AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots,
&c._ &c._
1.
2. Maaro, Heaven.
[Compare the
formation of M—.’ A
. ou . r, a
Luminary, _Hebrew_,
from A our,
Light,(176) as
previously
explained.]
3. Iru, Heaven.
4.
5. Atem co.
6. Aineha.
7. Aineha addela,
Eye. (_Nubia &
Abyss._)
Asia. Europe. America.
1. A ou . ee . r, A wyr, the Air, the
Air, Space, Sky. (_Welsh._)
(_Chald._) from A r,
to flow. (_Heb._)
2. A r w, Heaven.
(_Ossetian._)
3. A ē r and Ē r ē,
Juno, the Atmosphere
or Heavens
personified.
4. Auwa, Heaven. A .ō, to blow, Wahwi, “Heaven.”
(_Sib. Tartars._) breathe. (_Greek._) (_Algonquyn._)
A ha, Breath. [According to Du
(_German._) A-them, Ponceau, of unknown
Breath, Air. origin, “origine
(_German._) inconnue.” But see
the adjoining
column.]
5. At m-ē, At m-os,
Breath, Vapour.
Atmos-Sphaira,
Atmosphere.
(_Greek._)
Atmosphere.
(_English._) Chwa, a
gust of Wind.
(_Welsh._)
6. Aino, Eye.
(_Mossans, S. A._)
7. Oeen, Eye. Ene, En, Behold. En-ourou, Yen-ourou,
Behold. (_Heb._) (_Latin._) Eye. (_Caraibs, S.
Yen, Eye. A._)
(_Chinese._)
NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH
AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots,
&c._ &c._
1. Ne ay. Hinma, Eye.
2. Neay (as above).
3. Nou kou, Onukou,
Eye.
4.
5. K hasso, Eye.
6. Guitte, Eye.
7. Egō at, Eye.
(_Nubia & Abyss._)
Asia. Europe. America.
1. Ñahui, Eye.
(_Quichauns._)
Nàgui, Eye.
(_Quitenans, S. A._)
2. Ne, Eye. Ne, Nege, Ge, “Eye.”
(_Circassian._) (_Araucan, S. A._)
3. Nigüecogue,
Nigecogee, “Eye.”
(_M. Bayan._)
Natocle, “Eye.”
(_Abipones_,
inhabitants of the
extreme S. of _S.
America_.)
4. Achsi, Eye. Ishyik. K hescoué,
(_Sanscrit._) the Eye, connected
with Kesus, the Sun.
(_Algonquyn,_(_177_)_
N. A._)
5. Kussee, Eye. (_Nootka
Sound._)
6. Giosgus, Gus,
Eye. (_Turk._)
7. Eage, Eye. (_Ang.
Sax._) Oko, Eye.
(_Sclavonian._)
Oculus, Eye.
(_Latin._)
NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH
AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots,
&c._ &c._
1.
2. Zu, Sun (as before). T’ saguh, Eye.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Szan-ko, Eye.
Asia. Europe. America.
1. Sah, the Sun and
Moon. (_Chippeway_,
as before.)
2. Zu, and Zuiakc, Eye.
(_Lulians_, S. A.)
3. Sagax, Quick of
Sight. (_Latin_.)
Sight. (_English._)
4. Sai, Saiwa, Saie, See. (_English._)
Eye. (_Samoied._) Sehen. (_German._)
5. Schun, “Sun.” Sun. (_English._)
(_Mantchu._)
6. Sem, Eye. Szem, Eye.
(_Ostiaks._) (_Hungarian._)
7. Shenek, Eye.
(_Alyon. dialects_,
N. A.)
In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the
terms applied to the perceptive powers of the “Hand,” in the first
instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations
of the other senses, and to those of the mind.
NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH
AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots,
&c._ &c._
1.
2.
3. Tewho, Eye.
4. Batte, Eye.
5. Bal, an Eye, Bel,
Eyes. (_Egypt._)
6. Belle, Blind.
[Supposed by Dr.
Loewe to be from Bel
or Bal, and the
Hebrew negative
suffix “_l_.”]
(_Egypt._)
7. Rogue, Heaven.
Asia. Europe. America.
1. E e d, the Hand. Yede, Eye.
(_Zamucans, S. A._)
2. E ed o, to feel, Eido, to _see_, to
to perceive, to know. (_Greek._)
know.
3. Do-eth re, Eye. Do-eth, Wise.
(_Zend._) (_Welsh._)
4. Toké, Eye.
(_Villelans, S. A._)
5. B th, the Pupil Ball, Eyeball.
of the Eye. (_English._) Bli-ck.
(_Hebrew._) (_German._)
6. Blink. (_English._)
[Compare this word
with the last.]
7. Blind, Black.
(_English._)
Remarks.
The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the
different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be
observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found
more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear
when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as
derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that
the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical
surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be
traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind
branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature
demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.
It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by
numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the
course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each
different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not,
except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes
gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those
instances in which the _same_ terms were retained, time produced important
conventional differences of _application_. For example, in order to
distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.
1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the
Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusively _appropriated_ to the Sun, while
other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among
different nations the same terms were frequently applied to _different_
luminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words “Sun”
and “Moon” will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied,
in other languages, to _both_ those luminaries.
2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each
other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into
one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of
the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the “Moon” and the
“Stars” continued to be known by their original names, consisting of
simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means of _distinct_
compounds.
Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American
continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration:
“Tes-gessu” in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we
find each of its component elements, “_Tês_” and “_Gessu_,” used
_separately_ as names of the same luminary. In common with many other
important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I
conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison,
though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the
philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined
to a particular class of the dialects of North America.
When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous
collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies,
&c., it will be found that _nearly every one_ of these synonymes has been
unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great
divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any
respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this
investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms
may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing
as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are,
they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be led _à priori_ to
expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the
same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.(178)
Words For “Man, Woman, Human Being.”
[In the following Analysis, the letter M. marks nouns masculine,
(“Vir,” _Latin_, “Man,” _English_;) F. marks nouns feminine,
(“Fœmina,” _Latin_, “Woman,” _English_;) H. marks terms applied to
a “Human Being,” whether “male” or “female,” (“Homo,” _Latin_,
“Mensch,” _German_;) there is no equivalent expression in the
English language.]
From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the
same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human
race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of
the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to the
_whole_ species, were _separately_ appropriated to each of the two sexes;
while another portion, as, for example, the Latin, “Homo,” and the German,
“Mensch,” continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the
species, _without reference to sex_.
As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same
synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of
the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to “Man”
(Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the “Female” sex (Fœmina) by
other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated
consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.
These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow
from a comparison of the names of “The Heavenly Bodies” in the African
tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a
complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the
following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find the _words_ applied
to the _human race_ in the different tongues of the globe _the same_; it
is only in the _appropriation of those words_, as regards the two _sexes_,
that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS I.
First Modification.
North Gour-ko, M., Gourk-o
Africa.—_Fulahs & Mahodo, M.
Phellatahs_
_Negro-land_ Gourr, H., Garr, H.,
Core, H. Gour-gne,
M., Kerim, F.
Europe.—_Welsh_ Gour, M. (A mighty
man, a hero.)
Gour-on, M.
Asia.—_Taraikai_ Guru, H
_Kamschatka_ K ur, H.
_Pelu_ K or, H.
_Negro-land_ (as Core. H.
above)
Second Modification.
South Urun, H. Orrang,
Africa.—_Madagascar_ M.(179)
Europe.—_Welsh_. Our, M., Ouron, M.
(Modifications of
“Gour and Gour-on,”
above.)
Asia.—_Malay_ Orang, M.
South Uar mi, F.
America.—_Quicuans_
_Negro-land_ (as Ker im, F.
above)
There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a
word for “The Hand,” of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its
occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following,
in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be
said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (_Mongol_), Kara
(_Sanscrit_), Keir (_Greek_), “The Hand.” [Compare the relation shown in
the following examples between Manus, “The Hand” (_Latin_), and Manus-zia
(_Sanscrit_), and Men-sch (_German_), i.e. Homo, a “Human Being.”]
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS II.
Europe.—_English_ To _Be_.
_Welsh_ (Living, to Biou.
live)
_Greek_ (To live) Bio-ō.(180)
_Greek_ (Life) Bi-os.
Asia.—_Koibals, N. Biusé, M.
Asia_
_Negro-land_ Buas-ja, F.
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS III.
First Modification.
Europe.—_Latin_ Homo, H.
South Uhm-to, H. Uhm-fasi,
Africa.—_Koosas_ F.
(A Child) Uhm-toano.
_Negro-land._ (A Bi-ommo, H.
compound,
apparently, of Ommo
and the previous
word “Biou,” &c.)
South Humasoi, H. Umasoi,
America.—_Betoans_ H.
_Negro-land_ Um-ir, H. Mo, H.
Asia.—_Ossetians_ Mo, H.
South Me, M.
America.—_Guaramians_
_Negro-land_ Amme, H., Emme, H.
Meame, H. Mammoku,
M. Mangman, F.
The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female
Sex:
South Ma, F.
America.—_Mobimans_
_Mossans_ (“A Meme, F.
Mother”)
_Negro-land_ Ma, F., Mmi, F.
North Hime, F., Himi, F.
Africa.—_Egypt_
Europe.—_Basque_ Emea, F.
Asia.—_Karassians Ima, F., Ime, F.
and Ostiaks_
Europe.—_Fin._ Waimo, F.
Second Modification.
Europe.—_Latin_ Ho-_min_-em, H.
(from Homo)
(Human) Hu-“_man_”-ûs.
(The Hand) “_man_”-us.
Asia,—_Sans._ (A Manus-zia, H.
“Human Being”)
Europe.—_German_ Men-sch, H.
(The same)
(A Man, Vir) Mann, M.
_English_ Man, M.
_Danish_ Mand, M.
_Negro-land_ Manee, H., Mond, H.,
Mundu, H.
South Africa.—_Lagoa Monhee, H.
Bay_
_Beetjuanas_ Muhn-to, H.
Mon-una, M.
Asia.—_Kurd_ Manno, M.
_Ossetian_ Moine Mo, H.
South Mena, M.
America.—_Omaguans_
The following are examples in which the _Second Modification_ and the
transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable
in words applied to the Female Sex.
Europe.—_Fin._ Waimo, F.
(Woman, as above)
Asia.—_Sanscrit_ Wa-_man_i, F.
Europe.—_English_ Wo-man, F.
The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous
modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of
Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne
Tooke’s principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in
mind.
1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame, “Man,” above:
Aham, “I,” Mam, “Me,” (_Sanscrit._)
Eme, “Me,” (_Greek._)
2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee, “Man,” above.
Mon, “I,” (_Ostiak._) Men, I, (_Persian._)
Menik, “I,” (_Belutchee._) Menya, “Me,” (_Russian._)
“Mein,” (_German and English._)
For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North
America.
There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.
The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words,
as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words “Homo, Ho-_minis_,
Hu-manus, Manus,” has been fully investigated in the Observations on the
Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally
applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the
remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not
only the same _words_, but the principal subordinate modifications of
those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.
Further, these modifications are _completely_ traceable in the Negro
dialects _separately_ considered. They are also completely traceable in
the dialects of South Africa _separately_ considered. Moreover, it may be
added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in one _single
class_ of South African dialects: “Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,” are all found
in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS IV.
First Modification.
South Joalé, H. Aalo, F.
America.—_Abipones
and Mokobis_
_Negro-land_ Alo, F.
Europe.—_Latin Ille, Illa.
Pronouns_
South Lelay, M. Lahe, M.
Africa.—_Madagascar_
Second Modification.
North Lomi, H.
Africa.—_Egypt_
_Negro-land_ Olummi, M.(181)
South Olon, H. Oelun, H.
Africa.—_Madagascar_
Asia.—_Malays of Aulon, H.
Formosa_
N. Ahlaniah, H.
America.—_Algonquyn Illaniah, H.
dialects_ Illenni, H. Lenno,
M. Lennis, H.
_Negro-land_ Laniu, M. Lung, F.
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS V.
Europe.—_Welsh_, Nouv us.
“Full of Spirits”
Asia.—_Hebrew._ N. ph. sh, H.
