in which silex occurs have depended on its state of fluidity. In
quartz crystals the solution was complete; in agate and chalcedony
it was in a gelatinous state, assuming a spheroidal or orbicular
disposition according to the motion given to its particles. Its
condition appears also to have been modified by the influence of
organic matter. In some polished slices of siliceous nodules,
the transition from flint to agate, chalcedony, and crystallized
quartz, is beautifully shown. The curious fact that the shells of
Echinites In chalk are almost invariably filled with flint, while
their crustaceous shells are changed into calc-spar, is probably
in many instances to be attributed to the animal matter having
undergone silicification; for the most organized parts are those
which appear to have been most susceptible of this transmutation.
In some specimens the oyster is changed into flint, while the shell
Is converted into crystallized carbonate of lime. In a trigonia
from Tisbury, formerly In the cabinet of the late Miss Benett, of
Norton House, near Warminster, the body of the mollusk was completely
metamorphosed into pure chalcedony, the branchiæ or gills being
as clearly defined as when the animal was recent. In specimens of
wood from Australia (presented to the British Museum by Sir Thomas
Mitchell), which are completely permeated by silex, there are on
the external surface some spots of chalcedony, that have apparently
originated from the exudation of the liquid silex from the interior
in viscid globules filled with air, which burst, and then collapsed,
and became solidified in their present form.
In silicified wood, the permeation of the vegetable tissues by the
mineral matter appears to have been effected by solutions of silex of
a high temperature. In some examples mineralization has been effected
simply by replacement: the original substance has been removed, atom
by atom, and the silex substituted in its place. One of the most
eminent naturalists and mineralogists of the United States, Mr. J.
D. Dana,[141] suggests that the reason why silica is so common a
material in the constitution of fossil wood and shells, as well as in
pseudo-morphic crystals,[142] consists in the ready solution of silex
in water at a high temperature (a fact affirmed by Bergman[143])
under great pressure, whenever an alkali is present, as is seen at
the present time in many volcanic regions, and its ready deposition
again when the water cools. A mere heated aqueous solution of silica,
under a high pressure, is sufficient to explain the phenomenon of
the silicification of organic structures. Mr. Dana states that "a
crystal of calc-spar in such a fluid, being exposed to solution from
the action of the heated water alone, the silica deposits itself
gradually on a reduction of temperature, and takes the place of the
lime, atom by atom, as soon as set free. Every silicified fossil
is an example of this pseudo-morphism; but there seems to be no
union of the silica with the lime, for silicate of lime is of rare
occurrence."[144]
[Footnote 141: American Journal of Science, for January, 1845.]
[Footnote 142: Pseudo-morphic crystals are crystals moulded in the
cavities left by other crystals, which they have replaced. See Dr.
Blum on pseudo-morphous minerals; and Mr. Jefferey's experiments on
the solution of silica in heated vapour; Wonders of Geology, p. 100.]
[Footnote 143: Bergman first determined the solubility of silex in
simple water, aided by heat, and demonstrated its existence in the
Geysers, and other boiling springs of Iceland. _Parkinson_, _Org.
Rem._, vol. i. p. 324.]
[Footnote 144: See my "Notes on a microscopical examination of chalk
and flint," Annals of Natural History, August 1845.]
XX. Stigmaria, Sigillaria, &c.--The most remarkable peculiarity
of the flora of the carboniferous period is the immense numerical
preponderance of the vascular or higher tribes of cryptogamic plants,
which amount to two-thirds of the species described. With these
are associated a few Palms, Coniferæ, Cycadeæ, and dicotyledonous
plants, allied to the _Cacteæ_ and _Euphorbiaceæ_. The number and
magnitude of the vegetables bearing an analogy to the _Ductulosæ_,
but differing from existing species and genera, constitute therefore
the most important botanical feature of the carboniferous flora. Thus
we have plants allied to the Equisetum, or mare's-tail (_Calamites_),
eighteen inches in circumference, and from thirty to forty feet high;
Zamia-like coniferæ (_Sigillariæ_) fifty feet high; and arborescent
club-mosses (_Lepidodendra_) attaining an altitude of sixty or
seventy feet. Of this ancient flora, the fossil plants whose stems
have been named _Sigillaria_ (see Plate XXI.), and their roots
Stigmaria, are especially remarkable in consequence of the peculiar
circumstances under which upright examples of these trees are
occasionally met with. Referring for details to "Wonders of Geology,"
Lecture VII., I purpose describing in this place the facts recently
brought to light, which prove that certain species of Stigmaria are
the roots of Sigillariæ; while others in all probability belong to
Lepidodendra:--an opinion maintained more than thirty years ago by
the Rev. H. Steinhauer.[145] To the late Mr. Binney we are indebted
for the first confirmation of the inference of my friend, M. Adolphe
Brongniart, (derived from an examination of the structure of those
bodies,) that the Stigmariæ are the veritable roots of Sigillariæ.
