of a genus of bivalves of which numerous fossil species
are met with in the secondary strata, and two or three
species still exist in the Pacific Ocean. The genus is named
_Trigonia_, from the form of the hinge, and the specific
names below are those given by Mr. Parkinson.
Fig. 3. _Trigonia clavellata_, of Parkinson, from the Kimmeridge
clay, Hartwell, Bucks.
Fig. 4. _Trigonia costata_, Oxford clay, Wilts.
Fig. 5. _Trigonia excentrica_; upper greensand, Blackdown. Like
most of the shells from this locality, the Trigoniæ are
transmuted into silex.
Fig. 6. _Trigonia dædalea_, Blackdown.
Fig. 7. ---- _spinosa_, Blackdown.
Fig. 8. Enlarged view of the spines of the above.
Fig. 9. _Trigonia alæformis_, Blackdown.
Fig. 10. ---- _rudis_, Blackdown.
Fig. 11. A bivalve shell of the genus _Productus_ (_P.
antiquatus_, of Sowerby?), from the Mountain limestone. See
description of fig. 9, Plate LXVII.
Fig. 12. Cast of a species of _Trigonia_ (_T. clavellata_), from
the Portland rock. Many beds of this oolitic limestone are
almost entirely made up of casts of Trigoniæ, and chiefly of
this species.
Fig. 13. _Trigonia sinuata_, from Blackdown.
Figs. 14 to 18. "Different views of a species of _Harpax_."--_Mr.
Parkinson._ (_Plicatula spinosa_). From the Lias,
Gloucestershire.
Fig. 14. The inner surface of the flat valve.
Fig. 15. Inner surface of the convex valve.
Fig. 16. Magnified hinge teeth of the flat, and fig. 17, of the
convex valve.
Fig. 18. Magnified view of the adpressed spines on the external
surface of the shell.
[Illustration: Plate LXIV.]
PLATE LXIV.
Fossil Shells.
Fig. 1. A perfect specimen of one valve, showing the character of
the hinge of _Cucullæa decussata_, of Parkinson. London
clay. Herne Bay.
Fig. 2. Interior view of _Crassatella tumida_, of Lamarck. Eocene
strata, Paris.
Fig. 3. _Cardium Hillanum_, of Sowerby. A beautiful silicified
bivalve from Blackdown.
Fig. 4. _Nucula ovum_, of Sowerby. A common bivalve, in the Lias,
Yorkshire.
Fig. 5. Inner view of _Cyrena deperdita_, of Parkinson. Plastic
clay, Woolwich.
Fig. 6. _Lima gigantea_, of Sowerby, from Lyme Regis. This is a
young and small specimen of a large bivalve that occurs in
great perfection in the Lias.
Fig. 7. _Cardinia Listeri_, of Sowerby. From the Lias,
Gloucestershire.
Fig. 8. Cast of a bivalve; genus uncertain.
Figs. 9 to 12. These fossils are the _Trigonellites_ of Mr.
Parkinson; and have since been referred to a genus named
_Aptychus_. Their true relations are very problematical.
Though found in pairs, there is no hinge or natural
connexion. Some naturalists suppose they may belong to the
internal organization of Ammonites, because certain kinds
have been found collocated with particular species of that
genus of Cepholopoda. At present I do not think there is any
satisfactory evidence as to their real nature. Species occur
in the Kimmeridge clay, and other subdivisions of the Oolite
formation.
Figs. 9, & 12. _Trigonellites lata_, of Mr. Parkinson.
Figs. 10, & 11. ---- _lamellosa_.
Figs. 13, & 14. _Corbida revoluta_, of Sowerby. London clay,
Highgate.
Fig. 16. An imperfect specimen of _Lysianassa_ (_Mya_)
_literata_, from the fullers' earth of the Oolite, Wiltshire.
Figs. 15, & 17. _Cardita senilis_, of Sowerby. From the Red crag
of Suffolk.
[Illustration: Plate LXV.]
PLATE LXV.
Fossil Shells.
Fig. 1. A single valve, viewed interiorly, of a fine shell
(_Panopæa Aldrovandi_, of Faujas St. Fond) from the
Pleistocene or Newer Tertiary strata, that form a chain
of low hills near Palermo, in Sicily. The shells in these
deposits comprise almost all the genera and species that now
inhabit the Mediterranean. They occur in the most beautiful
state, deprived only of their colour; and groups are often
met with of extreme elegance. The cabinet of the Marquess of
Northampton contains an extensive and unrivalled series of
these fossils, collected during his Lordship's residence at
Palermo.
