[Footnote 776: See _Ancient Monarchies_, i. 392.]
[Footnote 777: See Clermont-Ganneau, _Imagerie Phénicienne_, p. xiii.]
[Footnote 778: See Clermont-Ganneau, _Ima. Phénicienne_, Pls. ii. iv.
and vi. Compare Longpérier, _Musée Napoléon III._, Pl. x.; Di Cesnola,
_Cyprus_, p. 329; Pl. xix. opp. p. 276; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de
l’Art_, iii. 777, 789; Nos. 547 and 552.]
[Footnote 779: Clermont-Ganneau, Pl. i. at end of volume; Perrot et
Chipiez, iii. 759, No. 543.]
[Footnote 780: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, p. 8.]
[Footnote 781: Helbig, _Bullettino dell’ Instituto di Corrispondenza
archeologica_, 1876, p. 127.]
[Footnote 782: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, p. 8.]
[Footnote 783: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, pp. xi, xiii, and 18-39.]
[Footnote 784: Ibid. p. 151.]
[Footnote 785: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, pp. 150-156. It is fatal to M.
Clermont-Ganneau’s idea--1. That the hunter in the outer scene has no
dog; 2. That the dress of the charioteer is wholly unlike that of
the fugitive attacked by the dog; and 3. That M. Clermont-Ganneau’s
explanation accounts in no way for the medallion’s central and main
figure.]
[Footnote 786: “Les formes et les mouvements des chevaux sont indiqués
avec beaucoup du sûreté et de justesse” (ibid. p. 6).]
[Footnote 787: So Mr. C. W. King in his appendix to Di Cesnola’s
_Cyprus_, p. 387. He supports his view by Herod. vii. 69.]
[Footnote 788: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 632.]
[Footnote 789: Compare the cylinder of Darius Hystaspis (_Ancient
Monarchies_, iii. 227) and another engraved on the same page.]
[Footnote 790: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 635, note.]
[Footnote 791: _Proceedings of the Society of Bibl. Archæology_ for
1883--4, p. 16.]
[Footnote 792: See M. A. Di Cesnola’s _Salaminia_, Pls. xii. and xiii.]
[Footnote 793: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 639, No. 431.]
[Footnote 794: These fluttering ends of ribbon are very common in the
Persian representations. See _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 351.]
[Footnote 795: _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. pp. 203, 204, 208.]
[Footnote 796: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 630.]
[Footnote 797: Ibid. pp. 635-639. Green serpentine is the most usual
material (C. W. King, in Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, p. 387).]
[Footnote 798: King, in Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, p. 388.]
[Footnote 799: Pl. xxxvi. a.]
[Footnote 7100: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 277.]
[Footnote 7101: See De Vogüé’s _Mélanges d’Archéologie Orientale_, pl.
v.]
[Footnote 7102: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 631.]
[Footnote 7103: See Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, pl. xxvi. (top line).]
[Footnote 7104: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 645.]
[Footnote 7105: Ibid. p. 646.]
[Footnote 7106: De Vogüé, _Mélanges_, p. 111.]
[Footnote 7107: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 651.]
[Footnote 7108: Ibid. p. 652.]
[Footnote 7109: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xxxvi. fig. 8.]
[Footnote 7110: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 646.]
[Footnote 7111: Herod. vii. 61.]
[Footnote 7112: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xxxv. fig. a.]
[Footnote 7113: Herod. v. 113.]
[Footnote 7114: That of Canon Spano. (See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 655,
note 1.)]
[Footnote 7115: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 656, 657, Nos. 466, 467, 468.]
[Footnote 7116: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. p. 655.]
[Footnote 7117: Ibid. p. 656, Nos. 464, 465.]
[Footnote 7118: See the author’s _History of Ancient Egypt_, ii. 47, 54,
70.]
[Footnote 7119: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 657, 658, Nos. 471-476.]
[Footnote 7120: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 655:--“La couleur parait y avoir
été employée d’une manière discrète; elle servait à faire ressortir
certains détails.”]
[Footnote 7121: Ross, _Reisen auf den griechischen Inseln_, iv. 100.]
[Footnote 7122: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 666:--“On obtenait ainsi un
ensemble qui, malgré la rapidité du travail, ne manquait pas de gaieté,
d’harmonie et d’agrément.”]
[Footnote 7123: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 65, 71, 91, 181, &c.; and
Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 686, 691, 699, &c.]
[Footnote 7124: _Cyprus_, pl. xxix. (p. 333).]
[Footnote 7125: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 704.]
VIII--INDUSTRIAL ART AND MANUFACTURES
[Footnote 81: Ezek. xxvii. 18.]
[Footnote 82: Ibid. xxvii. 21.]
[Footnote 83: See Herod. ii. 182, and compare the note of Sir G.
Wilkinson on that passage in Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 272.]
[Footnote 84: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 246.]
[Footnote 85: Ibid.]
[Footnote 86: Hom. _Il._ vi. 289; _Od._ xv. 417; Æsch. _Suppl._ ll.
279-284; Lucan, _Phars._ x. 142, &c.]
[Footnote 87: Ex. xxvi. 36, xxviii. 39.]
[Footnote 88: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 877.]
[Footnote 89: Smyth, _Mediterranean Sea_, pp. 205-207.]
[Footnote 810: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 51.]
[Footnote 811: Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 103.]
[Footnote 812: See _Phil. Transactions_, xv. 1,280.]
[Footnote 813: Wilksinson, in Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 347.]