At St. Helen's, near Liverpool, Mr. Binney discovered, in 1844, an
upright trunk of a Sigillaria, nine feet high, to which were attached
ten roots, several feet long, that extended into the under clay in
their natural position;[146] and these roots were unquestionable
Stigmariæ, the tubercles with their attached rootlets being clearly
displayed. In the floor of the Victoria Mine at Dunkinfold, near
Manchester, at the depth of 1,100 feet from the surface, Mr. Binney
also discovered a magnificent specimen of Sigillaria, which exhibited
on its stem the respective characters of three supposed species, and
had stigmaria-roots extending twenty feet.
[Footnote 145: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,
New Series, vol. i.]
[Footnote 146: See Medals of Creation, vol. i. p. 143.]
In the Sydney coal-field at Cape Breton, Mr. Richard Brown has
observed several upright stems of Sigillariæ and Lepidodendra, with
stigmaria-roots attached; and the same fact has been noticed in the
Picton coal, in Nova Scotia. The following figures and notes from Mr.
Brown's description of these interesting phenomena, will place the
subject before the reader in a clear point of view.[147]
[Footnote 147: "Description of an upright Lepidodendron with
Stigmaria-roots in the roof of the Sydney Main Coal, in the Island of
Cape Breton. By Richard Brown, Esq."--_Geological Journal_, No. 13,
for June, 1847, p. 46.]
The main bed of coal is six feet in thickness, and is overlaid, as
usual, by a roof of shale abounding in foliage and fragments of
branches. As the coal is dug out, large masses of the shale fall in,
and occasionally hollow spaces, called by the workmen _pot-holes_,
are left in the roof; the fallen masses being the roots and truncated
stems of Sigillariæ and other trees, which separate at the parting
formed by the coaly bark covering the roots, when the supporting coal
is removed.
The following sketch represents one of the specimens of the base of
a stem of a Lepidodendron, with the roots (_stigmariæ_) attached.
This figure (1) shows the position of the tree above the bed of main
coal, with the inclination and length of two of the principal roots,
so far as they could be distinctly traced; and the following sketch
(2) represents the trunk, with its branching roots, constructed from
careful measurements of the dimensions and position of each root,
drawn on the spot. The stem at the part marked A, was encrusted with
a coaly bark, covered by the usual cicatrices of the Lepidodendra,
and the roots at B, C, D, with a similar carbonaceous investment,
impressed with the characteristic pits or areolæ of Stigmariæ.
[Illustration: _Fig. 1._
STEM OF LEPIDODENDRON WITH ROOTS.]
[Illustration: _Fig. 2._]
In the Instance of the upright stems of Sigillariæ in the same
coal-field, the roots were also unequivocally Stigmariæ. Fig. 3,
represents one of these erect stems, sixteen Inches high and twelve
inches in diameter at the top, which dropped from the roof of the bed
after the coal had been removed. Part of the coaly bark remains at
_c_. The decorticated part of the trunk is covered with minute scales
as far as the point _h_, a few inches below the first ramification of
the roots. The carbonaceous crust investing the roots was thick at
the upper part, but gradually became thin, and at _a_, and _b_, was a
mere friable pellicle, that fell off upon the slightest touch.
[Illustration: _Fig. 3._
STEM OF SIGILLARIA ALTERNANS, 1/12 _natural size_.]
[Illustration: _Fig. 4._]
The exact position of the tree in relation to the underlying coal is
shown in the above section. Fig. 4. Immediately over the coal there
is a bed of hard shale, six inches in depth, in which no fossils are
found; this is overlaid by a softer shale abounding in coal-plants;
all the upright stems were rooted in the six-inch shale. Upon
clearing the base of this tree, a complete set of conical tap-roots
was discovered, arranged as in the annexed sketch. Fig. 5. There are
four large tap-roots in each quarter of the stump, and five inches
below these another set of smaller tap-roots; the total number
amounting to eighteen. The horizontal roots are seen to branch off in
a regular manner, the base being divided into four nearly equal parts
by deep channels, extending from the centre to the points _i, k, l,
m_.