Figs. 2, & 4. A boring bivalve (_Fistulana_ or _Lithodomus_) from
the Oolite, Bath.
Figs. 3, & 5. Valves of a small Oyster from the Crag of Essex.
Fig. 6. A group of Lithodomi in limestone from the Oolite,
Bradford, Wilts.
Fig. 7. A detached specimen from the same, showing the enclosed
bivalve.
Figs. 8, & 10. Fine but imperfect specimens of a species of
_Teredo_ (_Teredina personata_, of Lamarck), from the
Plastic clay of Epernay, France.
Fig. 9. A snail-shell (_Helix arbustorum_) found associated, and
evidently contemporaneous, with bones of Mammoth, and
extinct species of Deer, and other mammalia. From Brentford,
in a bed of light calcareous earth, twenty feet below the
surface.
Fig. 11. "A concamerated Teredo."--_Mr. Parkinson._ I am unable
to ascertain the nature of this fossil.
Fig. 12. A species of _Fistulana_, from France.
Fig. 13. External surface of _Chama squamosa_ of Brander. London
clay, Hordwell.
Figs. 14, & 15, are the anchylosed caudal vertebræ of the tails of
fishes. From the London clay, Isle of Sheppey.
Fig. 16. "A small oyster with a spathose structure."--_Mr.
Parkinson._ This shell is probably the flat valve of a
species of _Dianchora_, of Sowerby; from the Chalk.
[Illustration: Plate LXVI.]
PLATE LXVI.
Fossil Bivalve Shells.
Fig. 1. A fossil Oyster (_Ostrea Marshii_, of Sowerby), from the
Cornbrash of the Oolite, Wiltshire.
Fig. 2. The fossil Cockscomb Oyster, (_Ostrea carinata_, of
Lamarck,) from the Lower chalk, Havre, France.
Fig. 3. The elegant fossil shell here figured is a peculiar and
most abundant species in the Lias formation; specimens
are not uncommon, in which every part of the shell is as
perfect as if just thrown up on the sea-shore. It belongs
to the genus Gryphites (_Gryphea incurva_, of Sowerby,)
the shells of which are nearly related to the oysters, but
are distinguished by the deep concave under-valve, and its
curved beak, and the almost flat upper shell. The testaceous
substance is of a finer laminated structure than in the
Ostrea, and the hinge-ligament is inserted in an elongated
curved groove.[61]
[Footnote 61: Medals of Creation, vol. i. p. 387.]
Fig. 4. "_Ostrea vel frons folium._"--_Mr. Parkinson._ This
species appears to be the _Ostrea gregarea_ (?) of Sowerby,
which occurs in the chlorite marl or firestone of the Lower
chalk in Sussex and Kent.
Fig. 5. The fossil is the cast of an oyster-like bivalve, called
Perna, (_Perna quadrata_, of Sowerby,) which is easily
recognisable, even in casts, by the line of distinct
teeth which compose the hinge. This species is abundant
in the Portland limestone, particularly in the quarries
around Swindon, in Wiltshire; but from the close adhesion
of the outer surface of the shell to the surrounding
stone, they can seldom be extracted, the casts only being
readily obtainable. In the Kimmeridge clay, which lies
above the Portland rock, the shells may be met with in
great perfection. The best locality is near Hartwell, in
Buckinghamshire, where the clay is extensively dug for the
brick manufactures.
Figs. 6, & 7. Two views of a small shell of the genus _Crenatula_,
from Bedfordshire.
Fig. 8. Portion of a very large species of Perna (_Perna
maxillata_, of Sowerby), from tertiary strata. Piedmont. The
figure shows the inner surface of the shell with part of the
broad crenulated hinge.
[Illustration: Plate LXVII.]
PLATE LXVII.
Fossil Shells of Brachiopoda, &c.
Fig. 1. A species of _Radiolites_ (_R. agariciformis_, of M.
D'Orbigny), from the Cretaceous strata of France. This genus
is only known in a fossil state; it belongs to the same
group of shells (order, _Rudistes_) as the Spherulites and
Hippurites: the lower valve is conical, and much larger than
the upper, which is slightly convex; it is deeply channelled
longitudinally.
