EDWARD II.
Character of Edward II.--Piers Gaveston--The Ordinances--Thomas of
Lancaster--The Despensers--The King’s ruin and death.
[Sidenote:
Reactionary
policy of
Edward II.
]
It is not often that a strong son succeeds a strong father, and where
that is the case the result is not always salutary. If Edward I. had
left a son like himself, a new fabric of despotism might have been
raised on the foundation of strong government which he had laid.
Sometimes such alternations have worked well; a weak administration
following on a strong one has enabled the nation to advance all the
more firmly and strongly for the discipline to which it has been
subjected; and a strong reign following a weak one has taught them how
to obtain from the strong successor the consolidation of reforms won
from the weakness of the predecessor. But more commonly the result
has been a simple reaction, and the weak son has had to bear the
consequences of his father’s exercise of power, the strong son has had
to repair the mischief caused by his father’s weakness. The case of
Edward II., however, does not come exactly under either generalization.
It was no mere reaction that caused his reign to stand in so strong
contrast to his father’s. Instead of following out his father’s plans
he reversed them; and his fate was the penalty exacted by hatreds which
he had drawn upon himself, not the result of a reaction upon a policy
which he had inherited. He cast away at the beginning of the reign
his father’s friends, and he made himself enemies where he ought to
have looked for friends, in his own household and within the narrowest
circle of home.
[Sidenote:
Personal
tastes and
favorites of
Edward II.
]
[Sidenote:
Piers
Gaveston.
]
Edward II. was the fourth son of Edward I. and Eleanor. John, their
eldest boy, had died in 1272; Henry, the next, died in 1274; Alfonso,
the third, lived to be twelve years old, and died in 1285. Edward was
born in 1284, at Carnarvon, became heir-apparent on his brother’s
death, and in 1301 was made Earl of Chester and Prince of Wales. Losing
his mother in 1290, he was deprived of the early teaching which might
have changed his whole history. His father, although he showed his
characteristic care in directing the management of his son’s household,
in choosing his companions, and rebuking his faults, was far too busy
to devote to him the personal supervision which would have trained him
for government and secured his affections. He grew up to dread rather
than to love him, hating his father’s ministers as spies and checks
upon his pleasures, and spending his time in amusements unbecoming a
prince and a knight. His most intimate friend, Piers Gaveston, the son
of an old Gascon servant of his father, had been assigned him by the
King as his companion, and had gained a complete mastery over him.
Gaveston was an accomplished knight, brave, ambitious, insolent and
avaricious, like the foreign favorites of Henry III. Edward, although
a handsome, strong lad, did not care to practice feats of arms or to
follow the pursuits of war. He was fond of hunting and country life,
averse to public labor, but splendid to extravagance in matters of
feasting and tournament. He was indolent, careless about making new
friends or enemies; the only strong feeling which marked him was his
obstinate championship of the men whom he believed to be attached
to himself. Edward was not a vicious man, but he was very foolish,
idle, and obstinate, and there was nothing about him that served
to counterbalance these faults or invite sympathy with him in his
misfortunes. Edward I. some months before his death had found out this
to his sorrow. He saw in the influence that Gaveston had won a sign
that the scenes were to be repeated which, as he so well remembered,
had marked the stormy period of his own youth. He had banished Gaveston
from court and made him swear not to return without his leave. No
sooner was he dead than the favorite was recalled, and by his return
began that series of miseries which overwhelmed himself first, and then
his master, and the consequences of which ran on in long succession
until the great house of Plantagenet came to an end.
[Sidenote:
Peace with
Scotland.
]
Edward was absent when his father died, but within a few days he
had rejoined the army, was received as king, without waiting for
coronation, by the English and Scottish lords, and proclaimed his royal
peace. One of his father’s last injunctions, that he should promptly
and persistently follow up the war, was set aside from the first; Aymer
de Valence was made commander and governor of Scotland, and the king
himself moved southwards. Another of his father’s commands was set at
nought directly after: Gaveston was recalled and raised to the earldom
of Cornwall. Walter Langton, the late king’s treasurer and chief
minister, was removed from office and imprisoned, and the chancellor
also was displaced. Edward I. was not yet buried, and his son’s first
parliament, called at Northampton, in October, 1307, was asked to
provide money for the expenses of the funeral and the coronation; for
already it was said the favorite had got hold of the treasure and
was sending it to his foreign kinsfolk. But the jealous nobles were
not inclined to hurry matters as yet: the Parliament granted money;
Edward I. was solemnly buried; and orders were given to prepare for the
coronation in February, 1308.
[Sidenote:
Marriage of
the king
with Isabella
of France.
]
The young king had been betrothed to Isabella of France, the daughter
of Philip the Fair. He wished that his young bride should be crowned
with him, and so crossed over to Boulogne to marry her. The indignation
of the lords and of the country at the recall and promotion of Gaveston
was fanned into a flame by the announcement that, as it was necessary
to appoint a regent during the king’s short absence, the Earl of
Cornwall with full and even peculiar powers was appointed to the place.
It became clear that the coronation could scarcely take place without
an uproar.
[Sidenote: The Coronation.]
[Sidenote:
The coronation
oath.
]
Nor was the question of coronation itself without some difficulties;
for Archbishop Winchelsey, although invited by the new king, had not
yet returned from banishment, and it was by no means safe for any
other prelate to act in his stead. After a little delay Winchelsey
consented to empower a substitute; and Edward II. and Isabella were
crowned on the 25th of February by the Bishop of Winchester. The form
of the coronation oath taken on this occasion, perhaps for the first
time in this shape, is worth careful remark. In it the king promises
to maintain the ancient laws, to keep the peace of God and the people,
and to do right judgment and justice. So much was found in the older
formula: but another question was put: “Will you consent to hold and
keep the laws and righteous customs which the community of your realm
shall have chosen, and will you defend them and strengthen them to the
honor of God, to the utmost of your power?” If, as is supposed, these
words were new, they seemed to contain a recognition of the fact that
the community of the realm had now entered into their place as entitled
to control by counsel and consent the legislative action and policy
of the king. And so construed they form a valuable comment on the
results of the last reign, which had seen the community organized in a
perfect parliament and admitted to a share of the responsibilities of
government. The lords heard them with interest; even if they had been
used at the coronation of Edward I. few were old enough to remember
them. They saw in them either an earnest of good government or a lever
by which they themselves could remedy the evils of misgovernment, and
they proceeded to try the maiden weapon against the favorite whom they
now hated as well as feared.
[Sidenote:
Thomas Earl
of Lancaster.
]
Gaveston had at first tried to propitiate the more powerful lords of
the court, especially Earl Thomas of Lancaster and Henry de Lacy,
Earl of Lincoln. The latter was an old and trusted servant of Edward
I. Thomas of Lancaster was the son of Earl Edmund of Lancaster, the
younger son of Henry III., who had been titular King of Sicily; his
mother was Blanche, the Queen Dowager of Navarre, whose daughter by her
first husband had married Philip the Fair. He was thus cousin to the
king and uncle to the queen; he possessed the great estates with which
his grandfather and uncle had founded the Lancaster earldom; he was
Earl of Leicester and Derby also, and had thus succeeded to the support
of those vassals of the Montforts and the Ferrers who had sustained
them in their struggle against the crown; and he was the son-in-law
and heir of Henry de Lacy. Distantly following out the policy of Earl
Simon, he had set himself up as a friend of the clergy and of the
liberties of the people. Personally he was a haughty, vicious, and
selfish man, whom the mistakes and follies of Edward II. raised into
the fame of a popular champion, and whom his bitter sufferings and
cruel death promoted to the rank of a martyr and a saint. But he was
not a man of high principle or great capacity, as the result proved.
[Sidenote:
Gaveston and
the Earls.
]
[Sidenote:
Banishment of
Gaveston.
]
[Sidenote:
Schism between
the king
and the lords.
]
[Sidenote:
Recall of
Gaveston.
]
No sooner had Gaveston made good his position than by his wanton
insolence he incurred the hatred of Earl Thomas, and by the same folly
provoked the animosity of the Earl of Pembroke, the king’s cousin,
of the Earl of Hereford, his brother-in-law, and of the strong and
unscrupulous Earl of Warwick, Guy Beauchamp. Some of them he had
defeated in a tournament; nicknames he bestowed on all. One good
friend Edward had tried to secure him; he had married him to a sister
of Earl Gilbert of Gloucester, the king’s nephew and their common
playfellow; but even Earl Gilbert only cared sufficiently for him to
try to mediate in his favor; he would not openly take his side. The
storm rose steadily. Shortly after the coronation a great council was
held in which his promotion was the chief topic of debate, and on
the 18th of May he was banished. Edward tried to lighten the blow by
appointing him lieutenant of Ireland, and besought the interposition
of the King of France and the Pope in his favor. All the business of
the kingdom was delayed by the hostility of the king and the great
lords. Money was wanted, and could be got only through the Italian
bankers, whom the people looked on as extortioners. The divided Scots
were left to fight their own battles. Such a state of things could not
last long. Edward had to meet his parliament in April 1309. He wanted
money, the country wanted reform, but the king desired the return of
Gaveston even more than money, and the nation dreaded it more than
they desired reform. When the estates met they presented to Edward a
schedule of eleven articles: if these were granted they would grant
money. The articles concerned several important matters; the exaction
of corn and other provisions by the king’s agents under the name of
purveyance, the maladministration of justice and usurped jurisdictions;
but the most important was one touching the imposts on wine, wool,
and other merchandise which had been instituted by Edward I. in 1303,
after consultation with the merchants. Edward, however, thought
little of the bearing of the request; he proposed to agree to it if
he might recall Gaveston. The Parliament refused to listen to him,
and he adjourned the discussion until July. Then in a session of the
baronage at Stamford he yielded the points in question, and received
the promised subsidy. But he had already recalled Gaveston and by one
means or another had obtained the tacit consent of all the great lords
except the Earl of Warwick. Scarcely two months had elapsed when the
storm rose again. The king summoned the earls to council. The Earl of
Lancaster refused to meet the Earl of Cornwall. Gradually the parties
were reformed as before, and the quarrel assumed larger dimensions.
Gaveston was still the great offence, but the plan now broached by the
lords extended to the whole administrative work of the kingdom.
[Sidenote:
Parliament
of 1310.
]
At the parliament which met in March 1310 a new scheme of reform was
promulgated, which was framed on the model of that of 1258 and the
Provisions of Oxford. It was determined that the task of regulating the
affairs of the realm and of the king’s household should be committed
to an elective body of twenty-one members, or Ordainers, the chief of
whom was Archbishop Winchelsey. Both parties were represented, the
royal party by the earls of Gloucester, Pembroke, and Richmond, the
opposition by the earls of Lincoln, Lancaster, Hereford, Warwick, and
Arundel. But the preponderance both in number and influence was against
Gaveston. They were empowered to remain in office until Michaelmas
1311, and to make ordinances for the good of the realm agreeable to
the tenor of the king’s coronation oath. The whole administration of
the kingdom thus passed into their hands; and Edward, seeing himself
superseded, joined the army now engaged in war with Scotland, and in
company with Gaveston continued on the border until the Ordainers
were ready to report. During this time the Earl of Lincoln, who had
been left as regent, died and the Earl of Gloucester took his place.
The Ordainers immediately on their appointment issued six articles
directing the observance of the charters, the careful collection of the
customs, and the arrest of the foreign merchants; but the great body of
the ordinances was reserved for the parliament which met in August 1311.
[Sidenote:
The Ordinances
of
1311.
]
[Sidenote:
Control
of
the king by
the barons.
]
The famous document or statute known as the Ordinances of 1311
contained forty-one clauses, all aimed at existing abuses. Some of
these abuses were old long-standing evils, such as the miscarriage
and delay of justice, the misconduct of officials, and the
maladministration and misapplication of royal property. Others were
founded on the policy of the late reign, which Edward’s ministers had
perverted and abused; the Ordainers had no hesitation in declaring the
customs duties established by Edward I. to be illegal and contrary
to the charter. But two classes of enactments are of more special
interest. Four whole clauses were devoted to the punishment of the
favorite and of those courtiers who had cast in their lot with him.