[Illustration: _Fig. 5._
_The under surface of Fig. 3, showing the conical tap-roots of the
tree, 1/12 natural size._]
Mr. Brown remarks, that these short thick tap-roots were evidently
adapted only to a soft wet soil, such as we may conceive was the
nature of the first layer of mud deposited upon a bed of peat
which had settled down slightly below the level of the water. He
supposes, from the presence of a layer of shale without fossil plants
immediately over the coal, that the prostrate stems and leaves which
occur in such large quantities in the next superincumbent bed, fell
from trees growing on the spot, and were entombed in layers of mud
held in suspension in the water, which at short intervals inundated
the low marshy ground on which they grew; for had the plants been
drifted from a distance, he conceives they would also occur in the
first layer of shale, as well as in those higher up.
[Illustration: _Fig. 6._
STEM OF A SIGILLARIA BROKEN OFF CLOSE TO THE ROOTS, 1/12 _natural
size_.]
Having thus shown that the _Sigillaria alternans_ was provided
with roots adapted for a soft muddy soil, Mr. Brown next describes
the specimen represented in Fig. 6, which is the stem of the same
species of tree broken off near the roots; the hollow cylinder of
bark (_a_) having been bent down and doubled over by the pressure
of the surrounding mud, so as effectually to close up the aperture,
leaving only a few irregular cicatrices, of three or four inches
in length, converging at the apex; the structure, arrangement, and
number of the tap-roots, as well as the horizontal ramifications, are
similar to those in Fig. 5. This fossil clearly explains the nature
of the "_dome-shaped_" plant figured in the "Fossil Flora of Great
Britain."[148]
[Footnote 148: The figures 3, 4, 5, 6, and the descriptions, are from
the paper of Richard Brown, Esq., published in the Journal of the
Geological Society of London, for March, 1849, entitled, "Description
of erect Sigillariæ, with conical tap-roots, found in the roof of the
Sydney Main Coal, in the Island of Cape Breton."]
"The roots of the preceding fossils repeatedly ramify as their
distance from the stem increases, and ultimately terminate in broad
flattened points. The whole of the spreading roots of these trees
(the _Sigillariæ_) cover only an area of thirty square feet each;
whilst those of the Lepidodendron (Fig. 1), whose stem is only two
or three inches larger in diameter, covered a space of two hundred
square feet. Since it is well known, from numerous examples, that
the Lepidodendra were lofty trees, with spreading branches, which
therefore required wide bases for support, may we not conclude that
Sigillariæ of the species described were, on the contrary, trees of
low stature, without heavy branches?"
I cannot quit this subject without again adverting to the remarkable
phenomenon mentioned In a previous note, namely, that in the bed of
pulverulent earth--the _under-clay_--on which the coal invariably
reposes, the roots (or Stigmariæ) of large trees are generally the
only organic remains met with. The constant occurrence of these
fossils in the under-clay, and their rarity in the coal and shale,
was long ago pointed out by Mr. Martin, Dr. Macculloch, and other
geologists; but the importance of the fact was not appreciated till
Mr. Logan drew attention to it. In the Welsh coal-field, through a
depth of 1,200 feet, there are sixty beds of coal, each of which lies
on a stratum of clay abounding in Stigmariæ. In the Appalachian coal
formation of the United States, the same phenomena occur.
Thus it appears that the under-clay is the natural soil in which
the roots (_Stigmariæ_) of the Sigillariæ and Lepidodendra grew;
the coal above it is composed of the carbonized stems and foliage
of those trees; and the roof or coal-shale is formed by the
leaves and branches of a forest overwhelmed and buried beneath
the transported detritus of distant rocks. These phenomena may be
explained by supposing that a plain, densely clothed with a luxuriant
intertropical vegetation, was either inundated by an irruption
of the sea, or overwhelmed by a flood, from the sudden breaking
up of the barrier of an inland lake; or by the subsidence of the
country on which the forests grew. But when we find an uninterrupted
series, in which triple deposits of this character are repeated
through many thousand feet, the solution of the problem is beset
with difficulties, which the hypothesis of repeated periodical
subsidences, however ingenious, does not, in my opinion, remove.[149]
[Footnote 149: See Wonders of Geology, pp. 669, 718, 731.]