Fig. 2. Smooth valve of a species of Corbula (_Corbula gallica_,
of Lamarck); abundant in some of the Eocene deposits of the
Paris basin.
Fig. 3. A single valve; the inner surface is shown in the figure,
of a remarkable genus of shells (_Crania personata_, of
Lamarck), frequently occurring attached to Echinites and
other bodies of the white chalk.
Fig. 4. A species of _Terebratula_ (_T. diphya_, of Lamarck).
The shells of this genus belong to that division of
mollusks termed _Brachiopoda_ (arm-feet), from their having
internally two spiral fleshy arms developed from the sides
of the alimentary orifice. These organs are supported by
shelly processes, curiously modified in different genera,
which often occur in a fossil state. Although the fossil
Terebratulæ are very numerous, the recent species are but
few, and are inhabitants of the seas off Australia. They
form two natural groups; in the one the shells are smooth,
but perforated all over with minute openings or foramina;
and these are often filled with a dark substance, which is
the carbonized soft parts: in the other division the shells
are plicated or furrowed, and are not foraminiferous.[62]
The Spirifers, another group of Brachiopoda, have a pair of
internal spiral appendages.
[Footnote 62: On the structure of shells the reader should consult
the admirable papers of Dr. Carpenter, in the British Association
Reports.]
Fig. 5. _Terebratula coarctata_, of Parkinson. Bradford clay,
Wilts.
Figs. 6, & 7, show the internal structure of recent Terebratulæ
from New Holland. The complicated shelly apophyses which
supported the arms are quite perfect.
Fig. 8. _Terebratula triquetra_, of Parkinson (_T. diphya_, of
Lamarck); another example of the species, fig. 4.
Figs. 9, & 10. Different parts of the same specimen of a
brachiopodous bivalve belonging to the genus _Productus_, so
named from the lengthened or produced form of the convex
valve. "This is generally filled with limestone, which
conceals the internal structure; but, with a slight blow,
the shell divides, when the edge of the small valve rests
against the inside of the produced cylindrical part of the
larger one; generally about half an inch from the top of the
shell: one side of the valve, before hidden, fig. 9 _a_, is
then exposed, as shown in fig. 10."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Fig. 9. _a_, the beak of the upper valve; _c_, a cavity in the
superior part of the shell.
Fig. 10. The under part of the shell; _b_, a depression receiving
the beak of the upper valve, a.
Fig. 10*. The inner surface of another upper valve, having a
longitudinal fissure. The species figured is the _Productus
Martini_ of Mr. Sowerby. From the mountain limestone of
Derbyshire; in which deposit numerous examples occur.
Fig. 11. A large species of Spirifer (_Spirifer striatus_, of
Sowerby), from the mountain limestone of Derbyshire. In this
species the upper valve is broken away, and one of the large
spiral apophyses is seen lying imbedded in the limestone
with which the cavity of the shell is filled.
Fig. 13, is a beautiful example of part of one of the spiral
appendages of the same species.
Fig. 12. "A patch of square scales of a fish from
Dorsetshire."--_Mr. Parkinson._ These evidently belong to a
Lepidoid fish (_Dapedius_), whose remains are common in the
Lias;[63] perfect specimens are often obtained. The British
Museum contains some beautiful examples of this fossil fish.
[Footnote 63: Wonders of Geology, vol. ii. p. 529.]
Figs. 14, & 15. A curious fossil bivalve, from the Devonian strata
of the Eifel. The flat valve is shown in fig. 14; and the
deep conical valve in fig. 15; _a_, tooth in the posterior
margin; _b_, a part of the surface magnified, to show its
cellular structure. The species is _Calceola sandalina_, of
Lamarck.
Fig. 16. A species of Spirifer; _a_, medial convexity of the
upper valve; _b_, the triangular foramen at the beak.
Fig. 17. Spirifer (_S. cuspidatus_, of Mr. Martin), from the
Mountain limestone of Derbyshire.
Fig. 18, represents a common appearance in certain chalk flints.
Although I have examined hundreds, and some in which the
form was more definite than in the specimen figured, I
am not able to offer any probable suggestion as to their
origin, should they be organic bodies, of which there is
much doubt.
Fig. 19. "_Coronulites diadema._"--_Mr. Parkinson._ Probably a
species of Balanus, from a tertiary deposit.
Fig. 20. Cast of one of the shells of a bivalve (_Pentamerus_),
from the Wenlock limestone of Dudley.
[Illustration: Plate LXVIII.]