Gaveston had stolen the king’s heart from his people, and led him into
every sort of tyranny and dishonesty; the Lord Henry de Beaumont, to
whom Edward had given the Isle of Man, and the lady de Vescy, his
sister, were little better; the Friscobaldi, the Italian bankers
who received the customs, were the enemies of the people and mere
instruments of oppression. Gaveston was to be banished for life,
Beaumont to be expelled from the council, and the Friscobaldi to be
sent home. Not content with this, the Ordainers further enacted some
very important limitations on the king’s power. All the great officers
of state were to be appointed with the counsel and consent of the
baronage, and to be sworn in parliament; the king was not go to war or
to quit the kingdom without the consent of the barons in parliament;
parliaments were to be called every year, and the king’s servants were
to be brought to justice. The articles thus seem to sum up not only the
old and new grievances, but the ideas of government entertained by the
Ordainers: they are to punish the favorite, to remedy the points in
which the charter has failed, and to restrain the power of the king.
The power is only transferred from the king to the barons. There is no
provision analogous to the principle laid down by Edward I., that the
whole nation shall join in the tasks and responsibilities of national
action. The baronage, not the three estates in parliament, are to
admonish, to restrain, to compel the king.
[Sidenote:
The struggle
of the king
in favor of
Gaveston.
]
[Sidenote:
Death of
Gaveston.
]
Edward, after such a struggle as he could make to save Gaveston--a
matter which was to him far more important than any of the legal
questions involved in the Ordinances--consented that they should become
a law, intending perhaps to obtain absolution when it was needed,
or to allege that his consent was given under compulsion. He went
back into the North, was rejoined by Gaveston, and after some short
consideration annulled the ordinances which were made against him. The
barons immediately on hearing of this prepared to enforce the law in
arms. Winchelsey excommunicated the favorite; the king left no means
untried to save him. After a narrow escape at Newcastle, where he lost
his baggage and the vast collection of jewels which he had accumulated,
many of them belonging to the hereditary hoard of the crown, Gaveston
was besieged in Scarborough Castle. In May, 1312, he surrendered, and
was conducted by the Earl of Pembroke into the South, to await his
sentence in parliament. His enemies, however, were too impatient to
wait for justice. The Earl of Warwick carried him off whilst Pembroke
was off his guard, and he was beheaded in the presence of the Earl of
Lancaster. It is more easy to account for than to justify the hatred
which the earls felt towards Gaveston. His conduct had been offensive,
his influence was no doubt dangerous, but the actual mischief done by
him had been small; neither he nor Edward had exercised power with
sufficient freedom as yet to merit such a punishment, and no policy
of mere caution or apprehension could excuse the cruelty of the act.
It was a piece of vile personal revenge, for insults which any really
great man would have scorned to avenge.
[Sidenote:
Changes in
the administration.
]
From the time of Gaveston’s death the unhappy king remained for
some years the sport or tool of contending parties. He was indeed
incompetent to reign alone, or to choose ministers who could rule in
his name. The Earl of Pembroke, Aymer de Valence, the son of that
William of Lusignan, Henry III.’s half-brother, who was banished in
1258, first attempted to take the reins. Walter Langton had made his
peace and become treasurer again; and on the death of Archbishop
Winchelsey, in 1313, Walter Reynolds, the king’s old tutor and present
chancellor, became primate. But these were not men to withstand the
great weight of the opposition. Thomas of Lancaster, who on the death
of Henry de Lacy had added the earldoms of Lincoln and Salisbury to the
three which he already held, treated on equal terms with the king as a
belligerent. The mediation of the clergy brought the two together at
the close of 1312, and in the autumn of 1313 a general pacification was
brought about, followed by an amnesty and a liberal supply of money
in Parliament. The Ordinances were recognized as the law of the land;
the birth of an heir to the crown was hailed as a good omen, and better
hopes were entertained for the future. The war with Scotland was to be
resumed, and with secure peace order in the government must follow.
[Sidenote:
Successes
of Robert
Bruce in
Scotland.
]
[Sidenote:
Battle of
Bannockburn.
]
[Sidenote:
Despotism
of
Lancaster.
]
[Sidenote:
War of the
Earls.
]
The Scots had been indeed left alone too long. Short truces, desultory
warfare, the defeat of any spasmodic effort on the part of the English
by a determined policy on the Scottish side of evading battle, had
resulted in a great increase of strength in the hands of Robert Bruce.
He had taken advantage of the domestic troubles of England, to recover
one by one the strongholds of his kingdom. It is believed that he
had intrigued both with Gaveston and with Lancaster. The Castle of
Linlithgow came into his hands in 1311, Perth in 1312, Roxburgh and
Edinburgh in 1313. Stirling, almost the only fortress left in the
hands of the English, was besieged, and had promised to surrender
if not relieved before midsummer 1314. Edward prepared to take the
command of his forces and to raise the siege. But it was no part of
Lancaster’s policy to support him. Taking advantage of the article of
the Ordinances which forbade the king to go to war without the consent
of the baronage in Parliament, he declined to obey the summons to
war until Parliament had spoken. Edward protested that there was no
time; Lancaster and his confederate earls stood aloof. The King and
Pembroke, with such of the barons as they could influence, and a great
host of English warriors, who had no confidence in their commander,
met the Scots at Bannockburn, on the 24th of June, and were shamefully
defeated. Edward lost all control over the country in consequence. The
young Earl of Gloucester, whose adhesion had been a tower of strength
to him, fell in the battle; the Earl of Pembroke, who had fled with
him, shared the contempt into which he fell. Lancaster was practically
supreme; he and his fellows, the survivors of the Ordainers, appointed
and displaced ministers, put the king on an allowance, and removed
his personal friends and attendants as they chose. In 1316 Lancaster
was chosen official president of the royal council; he was already
commander-in-chief of the army. He now sought the support of the
clergy, forced the king to order the execution of the Ordinances, and
conducted himself as an irresponsible ruler. But he had not a capacity
equal to his ambition, and his greed of power served to expose his real
weakness. He acted as a clog upon all national action; he would not act
with the king, for he hated him; he dared not act without him, lest
his own failure should give his rivals the chance of overthrowing him.
The country, notwithstanding his personal popularity, was miserable
under him. The Scots plundered and ravaged as they chose. He would
not engage in war. He would not attend parliament or council. The
court became filled with intrigue. The barons split up into parties;
Edward, rejoicing in the removal of control, launched into extravagant
expenditure, and began to form a new party of his own. With general
anarchy it is no wonder that private war broke out, or that private
war assumed the dimensions of public war. The Countess of Lancaster
was carried off from her husband; the Earl of Warenne was accused, and
the king was suspected of conniving at the elopement. The earls went
to war. Edward forbade Lancaster to stir, and Lancaster of course
disobeyed the order. In the midst of all this Robert Bruce, in April
1318, took Berwick.
[Sidenote:
Conflict of
parties.
]
[Sidenote:
Effects of
the loss of
Berwick.
]
There were now three parties in the kingdom. Lancaster had lost ground,
but the king had gained none. The Earl of Pembroke had been gradually
alienated, and now aimed at acquiring power for himself. The death
of the Earl of Gloucester had left his earldom to be divided between
the husbands of his three sisters, Hugh le Despenser, Roger d’Amory,
and Hugh of Audley. The division of the great estates was in itself
sufficient to create a new division of parties. D’Amory and Pembroke
framed a league for gaining influence over the king in conjunction
with Sir Bartholomew Badlesmere, a bitter enemy of Lancaster. Hugh le
Despenser, the father of the one just mentioned, took on himself to
reform the king’s personal party, and was aided by the few barons and
bishops whom Edward had been strong enough to promote. The capture
of Berwick had one salutary effect: it stopped the private war, and
shamed the three parties into a compromise; but the compromise was
itself a proof of common weakness. It was concluded in August, 1318,
between Lancaster alone on his own part, and ten bishops and fourteen
temporal lords as sureties for the king. It provided a new form of
council--eight bishops, four earls, and four barons; one other member
was to be nominated by Lancaster, who did not deign to accept a seat.
But this constitution had no more permanence than the former. The
official preponderance was maintained by Pembroke and Badlesmere, and
they could do nothing whilst the Earl of Lancaster continued to stand
aloof. Edward in 1319 made a vain attempt to recover Berwick, but only
gave the Scots an opportunity of evading Yorkshire, and matters grew
worse and worse. Men could not help seeing that even Edward himself
could not mismanage matters more than they were being now mismanaged,
and that, whether incapable or no, he had never yet had a chance of
showing what capacity he had.
[Sidenote:
New favorites
of the king.
]
[Sidenote: The Despensers.]
The fate of Gaveston might have warned any who counted on acquiring
power by Edward’s favor, and in fact for several years he remained
unburdened and uncomforted by a confidential servant. But the waning
popularity of Lancaster seemed now to render the position of the king’s
friend less hazardous, and an aspirant was found in the younger Hugh le
Despenser. He was the grandson of that Hugh le Despenser, the justiciar
of the baronial government, who had fallen with Simon de Montfort
at Evesham. His father, now the elder Hugh, had been a courtier and
minister of Edward I., and had been throughout the early troubles of
the reign faithful to Edward II., but he was regarded as a deserter by
the barons and had a bitter personal enemy in the Earl of Lancaster.
Father and son were alike ambitious and greedy; they showed little
regard for either the person or the reputation of their master, and
sacrificed his interest whenever it came in competition with their
own. The younger Hugh, like Piers Gaveston, was married to one of the
heiresses of Gloucester, and had been appointed in 1318 chamberlain to
the king under the government of compromise. Edward in his weakness
and isolation clung tenaciously to these men; they had inherited some
of the political ideas of the barons of 1258, and had perhaps an
indistinct notion of overthrowing the influence of Lancaster by an
alliance with the commons. The younger Hugh, at all events, from time
to time uttered sentiments concerning the position of the king which
were inconsistent with the theory of absolute royalty; he had said that
the allegiance sworn to the king was due to the crown rather than to
the person of the sovereign, and that if the king inclined to do wrong
it was the duty of the liegeman to compel him to do right. Another part
of the programme of the Despensers involved a more distinct recognition
of the right of parliament than had ever been put forth by Lancaster,
and it would seem probable that they hoped by maintaining the theory of
national action, as stated by Edward I., to strengthen their master’s
position, and through it to strengthen their own. So low, however, was
the political morality of the time, that the same selfish objects were
hidden under widely different professions. The Despensers had sadly
miscalculated the force of the old prejudice against court favorites,
and did not see how every step in advance made them new enemies. The
Earl of Lancaster saw in their unpopularity a chance of recovering
his place as a national champion, and a quarrel among the coheirs of
Gloucester gave the opportunity for an outcry. Hugh of Audley, who
had married Piers Gaveston’s widow, and who was therefore a rival and
brother-in-law of Hugh le Despenser, showed some signs of contumacious
conduct in the marches. The Earl of Hereford and Roger Mortimer, the
Lord of Wigmore, declined to join in the measures necessary to reduce
him to order, and refused to meet the Despensers in council; and in a
parliament which the king called to meet on the 15th of July, 1321,
the whole baronage turned against the favorites. Their attempts to
influence the king, their greedy use of the king’s name for their own
purposes, the rash words of the younger Hugh, the vast acquisitions of
his father, their unauthorized interference in the administration of
government, and their perversion of justice were alleged as demanding
condign punishment.
[Sidenote:
Sentence
against the
Despensers.
]
[Sidenote:
War
between the
king and
the barons.
]
[Sidenote:
Battle of
Boroughbridge.
]
[Sidenote:
Execution
of Lancaster.
]
[Sidenote:
Ulterior
consequences
of the execution.
]
The Earl of Hereford, Edward’s brother-in-law, made the charge before
the three estates, and the lords, “peers of the land,” as they now
perhaps for the first time called themselves, passed the sentence of
forfeiture and exile on the two. They were not to be recalled except
by consent of parliament, and a separate act was passed to ensure the
immunity of the prosecutors and the pardon of those who had taken up
arms to overthrow them. This was Lancaster’s last triumph, and it was
very short-lived. In the month of October the Lady Badlesmere shut the
gates of Leeds Castle against the queen, and Edward raised a force
to avenge the insult offered to his wife. All the earls of his party
joined him, and the Earl of Lancaster, who hated Badlesmere for his
old rivalry, did not interfere to protect him. Finding himself for the
first time at the head of a sufficient force, the king determined to
enforce order in the marches and to avenge his friends the Despensers.