∵ Jaw of the Iguanodon.--_Additional note to_ p. 194.--Since
the preceding pages were struck off, I have, through the kindness
and liberality of Samuel H. Beckles, Esq., of Hastings, obtained
two portions of jaws from the Wealden of the Sussex Coast. One of
these is a fragment of the left side of the lower jaw, with six
well-defined dental sockets; the other specimen exhibits the position
of the mature molars and the successional teeth in the upper jaw;
and confirms the accuracy of the views of Dr. Melville and myself as
to the ruminant character of the arrangement of the dental organs in
the upper and lower jaws of the Iguanodon, as described in my memoir
on the structure of the jaws and teeth; Philos. Trans. 1848, p. 183.
When this specimen is completely developed, it will probably exhibit
distinctly the relative position of the germs and mature teeth, and
the form of the inner alveolar parapet.
INDEX.
A.
Acrodus, tooth of, 160.
Actinocrinus, 121.
---- triacontadactylus, 121.
Adelosina, 143.
Age of reptiles, 193.
Alethopteris decurrens, 81.
---- lonchitidis, 25.
---- Serlii, 25.
Algæ, fossil, 191.
Alveolina elliptica, 142.
Ammonites, 139.
---- latus, 139.
---- Mantelli, 139.
---- ovalis, 139.
---- Walcotii, 139.
Ananchytes ovatus, 127.
Annularia brevifolia, 27.
Anoplotherium commune, teeth of, 163.
Antarctic ocean, diatomaceæ of, 191.
Aphyllum asperum, 69.
---- cristatum, 65.
Apiocrinus ellipticus, 113.
---- Parkinsoni, 119.
---- rotundus, 119.
Aptychus, 147.
Area, fossil, 144.
Artis, Mr., on fossil botany, 175.
---- work of, 16.
Asaphus caudatus, 156.
Aspidiaria cristata, 65.
Asterias, fossil, 125.
Asterophyllites, 27.
Astrea ananas, 93.
---- arachnoides, 95.
---- geometrica, 109.
---- Tisburiensis, 95.
---- undulata, 95.
B.
Baculites Fraujasii, 139.
Bahia Blanca, fossils of, 184.
Bears, fossil teeth of, 165.
---- fossil, 169.
Beckles, S. H., Esq., fossils by, 202.
Belemnitella mucronata, 138, 139.
Belemnite, description of, 169.
Belemnites, 137, 138, 139.
---- coniformis, 138.
---- cylindriformis, 138.
---- fusiformis, 138.
---- giganteus, 137.
---- Puzosianus, 171.
Belemnoteuthis antiquus, 170.
Bellerophon costatus, 141.
Bellinurus bellulus, 156.
Benett, Miss, the late, fossils by, 197, 95.
Bergman, on Silica, 198.
Big-bone Lick, account of, 167.
Biloculina ringens, 143.
Binney, Mr., on Stigmariæ, 198.
Birds, fossil remains of. New Zealand, x, 172.
Botanical arrangement of fossil plants, 175.
Bourgeticrinus, 113.
Bovey coal, 19.
Bowerbank, J. S., Esq., on fossil fruits of Sheppey, 29, 31.
Brachiopoda, fossil, 153.
Bradford encrinite, 119.
Brickenden, Capt. Lambart, discovery of jaw of Iguanodon, 194.
Brongniart, M., fossil botany of, 178.
---- on fossil fruits of Sheppey, 31.
Brown, Mr. Richard, on upright Sigillariæ, 198.
Buckland, Dr., on Belemno-sepia, 170.
---- on Stigmariæ, 55.
C.
Calamites approximatus, 49.
---- decoratus, 51.
---- dubius, 23, 45.
---- ramosus, 43.
---- Suckovii, 47.
Calceola sandalina, 154.
Calymene Blumenbachii, 156.
---- variolare, 156.
Cancer Leachii, 155.
Cannibalism of New Zealanders, 175.
Cap Encrinite, 116, 117.
Cape Breton, coal-field of 199.
Carboniferous deposits, 181.
Carcharias megalodon, 160.
Cardinia Listeri, 147.
Cardita senilis, 147.
Cardium Hillanum, 147.
Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, 142.
Carpolithus marginatus, 83.
Caryophyllia annularis, 91.
---- centralis, 91.
Catenipora escharoides, 89.
Caves, ossiferous, 169.
Cephalopoda, fossil, 141, 180.
Ceratodus, 157.
Ceriopora, 99, 114.
Chain-coral, 89.
Chama squamosa, 149.
Chara, fossil seeds of, 143.
Cheilanthes microlobus, 25.
Cheilanthites, 75, 79.
Chelonia breviceps, 157.
Chenendopora fungiformis, 107.
---- Parkinsoni, 101.
---- subplana. 111.
