PIONEERS OF POSTAGE
In a previous chapter we spoke of the penny black of 1840 as the first
postage label to be given to the world. The reader must not suppose from
this remark that the appearance of the stamp coincided with the
commencement of an organized postal system in Great Britain. Such a
thing as a post was known to exist in this country as far back as the
year 1609, but not until some thirty years later were its operations
extended to the public in general.
Across the sea, in France, the idea of letter-carrying was also
developing in this period of stress and struggle. In the year when
Cromwell was installed as "Protector," a Comte de Villayer was
permitted to place pillar-boxes in the thoroughfares of Paris and
provide the inhabitants with a local postal service. Villayer seems to
have been greatly concerned as to the best method of collecting the
postage on the letters placed in his charge until the idea of issuing a
wrapper bearing some distinctive design occurred to him. These paper
bands were placed on sale in a number of shops, and cost two sous
apiece. Each letter had to be wrapped in one of them, which Villayer's
men tore off prior to effecting delivery. The system is of unusual
interest to philatelists, because the ornamental wrapper devised by this
Frenchman supplies us with the origin from which postage stamps sprang.
At home the business of letter-carrying was growing with considerable
rapidity, considering how troublous were these times. Villayer's
counterpart in London was a man named Dockwra. He organized a system of
depots throughout the city for receiving correspondence. People took
their letters to these depots, paid the postage in actual coin, and an
attendant franked the communications by means of a hand stamp. This was
a device exactly similar to the obliterating stamps seen to-day on the
counters of our post offices. Dockwra's hand stamp bore a triangular
design bearing the curious legend, "Post Payd, Peny."
We now know the history of the first stamped wrapper, the first franking
stamp, and the first adhesive stamp. At this point we will speak of the
first stamped envelope. The "Mulready," as this pioneer envelope was
called, owed its origin to Sir Rowland Hill and his co-workers. The
penny black adhesive label was considered to be too great an innovation
by Sir Rowland's followers, and, as a sort of compromise, it was decided
to issue a stamped envelope as an alternative to the penny adhesive. The
two were placed on sale at the same moment, and, curiously enough, the
adhesive immediately proved a tremendous success, whilst the Mulready
only received slight favours. This happened in spite of the fact that
the authorities were confident that the stamped envelope would prove the
more popular of the two.
The Mulready was a curious, if not weird, production. The design covered
half of the face of the envelope, and consisted of Britannia surrounded
by people and animals treated symbolically. The paper used for the
envelope bore the silk threads spoken of in an earlier chapter.
The Mulready deserved a better fate. All the comic papers at the time
reproduced grotesque imitations of it; every wit used it disparagingly,
and in all ways it became a butt for humour. Perhaps the best-known
caricatures of this unfortunate envelope were those produced by Doyle, a
boy of fifteen. Though his drawings never received postal sanction, they
are often sold by stamp dealers and treasured by collectors as
curiosities.
Before leaving the Mulready, we must admit that two other envelopes
claim to be older than this production of Sir Rowland Hill. The first is
the special-letter cover, which was issued to members of Parliament in
January, 1840, and the second, the New South Wales embossed envelope of
1838. Of the former we need only say that its use was merely of a
private nature, whilst of the latter our knowledge is very imperfect and
hardly trustworthy.
The first postcard was issued by Germany in comparatively recent times;
its use was suggested by Dr. von Stephan, a high authority in postal
matters. The pioneer letter-card emanated from the Kingdom of Belgium,
and bore a red ten centimes stamp with the head of Leopold II.
Having discussed the earliest forms of postal stationery, it will be
interesting to examine certain of the adhesive stamps which claim
notoriety on account of their positions as pioneers. The first stamp of
all, as we have said before, was the penny black of Great Britain, but
the earliest issue of foreign stamps (_i.e._, omitting those of Great
Britain) dates from the year 1843, and came from Brazil. The labels are
not attractive in appearance; they are large, and bear large numerals
surrounded by a circular background of filigree work. They have been
nicknamed, not inappropriately, the bull's eye stamps of Brazil. The
stamps remained in currency but one year, and are, therefore, rare.
It is rather curious to think that Brazil--a republic not usually
associated with progressive measures--should have been, with Great
Britain, the only country to issue stamps for nine whole years after
their introduction. In short, no other Government issued adhesives until
the January of 1849. On the first of that month, however, both Belgium
and France provided stamps for the convenience of their people. The
Belgian stamp consisted of two varieties--the ten centimes, dark brown,
and the twenty centimes, blue, both bearing a head and shoulder
engraving of Leopold I. In France one label was issued; it bore the
value of ten centimes, in dark brown, and was ornamented with the head
of Ceres. These three specimens were, therefore, the first adhesives to
receive recognition on the Continent.
It is pleasing to note how Brazil, Belgium, and France, all imitated
Great Britain in the colour and values of their first issues; it is also
an interesting coincidence that the earliest labels of all these
countries, Great Britain included, were extremely short-lived.
The first colonial stamps were the two Mauritius "line-engravings,"
which were described at length in the chapter dealing with rare
specimens.
The first picture stamp is often taken to be the large Congo adhesive
bearing a view of the port of Matadi, whilst sometimes pride of place is
awarded to the Columbus ship stamp of the Argentine Republic. In reality
neither of these can claim the honour of being the forerunner of our
picture issues, an honour which rightly belongs to the early "Sydney
Views" of New South Wales. These latter stamps are extremely scarce, and
change ownership for from L5 to L10 a copy.
Turning now to the stamps of our Mother Country, the penny black may be
again mentioned as being the first adhesive to bear the head of Queen
Victoria. King Edward was first revealed to us philatelically by the
halfpenny, penny, twopence-halfpenny, and sixpenny values of Great
Britain--these four stamps being issued on the same day, January 1,
1902. King George's earliest stamp was the twopence-halfpenny label
issued by the Union of South Africa.