He marched against the border castles of the Earl of Hereford, Audley,
and D’Amory. On receiving news of this Lancaster at once discovered his
mistake, and called a meeting of his party--the good lords, as they
were called--at Doncaster. Both parties showed great energy, but the
king had got the start. He obtained from the convocation of the clergy
of Canterbury, under the influence of the archbishop, his old tutor,
a declaration that the sentence against the Despensers was illegal,
and lost no time in forcing his way towards Hereford to punish the
earl who had procured it. On his way he defeated the Mortimers. He
took Hereford; and having reached Gloucester in triumph, on the 11th
of February, recalled his friends to his side. Lancaster and his party
were not idle, but they underrated the importance of the crisis and
divided their forces. One part was sent to secure the king’s castle
of Tickhill, the other, under Lancaster himself, moved slowly towards
the south. Edward, in the hope of intercepting the latter division,
moved northwards from Cirencester, and the earl, when he reached
Burton-on-Trent, did not venture any farther. On the news of his flight
his castles of Kenilworth and Tutbury surrendered, and Edward started
in pursuit. The unfortunate earl had reached Boroughbridge on his way
to his castle of Dunstanburgh, with his enemies close behind him, when
he learned that his way was blocked by Sir Andrew Harclay, the governor
of Carlisle, who was coming to meet the king. A battle ensued, in which
the Earl of Hereford was slain, the forces of Lancaster were defeated,
and the earl himself forced to surrender. He was taken on the 17th of
March, and on the 22nd was tried by the king’s judges, in the presence
of the hostile earls, in his own castle of Pomfret. He was condemned as
a traitor. Evidence of his intrigues with the Scots was adduced to give
color to the sentence, and he was beheaded at once. So the blood of
Gaveston was avenged, and the tide of savage cruelty began to flow in a
broader stream, to be avenged, like Lamech, seventy and sevenfold. At
once the people, hating the Despensers and misdoubting Edward, declared
that the martyr of Pomfret was worthy of canonization; miracles were
wrought at his tomb; it was a task worthy of heroes and patriots
to avenge his death. His name became a watchword of liberty; the
influence which he had labored to build up became a rival interest to
that of the crown. First, Edward II. and the Despensers fell before it;
then, in the person of Henry IV., the heir of Lancaster swept from the
throne the heir of Edward’s unhappy traditions. In the next century the
internecine struggle of the Roses wore out the force of the impulse,
and yet enough was left to stain from time to time the scaffolds of the
Tudors, long after the last male heir of the Plantagenets had perished.
[Sidenote:
Revocation of
the Ordinances
of 1311.
]
Some few of the other hostile barons perished in the first flush of
the triumph; Badlesmere, in particular, was taken and hanged. Roger
D’Amory was dead. The Audleys were spared. About thirty were put to
death; many were imprisoned; many more paid fines or forfeitures which
helped to enrich the Despensers. Edward was now supreme, and took, as
might be expected, the opportunity to undo all that his enemies had
tried to do. In his first parliament, held at York, six weeks after the
battle, he procured the revocation of the Ordinances, and an important
declaration on the part of the assembled estates that from henceforth
“matters to be established for the estate of our lord the king and of
his heirs, and for the estate of the realm and of the people, shall be
treated, accorded, and established in parliaments by our lord the king
and by the consent of the prelates, earls and barons, and commonalty of
the realm, according as hath been hitherto accustomed.” No ordinances
were to be made any more like the Ordinances of 1311. The declaration,
intended to secure the crown from the control of the barons, enunciates
the theory of constitutional government. And thus the Despensers tried
to turn the tables against their foes. But although they determined
to annul the Ordinances they did not venture to withdraw the material
benefits which the Ordinances had secured. The king, immediately after
the revocation, re-issued in the form of an ordinance of his own some
of the most beneficial provisions; and the parliament responded by
reversing the acts against the favorites and granting money for defence
against the Scots.
[Sidenote:
Campaign
of Edward
in the
North.
]
[Sidenote:
Truce with
Scotland.
]
It was indeed high time, for such had been the course of recent
events that the attitude of the two kingdoms were reversed, and
England seemed more likely to become tributary to Scotland than to
exercise sovereignty over it. Edward’s campaign, was, however, as
usual unsuccessful. He narrowly escaped capture amongst the Yorkshire
hills, and the whole county was in such alarm that he found it scarcely
possible to hold a parliament at York. Nor did his troubles end there.
Early in the following year he found that Sir Andrew Harclay, whom he
had just made Earl of Carlisle, was negotiating treasonably with Robert
Bruce; he was taken, condemned, and executed. Well might the unhappy
king throw himself more desperately than ever on the support of the
Despensers, for he knew none others, even of those who had served him
best or whom he had most richly rewarded, who were not ready to turn
and betray him. With the Despensers he was safe, for they, he was
sure, could only stand with him and must fall when he fell. One thing,
however, he did, in itself wise and just--concluding with Scotland a
truce for thirteen years. This was done in May 1323. Prudent as it was,
it alienated from him the adventurers who like Henry de Beaumont were
intent on carving out for themselves counties in conquered Scotland.
Everything was interpreted in the worst sense against him; the men
who refused to follow him to war cried out against the peace; and the
men who had followed him to war deserted him. Thus when he at last
found himself without a rival in the kingdom, it seemed as if he were
left alone to discover how great depths of abasement were still to be
sounded; new calamities which, whoever really caused them, seemed to
result from his own incapacity. In truth, partly owing to Edward’s
neglect of the duty of a king, and partly owing to the inveterate
animosities following on the death of Lancaster, the tide of public and
private hatred was too high to be long resisted. Yet the last impulse
came from a quarter from which it might have been least expected and
from which it was certainly least deserved.
[Sidenote:
Position
and policy
of the
queen.
]
Edward, with all his faults, had been a kind husband and father;
but he had trusted his wife less implicitly than she desired to be
trusted. In this he was justified by the fact of her close relationship
to the Earl of Lancaster, and still more by the jealousy which she
displayed towards his confidential ministers. Not only the Despensers
but Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter, the Treasurer, and Baldock, the
Chancellor, were the objects of her settled aversion; and she lent a
ready ear to all who fancied that these men had injured them or stood
in the way of their advancement. The court contained many such men, who
were ambitious of becoming ministers of state or bishops and ready to
take either side for gain; men who hated the Despensers, and who saw
their own prospects blighted by the fall of Lancaster. Regularly, as
the tide had turned, as the king or the Ordainers had gained or lost,
the great offices of state had changed hands, and there was all the
grudging, all the personal animosities, which in later ages appear to
be inseparable from government by party.
[Sidenote:
Avarice and
arrogance
of the Despensers.
]
The events which followed the peace with Scotland brought these
influences more strongly into play. The shadows gathered rapidly round
the miserable king almost from that hour. The constitutional struggle
had ceased. The death of the Earl of Lancaster had rid the Despensers
of their most dangerous rival, the revocation of the Ordinances had
left the government in their hands, and the death of the Earl of
Pembroke in 1324 left them without competitors. The elder Hugh, now
made Earl of Winchester, set no limit to his acquisitiveness; he was
an old man, and might have considered that it would be more conducive
to his son’s welfare to make friends than to multiply estates. The
younger Hugh, himself a man of mature years, was made, by his violence
and pride, even more conspicuous than his father. Henry of Lancaster,
the brother and heir of Earl Thomas, was reduced to practical
insignificance by the detention of his brother’s estates in the king’s
hands; and although the Despensers sought to purchase his services, and
he had no personal dislike to the king, he could not be regarded as a
safe and sound pillar of the falling state. The ministers Baldock and
Stapleton were faithful men, but neither wise enough to counteract nor
strong enough to guide the policy of the favorites.
[Sidenote:
Summons
to Edward
to do
homage to
the new
French
king.
]
[Sidenote:
Departure
of the queen
for France,
followed by
that of
Prince
Edward.
]
Philip V. died in January, 1322, and the homage of Edward for the
provinces of Ponthieu and Gascony was forthwith demanded for his
successor, Charles IV. A series of negotiations followed which early
in 1324 led to a peremptory summons and a threat of forfeiture, no
indistinct prelude to war. Edward might easily have crossed over to
his brother-in-law’s court, as he had done more than once before,
but the Despensers would not allow it. They dared not suffer him to
escape from their direct control, they dared not accompany him; if
he left them in England they knew their doom. The French court too
was filled with their enemies; Roger Mortimer, the lord of Wigmore,
who had been taken prisoner in 1322, had escaped from the Tower and
gone to France. Henry of Lancaster was waiting to supplant them at
home. War was the only alternative. Still negotiations proceeded.
First Pembroke was sent; he died on the mission; then Edmund of Kent,
the king’s half-brother; he failed to obtain terms. The king’s most
trusted chaplains were sent to the Pope; but they spent their labor and
treasure in securing their own promotion. At last in 1325 the queen
went over. She parted apparently on the best terms with both Edward
and the Despensers, and continued in friendly correspondence until she
had prevailed on the king to send over his eldest son. It was arranged
that the provinces should be made over to him and that he should do
the homage. This was done in September, 1325, and almost immediately
afterwards she threw off the mask. How long she had worn it we cannot
tell. Possibly she left Edward in good faith and fell on her arrival
in France into the hands of those who were embittered against him;
possibly she was a conspirator long before. Anyhow the tie to the king,
which could be so easily broken, could not, in the case of either
mother or son, have been a strong one. As early as December the king
was warned that Isabella and Edward would not return to him.
[Sidenote:
Intrigues of
Isabella
in France.
]
Quickly she gathered round her all whom the king had cause to fear.
Roger Mortimer, whether by reason of passion or of policy, gained
complete ascendency over her. The young Edward was instructed that it
was his duty to deliver his father out of the hands of the Despensers
or to deliver England out of the hand of Edward. Edmund of Kent, the
king’s brother, was persuaded to join, and the conspirators, if not
actually supported by promises from England, were too willing to
believe that to be victorious they had only to show themselves. As the
French king was slow to commit himself, Isabella contracted an alliance
with the Count of Hainault, and obtained money from the Italian bankers.
They furnished supplies, the count furnished men and ships.
[Sidenote:
Helplessness
of the king.
]
[Sidenote:
Landing of Isabella
on the
coast of Suffolk.
]
Edward knew all this, but he knew not how to meet it. In vain he
summoned parliaments that would do nothing when they met, and ordered
musters that would not meet at all. He found that all whom he trusted
deceived him; that, except the Despensers and the two detested
ministers, none even pretended to support him; and that he was obliged
to depend on the very men who had the most to avenge. At last Isabella
landed, on September, 24, 1326, on the coast of Suffolk, proclaiming
herself the avenger of the blood of Lancaster and the sworn foe of the
favorites. Edward, who was in London, tried to obtain help from the
citizens, and prevailed on the bishops to excommunicate the invaders.
But early in October he fled into the West, where he thought the
Despensers were strong; on the 15th the Londoners rose and murdered
the treasurer; Archbishop Reynolds retired into Kent and began to make
terms with the queen.
[Sidenote:
Triumphant
march of Isabella
to the
West of England.
]
[Sidenote: Fall of Bristol.]
[Sidenote:
Overthrow and
deposition of
the king.
]
[Sidenote:
Murder of
Edward II.
]
She in the meantime moved on in triumph; Henry of Lancaster, the
king’s brothers, the earls, save Arundel and Warenne, the bishops
almost to a man, joined her either in person or with effective help.