(Breath, Spirit, A
Man)
_Negro-land_ Nipa, H., Nippa, H.
Nebeju, M., Enipa,
H.
N. Népiou, H., Napiou,
America.—_Algonquyn H. Nabou, H.,
dialects_ Len-nâpé, M.
Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau
observes, “Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.”
“_The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé._” Lenâpé is
plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The
nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have
escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding
remarks on “The Heavenly Bodies.” Len-âpé is a compound formed to
distinguish the _Male_ sex.
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS VI.
First Modification.
North Anah.On.h.
Africa.—_Egypt_ (To
live)
Asia.—_Heb._ (To A.n.c.h. A.n.sh, M.,
sigh, breathe) N.sh.e, F.
_Kamschatka_ Ainu, M.
_Negro-land_ Nu, M., In, F.
South T’Na, M.
Africa.—_Bosjesmans_
N. Anini, H., Inin, M.,
America.—_Algonquyn Ninnee, M.,
dialects_ Inishiti, H.
Asia.—_Hebrew_ (as An.sh, M., N sh.e,
above) F.
Second Modification.
_Negro-land_ Ungi, M. Jankueh,
F., Nga, F.
North Nekdo, H.
Africa.—_Phellatahs_
North Ongué, H.
America.—_Iroquois_
_Greenland_ Innuk, H.
Agreeably to Horne Tooke’s principles, the following Pronouns in other
languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the
Analysis, viz.:
The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai, “Thou” (_Chinese_), may be
identified with Nu, and T’na. The Pronouns of the First Person, “I,” Anok
(_Egyptian_), An.c.ee (_Hebrew_), Iōn ga (_Greek_), Ngoo (_Chinese_), may
be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.(182)
_Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI._ _Being
words applied to the Female Sex._
Asia.—_Malay_ Ina, F.
_Turkish_ (A Mother) Anna, F.
_Negro-land_ Anna, F.
South Anu, F.
America.—_Sapeboeans_
Europe.—_Hungarian_ Anya.
(A Mother)
_Negro-land_ Wan, F., Jankueh, F.
Asia.—_Japan_ Wonna, F., Wonago,
F.
_Lieu Kieu_ Einago, F.
Europe.—_English_ Wench
_Gothic_ Uen, F., Uens, F.
South Africa Honnes, F.
Asia.—_Hebrew_ (as A.n.sh, M., N.sh.e,
above) F.
_Koibal_ Niausa, F.
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—_Class_ VII.
First Modification.
South Kouh, M., Kauh, M.
Africa.—_Coronas_
Negroland Cow, M., Kea, M.,
Kaikjai, M., Koa,
M., (_plural._)
South Chha, M.
America.—_Muyscans_
_Zamucans_ Cheké, F.
North Ochechee, M.
America.—_Shawannos_
Asia.—_Heb._ (A Gou.e.
Body, A Person)
_Kamschatka_ Okkăijŭh, M.
_Taraikai_ Okkai, M.
_Lasian_ Akadju, M.
N. Africa.—_Berbers Agikh, M.
& Dongolans_
_Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine._
Asia.—_Mantschu_ Chache, M., or
Haghe, M., Cheche,
F., or Heghe, F
S. Cheké, F.
America.—_Zamucans_
(as above)
North Huagin, F.
America.—_Cochimi_
Europe.—_English_ Hag, F.
_German_ Hexe, F.
_Latin Pronouns_ Hic, M., Hæc, F.
Second Modification.(183)
South Kouh, M., Kus, F.,
Africa.—_Hottentot Kauh, M., Chai-sas,
Tribes_ F. K’quique, M.,
K’quiqis, F.
Quoique, M.,
Kyoiqui-s, F.
Quai-scha, F.
Europe.—_Latin Qui, Quis, Quisque.
Pronouns_
South Cocco, M.
America.—_Salivians_
_Mobimans_ Coucya, F.
N. Hakke, H., Icquoi-s,
America.—_Algonquyn F. Esqua, F.,
dialects_ (A Body, “Squaw,” F.
or Person)
It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the
North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is
formed by adding the letter “_s_,” (as in the English Prince-_ss_); a form
which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.
Asia.—_Taraikai_ (as Okai, M.
above)
_Negro-land_ Okee-tu, F.,
Uk-assi, F.
Asia.—_Georgian_ Kasi, M.
_Samoied_ (Men) Chosowo.
_Lasian_ Goz, H.
Europe.—_Welsh_ Gouas, M.
_Basque_ Giuzona, M.
_Negro-land_ Guiguienne, F.,
Guiacar, M.
Third Modification.
_Negro-land_ Jakkela, M., Ackala,
M.(184)
South Oukele, H.
America.—_Caraibs_
North Oquichetle, H.
America.—_Mexico_
_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS VIII. [A Modification of CLASS
VII.]
Asia.—_Hebrew_ Gou. e, or G O V, H.
(“Man,” as above)
_Pehlwi_ Gebna, M.
_Samoied_ Chubb, M., Chyb, M.
South Chaib, M., Kupp, M.
Africa.—HOTTENTOTS
_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c.—_CLASS IX.
North Hoout, H.
Africa.—_Egypt_
_Nubia & Abyssinia_ Odéÿ, H. Oták, M.
Negro-land. Ot ga, M., Ot-jee,
F.
Conformably to Horne Tooke’s principle, A.th.c., “Thou” (_Hebrew,_) may be
regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for “Man,
Woman,” &c.
Asia.—_Tribes on the Had-kip, M.
__“__Jenisei__”__
River_
_in Siberia_ At-kub, M. Hutt, H.,
Hitt, H. Ket, H., K
hitt, H.
These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived
from the last two classes of words.
_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS X.
First Modification.
_Negro-land_ Mad, H., Made, H.,
Mutte, H.
Europe.—_Icelandic_ Mad-ur, M.
Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Māth, F.
Second Modification.
_Negro-land_ Messhuhu, M., Muhsa,
F. Musee, F.
Asia.—_Zend._ Meshio, M.
_Taraikai_ Mazy, F.
_Motorian_ Misem, F.
Europe.—_Sclavonian_ Mosh, M.
_Latin._ Mas, M.(185)
_Armorican_ Maues, F.
South Muysca, M.
America.—_Muyscans_
_Negro-land_ Mogee, H.
Europe.—_Dalmatian_ Muux, M.
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XI.
_Negro-land_ Ibalu, M., Belb, M.,
Obellima, M.
South Africa Am-pele, F.
South Pelé, H.
America.—_Vilellans_
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XII.
Europe. (_Latin_ and “Is,” “Os.”
_Greek_ Pronouns,
and terminations of
Nouns)
_Latin_ (To Be) Esse.
Asia.—_Hebrew_ (“To E c . sh. A . ee .
Be”) sh (Vir.) A . sh . e
(Fœmina.)(186)
_Negro-land_ Osse, H., See, H.
Uzu, M.(187)
South Zohee, M., Zohee-s,
Africa.—_Hottentots_ F.
Europe.—_Greek_ Zo-ē.
(Life)
(To live) Zoō.
_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XIII.
First Modification.
Asia.—_Affghan_ Meru, M.
_Zend_ Merete, M.
_Persian_ Mard, M.
_Sanscrit_ Mart-ja, M.
Europe.—_Latin_ Mari-tus, M.,
Mar-is.
Second Modification.
Asia.—_Georgian_ K-mari, M.
Africa.—_Negro-land_ Ka_mere_, M.
Third Modification.
_Negro-land_ Nu-_mero_, H.
North Né-_marough_, H.
America.—_Algon.
dialects._
_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XIV.
[Applied chiefly to the _Female_ Sex.]
First Modification.
Europe.—_Greek_ (A Gun . ē, F.
Woman)
_Russian_ Jena, F.
_Latin_ (“The Mother “Juno.”
of the Gods”)
Asia.—_Sanscrit_ Jani, F. (Janoni, A
Mother.)
_Negro-land_ Jonnu, F., Djonnu,
F., Junoo, F.(188)
The identity of the Negro word “Junoo” with the Latin “Juno,” is a
remarkable feature in this comparison.
“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,” it is observed in an able article in the
Edinburgh Review,(189) “is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation of
_the mother of the Gods_.”
Second Modification.
_Words for __“__Woman.__”_
South Coenac, F.
America.—_Mocobis_
_Omaguans_ Cunia, F.
South Aukona, F.
Africa.—_Hottentots_
_Words for __“__Man,__”_ (Vir and Homo.)
First Modification.
_Negro-land_ Gonee, M.
Asia.—_Mongol_ Kun, M.
_Jukadshires_ Kun sch, M.
Second Modification.
South Africa T’kohn, H.(190)
N. Tchainan, H.
America.—_Algonquyn
dialects_
Asia.—_Corea_ Tchin, H.
Europe.—_Irish and Duine, H., Dean, H.
Welsh_
Names Of “The Hand.”
The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in
number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of
pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been
shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions
of the Globe.(191)
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS I.
First Modification.
North Tom.
America.—_Mexico_
North Tedembeton.
Africa.—_Nubia_
Europe.—_Welsh_ (“To Teim-law.
feel”)
_English_ “Thumb.”
_German_ (The Thumb) Daum.
Asia.—_Hebrew_ (To Tom.
perceive, discern,
taste)
Africa.—_Hottentots_ Tamma, and T’inn.
(Tongue)
Europe.—_English_ Tongue.
There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the
Taste of the _Palate_ are in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied
in a _secondary_ sense, which, in their _primary_ meaning, were applied to
“_The Hand_,” and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur
hereafter (under “The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso, “The Hand”
(_Negro_); Dāst, “The Hand” (_Persian_); Tast-en, “To _grope_” (_German_);
“Taste” (_English_).
The names for “The Hand,” and its Functions, have also given rise to
numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the
above examples: Tom, “The Hand” (_Mexican_); Tom, To Taste, To Discern,
Discernment, Judgment (_Hebrew_); Tam-ias, A Judge (_Greek_); Doom,
“Dooms-day” (_English_).
Second Modification.
_Negro-land_ Dinde, Ninde, Nindi.
South Tangh, Tangam,
Africa.—_Madagascar_ Tangan.
_Hottentots_ T’unka.
Asia.—_Malays_ Tangan, Tögon, Tono.
_Tribes on the
__“__Jenisei__”__
River, in Siberia_
_Kamschatka_ Tono.
North Tene-law.
America.—_Hudson’s
Bay._ “The Hand”
“The Tongue” Tene-thoun.
In these American dialects “Tene” is a general prefix to the names of the
senses; “Law” is the _distinctive_ name of the Hand; “Toun” the
_distinctive_ name of the Tongue, &c.
Europe.—_English_ Tongue.
_Latin Verbs_ Tang-o, Teneo.
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS II.
South T’koam.
Africa.—_Coronas_
North Cam.
America.—_Poconchi_
Asia.—_Hebrew_ (A K. m ts.
_Hand_-full)
(To grasp, To lay K. m. t.
hold of)
Europe.—_Welsh_ (To Kum-meryd.
take)
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS III.
_Negro-land_ Bulla.
(Hand and Arm) Bulla.
Asia.—_Persian_ (The B.
Arm)
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS IV.
_Negro-land_ Obaa.
Europe.—_Gothic & Hab-an. Häb-ban.
Anglo-Saxon_ (To
have)
_Latin_ Hab-ere.
_Names of __“__The hand.__”_—CLASS V.
_Negro-land_ Ononuba.
South Nubou, Nuboupé.
America.—_Mossans_
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS VI.
North Koi.
Africa.—_Egypt._
(The Hand and Front
Arm)
(The Hand) Gig.
_Negro-land_ Kook Coco. Kogo.
Okuh, Hukko.
Europe.—_Finland_ Kchesi.
_Lapland_ Chketsch. Chkatsch.
_Hungarian_ Keez.
Asia.—_Arabic_ Caa.
(Cubitus)
_Tamul_ (Hand) Kei.
_Georgian_ Che.
_Persian_ Kef, or Gef.
_Quasi Quumuq_ Kujä.
_Ossetian_ Koch, Kuch.
N. America.—_Nootka Kook-elixo.
Sound_
_Tschitketans_ Katchicou.
_Ugaljachmutzi_ Kajak-az.