[Footnote 814: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 258.]
[Footnote 815: See Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_, i. 4, § 45.]
[Footnote 816: This is the case with almost all the refuse shells found
in the “kitchen middens” (as they have been called) on the Syrian coast.
See Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 103).]
[Footnote 817: See Réaumur, quoted by Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 256.]
[Footnote 818: Plin. _H. N._ ix. 38.]
[Footnote 819: See Grimaud de Caux’s paper in the _Revue de Zoologie_
for 1856, p. 34; and compare Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 102.]
[Footnote 820: Ibid.]
[Footnote 821: Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 127.]
[Footnote 822: Plin. _H. N._ xxxii. 22.]
[Footnote 823: Ibid. ix. 37-39.]
[Footnote 824: For the tints producible, see a paper by M.
Lacaze-Duthiers, in the _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_ for 1859,
Zoologie, 4me. série, xii. 1-84.]
[Footnote 825: Plin. _H. N._ ix. 41.]
[Footnote 826: Ibid. ix. 39:--“Cornelius Nepos, qui divi Augusti
principatu obiit. Me, inquit, juvene violacea purpura vigebat, cujus
libra denariis centum venibat.”]
[Footnote 827: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 242. Compare Pliny, _H. N._ ix.
38:--“Laus summa in colore sanguinis concreti.”]
[Footnote 828: _Hist. Nat._ xxxvi. 65.]
[Footnote 829: Wilkinson, in Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 82. Similar
representations occur in tombs near the Pyramids.]
[Footnote 830: Wilksinson, _Manners and Customs_, iii. 88.]
[Footnote 831: Herod. ii. 86-88.]
[Footnote 832: Plin. _H. N._ v 19; xxxvi. 26, &c.]
[Footnote 833: Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 113.]
[Footnote 834: Ibid. p. 127.]
[Footnote 835: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 735, note 2.]
[Footnote 836: Plin. _H. N._ xxxvi. 26.]
[Footnote 837: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 739.]
[Footnote 838: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii.
734-744.]
[Footnote 839: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histore de l’Art_, iii. pl. viii. No.
2 (opp. p. 740).]
[Footnote 840: Ibid. pl. vii. No. 1 (opp. p. 734).]
[Footnote 841: Herod. ii. 44.]
[Footnote 842: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 745, and pl.
x.]
[Footnote 843: Ibid.]
[Footnote 844: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 746, No. 534.]
[Footnote 845: Ibid. pp. 739, 740.]
[Footnote 846: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 740,
741.]
[Footnote 847: The British Museum has a mould which was found at
Camirus, intended to give shape to glass earrings. It is of a hard
greenish stone, apparently a sort of breccia.]
[Footnote 848: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 745.]
[Footnote 849: Strabo, iii. 5, § 11.]
[Footnote 850: Scylax, _Periplus_, § 112.]
[Footnote 851: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 669.
(Compare Renan _Mission de Phénicie_, pl. xxi.)]
[Footnote 852: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 670. The vase is figured on p.
670, No. 478.]
[Footnote 853: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 68. Compare Perrot et Chipiez,
_Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 671, No. 479.]
[Footnote 854: Perrot et Chipiez, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 855: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, appendix, p. 408.]
[Footnote 856: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 685, No. 485.]
[Footnote 857: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 102. Compare Perrot et Chipiez,
_Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 675, No. 483.]
[Footnote 858: So Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 332, and Mr. Murray, of the
British Museum, ibid., appendix, pp. 401, 402.]
[Footnote 859: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 693-695.]
[Footnote 860: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 394, 402, and pl. xlii. fig.
4.]
[Footnote 861: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 698.]
[Footnote 862: Ibid. p. 676, No. 484; p. 691, No. 496; and p. 697, No.
505.]
[Footnote 863: Ibid. p. 730.]
[Footnote 864: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 282, and pl. xxx.]
[Footnote 865: Ibid.]
[Footnote 866: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 866-868.
Compare Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. x.]
[Footnote 867: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 335, 336, and pls. iv. and
xxx.; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 831, 862, 863, &c.]
[Footnote 868: Di Cesnola, l.s.c.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 864.]
[Footnote 869: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xx.]
[Footnote 870: Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 15, 66-68, 70; Cesnola, _Cyprus_,
p. 203.]
[Footnote 871: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 870, 871.]
[Footnote 872: Ibid. p. 867, No. 633.]
[Footnote 873: Ibid. iv. 94.]
[Footnote 874: Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 94, No. 91.]
[Footnote 875: Ibid. p. 67, No. 53.]
[Footnote 876: Ibid. iii. 862, No. 629.]
[Footnote 877: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. p. 863.]
[Footnote 878: De Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 336.]
[Footnote 879: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 133, Nos. 80, 81.]
[Footnote 880: Di Cesnola, p. 335.]
[Footnote 881: See Ezek. xxvii. 12; Strab. iii. 2, § 8.]
[Footnote 882: Plutarch, _Vit. Alex. Magni_, § 32.]
[Footnote 883: Ceccaldi, _Monumens Antiques de Cyprus_, p. 138; Di
Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 282; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii.
874.]
[Footnote 884: Plutarch, _Vit. Demetrii_, § 21.]
[Footnote 885: Hom. _Il._ xi. 19-28.]
[Footnote 886: 2 Chron. ii. 14. Iron, in the shape of nails and rings,
has been found in several graves in Phoenicia Proper, where the coffin
seems to have been of wood (Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 866).]