Adam Orlton, the Bishop of Hereford, who had been the confidential
friend of Bohun, and Henry Burghersh, the Bishop of Lincoln, the
nephew of Badlesmere, led the councils of aggression. They advanced
by Oxford to attack Bristol, where they expected to find Edward and
the Earl of Winchester. On October 26 the queen reached Bristol,
but her husband had gone into Wales and was attempting to escape to
Ireland. The capture of Bristol, however, was the closing event of his
reign. The Earl of Winchester was hanged forthwith. The young Edward
was declared by the lords on the spot guardian of the kingdom, and
he summoned a parliament to meet in his father’s absence. The king,
with Hugh le Despenser and Baldock, were taken on November 16; on the
17th the Earl of Arundel was beheaded at Hereford; on the 24th Hugh
le Despenser was hanged, drawn and quartered at the same place. The
parliament was to settle the fate of the king, and the parliament met
at Westminster on January 7. There matters were formally discussed,
but the conclusion was, as all the world knew, foregone. Even if any
had thought that, now that the country was rid of the Despensers, the
king might be allowed to reign on, the dread of the London mob and of
the armed force which Mortimer brought up silenced them. The wretched
archbishop declared that the voice of the people was the voice of God.
Bishop Orlton, professing to believe that if the king were released the
queen’s life would not be safe, insisted that the parliament should
choose between father and son. Bishop Stratford of Winchester, who led
the Lancaster party and had no love for Mortimer, drew the articles
on which the sentence of renunciation was founded. The king, he said,
was incompetent or too indolent to judge between right and wrong; he
had obstinately refused the advice of the wise and listened to evil
counsel; he had lost Ireland, Scotland, and Gascony, he had injured the
Church, oppressed the barons, he had broken his coronation oath, and
he was ruining the land. After some debate the articles were placed
before the unhappy king, who confessed that they were true and that he
was not worthy to reign. On January 20 he resigned the crown and the
parliament renounced their allegiance and set his son in his place. For
eight months longer he dragged on a miserable life, of which but little
is known. Men told sad stories of suffering and insult which after his
death provoked his kinsmen to avenge him, but none interfered to save
him now. The reign of Mortimer and Isabella was a reign of terror; and
before the terror abated Edward was murdered. The place of his death,
the Castle of Berkeley, and the date, September 21, are known. Henry
of Lancaster, who was at first appointed to guard him, had treated him
too well. His new keepers, either prompted by the queen and Mortimer
or anxious to win a reward, slew him in some secret way. And thus
ended a reign full of tragedy, a life that may be pitied but affords
no ground for sympathy. Strange infatuation, unbridled vindictiveness,
recklessness beyond belief, the breach of all natural affection, of
love, of honor, and loyalty, are here; but there is none who stands
forth as a hero. There are great sins and great falls and awful
vengeances, but nothing to admire, none to be praised.
[Sidenote:
Importance
and significance
of the
reign of
Edward II.
]
So the son of the great king Edward perished; and with a sad omen the
first crowned head went down before the offended nation; with a sad
omen, for it was not done in calm or righteous judgment. The unfaithful
wife, the undutiful son, the vindictive prelate, the cowardly minister
were unworthy instruments of a nation’s justice.
Such as it is, however, the reign of Edward II. is chiefly important as
a period of transition. It winds up much that was left undone by his
father; it is the seed-time of the influences which ripened under his
son. The constitutional acts of 1309, 1310 and 1311 are the supplement
to those of 1297; the tragedy of Piers Gaveston and Earl Thomas is the
primary cause of much of the personal history that follows. So, too,
the reign closes the great interest of Scottish warfare, and contains
the germ of the long struggle with France. But viewed by itself its
tragic interest is the greatest; and it is rich in moral and material
lessons. It tells us that the greatest sin for which a king can be
brought to account is not personal vice or active tyranny, but the
dereliction of kingly duty; the selfish policy which treats the nation
as if it were made for him, not he for the nation. It is the greatest
sin and the greatest folly, for it at once draws down the penalty and
leaves the sinner incapable of avoiding it or resisting it; it leaves
the nation to be oppressed by countless tyrants, and is by so much
worse than the tyranny of one. It allows the corruption of justice at
the fountain’s head.
[Sidenote:
Constitutional
results
of the
epoch
closing with
his downfall.
]
So we close a long and varied epoch. The sum of its influences and
results must be read in the history of the following age, in which, in
many important points, the reign of Richard II. repeats the tragedy
of Edward II.; and the struggles of York and Lancaster consummate
the series of events which begin at Warwick and at Pomfret; in which
the constitution that we have seen organized and consolidated under
Henry II. and Edward I. is tested to the utmost, strained and bent and
warped, but still survives to remedy the tyranny of the Tudors and
overthrow the factitious absolutism of the Stewarts.
INDEX.
Accursi, Francesco, 221
Acre, siege of, 116;
the English at, 118;
double siege at, 118;
taken, 120
Adeliza, queen, 95
Adrian IV., pope, 30, 46
Alexander III., pope, 3, 71, 92
Alexander IV., pope, 186
Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, 21
Alfonso, King of Castile, 99
Alnwick, battle of, 96
Amalric, Count of Montfort, 193
Amiens, council at, 202
Amory, Roger d’, 278;
his death, 281
Anarchy in the reign of Stephen, 22
Anglo-Saxon militia system, 88
Anjou, house of, at Jerusalem, 104;
loss of, 142
Anselm, 63
Aquitaine, feudal rights of, 51
Archbishops, disputed election of, at Canterbury, 145
Arthur, grandson of Henry II., 125;
his claims to the throne, 136;
his claims in France, 140;
murder of, 142
Arundel, earl of, 95
Ascalon rebuilt, 121
Audley, Hugh of, 278
Aumâle, William of, 45
Azai, conference at, 109
Badlesmere, Sir Bartholomew, 278;
his death, 281
Badlesmere, Lady, 279
Baldock, chancellor, 283
Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, 116
Baldwin of Redvers, 18
Baldwin the Leper, 104
Balliol, John, made king of Scotland, 241;
summoned by Edward I., 257;
at war with Edward I., 258;
surrender of, 258
Bannockburn, battle of, 277
Barbarossa, Frederick, 37
Barons, disputes with, 151;
refuse to serve under John, 153;
their appeal to the laws of Henry I., 154;
their quarrels with John, 156;
granting of the Magna Carta by John, 157;
their long list of grievances, 197, 198;
disunion among, 200;
the differences with the king referred to arbitration, 201;
refuse to abide by the decision, 202, 203;
victory of, at the battle of Lewes, 205;
defeated at Evesham, 209;
their discontent under the growth of the royal power, 248;
assembly of, at Salisbury, 249;
control of Edward II. by, 273;
at war with Edward II., 279
Barons’ War, the, 202
Battles, Alnwick, 96;
Bannockburn, 277;
Boroughbridge, 280;
Bouvines, 155;
Consilt, 48;
Dunbar, 258;
Evesham, 208;
Lewes, 205;
Lincoln, 23, 169;
Standard, 19
Bavaria, 8
Beauchamp, Guy, Earl of Warwick, 270
Beaumont, Henry de, 273
Becket, Thomas, 30;
appointed chancellor, 42;
at the siege of Toulouse, 53;
his early life, 66;
rises into note, 66;
as chancellor, 66;
becomes archbishop of Canterbury, 67;
Henry’s confidence in him, 67;
resigns the chancery, 70;
enforces the feudal rights of his see, 70;
opposes the king on a financial point, 72;
his new enemies, 74;
quarrels with Henry II., 75;
defends the clerical immunities, 75;
his conduct regarding the Constitutions of Clarendon, 77;
is summoned to Northampton, 78;
his trial, 78;
his flight, 79;
is exiled, 79;
under the protection of Lewis VII., 79;
his interviews with the king, 80;
reconciliation with Henry II., 82;
returns to England, 82;
murder of, 82;
the true glory of, 83;
pilgrimage to his grave, 96
Berengaria, Princess of Navarre, her marriage with Richard I., 120
Berksted, Stephen, 216
Berwick sacked by Edward I., 258;
capture of, by the Scotch, 277
Bibars, Sultan, 215
Bigot, Hugh, 13, 14, 18, 31, 46, 93, 199
Bigot, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, 248
Bishops, indemnity for their losses caused by John, 154
Bishops, Norman, 63
Blanche of Castile, marries Lewis of France, 141, 142
Bohun, Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, 248
Boniface, Archbishop, 181, 185, 199
Boniface VIII., pope, 247, 259
Boroughbridge, battle of, 280
Bouvines, battle of, 155
Brabançon mercenaries, 94
Bracton, Henry, 221
Breauté, Falkes de, 170, 171
Bridgenorth, siege of, 46
Bristol, fall of, 287
Brito, Richard, 83
Britton, judge, 221
Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick, as regent, 259
Bruce, Robert, son of the Earl of Carrick, lays claim to the crown of
Scotland, 240;
his successor in Scotland, 275
Burgh, Hubert de, justiciar, 169;
as regent, 171;
work of, 173;
fall of, 178;
reinstatement of, 180
Burghersh, Henry, Bishop of Lincoln, 286
Burnell, Robert, 216, 221
Cadwalader, 48
Cambuskenneth, 258
Campaign of 1301, 259
Camvill, Gerard, warden of Lincoln castle, 125
Camvill, Nicolaa de, 167
Canterbury, Archbishop of, his power, 60;
disputed election of the Archbishop at, 145
Castles, destruction of, by Henry II., 43
Celestine III., pope, 126
Chalus-Chabrol, castle of, 134
Chancellor, his duties, 66
Charles IV., King of France, 284
Charters, confirmation of the, 250;
reconfirmation of the, 252
Christianity in England, 59
Church, English, its history, 58;
national unity first realized, 59;
under the heptarchy, 59;
great power of the clergy, 60;
alliance with the State, 60;
effect of the Conquest on, 61;
policy of William I. regarding, 62;
in Stephen’s reign, 64;
quarrel of John with, 145;
plunder of the clergy, 152;
state of, in 1213, 151
Clare, Richard de (Strongbow), his conquests of Ireland, 91
Clare, Richard de, Earl of Gloucester, 197, 198;
his death, 201
Clarendon, council at, 76;
constitutions of, 76;
council at, 81;
assize of, passed, 81;
constitutions of, renounced, 91
Clement III., pope, 126
Clement V., pope, 254
Clergy, the, Stephen’s breach with, 20;
great power of, 61;
plunder of, 153;
representation of, under Edward I., 236;
relations of Edward I. with, 245;
taxation of, 246;
Edward I. quarrels with, 247
Clericis, Laicos, Bull, 247
Clerkenwell, council of, 105
Clifford, Roger, justiciar of Wales, 219
Coinage, debased by Stephen, 20
Commons, House of, 235
Comnenus, Isaac, King of Cyprus, 120
Comyn, John, Earl of Badenoch, 259, 261
Confirmatio cartarum, 86
Conquest, the effects of, on the Church, 61
Conrad of Hohenstaufen, 29
Conrad of Montferrat, 119
Conradin, 5
Consilt, battle of, 48
Constance of Brittany, 127
Constantia of France married to Eustace, 31
Constitutional crisis, 248, 249
Constitutional grievances in 1245, 180
Constitutions of Clarendon, 76;
renounced, 91
Corbeuil, William of, Archbishop, 15
Coronation, ceremony of, 47
Court of Common Pleas, 225
Court of Exchequer, 225
Court of King’s Bench, 225
Court of Rome, character of, 91
Coutances, Walter of, 127
Cowton Moor, 18
Crisis of 1258, 175;
why it was delayed, 189
Crusade, second, 29
Crusade, third, 105, 116
Crusade of Prince Edward, 215
Customs, the revenue, 231;
the new, 255
Danegeld, abolition of, 17, 58, 73
David I., King of Scotland, first invasion by, 17;
second invasion by, 19
David, son of Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, rebels against Edward I.,