_Senecas_ Kaschuchta.
_St. Barbara’s_ Huachajâ.
S. Cuu, Cuugh.
America.—_Araucans_
_Brazils_ Gepo.
_Yarurans_ Icchi-mo.
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_-CLASS VII.
The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of
words:
North Shig.
Africa.—_Egypt_
[Allied to Gig, “The
Hand,” (_Egypt_)
above mentioned]
South Sseak-ja.
Africa.—_Beetjuanas_
Asia.—[Language of Zjâk.
the _Garrau
Mountains_, N.E. of
_Bengal_]
_Georgian_ Shi.
_Chinese_ Zjiu, Ziu.
N. Shou-shey.
America.—_Fitzhugh
Sound_
_Negro-land_ Aschi.
Europe.—_Basque_ Escua.
The words used in the last two Classes of examples as “_Names_” for “The
Hand,” may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other
instances, as _Verbs_ descriptive of some distinctive Functions of the
Hand.
Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko, _Negro_ names for “The Hand,” with the verbs
Kō, “To take,” Ek-ō, “To hold, have, act” (_Greek_); Ago (_Latin_).
Compare Aschi (_Negro_), Escua (_Basque_), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein,
Sch-ein, “To hold,” “To have” (_Greek_).
Compare Katchicou, _North American_, and Chkatsch, _Lapland_, names for
“The Hand,” with “Catch” (_English_).
Compare Kef, or Gef (_Persian_), and Gepo “The Hand” (_Brazilian_), with
Give (_English_), Geb-en (_German_).
Compare Kaschuchtah, _North American_, and Khesi, _Fin_, names for the
Hand, with the verbs Keisio, “To search for” (_Welsh_), Guess (_English_);
verbs derived from G.sh, “To feel, search for, with the Hand” (_Hebrew_).
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS VIII.
Asia.—_Hebrew_ (The A.m.e.
Hand and Forearm)
_Hebrew_ (“A Ee.m.ee.n. Ee.m.n.e.
Finger,” “The Right Ee.m.ee.n.th.
Hand”)
North Mah, Mahe.
Africa.—_Egypt_. The
Hand and Forearm)
South Omma.
Africa.—_Hottentots_
(Hand)
South Eme.
America.—_Sapibocans_
[See A.m.e (_Hebrew_) Yumanai.
above.] _Zamucans_
[See Ee.m.n.e Immomo.
(_Hebrew_) above.]
_Salivians_
The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:(192)
South Africa.—_Lagoa Mundha.
Bay_
Europe.—_Latin_ Manus.
_Names of __“__The hand.__”_—CLASS IX.
_Negro-land_ Ensah, Ensaa.
South Fansah.
Africa.—_Caffres_
Europe.—_Latin_ Ansa or Hansa.(193)
(“Handle”)
_Latin_ (To seize or Pré-hendo.
hold)
_Danish, Icelandic, Haand, Hond, Hand.
English, and German_
_Greek_ (To take) Chandano.
Asia, North.—_Tribes Kenar, Kenaran.
on the
__“__Jenisei__”__
River, Siberia_
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS X.
North Idd-egh.
Africa.—_Berber_
Asia.—_Hebrew and Eed, Ied.
Arabic_
_Pehlwi_ Jede-man.(194)
_Sumoied, Koibal, Uda, Oda, Udam.
and Motorian_
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XI.
North Youngo.
Africa.—_Phellatahs_
_Negro-land_ Nakoa.
South Onekoa.
Africa.—_Hottentots
of Saldana Bay_
North Nagona.
America.—_Cochimi_
_Miamis_ Onexca. Enahkee.
_Iroquois_ Eniage.
_Algon. dialects_ Nachk. Naak.
Europe.—_English_ Knack.
(Adroitness in any
Handy-craft)
_English_ (Joints of Knuck-les.
the Fingers)
South Nucápe.
America.—_Maipurans_
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XII.
First Modification.
South T’aa.
Africa.—_Bosjesmans_
North Daha.
America.—_Mixtecans_
Europe.—_Welsh_ (The Dahai.
Right hand)
Second Modification.
Asia.—_Persian and Dā-st.
Kurd_
_Armenian_ Tzjern.
_Negro-land_ Tusso.
Europe.—_German_ (A Tatze.
Claw, a Paw)
_German_ (To Tast-en.
_grope_)
_English_ (applied “Taste.”
to the Palate)
Third Modification.
Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Tegi.
Europe.—_English_ (A “Take.”
Verb)
Asia.—_Taraikai_ Dēk.
Europe.—_Latin_ (The Dex-tra.
Right Hand)
_Greek_ (To take) Dekomai.
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XIII.
_Negro-land_ Be.
Asia.—Tribes on the Phjaga.
_Jenisei, Siberia_
_Siam_ Pfan.
Europe.—_Welsh_ Pau-en.
_English_ (applied Paw.
to animals)
South Poh, Po.
America.—_Brazils_
_Omaguans_ Pua.
North Peton.
America.—_Mic-Macs_
_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XIV.
First Modification.
_Negro-land_ Alo, Allo.
Asia.—_Turkish_ Ell, Elli.
Europe.—(An old Ell, Elle.
Teutonic word
applied to the
Cubit, or Forearm)
_English_ El-bow.
Second Modification.
_Negro-land_ Loho.
Europe.—_Welsh_ La-o-u.
America.—_Chippewayans_ Lah.
_Hudson’s Bay_ (“The Tene(195)-Law.
Hand”)
(“The Tongue”) Tene-Thoun.
Third Modification.
_Negro-land_ (Allied Loco.
to the Negro word
Loho, “The Hand,”
above)
North Oleechee.
America.—_Penobscot_
Asia.—_Tibet_ Lag.
_Georgian_ Cheli.
Europe.—_English_ Claw.
(Applied to animals)
_Irish_ (The Hand) Glak.
Asia.—_Ingumian_ Kulku.
Fourth Modification.
Europe.—_Greek_ (The Olē n . ē.
Hand and Front Arm,
the Cubit)
N. Olœnskam. Alœn-skam.
America.—_Pennsylvania_
New Sweden. Olœnskan. Alœnskan.
Words For “The Tongue.”
In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the
Negro words of this class, with the exception of “Teckramme,” (probably a
compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important
analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.
(_South Africa_,—Tamma Tamme, T’inn.(196)) See these words illustrated
among the words for “The Hand.” See also, under the same head, for
examples of the principle that the words applied to “The Tongue,” and its
Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or
Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to “The Hand,” and
its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten, “To grope,” _German_; “Taste,”
applied to the “_Palate_,” _English_. The next words present additional
examples of the same principle.
_Negro-land_—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.
_Gaelic_—Lam, “The Hand;” _Greek_—Lam-bano, “To take;” _Latin_—Lam-bo, To
lick with _the Tongue_.
_Negro-land_—Dali;(197) _Malays_ of _Formosa_—Dadila; _Turkish_—Dil;
_North America_ (_Nagailers_)—Thoula.
_South Africa_ (_Madagascar, & Caffres_)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi; _North
America_ (_Penobscot_)—Wee-laulo; _Greek_—Laleo, “To speak;” Lalia,
“Speech.”
_Negro-land_—Ning; _Georgian_—Nina; _Lasian_—Nena, Nen; _South America_
(_Kiriri_)—Nunu.
_Egypt_—La sh; _Hebrew_—L. sh . on . n; _Armenian_—Ljesu; _South Africa_
(_Caffres_)—Loodjem.
_Negro-land_—Essiénkó; _Old German_—Zunka; _Modern German_—Zunge.(198)
_South Africa_ (_Koossas_)—Müme; _Chinese_—Mi; _Basque_—Mihia, Minni.
_North Africa_ (_Berbers_)—Narka; _South America_ (_Maupurian_)—Nuore;
_Caraibs_—Nourou.
_North Africa_ (_Dongolan_)—Nadka; _South America_ (_Betoan_)—Ineca.
Words For “The Ear.”
_Negro-land_—Szemman-kó; _Hebrew_—Sh.m.o, “To hear.”
_Negro-land_—Asse Asshabe;(199) _Abyssinia_—Ishenha Ashenha;
_Hebrew_—A.z.n.
_Negro-land_—Uwasso; _Bohemian_—Ussi; _Greek_—Ouas, Ous.
_Negro-land_—Otuh (Otto, “Ears”); _Greek_—Ōta (“Ears”); _North America_
(_Knistenaux_)—Otoweegie.
_South Africa_ (_Caffres_)—Gevea; _Kurd_—Guh; _Samoied_—Ko, Kuo.
_North Africa_ (_Berbers_)—Ukkegá; _Selavonian_—Ucho; _North America_
(_Shawannos_)—Ochtowaga; _Greek_—Akou-o (“To hear”).
_North Africa_ (_Dongolans_)—Ulûk; _Coriac_—Wilugi; _Chinese_—Uhl.
_South Africa_—T’no-eingtu, T’naum, T’nunka; _Bucharian_—Dehâu.
_Egypt_—Meeje; _Japan_—Mimi.
_Negro-land_—Toy; _Esquimaux_—Tehui; _Brazil_—Ty.
The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of “The Foot” and
“The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The
exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for “The
Hand;” but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all
serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal
examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of
difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the
tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally
common to all the various races of mankind.
Words For “The Foot.”
_Negro-land_—(Foot and Leg) Sing; _German_—Schenkel; _English_—Shank.
_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Coap and T’keib; _Affghan_—Ch pé;
_Abassian_—Sh pe; _South America_ (_Mokobis_)—Capiate.
_Negro-land_—Trippe; _German_-Tripp-en, “To go,” Treppen (“Steps”)
_English_—“Trip.”
_Negro-land_—Itta; _Latin_—It-er, “A Journey,” It-um, “Gone;” the
participle of the Latin verb Eo, “To go;” _Zend_—Jeieta, “He goes.”
_S. Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Y and Yi; _Egypt_—I, “To go;” _Latin_—Eo, “I
go.”
_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Ir-qua; _South America_ (_Zamucans_)—Irie;
_Latin_—Ire, “To go;” _Zend_—Harra, “I go.”
_Negro-land_—Gann; _Greenland_—Kannak; _German_—Gehen, “To go,” (Gegangen,
“Gone”); _Scotch_—Gang; _Negro-land_—It-genge; apparently a compound of
the last with a word previously explained.
_Negro-land_—Nugee; _Sclaronic_—Noga; _South America_
(_Maupurians_)—Nuchü, Nucsi.
_Egypt_—Rat; _Welsh_—Rodio, “To walk.”
_Negro-land_—Afo; _South America_ (_Vilellans_)—Apé; _Latin_—Pe, Pe-s.
_North Africa_ (_Fulahs and Phellatahs_)—Kússengál, Kavassongal;
_Jeniseians_—Kassa; _Mingrelian_—Kutchi; _Welsh_—Koes, “A Leg;” _North
America_ (_Shawannos_)—Kussie.
_Negro-land_—Akkau, Ugod; N. W. of _America_ and N. E. of _Asia_
(_Tschuktsches_)—Iguk; (_Kadjak_)—Igugu; _Turkish_—Ajak, Ajag.
_Negro-land_—Kulu, Kolo; _Mongol_—Kull, Koll.
_Negro-land_—Tangue; _North America_ (_Mixtecan_)—Tohuan “Feet;” _South
Africa_—Tóoh; _English_—Toe; _Saxon_—Da; _Dutch_—Deen.
_Nubia_—Regget; _Hebrew_—R . g . l.
_S. Africa_—Lefack; _English_—Leg; _Wogul_—Lagyl; _Pehlwi_—Lager-man.
_Negro-land_—E’ns-zih, and (_Caffre_) En-jau, appear to be allied to the
_Latin_—Eo, Eundo; _Italian_—And-are; _English_—Wend, Went;
_German_—Wenden.
_South Africa_—Hoots; _Armenian_—Oat, Woat; _Welsh_—Wad-n;
_German_—Wad-en, “To go;” _English_—“Wade;” _Latin_—“Vad-o.”
Words For “The Head.”
_Negro-land_—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong; _Brazilian_—Acang, Yahange;
_Irish_—Ken; (_German_—König; _English_—King, i.e. “A Head.”)