PLATE LXVIII.
Fossil Crustacea.
Figs. 1, & 3. "Fossil Crabs, from Sheppey."--_Mr. Parkinson._
The London clay of this celebrated locality contains an
abundance of the fossil remains of Crustacea; and the
visitor may purchase of the local collectors fossil crabs
and lobsters, as readily as the recent species from the
neighbouring sea. Good specimens are however rare, and
command high prices. The specimens figured are two common
species.
Fig. 1. _Cancer Leachii_, of MM. Desmarest and Brongniart.
Fig. 3. _Inachus Lamarckii._
These fossils show the usual mode in which the crustaceæ occur in the
hardened clay of Sheppey. The thorax is bent over the abdomen, and
the pair of large chelate claws drawn towards each other.
Fig. 2. Fossil Insects from the lithographic stone of Pappenheim.
"_a_, an insect with a bifurcated caudal extremity; _b_, the
sting which has passed out of its sheath; c, the termination
in a single point."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Fig. 4. "A fossil Shrimp, from Anspach."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Fig. 5. "Impression of an unknown fossil."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Fig. 6. "The claw of a Crab, from Maestricht, &c."--_Mr.
Parkinson._ Claws of this kind are frequent in the soft
sandy limestone of St. Peter's Mountain, but no other
vestiges of the Crabs to which they belonged have been met
with. The cause of this has been ascertained: the claws
belong to a species of Hermit Crab (_Pagurus Faujasii_,
of Desmarest), which like the living species had the body
covered by a delicate membrane, the claws only possessing a
durable crustaceous shell.[64]
[Footnote 64: Wonders of Geology, p. 338.]
Fig. 7. "An extended trilobite, from Dudley."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Among the organic remains of the inhabitants of the seas,
in whose abysses were formed the Silurian, Devonian, and
other ancient sedimentary strata, an extinct family of
crustaceans, comprising numerous genera, are among the most
characteristic and remarkable. The name "_Trilobite_," first
given by Mr. Parkinson, expresses the most obvious character
of the longitudinally trilobed, convex, segmented, carapace
of the body, of the most common forms; but so great is the
number of species, and so dissimilar the groups, now known,
that the nomenclature of this class of fossils is greatly
extended. In Sir R. I. Murchison's splendid work on the
Silurian System, the genera and species of the formations
therein comprised are beautifully illustrated. The specimen
figured is an expanded specimen of the species commonly
known as the _Dudley Locust_ or _Insect_, (_Calymene
Blumenbachii_), from the Wenlock limestone, Dudley.
Fig. 8. A coiled-up specimen; in this view are seen both ends
of the crustaceous covering of the animal: _a_, "the eye
enlarged."
Fig. 9, is part of the head of the same species.
Fig. 10. "A fossil Crab from the East Indies."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Beautiful specimens of this species of Crab (_Gonoplax
Latreilli_, of Mr. Edwards) have been obtained from the
tertiary strata of India.
Fig. 11. Another form of Trilobite (_Ogygia Buchii_, (_Asaphus_,)
of the Silurian System), from the Llandeilo flagstones.
Fig. 12. "Remains of some large unknown insect."--_Mr.
Parkinson._ This figure is not sufficiently defined to admit
of interpretation.
Fig. 13., "Part of a trilobite with tuberculated head,"
(_Calymene variolare_,) from the Wenlock limestone, of
Dudley.
Fig. 14. Posterior part of a trilobite with a caudal style or
process, (_Asaphus caudatus_,) from the Wenlock shale,
Dudley.
Fig. 15. A nodule of ironstone from Coalbrook Dale, in which is
imbedded a small crustacean allied to the recent King Crab
or _Limulus_; a genus abundant in the seas of India and
America.[65] (_Limulus trilobitoides_, of Dr. Buckland.
_Bellinurus bellulus_, of Mr. König.)
[Footnote 65: Medals of Creation, vol. i. p. 550.]
[Illustration: Plate LXIX.]
PLATE LXIX.
Fossil Fishes and Reptiles.
Fig. 1. "A fossil body resembling part of a Tortoise, from
Gloucestershire."--_Mr. Parkinson._ This specimen is
probably one of the mandibles of a remarkable extinct genus
(_Ceratodus_) of fishes, whose dental organs, like those
of the recent _Chimæra_, consisted of consolidated plates
instead of separate teeth; each side of the jaw was formed
by one of these mandibular processes; the upper margin is
deeply undulated. The bone-bed of the Lias at Aust Cliff
near Westbury, Somersetshire, is rich in these remains.