219;
his death, 219
De Religiosis statute, 223, 246
Despenser, Hugh le, the baron’s justiciar, 199;
his death, 209
Despenser, Hugh le, the favorite of Edward II., 279;
sentence against, 277;
avarice and arrogance of, 284
Despenser, Hugh le, Earl of Winchester, hanged, 287
Dictum de Kenilworth, 209
Dunbar, battle of, 258
Durham, Bishop of, 114
Earls, appointment of, 20
Ecclesiastical school in the reign of Stephen, 64
Ecclesiastical quarrels, 247
Edmund of Abingdon, Archbishop of Canterbury, 179;
driven into exile, 185
Edmund of Cornwall, as regent, 238
Edmund, Earl of Kent, 288
Edward I., at the battle of Lewes, 205;
proclaimed king, 210;
joins the crusade, 210;
political education of, 212;
motives determining his crusade, 213;
his English policy, 213;
his idea of kingship, 214;
crusade of 1270, 215;
his accession to the throne, 216;
administration of the kingdom during his pilgrimage, 216;
his coronation, 217;
rebellion of the prince of North Wales, 218;
conquest of Wales, 219;
as a lawgiver, 220;
principles of his legislation, 222;
his legal reforms, 222;
parliamentary settlement of revenue on, 232;
his first parliament, 233;
national policy of, 237;
evil consequence caused by his absence, 237;
his claims upon Scotland, 239;
his relations with Philip IV., 243;
quarrel with Philip IV., 243;
consequences thereof, 244;
his relations with the clergy, 245;
quarrels with the clergy, 247;
resistance of his subjects, 248, 249;
dissatisfied with his subjects, 252;
quarrels with Archbishop Winchelsey, 254;
his relations with foreign merchants, 255;
concludes peace with France, 258;
marries Margaret, sister of Philip IV., 258;
truce concluded with Scotland, 258;
his new constitution for Scotland, 260;
his death, 261;
his character and motives, 262
Edward II., reactionary policy of, 263;
personal tastes and favorites of, 264;
his character, 264;
peace with Scotland, 266;
married to Isabelle of France, 267;
coronation of, 267;
controlled by the barons, 273;
his struggles in favor of Gaveston, 273;
changes in the administration, 274;
new favorites of, 278;
at war with the barons, 282;
his campaign in the north, 282;
truce concluded with Scotland, 282;
summoned to do homage to Charles IV., 284;
intrigues of the queen against, 285;
helplessness of, 286;
overthrow and deposition of, 287;
murder of, 288;
importance and significance of his reign, 288;
constitutional results of the epoch closing with his downfall, 290
Edward III., 287;
appointed governor of the kingdom, 288
Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., 99, 100
Eleanor de Montfort, wife of Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, 219
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 28;
her marriage with Henry II., 31;
resent on the death of her husband, 116;
her relations with John, 140;
her death, 143
Eleanor of Provence marries Henry III., 181
Eleanor, widow of William Marshall, her second marriage with Simon de
Montfort, 181
Election at Canterbury, 143
Evesham, battle of, 209
Exchequer under Henry I., 227
Empire, relations with the papacy, 3
England, importance of its work during this epoch, 5;
state of, during the absence of Henry II., 54;
under the heptarchy, 59;
national unity first realized, 59;
alliance with Germany, 80;
during the crusade, 122;
state of, on the death of Richard, 137;
separation from Normandy, 143;
laid under interdict, 149;
national inactivity of, 184;
at war with Scotland, 257;
truce concluded, 258
Essex, Earl of, 263
Eugenius III., 30
Eustace, son of Stephen, 31;
his marriage with Constantia of France, 31;
his death, 32
Ferrers, Earl of Derby, joins a league against Henry II., 94
Ferrers, William of, Earl of Derby, 197
Feudal laws, 50
Feudal lords, power of, 223
Finance, system of, during the reign of Edward I., 225
Fitz Osbert, William, 133, 134
Fitz Peter, Geoffrey, justiciar, 133, 153, 154
Fitz Urse, Reginald, 82
Fitz Walter, Robert, 159, 169
Flemings, invasion of Normandy by, 93
Foliot, Gilbert, 30
Foreign affairs in 1258, 176
France, alliance of, with Scotland, 259
Franconia, 6
Frederick I., Emperor, 3, 37, 71, 80, 117
Frederick II., Emperor, 3, 220;
marries Isabella, sister to Henry III., 181, 220
Frederick of Swabia, 117
French history, character of the epoch of, 2
Friscobaldi, the, 273
Fulk the Good, Count of Anjou, 161
Gascons, the rebellion of, 189
Gaveston, Piers, favorite of Edward II., 264;
his hatred of the earls, 270;
banishment of, 270;
recall of, 271;
his death, 274
Geddington, assembly at, 105
Geoffrey of Anjou, 14, 16, 25, 28
Geoffrey of Brittany, 103;
his death, 104
Geoffrey of Nantes rebels against his brother Henry II., 58
Geoffrey, son of Henry II., Archbishop of York, 127
Geographical summary, 6
German history, character of the epoch of, 3
Germany, 3;
condition of, under the early Plantagenets, 7;
alliance with England, 80
Giffard, Archbishop of York, appointed regent, 216
Gilbert, Earl of Gloucester, 204, 206, 208, 209;
swears fealty to Edward I., 216;
marries Johanna, daughter of Edward I., 239;
his death, 248
Gilbert of Vacœuil, 55
Gilbert, son of the Earl of Gloucester, regent, 272
Glanvill, Ranulf, the justiciar, 95, 103, 111, 116;
his death, 118
Gray, John de, Bishop of Norwich, elected Archbishop of Canterbury,
146
Gregory IX., pope, 185
Grosseteste, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, 182, 185
Gualo, 160, 166, 170
Gwynneth, Owen, 50
Harclay, Sir Andrew, governor of Carlisle, 280;
execution of, 282
Hawisia, daughter of William, Earl Gloucester, 99;
wife of John, 142
Henry I., question of succession at his death, 12;
precautions taken by, 13;
competitors for the succession, 14;
his funeral, 16
Henry II., knighted at Carlisle, 31;
marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, 32;
his arrival in England, 32;
leaves England, 33;
importance attached to his succession, 34;
his youth and education, 35;
his character, 36;
his family policy, 36;
his great position in Christendom, 37;
mismanagement of his children, 38;
his personal appearance, 38;
early reforms of, 39;
his advisers, 41;
coronation of, 42;
disputes regarding the resumption of lands, 43;
surrender of the malcontents, 45;
frequent councils, 45;
second coronation of, 47;
first war against Wales, 49;
visits France, 49;
his foreign possessions, 49;
his relations with his vassals, 50;
his relations to the King of France, 50;
questions of boundary, 52;
personal questions, 52;
his true policy, 52;
crushes his brother Geoffrey’s rebellion, 53;
desists from attacking Toulouse, 53;
his children, 54;
conclusion of peace with Lewis VII., 54;
his legal reforms, 54, 55;
increase of national unity, 57;
his confidence in Thomas Becket, 67;
returns from France, 69;
second war with Wales, 70;
his disputes with Becket, 71-75;
appeal to the ancient customs, 75;
his motives, 76;
exasperated at Becket, 77;
his cruel measures towards Becket, 80;
third war with Wales, 80;
proceedings during the quarrel, 80;
reconciliation with Becket, 83;
perseverance in reform, 85;
training of the people in self-government, 87;
his political object in crowning his son, 90;
applies to the pope on Becket’s death, 91;
his penitence and absolution, 91;
quarrels with his son Henry, 93;
his success against Lewis VII., 95;
in France, 95;
his arrival in England, 96;
his policy, 97;
importance of this struggle, 98;
resumes his schemes, 99;
his visit to England, 100;
his last quarrel, 105;
at war with Philip II., 106;
his flight to Normandy, 107;
his last days, 107;
his death, 109
Henry III., 5;
character of the reign of, 161;
his character, 162;
division of his reign, 164;
his party, 166;
coronation of, 166;
his foreign policy, 173;
his personal administration, 174;
internal misgovernment, 174;
his first act, 175;
his ingratitude, 177;
his plan of governing, 180;
marries Eleanor of Provence, 180;
his unconstitutional means for raising money, 183;
his impolicy, 183;
his relations with the popes, 184;
accepts the kingdom of Sicily, 186;
his French transactions, 187;
visits France, 189;
his dynastic policy, 190;
political troubles of, 200;
the award of Lewis IX., 201;
its effects, 203;
military successes of, 204;
defeated at the battle of Lewes, 205;
conduct of the new government, 207;
defeats the barons at Evesham, 209;
his death, 210
Henry VI., Emperor of Germany, 122-129
Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 22, 24;
retires from court, 25
Henry, Earl of Lancaster, 284, 286
Henry of Essex, constable, 48, 71
Henry, son of Henry II., his marriage, 54;
coronation of, without his queen, 81;
second coronation of, with his queen, 92;
quarrels with his father, 92;
intrigues of, 100;
second revolt against his father, 103;
his death, 104
Henry, son of the King of the Romans, his death, 210
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, his marriage, 80
Heraclius, patriarch, mission of, 104
Herbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 133
Hildebrandine revival, 62
History, human, various areas and stages of, 1;
under the early Plantagenets, 5
Hohenstaufen, drama of, 3;
empire of, 8
Honorius III., pope, 166
House of Commons, 235
House of Lords, 235
Hoveden, Roger, 35
Hugh de Gournay, 142
Hugh of Beauchamp, 104
Hugh of la Marche, 141
Hugh of Lincoln, 133
Hugh of Nunant, Bishop of Coventry, 131
Imported merchandise, taxes on, 221
Income tax, 55
Ingeburga of Denmark, 141
Innocent III., pope, 4, 133, 149, 150
Innocent IV., pope, 185
Interdict, England laid under, 149
Ireland, proposal to conquer, 45;
expedition of Henry II. to, 91
Isabella, betrothed wife of Hugh of la Marche, 141
Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., 268;
position and policy of, 282;
her intrigues in France, 285;
her triumphant march to the West of England, 286;
rule under, 288
Isabella, sister to Henry III., married to Emperor Frederick II., 180
Italy, condition of, 7
Itinerant judges first go their circuits, 90
Jerusalem, captured by Saladin, 106;
Richard’s march on, 121
Jews, persecution of, 112;
banished from England, 239
Jocelin de Bailleul, 76
Johanna, daughter of Henry II., marries Gilbert of Gloucester, 239
Johanna, daughter of Henry II., 99;
wife of William the Good, 119
John, son of Henry II., his marriage, 99;
cursed by his dying father, 109;
provision made for, by his brother Richard, 115;
position of, 125;
intrigues with Philip II., 127;
rebellion of, 130;
secures Normandy, 137;
his coronation, 138;
division of the history of his reign, 139;
at peace with Philip II., 141;
his second marriage, 141;
loses Normandy and Anjou, 142;
his ecclesiastical troubles, 145;
excommunication of, 149;
his obduracy, 149;
swears fealty to the pope, 150;
quarrels with the barons, 151;
his journey to the North, 154;
goes to France, 155;
the crown offered to Lewis, 159;
his successes against the barons, 159;
his death, 160
John of Salisbury, 30
John of Brienne, 4
John the Marshall, 74, 78
John XXII., 3
Judges, punishment of, 239;
itinerant, 86;
fiscal work of, 86;
first go their circuits, 87
Judicature, restoration of, 46;
central, 87
Jurisdiction, provincial reform of, 86, 87
Justice, administration of, 55
Kenilworth, dictum de, 209
Lacy, Henry de, Earl of Lincoln, 269;
his death, 272
Lands, resumption of, 44
Langton, Stephen, elected Archbishop of Canterbury, 148;
absolves the king, 153;
crowns Henry III., 171;
his death, 177
Langton, Walter, 249, 255, 266, 274
Laudabiliter Bull, 46
Laws, appeal to the, of Henry I., 154;
probable plan for the codification of, 221;
Edward’s principles of legislation, 222
League against Henry II., 93
Leicester, Earl of, joins a league against Henry II., 94
Leopold, Duke of Austria, 222
Lewes, battle of, 203
Lewes, Mise of, 206
Lewis VI., King of France, 9
Lewis VII., King of France, 5;
joins the second crusade, 28;
his character, 37;
his relation to Henry II., 50;
takes up the cause of Becket, 79;