_South Africa_—Olo, Loha; _Hebrew_—Ol, “Above,” “To ascend;”
_Motorian_—Ulu, “A Head.”
_South Africa_—Klogo; _Irish_—Kloigean; _Welsh_—Ben-glog, “A Skull;”
_Hebrew_—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha); _Armenian_—Kluch;
_Jeniseians_—Kolkä;(200) _Sclavonian_—Golowa “A Head.”
_Egypt_—Kahi, Jo; _Negro-land_—Go, Ko, Kujuoo; _South Africa_—Kŏhho;
_Jeniseians_—Koïgo; _German_—Kopf.
_Negro-land_—Ta, Tu; _South Africa_—Dooha; _Georgian_—T’awi;
_Chinese_—T’eu; _North America_ (_Nagailers_)—Thie.
_Negro-land_—Tabu; _Persian_—Tab, (“Top;”) _German_—Topp; _North America_
(_Mohegans_)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)
_Fulahs_ and _Phellatahs_—Hore, Horde; _Hebrew_—Or, “To rise.”
_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Biquäau; _South America_ (_Aymarans_)—Pegke;
_North America_ (_New England_)—Bequoquo; _English_—Peak, Beak.
_Hottentots_—Minung; _Chinese_—Mien, “The Face;” _English_—“Mien,” and
_French_—“Mine.”
_Negro-land_—Oitju, Ithu; _South America_ (_Zamucans_)—Yatoitac;
_Welsh_—Yaad; _English_—Head, Height.
_Negro-land_—Boppe, Bapp; _South America_ (_Yaoans_)—Boppe;
(_Caraibs_)—Opoupou; _North America_ (_Woccons_)—Poppe.
_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—T’naa; _Isle of Man_—Tchynn.
Words For “Water.”
CLASS I.
South Ouata.
Africa.—_Hottentots_
Europe—_Russian_ Ouade.
_Swedish_ Wat-n.
_English_ Wat-er, “Wet.”
_Latin_ (“Moist”) Ud-us.
N. Wt-achsu.
America.—_Algonquyn
dialects_
_Cora_ (“The Sea”) Vaat.(201)
_Mexico_ (“The Sea”) Veyat-l.
It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the
same as that of “Wet, Wat-er,” (_English._) They differ only in those
grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS II.
North Eiooue.
Africa.—_Egypt_
(“Aquæ”)
North Eau.(202)
America.—_Woccons_
_Cheerokees_ Auwa.
_Muskohges_ Wewa.
Europe.—_Welsh_ Wy, or Gwy.
[Hence the name of “The Wye.”
the River]
_Icelandic_ Aa.
_Anglo-Saxon_ Ea, Eia.(203)
Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Ja, Ii.
_Samoied_ Ii, I.
_Negro-land_ Ji.
South Ī, I.
America.—_Guaranian_
_Brazilian_ Y.
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS III.
North O kah, Ookaw.
America.—_Chikkasahs_
Europe.—_Irish_ Oixe.
_Latin_ Aqua.
South Yacu.
America.—_Quicuans_
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS IV.
South Unu.
America.—_Quicuans_
_Negro-land_ Nu.
N. Iin, Jin.
America.—_Kolushians_
_Negro-land_ Inssuo, Ensu.
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS V.
[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two
Classes.]
Compare the previous words for Water, viz.:
Europe—_Irish_ _Oixe_,
North _Okah, Ookaw_.
America—_Chikkasahs_
with the following words:
North Oghnacauno.
America.—_Oneidas_
Europe.—_Greek and Ō keano, or
Latin. (The Ocean)_ Ōkeano-s.
North Oneekanoosh.
America.—_Senecas_
_Muynckussar_ Oneegha.
Asia.—_Anam_ Nuock, Nak.
_Coriac_ (The Sea) Anchon, Ancho.
_Negro-land_ Enchion.(204)
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VI.
South Bischan.
Africa.—_Gallas_
Asia.—_Circassian_ Pishi.
_Kurilians_ Pi, Peh.
_Samoied_ Bi, Be.
North Beh.
America.—_Delawares_
_New Sweden_ Bij.
Europe.—_Greek_ (To Pi-ō.
drink)
_Latin_ (To drink) Bi-b-o.
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VII.
_Negro-land_ Asioué.(205)
Asia.—_Jeso_ Azui.(206)
_Chinese_ Shui.
_Turkish_ Schuy, Su.
North Ziy.
America.—_Runsienes_
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VIII.
North Esseg.
Africa.—_Dongolans_
Europe.—_Irish or Eask, Uisge.
Gaelic_
_Welsh or Celtic of The “Esk,” The
Britain_. [British “Usk.”
Names of Streams]
These Celtic words are the chief basis of Edward Llwyd’s theory, that the
Britons were preceded by a Gaelic tribe, who gave names to these streams.
The extreme antiquity of these words is certain:
_Swedish_ (To wash) Wase a.
_Old German_ Wask-en, Wasc-an.
The following five Classes of words, from VIII. to XIV., may be regarded
as mutually connected.
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS IX.
First Modification.
North Mi, Me.
Africa.—_Abyssinia_
_Egypt_ Mōou, Mau.
_Egypt_ (Seas) Amaiou.
_Negro-land_ (Water) Améh.
Asia.—_Chinese_ Moi, Mui.
_Pehlwi_ Mea.
_Hebrew_ Me, (Meem).
_Hebrew_ (The Sea) Ee . am, or Jam.
_Japan_ (The Sea) Umi.
_Arabic_ (Water) Ma.
South Ma.
America.—_Vilellans_
_Aymarans_ Huma.
North Amma.
America.—_Cherokees_
[Compare the above
_Negro_ word Améh.]
Europe.—_Latin_ Hum-or.
_Adjective_, “Wet” Hum-idus.
[Compare Huma,
“Water.” _South
American_, above;
and Umi, “The Sea,”
(_Japan_), above.]
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS X.
_Negro-land_ Mage.
North Imack.
America.—_Greenland_
_Tschuktsches_ Emak, Mok.
South Mouke.
America.—_Araucan_
Europe.—_Latin & Muc-us.
English_
_English_ Muggy.
Asia.—_Hebrew_ (To M. g.
flow, dissolve)
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XI.
North Matsos.
Africa.—_Egypt_ (To
irrigate, To drink)
_Negro-land_, Water Mazei. Mazia. Masa.
South Africa Maasi, Meetsi.
Matee.
Asia.—_Japan_ Mizzu, Midz. Misi.
Europe.—_Latin_ Mad-idus.
(Wet)
_English_ “Mizzle”, Moist.
Mist.
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XII.
North Amanga.
Africa.—_Berbers_
_Egypt_ (Ram) (A Mounoshe. Mouns-ōr.
Torrent, A Stream) em.
South Amaansi. Amaanzu.
Africa.—_Caffre
Tribes_
N. Ménâ. Meneh.
America.—_Nadowessians_
Asia.—_Koibal_ (A Meanlai.
Stream)
_Chaldee_ (Waters) Main.
Europe.—_Latin_ (To Man-o.
flow)
_Names for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XIII.
[Apparently connected with CLASS IX.]
Asia.—_Heb._ “The Jam, or Ee . am.
Sea,” (as above)
_Tibet_ (“The Sea”) Gjiamzo.
_Kurd_ (A Stream) Tcham.
South Kam, Kamme, T’kamme.
Africa.—_Hottentot
Tribes_ (Water)
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XIV.
_Negro-land_ Koro.
North Africa.—_Afnu_ Grua.
Asia.—_Pelu_ Chuura.
(“Rain”)
_Tuschi_ (“Rain”) Kare.
_Kalmuck_ (Rain) Chura.
_Armenian_ (Water) Tschu r.(207)
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XV.
N. Africa.—_Egypt_ Eïoor.
(A Stream)
(Water) Erōn.
South Rano, Rana. Ranu.
Africa.—_Madagascar_
Europe.—_English_ Rain.
and _Anglo-Saxon_
“Pluvia”
_Greek_ “Flowing” Rhĕōn.
(applied to Water)
_Celtic_ (The name “The Rhône.”(208)
of a stream in Gaul)
_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XVI.
_Negro-land_ Doc, Dock, M’dock.
Asia.—_Tribes on the Dok.
__“__Jenisei__”__
River, Siberia_
_Kamschatka_ (The Adŭcka.
Sea)
Europe.—_English_ Duck.
(“To put under
water,” “A
water-fowl,”—_Dr.
Johnson_)
S. T’kohaa.
Africa.—_Hottentots_
(Water)
The following words for “Water” seem also to be unequivocally related
viz.: _Basque_—Itsassoa; _Negro-land_—Itchi; _Samoieds_—Ija, Ja; _South
America_ (_Cayubabans_)—Ikita; _North America_ (_Katahbans_)—Ejau.
APPENDIX B. CONTAINING (ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE TRIBES AND REGIONS OF
AFRICA) THE AFRICAN WORDS COMPARED IN APPENDIX A, WITH THE CORRESPONDING
TERMS IN THE LANGUAGES OF ASIA, EUROPE, AND AMERICA.
AFRICAN WORDS GEOGRAPHICALLY ARRANGED.
Fire, Sun, Day, Eye, Moon, Heaven.
NORTH AFRICA.
_Egypt._—“Fire,” Chrom, Grom, Krom, Kōh-th, from Koe, “To burn.” “Sun,”
Ra, Re. “Names of the Gods of the Sun,” Khem, Hor, Serapis, Osiri.
“Day,” Haou, Eoohu,—(connected with “Glory,” Joh, Ooh, Oih, and “Moon,”
Oou, “Lunus,” Joh.) “Eye,” Iri, Bal. “Moon,” Joh, Oou. “Heaven,” Pe, Phe,
_plural_ “Heaven-s,” Neth-phe,(209) Ne-pheou. “Name of the Goddess of the
Heavens, or Firmament,” Net-phe.
_Nubia and Abyssinia._—“Fire,” Haúÿ (_Abyss._); Ton-ih, (_Nub._) “Sun,”
Tuahhéy (_Abyss._); Tôin, (_Nub._) “Day,” Máaltih (_Abyss._); Wúrabe,
(_Nub._) “Eye,” Aineha (_Abyss._); Aina addela, Egôat, (_Nub._) “Moon,”
Wúrrhÿ (_Abyss._); Totrig, (_Nub._) “Heaven,” Szemmeÿ (_Abyss._); Tébre,
(_Nub._)
_Berbers and Dongolans._—“Fire,” Îka (_Ber._); Îk, (_Don._) “Sun,”
Maschékka (_Ber._); Masilk, (_Don._) “Day,” Ogrêska (_Ber._); Ogrêska,
(_Don._) “Eye,” Manga (_Ber._); Missigh, (_Don._) “Moon,” O’natejá.
(_Ber._); Scharâppa, (_Don._) “Heaven,” Szèmma (_Ber._); Szémma, (_Don._)
_Phellatahs and Fulahs._—“Fire,” Njite (_Phel._); Gia-hingol, (_Ful._)
“Sun,” Nonge (_Phel._); Nahangue, (_Ful._) “Day,” Njellauma, (_Phel._)
“Eye,” Gîteh (_Phel._); Hyterr, (_Ful._) “Moon,” Liulú (_Phel._); Leoure,
(_Ful._) “Heaven,” Szemma (_Phel._); Hyalla, (_Ful._)
NEGRO-LAND.
_Jolofs and Sereres._—“Fire,” Safara, (_Jol._) “Sun,” Ghiante-finkan,
Guiante, Burhum safara (_Jol._); Fosseye, (_Ser._) “Day,” Lelegh, Huer,
Beuhuli, (_Jol._) “Eye,” Smabutt, Batte, Guitte, (_Jol._) “Moon,”
Uhaaire, Verr, Burhum safara lionn (_Jol._); Coll, (_Ser._) “Heaven,”
Assaman, Assamane (_Jol._); Rogue, (_Ser._)
_Mandingoes._—“Fire,” Deemwa. “Sun,” and also “Day,” Teelee. “Day,”
Teelee. “Eye,” Neay. “Moon,” Korro, Pandintee. “Heaven,” Santo.