Fig. 2. The plastron, or inferior aspect of the carapace of a
fossil Turtle (_Chelonia breviceps_), from the London Clay
of the Isle of Sheppey. _a_, fragment of the _entosternal_
plate; _b, b_, _hyosternal_ plates; _c, c_, _hyposternals_;
_d_, _xiphisternals_.[66]
[Footnote 66: See Parkinson, p. 269.]
Fig. 3. The cranium of the same species of Turtle, from the Isle
of Sheppey. Equally rich in the remains of Chelonian
reptiles, as in those of Fishes, Crustaceans, Serpents, and
Mollusks, the little Island at the mouth of the Medway has
yielded to the indefatigable researches of Mr. Bowerbank the
most extensive series of fossil Turtles hitherto discovered
in England. The various genera and species will be figured
and described in a work now in progress by Professors Bell
and Owen, under the auspices of the Palæontographical
Society.
Fig. 4. A Serpula (_S. antiquata ?_), from the chalk, Sussex.
Fig. 5. A dorsal vertebra of a fossil crocodilian reptile
(_Steneosaurus_), from the Oxford Clay of Honfleur. _a, b_,
costal depressions.
Fig. 6. A dorsal convexo-concave vertebra of a crocodilian or
gavial-like reptile (_Streptospondylus_), from the same
locality. This figure shows the remarkable character whence
the name of this genus: the convexity of the body of the
vertebra (_a_) being situated anteriorly as in mammalia, the
reverse of the position of the bones forming the vertebral
column in the existing Crocodilians and Lacertians. _b_,
the posterior concavity; _c_, a deep depression beneath the
neural arch.
Fig. 7. Sketch of the lower jaw of an extinct gavial-like reptile
(_Steneosaurus_): the vertebra, fig. 5, probably belongs to
the same species. From Honfleur. This figure, and figs, 5,
6, and 8, are copied from Cuvier, "_Annales du Muséum_"
Fig. 8. A caudal vertebra of the Fossil Animal of Maestricht
(_Mosasaurus_); a, the chevron bone or inferior spinous
process (_hœmapophysis_), anchylosed to the middle of the
body of the vertebra.
Fig. 9. Fossil scale of a ganoid fish (probably _Lepidotus_),
from Kent.
Fig. 10. Fossil tooth of a fish of the Shark family (_Notidanus
microdon_, of Agassiz,) from the chalk of Kent.
Fig. 11. Recent "tooth of one of the Dog-fish," (Mr. Parkinson,)
for comparison with fig. 10.
Fig. 12. Tooth of an extinct group of squaloid fishes (_Ptychodus
decurrens_, of Agassiz,) from the chalk of Kent.[67]
[Footnote 67: See Medals of Creation, vol. ii. p. 617.]
Fig. 13. A ctenoid (or comb-like) scale of a fish, (probably of a
species of _Beryx_,) from the chalk of Kent.
[Illustration: Plate LXX.]
PLATE LXX.
Fossil Reptiles and Fishes.
Fig. 1. A reduced figure of the celebrated specimen of the jaws,
&c. of the "Fossil Animal of Maestricht," (_Mosasaurus
Hoffmani_,) from the cretaceous strata of St. Peter's
Mountain. See "_Supplementary Notes_," art. _Mosasaurus_.
"_a, b._ The left side of the lower jaw, nearly whole, and seen on
its outer side.
_c, d._ Right side of the lower jaw, viewed on the inner side, the
posterior part of which, a little concealed by the palate bones,
is continued to _e_.
_f, g._ The right side of the upper jaw, seen on its inner side, and
with the palate bone. This part is nearly in its natural position
in relation to the corresponding ramus of the lower jaw.
_h, i._ A fragment of the left side of the upper jaw, displaced and
fallen across the lower jaw.
_k, l, m; k', l', m', o'._ The two palate bones displaced and thrown
one over the other, and also over the right side of the lower jaw.
In the original specimen a portion of bone is placed from _m_ to
_p_, and another at _q_, which are omitted to render the figure more
intelligible."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Figs. 2 to 18, are fossil teeth of various kinds of fishes,
principally of the Shark and Ray families.
Fig. 2. Tooth of a shark (_Lamna_), from Malta.