[Footnote 887: Strab. iii. 5, § 11.]
[Footnote 888: Ezek. xxvii. 12.]
[Footnote 889: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iv. 80.]
[Footnote 890: Ibid. iii. 815, No. 568.]
[Footnote 891: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 427, and pl. lx. fig. 1;
Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 177, No. 123.]
IX--SHIPS, NAVIGATION, AND COMMERCE
[Footnote 91: Plin. _H. N._ vii. 56.]
[Footnote 92: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 517, No. 352.]
[Footnote 93: Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_, ii. 383.]
[Footnote 94: Compare the practice of the Egyptians (Rosellini,
_Monumenti Storici_, pl. cxxxi.)]
[Footnote 95: See Mionnet, _Déscript. de Médailles_, vol. vii. pl. lxi.
fig. 1; Gesenius, _Ling. Scripturæque Phoen. Monumenta_, pl. 36, fig. G;
Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_, ii. 378.]
[Footnote 96: Layard, _Monuments of Nineveh_, first series, pl. 71;
_Nineveh and its Remains_, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 97: So Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 34.]
[Footnote 98: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xlv.]
[Footnote 99: Herod. iii. 136.]
[Footnote 910: In later times there must have been more sails than one,
since Xenophon describes a Phoenician merchant ship as sailing by means
of a quantity of rigging, which implies _several_ sails (Xen. _OEconom._
§ 8).]
[Footnote 911: Scylax. _Periplus_, § 112.]
[Footnote 912: Thucyd. i. 13.]
[Footnote 913: Herod. l.s.c.]
[Footnote 914: See Herod. vii. 89-94.]
[Footnote 915: Ibid. vii. 44.]
[Footnote 916: Ibid. vii. 100.]
[Footnote 917: Xen. _OEconom._ § 8, pp. 11-16 (Ed. Schneider).]
[Footnote 918: Herodotus (iii. 37) says they were at the prow of the
ship; but Suidas (ad voc.) and Hesychius (ad voc.) place them at the
stern. Perhaps there was no fixed rule.]
[Footnote 919: The {pataikoi} of the Greeks probably representes the
Hebrew {...}, which is from {...}, “insculpere,” and is applied in
Scripture to “carved work” of any kind. (See 1 Kings vi. 29; Ps. lxxiv.
6; &c.) Some, however, derive the word from the Egyptian name Phthah, or
Ptah. (See Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 235.)]
[Footnote 920: Manilius, i. 304-308.]
[Footnote 921: Strab. _Geograph._ xv.]
[Footnote 922: Tarshish (Tartessus) was on the Atlantic coast, outside
the Straits.]
[Footnote 923: Ezek. xxvii.]
[Footnote 924: Signified by one of its chief cities, Haran (now
Harran).]
[Footnote 925: Signified by “the house of Togarmarh” (verse 14).]
[Footnote 926: Ionia, Cyprus, and Hellas are the Greek correspondents of
Javan, Chittim, and Elishah, Chittim representing Citium, the capital of
Cyprus.]
[Footnote 927: Spain is intended by “Tarshish” (verse 12) == Tartessus,
which was a name given by the Phoenicians to the tract upon the lower
Bætis (Guadalquivir).]
[Footnote 928: See the _Speaker’s Commentary_, ad loc.]
[Footnote 929: Strab. xv. 3, § 22.]
[Footnote 930: Minnith appears as an Ammonite city in the history of
Jephthah (Judg. xi. 33).]
[Footnote 931: Herod. ii. 37, 182; iii. 47.]
[Footnote 932: See Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 157; _History of Ancient
Egypt_, i. 509; Rosellini, _Mon. Civili_, pls. 107-109.]
[Footnote 933: See Herod. iii. 107; _History of Ancient Egypt_, ii.
222-224.]
[Footnote 934: That these were Arabian products appears from Herod. iii.
111, 112. They may be included in the “chief of all spices,” which Tyre
obtained from the merchants of Sheba and Raamah (Ezek. xxvii. 22).]
[Footnote 935: Arabia has no ebony trees, and can never have produced
elephants.]
[Footnote 936: See Ezek. xxvii. 23, 24. Canneh and Chilmad were probably
Babylonian towns.]
[Footnote 937: Upper Mesopotamia is indicated by one of its chief
cities, Haran (Ezek. xxvii. 23).]
[Footnote 938: Ezek. xxvii. 6. Many objects in ivory have been found in
Cyprus.]
[Footnote 939: Ibid. verse 7. The _Murex brandaris_ is still abundant on
the coast of Attica, and off the island of Salamis (Perrot et Chipiez,
_Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 881).]
[Footnote 940: Strab. iii. 2, § 8-12; Diod. Sic. v. 36; Plin. _H. N._
iii. 3.]
[Footnote 941: See Gen. xxxvii. 28.]
[Footnote 942: Isaiah xxi. 13.]
[Footnote 943: Ibid. lx. 6.]
[Footnote 944: Ibid. verses 6, 7.]
[Footnote 945: Heeren, _Asiatic Nations_, ii. 93, 100, 101.]
[Footnote 946: 1 Kings v. 11; 2 Chr. ii. 10.]
[Footnote 947: Ezek. xxvii. 17.]
[Footnote 948: Ezra iii. 7.]
[Footnote 949: Acts xii. 20.]
[Footnote 950: 2 Chron. l.s.c.; Ezra l.s.c.; Ezek. xxvii. 6, 17.]