_Jalunkan and Sokko._—“Sun,” Telle (_Jal._); Tillee, (_Sok._) “Moon,”
Karree (_Jal._); Kalla, (_Sok._) “Heaven,” Margetangala (_Jal._); Bandee,
(_Sok._)
_Kanga, Mangree, and Gien._—“Sun,” Jiro (_Kan._); Lataa (_Man._); Jinaa,
(_Gien._) “Moon,” Tjo (_Kan._); Su, (_Gien._)
_Fetu, Fanti; and Gold Coast._—“Fire,” Edjà, (_Fetu._) “Sun,” Egwju
(_Fetu._); Uwia, (_G. Coast._) “Day,” Ada, (_Fetu._) “Eye,” Enniba,
(_Fetu._); Eniba, (_G. Coast._) “Moon,” Osran (_Fetu_); Assara (_G.
Coast._) “Heaven,”(210) Araiáni (_Fetu_); Njame, (_Fanti._)
_Amina, Akkim, and Akripon._—“Sun,” Eiwiaa (_Am._); Awia (_Ak._); Ou,
(_Akr._) “Moon,” Osseram (_Am._); Osseranni (_Ak._); Ofendi, (_Akr._)
“Heaven,” Jankombum (_Am._); Jahinee (_Ak._); Aduankam, (_Akr._)
_Akrai and Tambi._—“Fire,” La, (_Ak._) “Sun,” Hun (_Ak._); Pum, (_Tam._)
“Eye,” Hinma, (_Ak._) “Moon,” Dubliman (_Ak._); Horambi, (_Tam._)
“Heaven,” Jankombum (_Ak._); Nguai (_Ak._); Ngoi [which means also,
“Thunder in the Air,”] (_Ak._); Giom, (_Tam._)
_Widah, Papah, and Watje._—“Sun,” Wetaga (_Pap._); Uä, (_Wat._) “Eye,”
Noucou [_plural_], (_Wid._) “Moon,” Su-ede, (_Pap._) “Heaven,” Jiwel,
(_Pap._)
_Kongo and Angola._—“Fire,” Tubhia (_Kon._); Tubia (_Kon. & Ang._); Bazou,
(_Kon._) “Sun,” N’tzai, Tangu, (_Kon._) “Moon,” Gonde, Gonda, (_Kon._)
“Heaven,” Sullu (_Kon._); Ulu, (_Ang._)
_Loango, Mandongo, and Camba._—“Fire,” Bazu, (_Lo._) “Sun,” Tangoa
(_Lo._); Attaschi (_Man._); Tango, (_Cam._) “Moon,” Gonda (_Lo._); Agonne
(_Man._); Gonda, (_Cam._) “Heaven,” Iru (_Lo._); Sambiam-pungo (_Man._);
Julo, (_Cam._)
_Karabari, Ibo, and Mokko._—“Sun,” Anjam (_Ka._); A-un, Anjau (_Ibo_);
Eju, (_Mok._) “Moon,” Omma (_Ka._); Ongma, Aoueh (_Ibo_); Affiam, (_Mok._)
“Heaven,” Elukwee (_Ka._); Tschukko, Ellu (_Ibo_); Ibanju, (_Mok._)
_Wawu and Tembu._—“Sun,” Jirri (_Wa._); Wis, (_Tem._) “Moon,” Mone
(_Wa._); Igodu, (_Tem._) “Heaven,” Barriadad (_Wa._); So, (_Tem._)
_Krepeers, Ashantees, and Kassenti._—“Fire,” Dio (_Kre._); Egia, (_Ash._)
“Sun,” Uwin, (_Kas._) “Eye,” Onuku (_Kre._); Wannua, (_Ash._) “Moon,”
Ungmar, (_Kas._) “Heaven,” Ktāk, (_Kas._)
_Affadeh._—“Fire,” Hu. “Sun,” Zú. “Day,” Phadeenszo. “Eye,” Szanko.
“Moon,” Tédi. “Heaven,” Dilko.
_Mobba and Schilluck._—“Fire,” Wussik (_Mob._); Mâssze, (_Sch._) “Sun,”
Engik (_Mob._); Róongéh, (_Sch._) “Day,” Dalkáh, (_Mob._) “Moon,” Ûk,
(_Mob._) “Heaven,” Szemma, (_Mob._)
_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—“Fire,” Otu (_Dâr F._); Nissiek, (_Dâr R._)
“Sun,” Duléh (_Dâr F._); Agñing, (_Dâr R._) “Day,” Lô (_Dâr F._) “Eye,”
Nûnjiéh (_Dâr F._); Khasso, (_Dâr R._) “Moon,” Kámmer (_Dâr F._); Medding,
(_Dâr R._) “Heaven,” Szémma, (_Dâr F._)
_Fire, Sun, Day, Eye, Moon, Heaven._
SOUTH AFRICA.
_Gallas._—“Fire,” Ibida. “Heaven,” Ivaq.
_Madagascar._—“Fire,” Lelaffu. “Sun,” Masso anro, Māssŏ andrōû. (Eye of
Day), Massoam, Massoanrü. “Day,” Arcik ando Majava, Antu, Andru. “Eye,”
Massou, Massoo, Masso, Massorohi. “Moon,” Woelau, Volān, Bo, Bolan, Volan.
“Heaven,” Atemco, Danghitsi, Langhitsi, Lainch, Langhits.
_Koossa_, _Beetjuanas_, _Lagoa Bay_, and _Caffres_.—“Fire,” Umlilo
(_Koos._); Mulélo (_Beet._); Lilo, Leaw, (_Caf._) “Sun,” Lélanga,
(_Koos._); Leetshaatsi (_Beet._); Diambo (_Lag. B._); Lelanga, Eliang,
(_Caf._) “Day,” Imine (_Koos._); Motsichari, (_Beet._) “Eye,” Amesligo
(_Koos._); Liklŏ (_Beet._); Tewho, (_Lag._ _B._) “Moon,” Injanga
(_Koos._); Köhri (_Beet._); Moomo (_Lag. B._); Janga, Inyango, (_Caf._)
“Heaven,” Isuhlu (_Koos._); Maaro, (_Beet._)
_Bosjemans_, _Coronas_, _Hottentots_, _and Saldannä Bay_.—“Fire,” Tjih
(_Bos._); T’aib (_Cor._); T’ei, T’ei eip, Nèip, Ecy, Ei, (_Hot._) “Sun,”
T’kòăra (_Bos._); Soröhb (_Cor._); Sore, Sorrie, Sorrè, Sorri, Surrie
(_Hot._); Sore, (_Sal. B._) “Day,” T’gaa, (_Bos._); Sorökŏa, (_Cor._)
“Eye,” T’saguh (_Bos._); Muhm (_Cor._); Mo, Mu, Mum, Moe, (_Hot._) “Moon,”
T’káukăruh (_Bos._); T’khaam (_Cor._); K’cha, T’ga, Tohâ, Kā (_Hot._);
Gam, (_Sal. B._) “Heaven,” T’gachuh (_Bos._); Homma, (_Sal. B._)
Man, Woman, Human Being.
[M. marks Nouns Masculine; F. Nouns Feminine; H. words for a Human Being,
whether Male or Female.]
NORTH AFRICA.
_Egypt._—Hoout, M. and H., Hime, F., Himi, F., Lomi, F. and H.(211)
_Abyssinia and Nubia._—Szebbat, H. (_Ab._); Odey, H. (_Nub._); Szebbey, M.
(_Ab._); Auadseh, M., Oták, M. (_Nub._); Szebbéitÿ, F. (_Ab._); “Indáki”,
F., Tétakkát, F. (_Nub._)
_Berbers and Dongolans._—Adémga, M. (_Ber._); Ogikh, M. (_Don._); Edinga,
F. (_Ber._); Enga, F. (_Don._)
_Phellatahs and Fulahs._—Nékdo, H., Gúrko, M. (_Phel._); Gorko mahodo, M.
(_Ful._); Debbo, F. (_Phel._); Debo, F. (_Ful._)
NEGRO-LAND.
_Iolofs and Sereres._—Gour, H., Garr, H. (_Iol._); Core, H. (_Ser._);
Goourgne, M., Guiacar, M., Guiaccar, M. (_Iol._); Cow, M. (_Ser._); Digin,
F., Guiguienne, F., Diguén, F. (_Iol._); Tewe, F. (_Ser._)
_Mandingos._—Mo, H., Kea, M., Fato, M., Musha, F.
_Jallunkans and Sokko._—Mogee, H. (_Jal._); Manni, H. (_Sok._); Kai, M.
(_Jal._); Kjä, M. (_Sok._); Musee, F. (_Jal._); Mussu, F. (_Sok._)
_Kanga, Mangree, and Gien._—Ngumbo, H. (_Kan._); Mia, H. (_Man._); Me, H.
(_Gien_); Nebeju, M. (_Kan._); Laniu, M. (_Man._); Unsoibe, M. (_Gien_);
Junoo, F. (_Kan._); Auwee, F. (_Man._); Lung, F. (_Gien_).
_Fetu, Fanti, and Gold Coast._—Enipa, H. (_Fanti_); Nipa, H., Baning, M.,
Bubasja, F. (_Fetu_); Hiro, F. (_G. Coast._)
_Amina, Akkim, and Akripon._—Ojippa, H. (_Am._); Nippa, H. (_Akkim_);
Osse, H. (_Akri._); Obaini, M. (_Am._); Obellima, M. (_Akkim_); Unji, M.
(_Akri._); Obbaa, F. (_Am._); Obia, F. (_Akkim_); Otjee, (_Akri._)
_Akrai and Tambi._—Biomo, H., Biommo, H. (_Ak._); Numero, H. (_Tam._); Nu,
M. (_Ak._); Njummu, M. (_Tam._); Nga, F., In, F. (_Ak._)
_Papah, and Watje._—Emme, H. (_Pap._); Ammee, H. (_Wat._); Messuhu, M.
(_Pap._); Uzu, M. (_Wat._); Djonnu, F. (_Pap._); Jonnu, F. (_Wat._)
_Kongo._—Eiecala-muntu, H., Mundu, H., Ackala, M., Jakkela, M., Bacala,
M., Kentu, F., Quinto, F.
_Loango, Mandongo, and Camba._—Mond, H. (_Lo._); Mutte, H. (_Man._);
Monami, H. (_Cam._); Bakala, M., Bakkara, M. (_Lo._); Najalaka, M.
(_Man._); Olummi, M. (_Cam._); Kento, F., Tjendo, F. (_Lo._); Okeetu, F.
(_Man._); Ukassi, F. (_Cam._)
_Karabari, Ibo, and Mokko._—Mad, H. (_Kar._); Made, H. (_Ibo._); Auwo, H.
(_Mok._); Mammoku, M. (_Kar._); Mook, M., Dikkom, M., Dim, M., (_Ibo_);
Iden, M. (_Mok._); Mangman, F. (_Kar._); Mai, F., Wei, _F._ (_Ibo_); Wan,
F. (_Mok._)
_Wawu and Tembu._—See, H. (_Wa._); Iraa, H. (_Tem._); Gonee, M. (_Wa._);
Ibalu, M. (_Tem._); Anna, F. (_Wa._); Alo, F. (_Tem._)
_Kassenti._—Umir, H., Otga, M., Uppi, F.
_Affadeh._—Mágu, H., Beló, M., Kerim, F.
_Schilluck._—Tabànje, M., Uréh, F.
_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—Koá, H., Duéh, M. (_D. Fur._); Kamére, M. (_D.
Run._); Jânkuèh, F. (_D. Fur._); Mmi, F. (_D. Run._)
SOUTH AFRICA.
_Madagascar._—Oelun, H., Olon, H., Urun, H., Lelay, M., Lăhē, M., Orrang,
M., Văiăve, F., Bayave, F., Ampele, F.
_Koossas, Beetjuanas, Lagoa Bay, and Caffres._—Uhmto, H. (_Koos._);
Muhnto, H. (_Beet._); Monhee, H. (_L. Bay_); Monúna, M. (_Beet._); Indóda,
M. (_Koos._); Doda, M., Abaandoo, M. (_Caf._); Umfási, F. (_Koos._);
Massári, _or_ Bassari, F. (_Beet._); Aduhast, F. (_L. Bay_); Omfaas, F.