Choanites Königi, 103, 107.
Cidaris Blumenbachii, 131.
---- claviger, 131.
---- corollaris, 126.
---- coronatus, 126.
---- crenularis, 126.
---- fossil, 126.
---- glandiferus, 131.
---- granulosus, 126.
---- Königi, 126.
---- Parkinsoni, 125.
---- saxatilis, 129.
---- sceptrifera, 131.
---- Schmidelii, 131.
---- vesiculosus, 126, 131.
Clapp, Dr., fossil corals by, 89.
Cliona, of New Zealand, 99.
Clionites, 99.
Clypeaster, 127.
---- altus, 131.
Clypeus sinuatus, 127.
Cnemidium rimulosum, 107.
Coal, 182.
Coal measures, 181.
Cololites, 133.
Comatula, fossil, 125.
---- pectinata, 126.
Conulus albogalerus, 127.
Coprolites of fishes, 30.
Coral marble, 95.
Corals, fossil, 182.
---- fossil, from the Ohio, 89.
Corbula gallica, 153.
---- revoluta, 147.
Coronulites diadema, 154.
Crabs, fossil, 155.
Crania personata, 153.
Crassatella tumida, 147.
Crenatula, fossil, 151.
Crinoidea, 111.
Cristellaria galea, 144.
---- rotulata, 143.
Crustacea, fossil, 155.
Cucullæa decussata, 147
Cucumites, 29, 30.
Cupanoides, 30.
Cuvier, Baron, discoveries of, 183.
Cyathocrinite, 121.
Cyathocrinus rugosus, 117.
Cyathophyllum dianthus, 93.
---- fungites, 95.
---- turbinatum, 91, 95.
Cyclopteris orbicularis, 27.
Cyphosoma correlare, 126.
---- Milleri, 126.
Cyrena deperdita, 147.
D.
Dana, J. D., Esq., on silicification, 197.
Dapedius, scales of, 154.
Darwin, Mr., Journal of, 184.
---- on fossil Edentata, 185.
Deane, Mr. Henry, on Rotaliæ, 188.
Derbyshire Cap Encrinite, 117.
Desmidiaceæ, 190.
Dianchora, 149.
Diatomaceæ, 190.
Dinornis of New Zealand, x, 172.
Dinotherium, tooth of, 163.
Disaster ovalis, 129.
Discoidea, 127.
---- subuculus, 127.
Discospira, 142.
D'Orbigny, M., on foraminifera, 186.
Dudley fossil locust, 156.
E.
Echinanthites orbicularis, 127.
Echinanthus altus, 131.
Echini, fossil, 127, 129, 131.
Echinital spines, fossil, 131.
Echinodiscus bisperforatus, 127.
---- laganum, 129.
---- subrotundus, 129.
Echinites lapis cancri, 129.
---- pyriformis, 129.
Edentata, fossil, 184.
Eggs of Dinornis, 174.
Elephas primigenius, teeth of, 161.
Elk fossil, of Ireland, 161, 189.
Encrinital limestone, 91.
---- marble, 117.
Encrinites, 117.
---- monileformis, 115.
Essex reversed Whelk, 133.
Eugeniacrinus caryophyllatus, 114.
Euomphalus pentangulatus, 133.
---- rugosus, 133.
Euphorbites vulgaris, 57.
Explanaria flexuosa, 97.
F.
Faringdon, fossil zoophytes of, 93.
Fasciolites, 142.
Favosites Gothlandica, 97.
Feet of Moa, x, 174.
Ferns, fossil, 25, 27.
Ficoidites furcatus, 59.
---- major, 63.
---- verrucosus, 61.
Filicites decurrens, 81.
---- Miltoni, 77.
---- Osmunda, 73.
---- plumosus, 79.
---- trifoliatus, 75.
Fishes, fossil, 157, 159.
Fistulana, fossil, 149.
Flint, fossils in, 185.
Flustra, structure of, 183.
Foraminifera, account of, 186.
---- fossil, 142, 143, 188.
---- ---- of India, 188.
---- ---- of New Zealand, 188.
Forbes, Prof E., fossils by, 143.
Fossil plants, arrangement of, 175.
Fowlestone, Mr., fossils by, 107, 194.
Frontispiece, description of, x.
Fruits, fossil, of Isle of Sheppey, 29, 31.
Fuller, Mr. Peter, fossils by, 197.
Fungia, fossil, 91.
---- numismalis, 91.
---- polymorpha, 105.
Fusus contrarius, 133.
G.
