolled the seas six
days at a stretch, each craft being assigned to a certain area, as far
out as three hundred miles off shore. Returning to port, the destroyers
would lie at their moorings two and three days. Later the time in port
was reduced. But it depended upon conditions. The orders to the
Americans were: first, destroy submarines; second, escort and convoy
merchant ships; third, save lives. And in all three respects the
Americans from the very outset have so conducted themselves and their
craft as to earn the highest encomiums from the Entente admiralties.
The Americans entered very heartily into their work, and developed ideas
of their own, some of which the British were very glad to adopt. Between
the men of the two navies there has been the best sort of feeling.