joins a league against Henry II., 93;
utterly routed by Henry II., 97;
his death, 102
Lewis IX., King of France, 5;
arbitrates between Henry III. and his barons, 201;
award of, 201;
effects of the award, 203;
motives for his decision, 205;
his death, 215
Lewis of Bavaria, 3
Lewis, son of Philip of France, his marriage, 142;
the crown of England offered to him, 159;
his successes against John, 159;
lands in England, 159;
treaty concluded with Henry III., 167;
defeated at
Lincoln and departure from England, 168
Liege, Bishop of, 130
Lincoln, battle of, 23, 168
Lincoln, parliament at, 254
Linlithgow castle, 259
Lisbon, 10
Llewelyn, Prince of North Wales, 204;
rebellion of, against Edward I., 218;
married to Eleanor de Montfort, 219;
his death, 219
Longchamp, William, bishop of Ely, 115;
chancellor, 123;
as supreme justiciar, 124;
demands the royal castles, 125;
removed from the justiciarship, 127
Lords, House of, 235
Lorraine, Lower, 9
Lothar II., 7
Lucy, Richard de, 30, 41, 76, 94, 95;
appointed regent during the king’s absence, 54
Lusignan, Ethelmer, Bishop of Winchester, 190
Lusignan, Guy of, 105
Mabilia, Countess of Gloucester, 25
Madoc, rebellion of, 256
Magna Carta, granted at Runnymede, 157;
attempts to annul it, 158;
re-issued, 166;
third issue of, 169;
confirmed, 239
Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, 44
Mandeville, Geoffrey, Earl of Essex, 26, 142, 167
Mandeville, William, 115
Manners during this epoch, 4
Mans, le, capture of, by Philip II., 106
Margaret of France, daughter of Lewis VII., 54;
wife of Henry, son of Henry II., 104
Margaret, sister of Philip IV., marries Edward I., 258
Marlborough, parliament of, 209
Marshall, Richard, 179
Marshall, William, Earl of Pembroke, 166;
his death, 169;
work of, 171
Martel, William, 30
Martin, master, 185
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., fealty sworn to, 14, 17;
her arrival in England, 22;
elected Lady of England, 23;
her imprudent rule, 24;
her struggles against Stephen, 25;
flies to Oxford, 25;
the kingdom divided, 26;
her government in Normandy, 42
Matilda, daughter of Henry II., her marriage, 80
Maurienne, Count of, 93
Mercenaries, importation of, 20;
expulsion of, 42
Merchandize, taxation on importation of, 231
Merchants, foreign, relations of Edward I. with, 255
Merlin, prophecies of, 39
Miles of Hereford, 28
Military system in Henry II.’s time, 88
Mise of Lewes, 206
Monasteries, 63
Monks of Canterbury, their quarrels regarding the election of
Archbishop, 146
Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, marries Eleanor, daughter of
John, 181;
his character, 193;
military successes of, 204;
parliament of, 207;
impolicy of his sons, 208;
killed in the battle of Evesham, 209;
his character as a great and good man, 210, 211
Moral lessons, 5
Mortimer, Hugh, 45
Mortimer, Roger, 199;
appointed regent, 216
Mortimer, Roger, Lord of Wigmore, 278, 284, 285, 288
Morville, Hugh de, 82
Mowbray, Roger, 106
Neville, Ralph, Bishop of Chichester, 180
New Custom, the, 255
Nicolas IV., pope, 246
Nicolas, Bishop of Tusculum, 154
Nigel, Bishop of Ely, 42
Norman bishops, 63
Normandy, invasion of, 104;
forfeiture of, 142;
separation from England, 143
Normans, results of rule under, 12
Northampton, council at, 77;
parliament at, 268
Nottingham, castle of, 125
Ordainers, the, 272
Ordinances of 1311, the, 272;
revocation of, 281
Orlton, Adam, Bishop of Hereford, 286, 287
Otho, Cardinal, 185
Otho, of Saxony, Emperor, 134
Oxford, siege of, 26;
parliament of, 198;
provisions of, 199
Pacification, terms of, in 1153, 39
Palestine, condition of, 104
Pandulf, 150;
as legate, 171;
resigns, 173
Papacy, relations with the empire, 3;
demands in Henry III.’s time, 169;
taxation, 177;
Henry III.’s relations with the popes, 184;
list of papal assumptions, 185;
papal claims over Scotland, 253
Paris, Matthew, 139, 183, 195
Parliament, 181;
discussions in, 182;
of 1258, 197;
origin of our modern, 207;
under Edward I., 234;
growth of, 234;
Lincoln, 253
Peckham, Archbishop, 247
Pembroke, Earl of, 270
Perche, Count of, 169
Peter de Vineis, 220
Peter of Wakefield, 150
Petronilla, Lady, 96
Peverell, William, 45
Philip II., King of France, his hatred of Henry II., 103;
at war with Henry II., 106;
joins the third crusade, 116;
at Messina, 119;
intrigues of, against Richard, 128;
concludes a two months’ peace with John, 140;
at peace with John, 141;
takes Normandy and Anjou, 142
Philip III., King of France, 216;
his death, 243
Philip IV., the Fair, King of France, his relations with Edward I.,
243;
quarrels with Edward I., 244
Philip V., King of France, 284
Philip of Flanders joins a league against Henry II., 94
Pipewell, council of, 114
Political history during this epoch, 2
Politicians, ecclesiastical, 64
Portugal during the age of the early Plantagenets, 10
Provisions of Oxford, 199
Provisions of Westminster, 200
Puiset, Hugh de, Bishop of Durham, 94;
justiciar, 124, 125;
expelled, 126
Quia Emptores statute, 223, 235
Ranulf, Earl of Chester, 23, 26
Ranulf, Earl of Chester, 136, 166, 178
Raymond of Toulouse, 195
Rebellion of 1136, 18
Reform, Henry II.’s plans of, 39;
progress of, 55;
Henry’s perseverance in, 85;
political object of it, 86;
new schemes of, 271
Reginald, Earl of Cornwall, 95
Reginald, sub-prior, elected Archbishop of Canterbury, 147
Religion during this epoch, 4
Revenue, nature of, in the time of Henry II., 55;
under Henry III., 228;
sources of, during Edward I.’s reign, 225;
customs, 231;
parliamentary settlement on Edward I., 230
Reynolds, Walter, 275
Richard I., Cœur de Lion, son of Henry II., 53;
quarrels with his brother Henry, 103;
his father’s distrust of, 104;
joins the third crusade, 105;
does homage to Philip II., 106;
joins in a conspiracy against his father, 106;
character of his reign, 110;
his accession to the throne, 111;
his coronation, 112;
his personal appearance and character, 112, 113;
his mode of procuring means for the third crusade, 114;
starts on the crusade, 115;
his journey along the Italian shore, 118;
at Messina, 119;
his campaigns in Palestine, 120;
exploits of, 121;
his retreat and truce, 122;
captivity of, 122;
negotiations for his release, 129;
ransom raised for his release, 129;
his release, 130;
his second visit to England, 131;
money refused him by the great council, 133;
his last years, 134;
events of the war with Philip II., 134;
his death, 135
Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, 177
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, King of the Romans, brother to Henry III.,
173, 178;
his marriage, 181;
his character, 192;
at the battle of Lewes, 205;
his death, 210
Robert, Earl of Gloucester, 16;
swears fealty to Stephen, 17;
his power, 19;
taken prisoner, 26;
his death, 29
Robert, Earl of Leicester, regent, during the king’s absence, 55
Roches, Peter des, Bishop of Winchester, regent, 166, 170;
the king’s adviser, 178;
fall of, 179
Rochester castle besieged, 159
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, 15;
justiciar of Henry I., 21;
arrested, 21
Roger, Earl of Leicester, 28
Roger of Hereford, 44
Roger of Pont l’Eveque, Archbishop of York, 81
Rome, proceedings at, 30;
character of the court of, 91, 92
Rudolf of Hapsburg, 3
Runnymede, granting of the Magna Carta at, 157
Saer de Quincy, 168
St. Albans, assembly at, 154
St. Andrew’s, Bishop of, 259
St. Bernard, 4, 30
St. Edmund, 85
St. Edmund’s, coronation at, 47, 48
St. Gregory, 59
St. Hugh, 133
St. Paul’s, council at, 154
St. William, 30
Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, 104
Salisbury, Earl of, 160
Salisbury, meeting of barons at, 249
Saragossa, 11
Saxony, 8
Scotland, invasion of England by, 17, 19;
submission of to Henry III., 97;
claims of Edward I. upon, 239;
the kingdom of, 240;
papal claims over, 254;
alliance of, with France, 257;
troubles in, 257;
war against England, 258;
truce with England, affairs in, after the fall of Balliol, 259;
Edward’s new constitution for, 259;
truce concluded with Edward II., 282
Scottish independence, war of, 258
Scutage, institution of, 56
Segrave, Sir John, 259
Segrave, Stephen, justiciar, 177
Shrewsbury, assembly at, 234
Sybilla, queen of Jerusalem, sister of Baldwin the Leper, 104, 119
Simon de Montfort, _see_ Montfort, Simon de
Spain, state of, 9
Standard, battle of the, 19
Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter, 283
Statute De Religiosis, 246
Statute of Wales, 220
Statute of Westminster, the first, 234
Statute of Westminster, 224
Stephen of Blois, his claim to the throne, 14;
his reception in England, 15;
his election and coronation, 15;
his first charter, 16;
his second charter, 17;
invaded by the Scots, 17, 19;
rebellion of 1136, 18;
beginning of troubles, 18;
his imprudent policy, 19;
debases coinage, 20;
his new earls, 20;
imports mercenaries, 20;
his breach with the clergy, 20;
arrests the bishops, 21;
beginning of anarchy, 22;
taken prisoner, 22;
is released, 25;
his success in 1142, 26;
division of the kingdom, 27;
period of anarchy, 28;
proceedings at Rome, 30;
quarrels with the archbishop, 30;
question of succession, 31;
negotiates for peace, 32;
his death, 33;
estimation of his character, 33
Stigand, Archbishop, 61
Stirling, English defeated near, 259
Stratford, John, Bishop of Winchester, 287
Swabia, 6
Tancred, King of Sicily, 119
Taxation, variety of, in Henry II.’s reign, 87;
papal, 177;
changes in the mode of, 228;
summoning of representative assemblies for the purposes of, 232;
of the clergy, 246;
confirmation of the charter establishing the right of the people to
determine, 240
Templars, the, 53, 54
Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, 21;
quarrels with Stephen, 30;
negotiates the succession of Henry II., 41;
adviser to Henry II., 42;
his death, 55
Theobald, Count, 14, 16
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 269;
despotism of, 276, 277;
execution of, 280;
interior consequences of his execution, 281
Thurstan, Archbishop, 19
Tickhill, castle of, 125
Toledo, 11
Toulouse, war of, 53
Tracy, William de, 82
Valence, Aymer de, Earl of Pembroke, 261, 274, 276;
made governor of Scotland, 266;
his death, 285
Vescy, Lady de, 273;
Eustace de, 159, 167
Waleran of Meulan, 28
Wales, at war with Henry II., 48;
second war with Henry II., 71;
third war with Henry II., 80;
turbulence of the princes, 217;
conquest of, 219;
statute of, 220;
rebellion in, under Madoc, 256
Wallace, Sir William, 258, 260
Wallingford, peace negotiations at, 32
Walter, Hubert, Bishop of Salisbury, 115, 116, 119, 130;
made Archbishop of Canterbury, 130;
government of, 131;
resignation of, 133;
transfers his devotion to John on the death of Richard, 137;
his death, 144
Walter of Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester, 197, 199
Wareham, 27
Warenne, Earl, 238
Warenne, William of, surrender of his estates in Norfolk, 46;
knighthood conferred on, 47
Westminster, treaty at, 32;
council at, 74;
provisions of, 200;
courts at, 226;
statute of, the first, 234
William II., King of Scotland, joins a league against Henry II., 94;
taken prisoner, 96
William, Earl of Salisbury, 164
William of Aumâle, 171
William of Eynesford, 74
William of Ferrers, 197
William, son of Henry I., 12
William the Good, of Sicily, his marriage, 99
Winchelsey, Robert, 246, 249;
quarrels with the king, 254, 268
Winchester, Bishop of, brother of Stephen, 41
Winchester, Bishop of, 114
Winchester, statute of, 225
Woodstock, council at, 71, 72
Worms, diet of, 128
Ypres, William of, 44
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style.”--_Congregationalist._
“It would be hard to find a more creditable book. The author’s
prefatory remarks upon the origin and growth of Greek civilization are
alone worth the price of the volume.”--_Christian Union._
=THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE--From the Flight of Xerxes to the Fall of
Athens.= By Rev. G. W. COX.