Fig. 3. Tooth of a shark (_Galeus pristodontus_), chalk marl,
Kent.
Fig. 4. Tooth of a Saurian, the upper and lower end imperfect:
probably of a species of Steneosaurus, from Bath.
Figs. 5, & 8. Teeth of a shark (_Otodus_,) London Clay, Isle of
Sheppey.
Fig. 6. Tooth of a fish, (_Spherodus_,) from the Oolite,
Gloucestershire.
Fig. 7. Part of the fossil jaw with three rows of teeth of a
fish, (of the Pycnoid[68] family,) from the Oolite,
Gloucestershire.
[Footnote 68: Medals of Creation, vol. ii. p. 641.]
Fig. 9. Tooth of a species of _Lamna_, from Sheppey.
Fig. 10. Tooth of a species of _Hybodus_,[69] Stonesfield.
[Footnote 69: Ibid. p. 621.]
Fig. 11. A very large tooth of a Shark, (_Carcharias megalodon_,)
from the tertiary deposits of Malta.
Fig. 12. Fragment of a bone, with two teeth, probably of a
species of _Pycnodus_.
Fig. 13. "The mandible and tooth of a recent fish (_Diodon_), to
compare with the fossils figs. 16, and 17."--_Mr. Parkinson._
Fig. 14. "Fossil palate of a fish, from Sheppey."--_Mr.
Parkinson._ This evidently belonged to a species of _Ray_;
possibly to the Eagle rays (_Miliobatis_).
Fig. 15. Tooth of a fish allied to the _Cestracionts_, or Port
Jackson Shark, (probably of the genus _Acrodus_,[70]) from
Bath; commonly called "_Leech palates_" by the quarry-men.
[Footnote 70: Medals of Creation, p. 614.]
Figs. 16, & 17. "Fossil palates of fishes of the Ray kind, from
Sheppey."--_Mr. Parkinson._ These appear to belong to the
Miliobates (_M. micropleuris_, of Agassiz). Beautiful
examples of these fossils have been obtained from the
Bracklesham clay, on the coast of the West of Sussex. The
late Frederic Dixon, Esq. of Worthing, whose untimely
death is so much to be deplored, had a matchless suite of
specimens from that locality.
Fig. 18. A fine specimen of a fossil tooth of a fish of an
extinct genus, of which many species occur in the chalk
(_Ptychodus polygurus_, of Agassiz). The teeth of various
species of this genus of Sharks abound in the chalk of
almost every part of England.[71]
[Footnote 71: Ibid. p. 616; and plate vi. fig. 2.]
[Illustration: Plate LXXI.]
PLATE LXXI.
Fossil Remains of Mammalia.
Fig. 1. "a fossil tooth, probably of some animal of the whale
kind."--_Mr. Parkinson._ I am not able to determine the
nature of this specimen.
Fig. 2. The antlers and skull of the Fossil Elk, of Ireland,
(_Megaceros Hibernicus_.) The original was nearly eleven
feet across, from the point of one antler to another. A
perfect skeleton of this extinct gigantic deer is exhibited
in the Gallery of Organic Remains in the British Museum.
For an account of this animal see Wonders of Geology, vol.
i. p. 132; and _Supplementary Notes_, p. 189. The following
measurements of the specimen figured are given by Mr.
Parkinson;
Feet. Inches.
_a_ to _b_ 10 10
_c_ to _d_ 5 2
_e_ to _f_ 3 7½
_g_ to _h_ 2 6
_i_ to _k_ 1 10½
_d_ to _l_ 1 2
Diameter of the horn at _m_ 0 2¼
Circumference, " 0 8
" at the root 2 11
Length of the cranium from _n_ to _o_ 2 0
Width " " _p_ to _q_ 1 0
"A similar pair, found ten feet under ground in the county of Clare,
was presented to Charles the Second, and placed in the guard-room of
Hampton Court Palace."
Fig. 3. Fragment of the fossil horn of some species of Cervus or
Deer, from Etampes, in France.
Fig. 4. Two teeth of a ruminant, (a species of _Bos_ or _Ox_,) in
breccia, from Gibraltar.[72]
[Footnote 72: Wonders of Geology, vol. i. p. 186.]
The remaining figures. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, represent the worn surfaces
of molars or grinding teeth of the extinct species of Elephants
termed Mammoths, (_Elephas primigenius_, of M. Bojanus.)
Fig. 9, shows the structure of part of the tooth.