(_Caf._)
_Bosjemans, Coronas, Hottentots, and Saldannä Bay._—T’kūi H. (_Bos._);
T’kohn, H. (_Cor._); T’na, M. (_Bos._); Köuh, M., Kauh, M., Chaib, M.
(_Cor._); Kùpp, M., K’quique, M., Zohee, M., Qûoique, M., Quaina, M.
(_Hot._); T’aifi, F. (_Bos._); Chaisas, F. (_Cor._); Ankona, F. (_Sal.
B._); Honnes, F., Kus, F., K’quiquis, Zohees, F., Kȳoiquis, F., Quaishha,
F. (_Hot._)
Parts Of The Body, Hand, Arm, &c.
NORTH AFRICA.
_Egypt._—“Hand,” Gig, Shig [The Hand and Fore-Arm], Koi, Mah, Mahe.
“Tongue,” Lash. “Ear,” Meeje.(212) “Nose,” Sha. “Foot,” Rat, [I, “To go.”]
“Head,” Kahi, Jo.
_Abyssinia and Nubia._—“Hand,” Tedémbetôn, (_Nub._) “Tongue,” Mülhassh
(_Abyss._); E’midáp, (_Nub._) “Ear,” A’shinhá (_Abyss._); Ishenáh,
Wongwil, (_Nub._) “Nose,” Affinkjáha (_Abyss._); A’ffinkjách, Ognûf,
(_Nub._) “Foot,” Tarékkas (_Abyss._); Regget, (_Nub._) “Head,” Râassih
(_Abyss._); Dimmáha, O’gürmá, (_Nub._)
_Berbers and Dongolans._—“Hand,” Iddegh (_Ber._); Ihg, (_Don._) “Tongue,”
Nárka (_Ber._); Nádka, (_Don._) “Ear,” U’kkegá (_Ber._); Ulûk, (_Don._)
“Nose,” Szurringa, (_Ber. & Don._) “Foot,” Oèntúga (_Ber._); Ossentuge,
(_Don._)
_Phellatahs and Fulahs._—“Hand,” Néworéh (_Phel._); Youngo, (_Ful._)
“Tongue,” Démgal (_Phel._); D’heingall, (_Ful._) “Ear,” Nuppi (_Phel._)
Noppy, (_Ful._) “Nose,” Njelhinerát (_Phel._); Hener, (_Ful._) “Foot,”
Kússengál (_Phel._); Kavassongal, (_Ful._) “Head,” Hóre (_Phel._); Horde,
(_Ful._)
NEGRO-LAND.
_Iolofs and Sereres._—“Hand,” Loho, Loco [properly the Arm], Lokoo
(_Iol._); Bayie, (_Ser._) “Tongue,” Laming, Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin
(_Iol._); Delemme, (_Ser._) “Ear,” Smanoppe, Nope, Noppe (_Iol._); Noffe,
(_Ser._) “Nose,” Smak-bookan, Bacann, Boucanne, Baccané (_Iol._); Guisse,
(_Ser._) “Foot,” Simatank, Tangue (_Iol._); Guiaf, (_Ser._) “Head,”
Smababb, Boppe, Bappe, Bop (_Iol._); Coque, (_Ser._).
_Mandingos._—“Hand,” Bulla, Boula [Hand and Arm]. “Tongue,” Ning. “Ear,”
Toola. “Nose,” Noong. “Foot,” Sing. “Head,” Kung, Koon.
_Jallunkans and Sokko._—“Hand,” Ibolee (_Jal._); Bulla, Blu, (_Sok._)
“Foot,” Itgenge (_Jal._); Afo, (_Sok._) “Head,” Ikkunjee (_Jal._); Ukkung,
(_Sok._)
_Kanga, Mangree, and Gien._—“Hand,” Nakoa (_Kan._); Ikko, (_Gien._)
“Foot,” Namboo (_Kan._); Trippi (_Man._); Nugee, (_Gien._) “Head,” Nandewu
(_Kan._); Tri (_Man._); Ungo, (_Gien._)
_Fetu and Gold Coast._—“Hand,” Ensah, (_Fetu._) “Tongue,” Teckremà
(_Fetu_); Decrame, (_G. Coast._) “Ear,” Asschaba (_Fetu_); Asso, (_G.
Coast._) “Nose,” Engvvinni (_Fetu_); O-u-nom, (_G. Coast._) “Foot,” Anan,
(_Fetu._) “Head,” Etyr (_Fetu_); Eteri, (_G. Coast._)
_Amina, Akkim, and Akripon._—“Hand,” En-saa, Obaa (_Am. & Akkim_); Obaa,
(_Akri._) “Foot,” Onang (_Am. & Akkim_); Djabi, (_Akri._) “Head,” Utieri
(_Am._); Metih (_Akkim_); Nuntji, (_Akri._)
_Akrai and Tambi._—“Hand,” Nindeh, Dinde, Nindé (_Ak._); Nindi, (_Tam._)
“Arm,” Nindeh, (_Ak._) “Ear,” Toy, (_Ak._) “Foot,” Nanne, Nandé, (_Ak._);
Nandi, (_Tam._) “Head,” Ithu, Oitju (_Ak._); Ii, (_Tam._)
_Widah, Papah, and Watje._—“Hand,” Alo (_Wid._); Allo (_Pap._); Aschi,
(_Wat._) “Ears,” Otto, (_Wid._) “Nose,” Aonty, (_Wid._) “Foot,” Affo
(_Wid._); Afo, (_Pap. & Wat._) “Head,” Ta, (_Pap. & Wat._)
_Kongo and Angolan._—“Hand,” Moco [_pl._], Kook, Coco, (_Kon._) “Foot,”
Malu (_Kon._); Quirio, (_An._) “Head,” Ontu, (_Kon._)
_Loango, Mandongo, and Camba._—“Hand,” Kogo (_Lo._); Koko, (_Man. & Cam._)
“Foot,” Kulu (_Lo. & Cam._); Kolo, (_Man._) “Head,” Tu (_Lo._); Motu,
(_Man. & Cam._)
_Karabari, Ibo, and Mokko._—“Hand,” Okuh (_Kar._); Hukko (_Ibo_);
Ono-nuba, (_Mok._) “Foot,” Akkah (_Kar._); Akkau (_Ibo_); Ugod, (_Mok._)
“Head,” Issi (_Kar. & Ibo_); Iboil, (_Mok._)
_Wawu and Tembu._—“Hand,” Be (_Wa._); Nin, (_Tem._) “Foot,” Gann (_Wa._);
Navorre, (_Tem._) “Head,” Angoru (_Wa._); Kujuoo, (_Tem._)
_Krepeer, Ashantees, and Kassenti._—“Hand,” Inno, (_Kas._) “Arm,” Assij
(_Kre._); Osa, (_Ash._) “Ear,” Otuh (_Kre._); Uwasso, (_Ash._) “Nose,”
Amonthi (_Kre._); Ohüny, (_Ash._) “Foot,” Itta, (_Kas._) “Head,” Ota
(_Kre._); Otri (_Ash._); Dür, (_Kas._)
_Affadeh._—“Hand,” Blimszeh. “Tongue,” Essiénkó. “Ear,” Szémmankó. “Nose,”
Démulzungenkó. “Foot,” E’nszih. “Head,” Go, Ko.
_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—“Hand,” Enkeffy [Surface of the Hand], (_D.
Fur._) “Tongue,” Dali, (_D. Fur._) “Ear,” Dilá (_D. Fur._); Nesso, (_D.
Run._) “Nose,” Dürméh, (_D. Fur._) “Foot,” Tárinmúfsaly (_D. Fur._); Itar,
(_D. Run._) “Head,” Tabú, (_D. Fur._)
SOUTH AFRICA.
_Beetjuana-Caffres, Corona-Hottentots, and Madagascar._—“Hand,” T’koam
(_Cor.-Hot._); Tang’am, (_Mad._) “Tongue,” Lolemi (_Beet.-Kaf._); Lella,
Leula, (_Mad._) “Ears,” Zébe (_Beet.-Kaf._); Soffi, (_Mad._) “Nose,”
Ongko, (_Beet.-Kaf._); Orong, (_Mad._)
_Madagascar._—“Hand,” Tang’am, Tangan, Tangh. “Tongue,” Lella, Leula,
Lēlã, Lela. “Ear,” Souffy, Soofi. “Nose,” Orung, Urun, Oron. “Foot,”
Hoots, Lefack, Ungoor, Lafatungu, Tombut, “Head,” Loha, Dooha, Lua.
_Koosas, Beetjuanas, Lagoa Bay, and Caffres._—“Hand,” Mundha (_L. Bay_);
Fansa (_Caf._); Isanga (_Koos._); Sseaakja, (_Beet._) “Tongue,” Mume
(_Koos._); Lolémi (_Beet._); Loodjem, (_L. Bay._) “Ear,” Elébe (_Koos._);
Zébe (_Beet._); Gevea, (_L. Bay._) “Nose,” Poomlu (_Koos._); Ongkŏ
(_Beet._); Numpho, (_L. Bay._) “Foot,” Jénjăo (_Koos._); Lónao (_Beet._);
Chizenda (_L. Bay_); Enjau, (_Caf._) “Head,” Klogo (_Koos._); Kŏhho
(_Beet._); Lücko (_L. Bay_); Loko, (_Caf._)
_Bosjemans, Coronas, Hottentots, and Saldannä Bay._—“Hand,” T’aa (_Bos._);
T’kŏám (_Cor._); Onecoa (_Sal. B._); T’unka, Omma, (_Hot._) “Tongue,” T’in
(_Bos._); Tamma (_Cor. & Hot._); Tamme, (_Sal. B._) “Ear,” T’no-cingtu
(_Bos._); T’naum (_Cor._); Naho (_Sal. B._); Nouw [_pl._], (_Hot._)
“Nose,” T’nuhntu (_Bos._); T’geub (_Cor._); Tui, Zakui (_Sal. B._); T’koi,
Koyb, Qui, Ture, Thuké, Qûoi, (_Hot._) “Foot,” T’oóah (_Bos._); T’keib
(_Cor._); Coap (_Sal. B._); Y, Itqua, Yi, (_Hot._) “Head,” T’naa (_Bos._);
Minuong (_Cor._); Biquäau, Biqua, Bigûa, (_Hot._)
Water.
NORTH AFRICA.
_Egypt._—“Aquæ,” Eiooue, Mōou, Mau. “Seas,” Amaiou. “Rain,” Mou-noshe. “A
Torrent, A Stream,” Mouns-ōr. em. “To irrigate, To drink,” Matsos. “A
Stream,” Eioor, Erōn.
_Abyssinia and Arabia._—Mi (_Abyss._); Me, Ejern, (_Nub._)
_Berbers and Dongolans._—Amánga (_Ber._); Esseg, (_Don._)
NEGRO-LAND.
_Iolofs._—M’doch, Doc, Dock.
_Mandingos._—Ji, Gee,
_Fetu and Gold Coast._—Ensu (_Fetu_); Enchion, (_G. Coast._)
_Akrai._—Nuh.
_Widah._-Asioué.
_Kongo and Angola._—Masa (_Kon. & Ang._); Mazia, (_Ang._)
_Loango._—Mazei.
_Krepeer and Ashantees._—Itchi (_Kre._); Inssuo, (_Ash._)
_Affadeh._—Améh.
_Mobba and Schilluck._—E’ndschÿ (_Mob._); Mage [also Cold], (_Sch._)
_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—Kóro, (_D. Fûr_); Tta, (_D. Run._)
SOUTH AFRICA.
_Gallas._—Bischan.
_Madagascar._—Rano, Rana, Ranü.
_Koosas, Beetjuanas, Lagoa Bay, and Caffres._—Ammaansi (_Koos._); Meetsi
(_Beet._); Matce (_Lag. B._); Maasi, Ammanzu, (_Caf._)
_Huswanas._—T’kaē.
_Bosjemans, Coronas, Hottentots, and Saldannä Bay._—T’kohaa (_Bos._),
T’kamma (_Cor. & Hot._); Kamma, Kamme, Kām (_Hot._); Ouata, (_Sal. Bay._)
FOOTNOTES
1 See notes to D’Oyly and Mant’s Bible. The differences, it is
supposed, may have consisted in a different mode of pronouncing the
same words, such as exists in various English counties, to a
sufficient extent to make the speakers mutually unintelligible! See,
also, Eichhorn’s view.