“Mr. Cox writes in such a way as to bring before the reader everything
which is important to be known or learned; and his narrative cannot
fail to give a good idea of the men and deeds with which he is
concerned.”--_The Churchman._
“Mr. Cox has done his work with the honesty of a true student. It shows
persevering scholarship and a desire to get at the truth.”--_New York
Herald._
=THE SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREMACIES.= By CHARLES SANKEY, M.A.
“This volume covers the period between the disasters of Athens at the
close of the Peloponnesian war and the rise of Macedon. It is a very
striking and instructive picture of the political life of the Grecian
commonwealth at that time.”--_The Churchman._
“It is singularly interesting to read, and in respect to arrangement,
maps, etc., is all that can be desired.”--_Boston Congregationalist._
=THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE--Its Rise and Culmination to Death of Alexander
the Great.= By A. M. CURTEIS, M.A.
“A good and satisfactory history of a very important period. The maps
are excellent, and the story is lucidly and vigorously told.”--_The
Nation._
“The same compressive style and yet completeness of detail that have
characterized the previous issues in this delightful series, are found
in this volume. Certainly the art of conciseness in writing was never
carried to a higher or more effective point.”--_Boston Saturday Evening
Gazette._
⁂ _The above five volumes give a connected and complete history of
Greece from the earliest times to the death of Alexander._
=EARLY ROME--From the Foundation of the City to its Destruction by the
Gauls.= By W. IHNE, Ph.D.
“Those who want to know the truth instead of the traditions that used
to be learned of our fathers, will find in the work entertainment,
careful scholarship, and sound sense.”--_Cincinnati Times._
“The book is excellently well done. The views are those of a learned
and able man, and they are presented in this volume with great force
and clearness.”--_The Nation._
=ROME AND CARTHAGE--The Punic Wars.= By R. BOSWORTH SMITH.
“By blending the account of Rome and Carthage the accomplished author
presents a succinct and vivid picture of two great cities and people
which leaves a deep impression. The story is full of intrinsic
interest, and was never better told.”--_Christian Union._
“The volume is one of rare interest and value.”--_Chicago Interior._
“An admirably condensed history of Carthage, from its establishment
by the adventurous Phœnician traders to its sad and disastrous
fall.”--_New York Herald._
=THE GRACCHI, MARIUS, AND SULLA.= By A. H. BEESLEY.
“A concise and scholarly historical sketch, descriptive of the decay of
the Roman Republic, and the events which paved the way for the advent
of the conquering Cæsar. It is an excellent account of the leaders and
legislation of the republic.”--_Boston Post._
“It is prepared in succinct but comprehensive style, and is an
excellent book for reading and reference.”--_New York Observer._
“No better condensed account of the two Gracchi and the turbulent
careers of Marius and Sulla has yet appeared.”--_New York Independent._
=THE ROMAN TRIUMVIRATES.= By the Very Rev. CHARLES MERIVALE, D.D.
“In brevity, clear and scholarly treatment of the subject, and
the convenience of map, index, and side notes, the volume is a
model.”--_New York Tribune._
“An admirable presentation, and in style vigorous and
picturesque.”--_Hartford Courant._
=THE EARLY EMPIRE--From the Assassination of Julius Cæsar to the
Assassination of Domitian.= By Rev. W. WOLFE CAPES, M.A.
“It is written with great clearness and simplicity of style, and is as
attractive an account as has ever been given in brief of one of the
most interesting periods of Roman History.”--_Boston Saturday Evening
Gazette._
“It is a clear, well-proportioned, and trustworthy performance, and
well deserves to be studied.”--_Christian at Work._
=THE AGE OF THE ANTONINES--The Roman Empire of the Second Century.= By
Rev. W. WOLFE CAPES, M.A.
“The Roman Empire during the second century is the broad
subject discussed in this book, and discussed with learning and
intelligence.”--_New York Independent._
“The writer’s diction is clear and elegant, and his narration is free
from any touch of pedantry. In the treatment of its prolific and
interesting theme, and in its general plan, the book is a model of
works of its class.”--_New York Herald._
“We are glad to commend it. It is written clearly, and with care and
accuracy. It is also in such neat and compact form as to be the more
attractive.”--_Congregationalist._
⁂ _The above six volumes give the History of Rome from the founding of
the City to the death of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus._
EPOCHS OF MODERN HISTORY.
_A SERIES OF BOOKS NARRATING THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND EUROPE AT
SUCCESSIVE EPOCHS SUBSEQUENT TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA._
_Edited by_
EDWARD E. MORRIS.
=Eighteen volumes, 16mo, with 74 Maps, Plans, and Tables.
Sold separately. Price per vol., $1.00.
The Set, Roxburgh style, gilt top, in box, $18.00.=
=THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES--England and Europe in the Ninth
Century.= By the Very Rev. R. W. CHURCH, M.A.
“A remarkably thoughtful and satisfactory discussion of the causes
and results of the vast changes which came upon Europe during
the period discussed. The book is adapted to be exceedingly
serviceable.”--_Chicago Standard._
“At once readable and valuable. It is comprehensive and yet
gives the details of a period most interesting to the student of
history.”--_Herald and Presbyter._
“It is written with a clearness and vividness of statement which make
it the pleasantest reading. It represents a great deal of patient
research, and is careful and scholarly.”--_Boston Journal._
=THE NORMANS IN EUROPE--The Feudal System and England under the Norman
Kings.= By Rev. A. H. JOHNSON, M.A.
“Its pictures of the Normans in their home, of the Scandinavian exodus,
the conquest of England, and Norman administration, are full of vigor
and cannot fail of holding the reader’s attention.”--_Episcopal
Register._
“The style of the author is vigorous and animated, and he has given
a valuable sketch of the origin and progress of the great Northern
movement that has shaped the history of modern Europe.”--_Boston
Transcript._
=THE CRUSADES.= By Rev. G. W. COX.
“To be warmly commended for important qualities. The author shows
conscientious fidelity to the materials, and such skill in the use of
them, that, as a result, the reader has before him a narrative related
in a style that makes it truly fascinating.”--_Congregationalist._
“It is written in a pure and flowing style, and its arrangement and
treatment of subject are exceptional.”--_Christian Intelligencer._
=THE EARLY PLANTAGENETS--Their Relation to the History of Europe;
The Foundation and Growth of Constitutional Government.= By Rev. W.
STUBBS, M.A.
“Nothing could be desired more clear, succinct, and well arranged.
All parts of the book are well done. It may be pronounced the best
existing brief history of the constitution for this, its most important
period.”--_The Nation._
“Prof. Stubbs has presented leading events with such fairness
and wisdom as are seldom found. He is remarkably clear and
satisfactory.”--_The Churchman._
=EDWARD III.= By Rev. W. WARBURTON, M.A.
“The author has done his work well, and we commend it as containing in
small space all essential matter.”--_New York Independent._
“Events and movements are admirably condensed by the author, and
presented in such attractive form as to entertain as well as
instruct.”--_Chicago Interior._
=THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK--The Conquest and Loss of France.=
By JAMES GAIRDNER.
“Prepared in a most careful and thorough manner, and ought to be read
by every student.”--_New York Times._
“It leaves nothing to be desired as regards compactness, accuracy, and
excellence of literary execution.”--_Boston Journal._
=THE ERA OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION.= By FREDERIC SEEBOHM. With
Notes, on Books in English relating to the Reformation, by Prof.
GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D.
“For an impartial record of the civil and ecclesiastical changes
about four hundred years ago, we cannot commend a better
manual.”--_Sunday-School Times._
“All that could be desired, as well in execution as in plan. The
narrative is animated, and the selection and grouping of events
skillful and effective.”--_The Nation._
=THE EARLY TUDORS--Henry VII., Henry VIII.= By Rev. C. E. MOBERLEY,
M.A., late Master in Rugby School.
“Is concise, scholarly, and accurate. On the epoch of which it treats,
we know of no work which equals it.”--_N. Y. Observer._
“A marvel of clear and succinct brevity and good historical judgment.
There is hardly a better book of its kind to be named.”--_New York
Independent._
=THE AGE OF ELIZABETH.= By Rev. M. CREIGHTON, M.A.
“Clear and compact in style; careful in their facts, and just
in interpretation of them. It sheds much light on the progress
of the Reformation and the origin of the Popish reaction during
Queen Elizabeth’s reign; also, the relation of Jesuitism to the
latter.”--_Presbyterian Review._
“A clear, concise, and just story of an era crowded with events of
interest and importance.”--_New York World._
=THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR--1618-1648.= By SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER.
“As a manual it will prove of the greatest practical value, while to
the general reader it will afford a clear and interesting account of
events. We know of no more spirited and attractive recital of the great
era.”--_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
“The thrilling story of those times has never been told so vividly or
succinctly as in this volume.”--_Episcopal Register._
=THE PURITAN REVOLUTION; and the First Two Stuarts, 1603-1660.= By
SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER.
“The narrative is condensed and brief, yet sufficiently comprehensive
to give an adequate view of the events related.”--_Chicago Standard._
“Mr. Gardiner uses his researches in an admirably clear and fair
way.”--_Congregationalist._
“The sketch is concise, but clear and perfectly
intelligible.”--_Hartford Courant._
=THE ENGLISH RESTORATION AND LOUIS XIV., from the Peace of Westphalia
to the Peace of Nimwegen.= By OSMUND AIRY, M.A.
“It is crisply and admirably written. An immense amount of information
is conveyed and with great clearness, the arrangement of the subjects
showing great skill and a thorough command of the complicated
theme.”--_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
“The author writes with fairness and discrimination, and has given
a clear and intelligible presentation of the time.”--_New York
Evangelist._
=THE FALL OF THE STUARTS; and Western Europe.= By Rev. EDWARD HALE,
M.A.
“A valuable compend to the general reader and scholar.”--_Providence
Journal._
“It will be found of great value. It is a very graphic account of the
history of Europe during the 17th century, and is admirably adapted for
the use of students.”--_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
“An admirable handbook for the student.”--_The Churchman._
=THE AGE OF ANNE.= By EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A.
“The author’s arrangement of the material is remarkably clear, his
selection and adjustment of the facts judicious, his historical
judgment fair and candid, while the style wins by its simple
elegance.”--_Chicago Standard._
“An excellent compendium of the history of an important period.”--_The
Watchman._
=THE EARLY HANOVERIANS--Europe from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle.= By EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A.
“Masterly, condensed, and vigorous, this is one of the books which it
is a delight to read at odd moments; which are broad and suggestive,
and at the same time condensed in treatment.”--_Christian Advocate._
“A remarkably clear and readable summary of the salient points of
interest. The maps and tables, no less than the author’s style and
treatment of the subject, entitle the volume to the highest claims of
recognition.”--_Boston Daily Advertiser._
=FREDERICK THE GREAT, AND THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR.= By F. W. LONGMAN.
“The subject is most important, and the author has treated it in a way
which is both scholarly and entertaining.”--_The Churchman._
“Admirably adapted to interest school boys, and older heads will find
it pleasant reading.”--_New York Tribune._
=THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, AND FIRST EMPIRE.= By WILLIAM O’CONNOR MORRIS.
With Appendix by ANDREW D. WHITE, LL.D., ex-President of Cornell
University.
“We have long needed a simple compendium of this period, and we have
here one which is brief enough to be easily run through with, and yet
particular enough to make entertaining reading.”--_New York Evening
Post._
“The author has well accomplished his difficult task of sketching in
miniature the grand and crowded drama of the French Revolution and
the Napoleonic Empire, showing himself to be no servile compiler,
but capable of judicious and independent criticism.”--_Springfield
Republican._
=THE EPOCH OF REFORM--1830-1850.= By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.