[Footnote 951: Ezek. l.s.c.]
[Footnote 952: Gen. xxxvii. 28.]
[Footnote 953: Strab. xvi. 2, § 41.]
[Footnote 954: Ezek. xxvii. 18.]
[Footnote 955: Strab. xv. 3, § 22.]
[Footnote 956: So Heeren (_As. Nat._ ii. 118). But there is a Helbon a
little to the north of Damascus, which is more probably intended.]
[Footnote 957: Ibid.]
[Footnote 958: See Amos, iii. 12, where some translate “the children of
Israel that dwell in Samaria in the corner of a bed, and upon a damask
couch.”]
[Footnote 959: Ezek. xxvii. 16.]
[Footnote 960: The Hebrew terms for Syria {...} and Edom {...} are
constantly confounded by the copyists, and we must generally look to the
context to determine which is the true reading.]
[Footnote 961: Herod. i. 1.]
[Footnote 962: Ibid. ii. 112.]
[Footnote 963: Ch. xxvii. 7.]
[Footnote 964: Egyptian pottery, scarabs, seals, figures of gods, and
amulets, are common on most Phoenician sites. The Sidonian sarcophagi,
including that of Esmunazar, are of an Egyptian stone.]
[Footnote 965: Herod. iii. 5, 6.]
[Footnote 966: Ibid. iii. 107; Strab. xvi. 4, § 19; Diod. Sic. ii. 49.]
[Footnote 967: Theophrast. _Hist. Plant._ ix. 4.]
[Footnote 968: Wilkinson, in the author’s _Herodotus_, iii. 497, note 6;
Heeren, _As. Nat._ ii. 95.]
[Footnote 969: Is. lx. 7; Her. xlix. 29.]
[Footnote 970: Ezek. xxvii. 21.]
[Footnote 971: Ezek. xxvii. 20.]
[Footnote 972: Ex. xxvi. 7; xxxvi. 14.]
[Footnote 973: Ezek. xxvii. 15, 19-22.]
[Footnote 974: See Heeren, _Asiatic Nations_, ii. 96.]
[Footnote 975: Ibid. pp. 99, 100.]
[Footnote 976: Gerrha, Sanaa, and Mariaba were flourishing towns in
Strabo’s time, and probably during several centuries earlier.]
[Footnote 977: Ezek. xxvii. 23, 24.]
[Footnote 978: Herod. i. 1.]
[Footnote 979: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pls. xxxi.-xxxiii.; A. Di
Cesnola, _Salaminia_, ch. xii.; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_,
iii. 636-639.]
[Footnote 980: Layard, _Monuments of Nineveh_, 2nd series, pls. 57-67;
_Nineveh and Babylon_, pp. 183-187.]
[Footnote 981: Ezek. xxvii. 23.]
[Footnote 982: So Heeren translates (_As. Nat._ ii. 123).]
[Footnote 983: Ezek. xxvii. 14.]
[Footnote 984: Strab. xi. 14, § 9:--{’Estin ippobotos sphodra e khora}.]
[Footnote 985: Ibid.]
[Footnote 986: 1 Kings i. 33; Esth. viii. 10, 14.]
[Footnote 987: Ezek. xxvii. 13.]
[Footnote 988: Xen. _Anab._ iv. 1, § 6.]
[Footnote 989: Hom. _Od._ xv. 415-484; Herod. i. 1.]
[Footnote 990: Joel iii. 6.]
[Footnote 991: Ezek. xxvii. 13.]
[Footnote 992: Herod. v. 5.]
[Footnote 993: Herod. ii. 32.]
[Footnote 994: Ibid. iv. 183.]
[Footnote 995: Ibid.]
[Footnote 996: Ibid. iv. 181-184. Compare Heeren, _African Nations_, ii.
pp. 202-235.]
[Footnote 997: No doubt some of these may have been imparted by the
Cyprians themselves, and others introduced by the Egyptians when they
held Cyprus; but they are too numerous to be accounted for sufficiently
unless by a continuous Phoenician importation.]
[Footnote 998: Especially Etruria, which was advanced in civilisation
and the arts, while Rome was barely emerging from barbarism.]
[Footnote 999: 2 Chron. ii. 14.]
[Footnote 9100: Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_, ii. 204,
514; Gerhard, _Etruskische Spiegel_, passim.]
[Footnote 9101: Schliemann, _Mycenæ_, Pls. 357-519.]
[Footnote 9102: Ezek. xxvii. 12; Plin. _H. N._ xxxiv. 16; &c.]
[Footnote 9103: Strabo, iii. 5, § 11.]
[Footnote 9104: Ibid. In Roman times the pigs of tin were brought to the
Isle of Wight by the natives, thence transported across the Channel, and
conveyed through Gaul to the mouth of the Rhône (Diod. Sic. v. 22).]
[Footnote 9105: Heeren, _Asiatic Nations_, ii. 80.]
[Footnote 9106: Hom. _Od._ xv. 460. Some doubt, however, if amber is
here intended.]
[Footnote 9107: Scylax, _Periplus_, § 112.]
[Footnote 9108: Herod. iv. 196.]
[Footnote 9109: These forests (spoken of by Diodorus, v. 19) have now
to a great extent been cleared away, though some patches still remain,
especially in the more western islands of the group. The most remarkable
of the trees is the _Pinus canariensis_.]
[Footnote 9110: Pliny, _H. N._ vi. 32, sub fin.]