2 Lyell’s Geology, vol. i. p. 230.
3 Consolations in Travel.
4 Discourse on the Origin and Families of Nations.
5 Mithridates, vol. i.
6 Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.
7 Genesis, c. iii. v. 7, “And they sewed fig-leaves together, and made
themselves aprons.”
8 Adelung quotes Zimmerman to the effect that of the animals found in
Europe all have been derived from Asia, with the exception of
sixteen or seventeen kinds, and these are mostly Mice and Bats.
9 “A Tree well known in India, called the Tschiampa. It fruit is like
an Apple, and it is said to bear both good and evil fruit!”
10 Bohlen (Prof. Theol. zu Königsberg) auf Genesis.
11 Morier.
12 “Unexplored” with reference to the Semetic nations.
13 “I” (with “Other” added) means “We.”
14 Prichard on Man.
15 Lyell on Geology.
16 See also the Rev. T. Price on the Physiology and Physiognomy of the
British Isles.
17 The Greek, Russian, and German, have all been shown to belong to
what are called the Indo-European class of languages. The Finnish,
Vater states to be in its roots identical with the German.
18 See Dugald Stewart, on the Active and Moral Faculties.
19 In connexion with this subject I may refer to an article
distinguished by great genius and profound philosophical reasoning,
which lately appeared in Chambers’s Journal, under the title of
“Thoughts on Nations and Civilization.” (See Number for May 21st,
1842.)
20 This sept were also generally termed the “gentlemanly” Mandans. The
recent destruction of this warm-hearted tribe by the smallpox is one
of the most heart-rending tragedies in history!
21 Bell’s Geography.
22 The African names for “The Nose” do not occur in Appendix A, but
they are noticed elsewhere in this work. The names for “The Eye” are
explained among words for “The Sun,” &c. of which they are generally
derivatives.
23 The terms for the Domestic Relations are in some instances compound
words—in others they seem to be identical with the Names of the
Human Race.
24 Probably the terms were not in all cases appropriated in the first
instance to the Hand exclusively, but applied alike to all the
perceptive organs.
25 Klaproth’s Asia Polyglotta.
26 Eiere (“Day,” _Zend_,) is obviously connected with Huere (“The Sun,”
_Zend_.)
27 Klaproth’s Asia Polyglotta, p. 36.
28 Parkhurst’s Hebrew Lexicon.
29 Bohemia is inhabited by a Sclavonic race, &c.
30 This comparison has been extracted from the Cambrian Quarterly
Magazine, vol. II., p. 183, in which it was originally published by
the author of this work.
31 History of the English language, prefixed to Dr. Johnson’s
Dictionary.
32 Rask’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe. Preface, p. xlvii.
33 Mr. Lockhart has given an interesting account of the origin of Sir
Walter Scott’s views on this subject as expressed in the passages
quoted above. They were first suggested by a friend whose attention
had been much directed to subjects of this nature.
34 This inflection, as in “They Hav-_en_,” is also preserved in the
Dialects of the English Provinces.
35 Giv-eth (_Eng._)
Gieb-et (_Germ._)
Don-at (_Lat._)
Can-ati (_Sans._) i.e. Can-it (_Lat._)
Diy-ati (_Sans._) i.e. Die-th (_Eng._)
36 A work published by this gentleman under the quaint title of “Tim
Bobbin,” and written entirely in the Lancashire Dialect, is well
known. His writings, however, display the attainments of a scholar.
37 “_Gang to the recht (right) hand_” was a reply which Dr. Lappenberg
of Hamburgh has noticed to the author as one which struck his ear
when he visited Scotland for the first time as a student. The
approximation to the German is manifest.
38 Rask, by Thorpe, pp. 8-9.
39 This Verb also exhibits the German Plural “Sind,” which differs from
the singular altogether, and belonged no doubt originally to a
distinct Auxiliary Verb.
40 See Glossary to Tyrwhitt’s Chaucer.
41 Rask’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar.
42 Rask’s Grammar, by Thorpe.
43 Bosworth’s Scandinavian Literature.
44 Ib. See Rask’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe.
45 The original identity of all these Languages may be said to be
clearly proved; the Icelandic, also, seems to have deviated less
than the rest from the parent tongue. But this opinion that the
Icelandic has not changed at all is a highly unreasonable one. For
example, the Danish and Swedish names for “Water”, of which the
antiquity is certain from their general use among the Teutonic
tribes, &c. must have been lost by the Icelanders.
46 As to Grammar and Inflections, see especially pp. xvii. and xix.
xxi. xxiii.—Rask.
47 See Bosworth’s “Scandinavian Literature,” as to the difference in
the arrangement of sentences, and the difference of Idioms between
the ancient and modern Scandinavian dialects.
48 Rask, pp. xvii. and xix. Bosworth’s Scandinavian Literature.
49 See the Irish names for the Heavenly Bodies, in Append. A and C.
50 See Appendix A.
51 Possibly many of these words may be traced in the Greek, &c., but it
would be foreign to the present subject to enter into too minute a
discussion on that head.
52 Chalmers’ Caledonia.
53 In this part of the present work I have derived great assistance
from Dr. Prichard’s sound and successful researches, and from the
labours of M. Bullet, which are distinguished alike by genius and
indefatigable industry.
54 I find M. Bullet in many, and in some few instances Dr. Prichard,
have, as I conceive, mistaken the Roman inflections for distinct
Celtic words.
55 Malte Brun.
56 Kerdanet’s History of the Language of the Gauls and Armoricans,
translated by David Lewis, Esq., in the Cumbrian Quarterly Magazine.
57 Prichard on the Celtic Languages.
58 Tribus (_Latin_.)
59 As previously noticed, the French names handed down from the old
Gauls are probably often nearer the Celtic than the Latin names.
60 Esseg, “Water,” (_Dongolan, North Africa._)
61 This word is marked thus, with a dagger, in the Cornish
Vocabularies, as being extinct.
62 Chalmers’s Caledonia.
63 Ab-us, (Anton.) Ab-on-trus, Ab-ou-trus, Ab-ou, (Ptolomey.) Baxter
suggests Abon trus t, “The Noise of the Rivers,” an allusion, as he
supposes, to the noise of the currents. But this explanation
involves a change in the second word, and a fanciful construction of
the sense of the terms employed.
64 It is only by a very minute and careful investigation of Maps,
ancient and modern, that I have been enabled to verify the
correctness of this and many other Celtic derivations.
65 A powerful Gaulish Tribe in the East of Gaul.
66 Lacus (_Latin._)
67 This is one of the numerous instances in which, judging merely from
ancient Maps, or from the less minute modern Maps, (_on which this
stream is not marked_,) the situation of a place seems inconsistent
with the derivation suggested.
68 Hornius’s ancient Map. This place is very near to Bilboa.
69 Lan means an inclosed spot in Welsh.
70 Medius (_Latin._)
71 Dr. W. O. Pughe’s Welsh Dictionary.
72 Lutum (_Latin._)
73 Dunum, a Hill Fort.
74 Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.
75 Hence the “Hindoo-Kuh.”
76 A Town.
77 Celtic Ethnography, in Dr. Prichard’s work on “Man.”
78 The word, in the sense of a stream, seems to be confined to such
streams as traverse the bottoms of narrow glens.
79 This word occurs in a variety of mutually connected meanings in the
Hebrew and Celtic.
80 Petro is said to mean a Rock, in Gaulish names, by some French
Celtic scholars.
81 Hence, also, as may be inferred, the Curi-osilitæ in Brittany.
82 In such instances, however, the Celtic generally presents words
approaching in sound and sense to those occurring in the Local
names, though not so near to then as the Oriental terms, &c.
83 E.r, a Mountain; by reduplication E.r r, a very high Mountain
(_Heb._)
84 Kohl’s Russia.
85 Here is an explanation, in the instance of the very same word, of
Lhuyd’s difficulty noticed in the last Section.
86 In Appendix A the original identity and subsequent specific
appropriation of the names of the Heavenly Luminaries are especially
noticed. See Appendix A, p. 48. These words occur in the same
Appendix; as to “Tin-dee,” see p. 26, as to “Nganga,” see same page.
87 For example: “Carbonic Acid Gas,” called also “Choke Damp” (by
miners,) and “Fixed Air.”
“Carburetted Hydrogen,” called also “Fire Damp” (by miners),
“Inflammable Air,” “Coal Gas,” and “Gas.”
“Iodine,” from Iōdēs, “Like a Violet,” (_Greek_,) a name suggested
by its beautiful violet tint.
“Nitrous Oxide,” or “Protoxide of Azote” (terms expressive of its
component elements), a gas discovered by Dr. Priestley, called also
“Laughing Gas” (from its peculiar property discovered by Sir
Humphrey Davy).
“Gas” is from a German word meaning “Breath, Air, Spirit,” &c. &c.
88 See Remarks in Adelung’s Mithridates on the Hebrew.
89 Some excellent observations on the subject of words thus formed by
children occur in some late numbers of Chambers’s Journal.
90 This did not apply to the first four lines quoted above.
91 This is perfectly obvious in the Hebrew, and may be shown by
Analysis in other Languages.
92 See Dr. Darwin’s Zoonomia.
93 The occurrence in the Georgian, as a word for a “Father,” of this
term, which is generally used for a “Mother,” is specially noticed
by Adelung. Compare the other example from the dialect of the
Mangrees.
94 Sir William Jones’s Works, vol. iii. p. 185.
95 The term Semetic, i.e. descendants of Shem, for which Dr. Prichard
has proposed to substitute Syro-Phœnician, is applied to the ancient
nations of Judea, Syria, and Arabia. The common origin and specific
connexion of most of these nations which may be inferred from the
Scriptural account, are distinctly apparent from the close affinity
of their languages. These Tongues by the highest authorities have
been pronounced to be as nearly related as the Doric and Ionic
dialects of the Greek.
96 See a Treatise by Rammohun Roy, showing that the ancient faith of
the Hindoos involved the unity of the Deity.
97 Ju-piter is a compound of Pater, a Father, with “Jov,” which is the
basis.
98 Vesta is also used for Fire itself.
99 Cicero de Natura Deorum.
100 Ymenyn (_Welsh_).
101 This name is supposed by Hebrew scholars to be expressive of
swiftness, and to be derived from S.s, or Sh.sh, Active, Sprightly.
102 From the change of hue the body undergoes in death.
103 Other examples of the affinity of the Hebrew and the Welsh have been
examined with great ability by Dr. William Owen Pughe, in the
Cymrodorion Transactions. There is also a valuable old work on the
connexion of the Hebrew with other languages, by Mr. Barker,
schoolmaster, Carmarthen.
104 Dr. Prichard on Egyptian Mythology.
105 Dr. Prichard on Man.
106 In some of these instances the Coptic or Egyptian has lost the
original meaning of these appellations, in others it has preserved
them in common with the Hebrew and Indo-European Tongues.
107 Materia Hieroglyphica.
108 Wilkinson.
109 Among the Egyptian Deities is Anep, Anepo, the classical Anubis,
“The Conductor of Souls.”
110 Wilkinson, p. 11, note 4.
111 Ibid.
112 Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.
113 Lepsius Lettre à Rosselini.
114 See a short summary of Mr. Colebrooke’s views in Dr. Prichard on
Man, in his observations on the Egyptians.
115 Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.
116 Ibid.
117 Prichard on Man, vol. ii. p. 199.
118 Mr. Wilkinson refers the reign of Menes to 2320 B.C.
119 Foreign Quarterly, 1836. I conceive, however, that the conclusion of
the ingenious reviewer as to the identity of M.s.e.k with the name
of the Muscovites, may require reconsideration. See Adelung on the
Russians, and Vol. I, p. 314.
120 Adelung.
121 Tattam’s Egyptian Grammar.
122 Foreign Quarterly Review.
123 There is an able pamphlet by Dr. Löewe, in which he maintains the
Hebrew to be the Parent of the Egyptian. Dr. Löewe’s examples appear
to me to be equally conclusive _against_ the specific connexion he
advocates, and _in support_ of the original unity of these tongues
at a remote era.