“Mr. McCarthy knows the period of which he writes thoroughly,
and the result is a narrative that is at once entertaining and
trustworthy.”--_New York Examiner._
“The narrative is clear and comprehensive, and told with abundant
knowledge and grasp of the subject.”--_Boston Courier._
IMPORTANT HISTORICAL WORKS.
=CIVILIZATION DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. Especially in its Relation to
Modern Civilization.= By GEORGE B. ADAMS, Professor of History in
Yale University. 8vo, $2.50.
Professor Adams has here supplied the need of a text-book for the study
of Mediæval History in college classes at once thorough and yet capable
of being handled in the time usually allowed to it. He has aimed to
treat the subject in a manner which its place in the college curriculum
demands, by presenting as clear a view as possible of the underlying
and organic growth of our civilization, how its foundations were laid
and its chief elements introduced.
Prof. KENDRIC C. BABCOCK, University of Minnesota:--“It is one of the
best books of the kind which I have seen. We shall use it the coming
term.”
Prof. MARSHALL S. BROWN, Michigan University:--“I regard the work as
a very valuable treatment of the great movements of history during
the Middle Ages, and as one destined to be extremely helpful to young
students.”
BOSTON HERALD:--“Professor Adams admirably presents the leading
features of a thousand years of social, political, and religious
development in the history of the world. It is valuable from beginning
to end.”
=HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.= By E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS, D.D., LL.D.,
President of Brown University. With maps. Two vols., crown octavo,
$4.00.
BOSTON ADVERTISER:--“We doubt if there has been so complete, graphic,
and so thoroughly impartial a history of our country condensed into the
same space. It must become a standard.”
ADVANCE:--“One of the best popular, general histories of America, if
not the best.”
HERALD AND PRESBYTER:--“The very history that many people have
been looking for. It does not consist simply of minute statements,
but treats of causes and effects with philosophical grasp and
thoughtfulness. It is the work of a scholar and thinker.”
=THE HISTORY OF ROME, from the Earliest Time to the Period of Its
Decline.= By Dr. THEODOR MOMMSEN. Translated by W. P. DICKSON,
D.D., LL.D. A New Edition, Revised throughout, and embodying recent
additions. Five vols., with Map. Price per set, $10.00.
“A work of the very highest merit; its learning is exact and profound;
its narrative full of genius and skill; its descriptions of men are
admirably vivid.”--_London Times._
“Since the days of Niebuhr, no work on Roman History has appeared
that combines so much to attract, instruct, and charm the reader. Its
style--a rare quality in a German author--is vigorous, spirited, and
animated.”--Dr. SCHMITZ.
=THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. From Cæsar to Diocletian.= By
THEODOR MOMMSEN. Translated by WILLIAM P. DICKSON, D.D., LL.D. With
maps. Two vols., 8vo, $6.00.
“The author draws the wonderfully rich and varied picture of the
conquest and administration of that great circle of peoples and lands
which formed the empire of Rome outside of Italy, their agriculture,
trade, and manufactures, their artistic and scientific life, through
all degrees of civilization, with such detail and completeness as
could have come from no other hand than that of this great master of
historical research.”--Prof. W. A. PACKARD, Princeton College.
=THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC.= Abridged from the History by
Professor THEODOR MOMMSEN, by C. BRYANS and F. J. R. HENDY. 12mo,
$1.75.
“It is a genuine boon that the essential parts of Mommsen’s Rome
are thus brought within the easy reach of all, and the abridgment
seems to me to preserve unusually well the glow and movement of the
original.”--Prof. TRACY PECK, Yale University.
“The condensation has been accurately and judiciously effected. I
heartily commend the volume as the most adequate embodiment, in a
single volume, of the main results of modern historical research in the
field of Roman affairs.”--Prof. HENRY M. BAIRD, University of City of
New York.
=THE DAWN OF HISTORY. An Introduction to Pre-Historic Study.= New and
Enlarged Edition. Edited by C. F. KEARY. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
This work treats successively of the earliest traces of man; of
language, its growth, and the story it tells of the pre-historic
users of it; of early social life, the religions, mythologies, and
folk-tales, and of the history of writing. The present edition contains
about one hundred pages of new matter, embodying the results of the
latest researches.
“A fascinating manual. In its way, the work is a model of what a
popular scientific work should be.”--_Boston Sat. Eve. Gazette._
=THE ORIGIN OF NATIONS.= By Professor GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A. 12mo,
with maps, $1.00.
The first part of this book discusses the antiquity of civilization in
Egypt and the other early nations of the East. The second part is an
examination of the ethnology of Genesis, showing its accordance with
the latest results of modern ethnographical science.
“A work of genuine scholarly excellence, and a useful offset
to a great deal of the superficial current literature on such
subjects.”--_Congregationalist._
=MANUAL OF MYTHOLOGY. For the Use of Schools, Art Students, and
General Readers. Founded on the Works of Petiscus, Preller, and
Welcker.= By ALEXANDER S. MURRAY, Department of Greek and Roman
Antiquities, British Museum. With 45 Plates. Reprinted from the
Second Revised London Edition. Crown 8vo, $1.75.
“It has been acknowledged the best work on the subject to be found in a
concise form, and as it embodies the results of the latest researches
and discoveries in ancient mythologies, it is superior for school
and general purposes as a handbook to any of the so-called standard
works.”--_Cleveland Herald._
“Whether as a manual for reference, a text-book for school use, or
for the general reader, the book will be found very valuable and
interesting.”--_Boston Journal._
=THE HISTORY OF GREECE.= By Prof. Dr. ERNST CURTIUS. Translated by
ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, M.A., Fellow of St. Peter’s College,
Cambridge, Prof. of History in Owen’s College, Manchester. Five
volumes, crown 8vo. Price per set, $10.00.
“We cannot express our opinion of Dr. Curtius’ book better than by
saying that it may be fitly ranked with Theodor Mommsen’s great
work.”--_London Spectator._
“As an introduction to the study of Grecian history, no previous work
is comparable to the present for vivacity and picturesque beauty, while
in sound learning and accuracy of statement it is not inferior to the
elaborate productions which enrich the literature of the age.”--_N. Y.
Daily Tribune._
=CÆSAR: a Sketch.= By JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE, M.A. 12mo, gilt top, $1.50.
“This book is a most fascinating biography and is by far the best
account of Julius Cæsar to be found in the English language.”--_The
London Standard._
“He combines into a compact and nervous narrative all that is known of
the personal, social, political, and military life of Cæsar; and with
his sketch of Cæsar includes other brilliant sketches of the great
man, his friends, or rivals, who contemporaneously with him formed the
principal figures in the Roman world.”--_Harper’s Monthly._
=CICERO. Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero.= By WILLIAM FORSYTH, M.A.,
Q.C. 20 Engravings. New Edition. 2 vols., crown 8vo, in one, gilt
top, $2.50.
The author has not only given us the most complete and well-balanced
account of the life of Cicero ever published; he has drawn an accurate
and graphic picture of domestic life among the best classes of the
Romans, one which the reader of general literature, as well as the
student, may peruse with pleasure and profit.
“A scholar without pedantry, and a Christian without cant, Mr. Forsyth
seems to have seized with praiseworthy tact the precise attitude which
it behooves a biographer to take when narrating the life, the personal
life of Cicero. Mr. Forsyth produces what we venture to say will become
one of the classics of English biographical literature, and will be
welcomed by readers of all ages and both sexes, of all professions and
of no profession at all.”--_London Quarterly._
VALUABLE WORKS ON CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
=THE HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE. From the Earliest Period to the
Death of Marcus Aurelius.= With Chronological Tables, etc., for the
use of Students. By C. T. CRUTTWELL, M.A. Crown 8vo, $2.50.
Mr. Cruttwell’s book is written throughout from a purely literary point
of view, and the aim has been to avoid tedious and trivial details.
The result is a volume not only suited for the student, but remarkably
readable for all who possess any interest in the subject.
“Mr. Cruttwell has given us a genuine history of Roman literature,
not merely a descriptive list of authors and their productions, but a
well elaborated portrayal of the successive stages in the intellectual
development of the Romans and the various forms of expression which
these took in literature.”--_N. Y. Nation._
_UNIFORM WITH THE ABOVE._
=A HISTORY OF GREEK LITERATURE. From the Earliest Period of
Demosthenes.= By FRANK BYRON JEVONS, M.A., Tutor in the University
of Durham. Crown 8vo, $2.50.
The author goes into detail with sufficient fullness to make the
history complete, but he never loses sight of the commanding lines
along which the Greek mind moved, and a clear understanding of which is
necessary to every intelligent student of universal literature.
“It is beyond all question the best history of Greek literature that
has hitherto been published.”--_London Spectator._
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS,
153-157 Fifth Avenue, New York.
* * * * *
Transcriber’s note
Minor punctuation and formatting errors have been changed without
notice; otherwise spelling and punctuation has been retained as
published. The following Printer errors have been changed.
=CHANGED= =FROM= =TO=
Page ii: “1830-1850. By Justin “1830-1850. By Justin
Macarthy” McCarthy”
Page 11: “the supreme law-giver and” “the supreme lawgiver and”
Page 19: “Whether or no they loved “Whether or not they loved
Stephen” Stephen”
Sidenote
Page 32: “Negotiations f r peace.” “Negotiations for peace.”
Page 84: “peace-maker rather than “peacemaker rather than
that” that”
Sidenote
Page 87 “Training of the “Training of the
people in self people in
government.” self-government.”
Page 88: “requisite counter-balance “requisite counterbalance
to the” to the”
Page 95: “to ignominous flight “to ignominious flight
at Conches” at Conches”
Page 105: “then to his syster “then to his sister
Sibylla” Sibylla”
Page 109: “funeral, at Font Evraud” “funeral, at Fontevraud”
Page 117: “Month after month passsed “Month after month passed
on” on”
Page 119: “Baldwin and Hurbert “Baldwin and Hubert
Walter” Walter”
Page 129: “little Provencal kingdom” “little Provençal kingdom”
Page 139: “granting of Magna Charta” “granting of Magna Carta”
Page 142: “love or territorial “love or territorial
covetousnesss” covetousness”
Page 154: “Geoffrey Fitz-Peter” “Geoffrey Fitz Peter”
Sidenote
Page 171: “William of “William of
Aumale and Aumâle and
Falkes de Falkes de
Breaute” Breauté”
Page 177: “Geoffrey Fitz-Peter” “Geoffrey Fitz Peter”
Page 248: “opportunity asserting” “opportunity of asserting”
Page 265: “that series of miseeries” “that series of miseries”
Page 268: “the son-in law and “was the son-in-law and
heir of Henry” heir of Henry”
Page 270: “parties were re-formed as” “parties were reformed as”
Page 288: “lost Ireland, Seotland” “lost Ireland, Scotland”
Page 291: “Aumale, William of, 45” “Aumâle, William of, 45”
Page 292: “Breaute, Falkes de, 170, “Breauté, Falkes de, 170,
171” 171”
Page 293: “as a law-giver, 220” “as a lawgiver, 220”
Page 293: “quarrels with Archbishop “quarrels with Archbishop
Winchessey” Winchelsey”
Page 295: “internal mis-government, “internal misgovernment,
174” 174”
Page 296: “Laudibiliter Bull, 46” “Laudabiliter Bull, 46”
Page 297: “Martell, William, 30” “Martel, William, 30”
Page 298: “Reginald, subprior, “Reginald, sub-prior,
elected” elected”
Page 299: “Scottish independance” “Scottish independence”
Page 299: “negotiates the succesion “negotiates the succession
of Henry” of Henry”
Page 300: “rebel-bellion in, under “rebellion in, under
Madoc” Madoc”
Page 300: “Walfran of Meulan, 28” “Waleran of Meulan, 28”
Page 300: “William of Aumale, 171” “William of Aumâle, 171”
Page 302: “Univ. of South, Sewaunee, “Univ. of South, Sewanee,
Tenn.” Tenn.”
Page 304: “close of the “close of the
Pelopenesian war” Peloponnesian war”
Page number references in the index are as published in the original
publication and have not been checked for accuracy in this eBook.
All other inconsistencies are as in the original.