[Footnote 9111: Pliny, l.s.c. The breed is now extinct.]
[Footnote 9112: The savagery of the ancient inhabitants of the mainland
is strongly marked in the narrative of Hanno (_Periplus_, passim).]
[Footnote 9113: As Heeren (_As. Nat._ ii. 71, 75, 239).]
[Footnote 9114: Ezek. xxvii. 15, 20, 23.]
[Footnote 9115: See 1 Kings x. 22; 2 Chr. ix. 21.]
[Footnote 9116: 1 Kings ix. 26, 27.]
[Footnote 9117: Ibid. x. 11; 2 Chr. ix. 10.]
[Footnote 9118: Gen. x. 29. Compare Twistleton, in Dr. Smith’s
_Dictionary of the Bible_, vol. ii. ad voc. OPHIR.]
[Footnote 9119: Ps. lxxii. 15; Ezek. xxvii. 22; Strab. xvi. 4, § 18;
Diod. Sic. ii. 50.]
[Footnote 9120: Ezel. l.s.c.; Strab. xvi. 4, § 20.]
[Footnote 9121: There are no sufficient data for determining what tree
is intended by the almug or algum tree. The theory which identifies it
with the “sandal-wood” of India has respectable authority in its favour,
but cannot rise beyond the rank of a conjecture.]
[Footnote 9122: If Scylax of Cadyanda could sail, in the reign of Darius
Hystaspis, from the mouth of the Indus to the Gulf of Suez (Herod.
iv. 44), there could have been no great difficulty in the Phoenicians
accomplishing the same voyage in the opposite direction some centuries
earlier.]
X--MINING
[Footnote 101: Diod. Sic. v. 35, § 2.]
[Footnote 102: Brugsch, _History of Egypt_, i. 65; Birch, _Ancient
Egypt_, p. 65.]
[Footnote 103: Deut. viii. 7-9.]
[Footnote 104: Plin. _H. N._ xxxiv. 2:--“In Cypro proma æris inventio.”
The story went, that Cinryas, the Paphian king, who gave Agamemnon his
breastplate of steel, gold, and tin (Hom. _Il._ xii. 25), invented the
manufacture of copper, and also invented the tongs, the hammer, the
lever, and the anvil (Plin. _H. N._ vii. 56, § 195).]
[Footnote 105: Strab. xiv. 6, § 5; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {Tamasos}.]
[Footnote 106: See the _Dictionary of Gk. and Rom. Geography_, i. 729.]
[Footnote 107: Ross, _Inselnreise_, iv. 157, 161.]
[Footnote 108: Plin. _H. N._ l.s.c.]
[Footnote 109: Herod. vi. 47.]
[Footnote 1010: Plin. _H. N._ vi. 56; Strab. xiv. 5, § 28.]
[Footnote 1011: See the description of Thasos in the _Géographie
Universelle_, i. 142.]
[Footnote 1012: Herod. vii. 112; Aristot. _De Ausc. Mir._ § 42; Thuc.
iv. 105; Diod. Sic. xvi. 8; App. _Bell. Civ._ iv. 105; Justin, viii. 3;
Plin. _H. N._ vii. 56, &c.]
[Footnote 1013: Col. Leake speaks of _one_ silver mine as still being
worked (_Northern Greece_, iii. 161).]
[Footnote 1014: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iv. 99.]
[Footnote 1015: Ibid. p. 100, note.]
[Footnote 1016: Plin. _H. N._ xxxiii. 4, § 21.]
[Footnote 1017: Ibid. xxxiii. 4, § 23.]
[Footnote 1018: Diod. Sic. v. 35, § 1.]
[Footnote 1019: Plin. _H. N._ xxxiii. 6, § 31.]
[Footnote 1020: Ibid. § 96.]
[Footnote 1021: Strab. iii. 2, § 8; Diod. Sic. v. 36, § 2.]
[Footnote 1022: Ap. Strab. iii. 2, § 9. Compare Diod. Sic. v. 38, § 4.]
[Footnote 1023: Strab. l.s.c.]
[Footnote 1024: Plin. _H. N._ xxxiv. 16, § 156.]
[Footnote 1025: Plin. _H. N._ xxxiv. 16, § 158 and § 165.]
[Footnote 1026: Polyb. xxxiv. 5, § 11; Plin. _H. N._ xxxiv. 16, § 158.]
[Footnote 1027: Plin. xxxiv. 18, § 173.]
[Footnote 1028: Ibid. § 159.]
[Footnote 1029: Ibid. xxxiv. 17, § 164.]
[Footnote 1030: Quicksilver is still among the products of the Spanish
mines, where its presence is noted by Pliny (_H. N._ xxxiii. 6, § 99).]
[Footnote 1031: Diod. Sic. v. 36, § 2.]
[Footnote 1032: Ibid. {Kai plagias kai skolias diaduseis poikilos
metallourgountes}.]
[Footnote 1033: Pliny says “flint,” but this can scarcely have been the
material. (See Plin. _H. N._ xxxiii. 4, § 71.)]
[Footnote 1034: Ibid. § 70.]
[Footnote 1035: Ibid. § 73.]
[Footnote 1036: Diod. Sic. v. 37, § 3.]
[Footnote 1037: Diod. Sic. v. 37, § 3. Compare Strab. iii. 2, § 9.]
[Footnote 1038: Plin. _H. N._ xxxiii. 4, § 69.]
[Footnote 1039: Ibid.]
[Footnote 1040: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 263.]