Galerites, 127.
Galeus pristodontus, 159.
Gloucestershire Pentacrinite, 111.
Goniaster Mantelli, 125.
---- Parkinsoni, 125.
---- semilunata, 125.
Gonoplax Latreilli, 156.
Gorgonia bacillaris, 109.
Gryphea incurva, 151.
Guard or rostrum of Belemnite, 171.
Gyrogonites, 143.
H.
Hamites intermedius, 141.
---- plicatilis, 141.
---- rotundus, 141.
Hamsey, near Lewes, fossils from, 141.
Harris, W., Esq., on Charing deposits, 188.
Helix arbustorum, 149.
Hemicidaris crenularis, 126, 131.
Hermit crab, fossil, 155.
Hippopotamus, fossil teeth of, 163.
Hippurites bioculatus, 137.
Hoffman, M., discovery of Mosasaurus, 192.
Honey-stone, 19.
Hooker, Dr., on Diatomaceæ, 191.
Hybodus, tooth of, 159.
Hydatica columnaris, 37.
---- prostrata, 39.
I.
Iguanodon, 193, 202.
---- discovery of, 193.
Inachus Lamarckii, 155.
Infusorial earths, 189.
Insects, fossil, 155.
Ireland, fossil Elk of, 189.
Ironstone nodules, 25.
J.
Jaw of Iguanodon, 194, 202.
Jerea excavata, 104.
---- pyriformis, 105.
K.
Kentucky crinoidea, 114.
Kilkenny marble, 95.
Knorria taxina, 35.
L.
Lamna, tooth of, 159.
Lapis syringoides, 33.
Leaves, dicotyledonous, in travertine, 23.
Lepidotus, 157.
Lepidodendron, 19, 23, 69.
---- upright, 199.
---- with stigmariæ, 199.
Lepidostrobi, 69.
Lepidostrobus ornatus, 35.
Lignite, 19.
Lily encrinite, 115.
Lima gigantea, 147.
Limulus trilobitoides, 156.
Lithodendron fasciculatum, 95.
Lithodomi, fossil, 149.
Lithostrotion striatum, 93.
Lituites lituus, 133.
Lituola nautiloidea, 143.
Lobophora biperforata, 127.
Lumbricaria colon, 133.
Lychnophorites superus, 71.
Lycopodites squamatus, 30.
Lyell, Sir Charles, on Apiocrinites, 119.
---- on Big-bone Lick, 167.
Lysianassa literata, 147.
M.
Maestricht, fossil reptile of, 191.
Mammalia, fossil teeth of, 161.
Manon favosum, 93.
Mantell, Mr. R. N., fossils by, 170.
---- Walter, Esq., on fossil birds of New Zealand, x, 173.
Marsupites Milleri, 113.
Martius, M., fossil flora of, 178.
Mastodon, tooth of, 167.
Megaceros Hibernicus, antlers of, 161.
Megalonyx, tooth and claw of, 163.
---- Jeffersoni, 163.
Megaphyton distans, 67.
Megatherium Cuvieri, 165.
Mellite, 19.
Melville, Professor, on the Iguanodon, 195.
Michelinia, 91.
---- tenuisepta, 93.
Micraster cor anguinum, 129.
---- lacunosus, 129.
Miliobatis, fossil, 160.
Millepora ramosa, 99.
Miller, Mr., on Belemnite, 170.
---- on Crinoidea, 115.
Moa, or Dinornis, of New Zealand, x, 172.
Morris, Mr., on Clionites, 100.
---- on Discospira, 142.
Mosasaurus, 157, 159, 191.
Murchison, Sir R. I., Silurian System, 155.
Mya literata, 147.
Myriophyllites gracilis, 41.
N.
Natica Gentii, 133.
Nautilus centralis, 135.
---- Parkinsoni, 135.
---- truncatus, 135.
Nerita conoidea, 133.
Neuropteris, 19, 25.
---- auriculata, 73.
New Zealand, fossil birds of, x, 172.
Nipa, fruits of, fossil, 29.
Nipadites, 29, 30, 31.
---- Parkinsoni, 31.
Nodosaria raphanistrum, 138.
Nodules with leaves, 25.
Notidanus microdon, 157.
Nucleolites, 127.
---- pyriformis, 129.
Nucula ovum, 147.
Nummulina, animal of, 187.
---- Dr. Carpenter on, 14.
---- lævigata, 142.
Nummulites, 141.
---- complanata, 142.
---- dispansa, 142.
---- obtusa, 142.
O.