124 Compare Sohn (_German_), Son (_English_).
125 See Dr. Prichard on Man.
126 Mithridates, under Africa.
127 See Belzoni’s Travels, p. 239.
128 Prichard on Man.
129 The The African languages (as far as they are known to us), and the
American, according to Du Ponceau, are all polysyllabic.
130 To this rule, however, pronouns are an exception.
131 Numerous examples also occur in Appendix A.
132 Cæteris paribus, this is a correct view; but not where grammatical
resemblances are treated as more important evidence than other
resemblances.
133 The occurrence of nasal sounds at the end of words, as in this
instance, form an apparent exception to the principle that Chinese
words consist simply of one consonant followed by a vowel. But these
nasals Adelung states to be mere evanescent intonations.
134 Adelung, notwithstanding his opinion that the Chinese is a perfectly
distinct language, was struck with the analogy between “Foo Tsin,”
and “Moo Tsin,” and “Fa-ther” and “Mo-ther.”
135 It is observable, that as in the above instances of Heuen and Keen,
the Chinese verbs very commonly terminate in a nasal _n_, as do
those of the Persian and Teutonic.
136 Cooper’s Last of the Mohicans.
137 See chapter on the Chinese.
_ 138 Ind._ means, _N. A. Indian_. This term (_Ind._) is used here
exclusively to distinguish words from the dialects of the Algonquyn
class.
139 A Western Tribe visited by Mr. Catlin.
140 Nain (_Welsh_) Grandmother.
141 “A Woman.” See Parkhurst’s Lex.
142 Nunk (_Indian_) means “Young.”
143 This word is from the dialects of the Iroquois, another class of
Indian Tribes, who inhabited the present territory of the United
States.
144 “War,” Aguwarrie, in the Iroquois dialects, Gewehr (_German_),
Guerre (_French_), War (_English_).
145 Parkhurst.
146 Nakoha (_Mandan_), Noh gee (_Sioux_).
147 They are chiefly composed of Pronouns, terms which form the basis of
Grammar.
148 Hooynt does not mean “It” in Welsh. In that language it is a plural
and not a singular, as Mr. Catlin supposes. This circumstance,
however, does not render the example less relevant, “Hooynt”
(_Welsh_) being clearly identical with the terms from the Mandan,
Turkish, &c., with which it is compared above; for pronouns,
singular and plural, were originally the same words as they still
are in all cases in the Chinese, and in several instances in the
above examples.
149 Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts, p. 134.
150 This is an erroneous example, I conceive. “Megosh” is also a
questionable one.
151 Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts.
152 Compare Pend-o (_Latin_).
153 Many of those differences displayed by the North American Indian
languages among themselves, and as compared to those of Asia, which
have been assumed by many writers to be fundamental, consist of mere
transitions of application agreeably to Horne Tooke’s principles;
terms which appear as pronoun inflections in one dialect, occurring
as pronouns, or as words for “Man” in others, &c. Thus we have Rauha
pronoun of the third person “He” (_Iroquois._) Rehoje, “Man Homo,”
(_Tarahumaran._) R.ch.e, Rou.e, “Life, Soul, Spirit, Breath,”
(_Hebrew and Arabic._)
154 As to the identity of these inflections, “Om, Amo, Amen,” with
pronouns and nouns. (See Appendix A, pp. 53-4.)
155 These terms seem to consist of the first essays of the organs of
articulation. (See p. 105.)
156 Ki-nondonim-i, “I,” or “We understand you,” (_Algonquyn dialects._)
Compare Eimi, Tupt-oi-mi, &c. (_Greek._) Bha va-mi (Sans.) &c.
Compare “Amo,” with “I Am,” (_English_,) &c.
157 See Appendix A, p. 56, for the origin of this word.
158 Ni, “I,” (_Basque._)
159 This Pronoun does not occur in any Indo-European language except the
Welsh. The Pronoun of the first person occurs in a modified form in
the Greek.
160 The names for the Sun, Moon, and the Eye, are generally from the
same roots.
161 Compare the unsatisfactory Etymology of Ee . ou . m, usually adopted
by Hebrew lexicographers, from E . m, Tumult, because there is “a
tumultuous agitation of the celestial fluid,” at daybreak.
162 This is an important word, as being one of the instances adduced by
Dr. Leipsius, in opposition to Champollion’s opinion, that the
modern Coptic is perfectly identical with the ancient Egyptian. This
word, Iri, “an Eye,” and its signification, are only known to us
through Plutarch. The term is obsolete in the Coptic.—Leipsius,
“Lettre à Rossellini.”
163 Mu lilo, Um lilo, also occur as words for fire, in the South of
Africa.
164 N’jellauma, and Liulu, both occur in the dialect of the Phellatas,
and Leoure occurs in that of the Fulahs, who are a kindred race.
165 Burhum-_Safara_, The Sun, which occurs in one of the Negro dialects,
seems to be derivable from the same root.
166 Mot-Sichari, Day, a word that occurs among the languages of the
South of Africa, is probably from the same root.
167 It may be inferred, however, that the simple word, Masso, was
applied originally as we find it in the Georgian, to the Sun, before
it was used for the Eye. It is an error to suppose that the names
for such organs as the “Eye” belong to the first elements of
language. The name for the Eye is generally a mere derivative of
words for “Light,” “Sun,” &c.
168 See Note in page 14.
169 See Note in page 14.
170 These words,—Aithein, “To burn,” Greek, and “Ashes,” English,
&c.—are said by German scholars to be mutually connected. (Schwenk’s
Wörterbuch.)
171 It is observable that the Hebrew words, Ee.ph.c’h, and Ph.ou.c’h,
are evidently imitations of the act of Breathing, or Puffing. They
may, I conceive, be regarded as the roots of all the words for
“Fire,” &c., which follow.
172 Du Ponceau, whose principles are here adopted as probably applicable
to all languages, states that in the Algonquyn Class of Dialects of
North America the names for the Moon are derived from those for the
Sun, with the addition of a word meaning night, &c. The word Hak, he
says, is very generally thus used, for the Moon, with the requisite
addition.
173 According to Du Ponceau the words for “Day,” in the Algonquyn
tongues, are modifications of the words for the “Sun.”
174 Tash, “A Day,” (_Pimans_, south of _N.A._) This word, Teas, or Tesh,
has already been traced through the various meanings of Fire, Sun,
Day, &c.
175 Words for Heaven, in the languages of the North of Asia, which are
evidently connected with the North American Indian words for Heaven,
and also with the North American Indian names for the “Sun,” from
which they are derived.
176 According to the views of many Hebrew scholars, A . ou . r, “Light,”
and A ou . ee . r, “Air,” are probably from the same root—A r. “To
flow,”—applied to Water, Air, Light, &c. (See p. 5, Appendix A.)
177 The names for the Eye, in the _Algonquyn_ dialects of North America,
are stated by Du Ponceau to be derivatives of names for the Sun.
This is generally but not, it would seem, universally the case in
all languages. Probably it would also be more correct, as a general
rule, to say that the names for the Eye, and for the Sun, are from
the same roots, than that the latter are the roots of the former.
178 I need scarcely observe that the previous Analysis must necessarily
be, in some respects, philologically incomplete. Agrêska, Ogrêska,
(_Nubia_ and _Abyssinia_,) seem to be related to Agir, Fire,
(_Kurd_.) We-taga, the Sun, (_Negro_,) seems to be a compound of the
second class above noticed from Awia, Uwia, and Tjo, T’ga, African
words for the Heavenly Bodies. Gjaubenje and Ma-undgage wodu, Fire,
are plainly compounds from Gajewodu, Fire, (_Negro_.) The evidence
derived from words, of which the origin is clearly traceable, is so
complete, that all words of doubtful origin have been omitted from
the previous and from the following Tables.
179 Hence the name of the “Ourang Outang.”
180 Obaini, M., Baning, M. (_Negro_), seem to be connected with Bio-ōn
(_Greek_), “A Being,” (_English_.)
181 Illum (Latin).
182 Ng-ummi, and Ng-umbo, (Negro names for “Man,”) seem obviously to be
compounds of the above words, “Ungi, Nga,” with Ommo, Uhm-to, &c.,
another word for “Man, Woman,” &c., elsewhere noticed in this
Analysis.
183 There is not, in every case, a regular or broadly marked distinction
between these “Modifications,” which have been adopted to facilitate
comparison rather than as being based on strictly philological
grounds.
184 Najakala and Ba cala, M. (_Negro_), seem to be compounds derived
from Ackala and other roots. Ack-ala, Jakk-ela themselves seem to be
compounds of “Kai, Hakke,” &c. (the class of words analysed above,)
with Alo, &c. terms for “Man,” noticed in other parts of this
Analysis.
185 Mass-ari, Bass-ari, F.—_South Africa_.
186 She—_English_.
_ 187 Turkish_—Uz, “Self,” Himself, Myself.
188 Two dominant ideas pervade the words of this class, viz. those of 1,
Birth; and 2, Existence in the abstract. As words expressive of
ideas of the second class are regarded by philosophical writers as
_derivatives_, the idea of Birth, as in the Greek words Genn-ao,
Gun-ē, Genn-ētor, may be viewed as the _primary_ and _proper_ sense.
189 Vol. XIII., p. 373, Review of Wilkins’s Sanscrit Grammar.
_ 190 Negro-land_—Dikkom, Dim, M., Tewe, F.; _Irish_—Dae, M. & F.
191 There are only two African words of this class, which have been left
unnoticed in the analysis, viz. Blimozeh, “The Hand,” a Negro word,
apparently related to “Bulla,” another Negro word for “The Hand,”
probably allied also to “Pal-ma,” (_Latin_;) and Neworeh. “The
Hand,” used by the _Phellatahs_, a tribe of North Africa, who
inhabit a tract contiguous to Negro-land. These exceptions are too
trifling to call for any qualification of the generality of the
above statement.
192 On this subject the analysis of Manee and other analogous African
words for “Man.” See also Observations on the Algonguyn Dialects of
North America
193 “Ansa, for Hansa,” supine of Hendo, whence “Pre-hendo”
(_Latin_).—Valpy’s Etym. Latin Dict.
194 Apparently a compound of Eed or Ied, and Man-us.
195 Tene in this dialect is prefixed to the names of the senses
generally. Law, for instance, is the distinctive name of “The Hand,”
Thoun is that of “The Tongue,” obviously connected with “Tongue,”
(_English_).
196 “Dem gall, Dein gall” (_Fulahs_ and _Phellatahs_, North Africa),
seem to be compounds of these words, with another root.
197 Del emme (_Negro-land_), “The Tongue,” seems to be a compound of the
second and third classes.
_ 198 Pehlwi_, “Hosuan.” The close connexion between the German and the
Pehlwi, and the other dialects of Persia, is indisputable.
199 South Africa, Zebé, &c.
200 Hence, apparently, Lücko, Loko,—_South Africa_.
201 “Water,” Ahti, Cora,—Atl, _Mexico_.
202 Eau, “Water,” _French_.
203 Iâ, “Ice,” _Welsh_.
204 There are other analogous words,—Endschey, “Water,” _Negro-land_,
Ente, “A Duck,” i.e. “A Water Fowl,” _German_.
_ 205 Mongol_, Usu; _Tibet_, “Tschu.”
_ 206 North America_ (_Azanax_), Eslenes.
207 Dour, Water, (_Welsh_); Jura, “The Sea,” (_Lettish._) Ejern
(_Abyssinian_), “Water,” seems also to be connected with “Tschur,”
“Jura,” &c.
208 Many examples serve to show that the names of Streams, &c., in Gaul,
as preserved by the French, are in many instances more faithful
transcripts of the original Celtic appellations than the names
preserved by Latin writers.
209 Like the Greek, Ouranoi, “A _singular-plural_.”
210 Omitted in previous Analysis: Araiáni, “Heaven” (_Fetu_); Ouran-os,
“Heaven” (_Greek_); Enniba, Eniba [above], “Eye.” [See Appendix A,
pp. 42, 43.] Njame, see Djau, “Heaven,” “Air” (_Sanscrit_); Ada,
“Day” (_Fetu_); from Edja, “Fire,” Egwju, “Sun” (_Fetu_).
211 Also A.nah, “To live,” (Anok I.)—_Egypt._
212 The great majority of the African words for the Nose (a class not
included in Appendix A) have been explained in other parts of this
work.