[Footnote 1041: Diod. Soc. v. 38, § 1.]
[Footnote 1042: Kenrick thinks that the Carthaginians “introduced the
practice of working the mines by slave labour” (_Phoenicia_, l.s.c.); but
to me the probability appears to be the other way.]
[Footnote 1043: See Wilkinson, in the author’s _Herodotus_, ii. 504.]
[Footnote 1044: Herod. iii. 96.]
XI--RELIGION
[Footnote 0111: Renan, _Histoire des Langues Sémitiques_, p. 5.]
[Footnote 0112: Ithobal, father of Jezebel, was High Priest of Ashtoreth
(Menand. Ephes. Fr. 1). Amastarte, the mother of Esmunazar II. (_Records
of the Past_, ix. 113) was priestess of the same deity.]
[Footnote 0113: As figures of Melkarth, or Esmun, or dedications to Baal,
as lord of the particular city issuing it.]
[Footnote 0114: Herod. iii. 37.]
[Footnote 0115: For the fragments of the work which remain, see the
_Fragmenta Historicum Græcorum_ of C. Müller, iii. 561-571. Its value
has been much disputed, but seems to the present writer only slight.]
[Footnote 0116: Compare Max Müller, _Science of Religion_, p. 177 et
seqq.]
[Footnote 0117: Gen. xiv. 18-22.]
[Footnote 0118: Philo Bybl. Fr. 1, § 5.]
[Footnote 0119: _Records of the Past_, iv. 109, 113.]
[Footnote 1110: Gen. vi. 5.]
[Footnote 1111: Ps. cxxxix. 2.]
[Footnote 1112: Max Müller, _Chips from a German Workshop_, i. 28.]
[Footnote 1113: Philo Bybl. Fr. 1, § 5. Compare the _Corpus Ins. Semit._
vol. i. p. 29.]
[Footnote 1114: See Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pl. xxxii.; Gesenius,
_Linguæ Scripturæque Phoeniciæ Monumenta_, Tab. xxi.]
[Footnote 1115: 2 Kings xxiii. 5. Compare verse 11.]
[Footnote 1116: Gesenius, _Monumenta Phoenicia_, p. 96.]
[Footnote 1117: Ibid. pp. 276-278.]
[Footnote 1118: See Döllinger’s _Judenthum und Heidenthum_, i. 425; E.
T.]
[Footnote 1119: Döllinger, _Judenthum und Heidenthum_, i. 425, E. T.
Compare Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ Tab. xxiii.]
[Footnote 1120: Herod. ii. 44; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii.
77.]
[Footnote 1121: Judg. ii. 11; iii. 7; x. 6, &c.]
[Footnote 1122: 2 Kings i. 2.]
[Footnote 1123: Strab. iii. 5, § 5.]
[Footnote 1124: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iv. 113.]
[Footnote 1125: 2 Kings iii. 2.]
[Footnote 1126: See the representation in Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de
l’Art_, iii. 73.]
[Footnote 1127: Döllinger, _Judenthum und Heidenthum_, i. 427.]
[Footnote 1128: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 77.]
[Footnote 1129: Gen. xiv. 5.]
[Footnote 1130: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 419, 450, 555, &c.]
[Footnote 1131: Ibid. p. 554.]
[Footnote 1132: Curtius, in the _Archäologische Zeitung_ for 1869, p.
63.]
[Footnote 1133: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 303.]
[Footnote 1134: Menand. Ephes. Fr. 1.]
[Footnote 1135: See Philo Bybl. Fe. ii. 8, § 14; {’Ilon ton kai Kronon}.
Damascius ap. Phot. _Bibl._ p. 1050.]
[Footnote 1136: Philo. Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 17.]
[Footnote 1137: Diod. Sic. xx. 14.]
[Footnote 1138: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 25.]
[Footnote 1139: Ibid. Fr. iv.]
[Footnote 1140: Ibid. Fr. ii. 8, § 14-19.]
[Footnote 1141: _Karth_ or _Kartha_, is probably the root of Carthage,
Carthagena, Carteia, &c., as Kiriath is of Kiriathaim, Kiriath-arba,
Kiriath-arim, &c.]
[Footnote 1142: Melicertes is the son of Demaroüs and the grandson of
Uranus; Baal-samin is a god who stands alone, “without father, without
mother, without descent.”]
[Footnote 1143: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 567, 577,
578; Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ Tab. xxxvii. I.]
[Footnote 1144: Herod. ii. 44.]
[Footnote 1145: Ibid.]
[Footnote 1146: Strab. iii. 5, § 4-6.]
[Footnote 1147: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 575.]
[Footnote 1148: Ibid. p. 574.]
[Footnote 1149: Strab. iii. 5, § 5.]
[Footnote 1150: Sil. Ital. iii. 18-20.]
[Footnote 1151: Ibid. iii. 21-27.]
[Footnote 1152: 1 Sam. v. 2-5; 1 Mac. x. 18.]
[Footnote 1153: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 14.]
[Footnote 1154: Ibid. § 20.]
[Footnote 1155: Layard, _Ninev. and Bab._ p. 343; Kenrick, _Phoenicia_,
p. 323.]
[Footnote 1156: See 2 Sam. viii. 3, and 1 Kings xv. 18, where the names
Hadad-ezer and Ben-hadad suggest at any rate the worship of Hadad.]
[Footnote 1157: Macrob. _Saturnalia_, i. 23.]
[Footnote 1158: So Macrobius, l.s.c. Compare the representations of
the Egyptian Sun-God, Aten, in the sculpures of Amenhotep IV. (See the
_Story of Egypt_, in G. Putnam’s Series, p. 225.)]
[Footnote 1159: The _h_ in “Hadad” is _he_ ({...}), but in _chad_ it is
_heth_ ({...}). The derivation also leaves the reduplication of the
[Footnote 1160: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 24, § 1.]
[Footnote 1161: Zech. xii. 11.]
[Footnote 1162: 1 Kings i. 18; 2 Kings v. 18.]
[Footnote 1163: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 311.]
[Footnote 1164: Ezek. viii. 14.]
[Footnote 1165: The Adonis myth is most completely set forth by the
Pseudo-Lucian, _De Dea Syra_, § 6-8.]
[Footnote 1166: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 11.]
[Footnote 1167: Ibid.]
[Footnote 1168: “King of Righteousness” and “Lord of Righteousness” are
the interpretations usually given; but “Zedek is my King” and “Zedek is
my Lord” would be at least equally admissible.]
[Footnote 1169: Berytus was under the protection of the Cabeiri
generally (Philo Bybl. ii. 8, § 25) and of Esmun in particular. Kenrick
says that he had a temple there (_Phoenicia_, p. 327).]
[Footnote 1170: Cyprian inscriptions contain the names of Bar-Esmun,
Abd-Esmun, and Esmun-nathan; Sidonian ones those of two Esmun-azars.
Esmun’s temple at Carthage was celebrated (Strab. xvii. 14; Appian,
viii. 130). His worship in Sardinia is shown by votive offerings (Perrot
et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 308).]
[Footnote 1171: Ap. Phot. _Bibliothec._ Cod. ccxlii. p. 1074.]
[Footnote 1172: Pausan. viii. 23.]
[Footnote 1173: The name _Astresmunim_, “herb of Esmun,” given by
Dioscorides (iv. 71) to the _solanum_, which was regarded as having
medicinal qualities, is the nearest approach to a proof that the
Phoenicians themselves connected Esmun with the healing art.]
[Footnote 1174: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 11.]
[Footnote 1175: Herod. ii. 51; Kenrick, _Egypt_, Appendix, pp. 264-287.]
[Footnote 1176: Philo Bybl. l.s.c.]
[Footnote 1177: Herod. iii. 37; Suidas ad voc. {pataikos}; Hesych. ad
voc. {Kabeiroi}.]
[Footnote 1178: Strab. x. 3, § 7.]
[Footnote 1179: Gen. ix. 22; x. 6. Compare the author’s _Herodotus_, iv.
239-241.]
[Footnote 1180: Herod. iii. 37.]
[Footnote 1181: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 65, 78, &c.]
[Footnote 1182: Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ Tab. xxxix.]
[Footnote 1183: Berger, _La Phénicie_, p. 24; Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
70.]
[Footnote 1184: Pausan. ix. 12; Nonnus, _Dionysiac._ v. 70; Steph. Byz.
ad voc. {’Ogkaiai}; Hesych. ad voc. {’Ogka}; Scholiast. ad Pind. _Ol._
ii. &c.]
[Footnote 1185: As Stephen and Hesychius.]
[Footnote 1186: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. § 24.]
[Footnote 1187: The “Oncæan” gate at Thebes is said to have taken its
name from her.]
[Footnote 1188: Gesen. _Mon. Phoen_. p. 113.]
[Footnote 1189: Ibid. pp. 168-177.]
[Footnote 1190: Prosper, _Op._ iii. 38; Augustine, _De Civ. Dei_, ii.
3.]
[Footnote 1191: Gesen. _Mon. Ph._ Tab. ix.]
[Footnote 1192: Ibid. p. 168.]
[Footnote 1193: Apul. _Metamorph._ xi. 257.]
[Footnote 1194: Gesen. _Mon. Ph._ Tab. xvi.]
[Footnote 1195: Ibid. pp. 115-118.]
[Footnote 1196: See the author’s _History of Ancient Egypt_, i. 400.]
[Footnote 1197: See the Fragments of Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 19.]
[Footnote 1198: Ibid. § 25.]
[Footnote 1199: See Sir H. Rawlinson’s _Essay on the Religion of the
Babylonians and Assyrians_, in the author’s _Herodotus_, i. 658.]
[Footnote 11100: So Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ p. 402; Kenrick, _Phoenicia_,
p. 301, and others.]
[Footnote 11101: There seems also to have been a tendency to increase
the number of the gods by additions, of which the foreign origin is,
at any rate, “not proven.” Among the deities brought into notice by the
later Phoenicians are--1. Zephon, an equivalent of the Egyptian Typhon,
but probably a god of Phoenician origin (Ex. xiv. 2); 2. Sad or Tsad,
sometimes apparently called Tsadam; 3. Sakon or Askun, a name which
forms perhaps the first element in Sanchon-iathon (= Sakon-yithan); 4.
Elat, a goddess, a female form of El, perhaps equivalent to the Arabian
Alitta (Herod. i. 131) or Alilat (ibid. iii. 8); 5. ‘Aziz, a god who was
perhaps common to the Phoenicians with the Syrians, since Azizus is said
to have been “the Syrian Mars;” and 6. Pa’am {...}, a god otherwise
unknown. (See the _Corpus Inscr. Semit._ i. 122, 129, 132, 133, 144,
161, 197, 333, 404, &c.)]
[Footnote 11102: Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ pp. 96, 110, &c.; _Corpus Ins.
Semit._ Fasc. ii. pp. 154, 155.]
[Footnote 11103: Ibid. p. 99 and Tab. xl. A.]
[Footnote 11104: Steph. Byz. ad voc. {’Amathous}.]
[Footnote 11105: Lucian, _De Dea Syra_, § 7.]
[Footnote 11106: Plut. _De Is. et Osir._ § 15, 16; Steph. Byz. l.s.c.;
Gesen. _Mon. Phoen._ pp. 96, 110.]
[Footnote 11107: Gesen. _Mon. Phoen._ Tab. xxi.]
[Footnote 11108: Ibid. pp. 168, 174, 175, 177.]
[Footnote 11109: Ibid. Tab. xxi.]
[Footnote 11110: Ibid. pp. 197, 202, 205.]
[Footnote 11111: Ibid. Tab. xxi. and Tab. xxiii.]
[Footnote 11112: Lucian, _De Dea Syria_, § 54.]
[Footnote 11113: Clermont-Ganneau, in the _Journal Asiatique_, Série
vii. vol. xi. 232, 444.]
[Footnote 11114: Lucian, § 42.]
[Footnote 11115: Ibid. Compare the 450 prophets of Baal at Samaria (1
Kings xviii. 19).]
[Footnote 11116: Lucian, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 11117: Ibid. Lucian’s direct testimony is conined to
Hierapolis, but his whole account seems to imply the closest possible
connection between the Syrian and Phoenician religious usages.]
[Footnote 11118: Lucian, § 49.]
[Footnote 11119: Lucian, § 50: {’Aeidousi enthea kai ira asmata}.]
[Footnote 11120: Gesenius, _Scripturæ Linguæque Phoeniciæ Monumenta_,
Tab. 6, 9, 10, &c.; _Corp. Ins. Semit._ Tab. ix. 52; xxii. 116, 117;
xxiii. 115 A, &c.]
[Footnote 11121: Gesen. Tab. 15, 16, 17, 21, &c.; _Corp. Ins. Semit._
Tab. xliii. 187, 240; liv. 352, 365, 367, 369, &c.]
[Footnote 11122: _Revue Archéologique_, 2me Série, xxxvii. 323.]
[Footnote 11123: Jarchi on Jerem. vii. 31.]
[Footnote 11124: Diod. Sic. xx. 14.]
[Footnote 11125: 2 Kings iii. 27; xvi. 3; xxi. 6; Micah vi. 7.]
[Footnote 11126: Plutarch, _De Superstitione_, § 13.]
[Footnote 11127: Döllinger, _Judenthum und Heidenthum_, i. 427, E. T.]
[Footnote 11128: _Judenthum und Heidenthum_, book vi. § 4 (i. 428, 429
of N. Darnell’s translation).]
[Footnote 11129: Herod. i. 199; Strab. xvi. 1058; Baruch vi. 43.]
[Footnote 11130: _De Dea Syra_, § 6.]
[Footnote 11131: _Judenthum und Heidenthum_, l.s.c. p. 429; Engl.
Trans.]
[Footnote 11132: Euseb. _Vit. Constantin. Magni_, iii. 55, § 3.]
[Footnote 11133: See 1 Kings xiv. 24; xv. 12; xxii. 46; 2 Kings xxiii.
7.]
[Footnote 11134: Lucian, _De Dea Syra_, § 50-52; _Corp. Ins. Semit._
vol. i. Fasc. 1, p. 92; Liv. xxix. 10, 14; xxxvi. 36; Juv. vi. 512; Ov.
_Fast._ iv. 237; Mart. _Ep._ iii. 31; xi. 74; Plin. _H. N._ v. 32; xi.
49; xxxv. 13; Propert. ii. 18, l. 15; Herodian, § 11.]
[Footnote 11135: Lucian, § 51.]
[Footnote 11136: Ibid. § 50.]
[Footnote 11137: Döllinger, _Judenthum und Heidenthum_ (i. 431; Engl.
Tr.). Compare Senec. _De Vita Beata_, § 27; Lact. § 121.]
[Footnote 11138: Liban. _Opera_, xi. 456, 555; cxi. 333.]
[Footnote 11139: Compare Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_,
iii. 210, 232, 233, 236; Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 66, 67, &c. In the
anthropoeid sarcophagi, a hole is generally bored from the cavity of
the ear right through the entire thickness of the stone, in order,
apparently, that the corpse might hear the prayers addressed to it
(Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 139).]
[Footnote 11140: One of Esmunazar’s curses on those who should disturb
his remains is a prayer that they may not be “held in honour among
the Manes” (_Corps. Ins. Semit._ vol. i. Fasc. 1, p. 9). A funereal
inscription translated by Gesenius (_Mon. Phoen._ p. 147) ends with the
words, “After rain the sun shines forth.”]
[Footnote 11141: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 139.]
[Footnote 11142: Job iii. 11-19.]
[Footnote 11143: The compilers of the _Corpus Ins. Smit._ edit 256 of
these, and then stop, fearing to weary the reader (i. 449).]
[Footnote 11144: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 325.]
[Footnote 11145: Ibid. p. 146.]
[Footnote 11146: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 306-334.]
XII--DRESS, ORNAMENTS, AND SOCIAL HABITS
[Footnote 0121: See also Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 233; Perrot et Chipiez,
_Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 405, 447, 515, &c.]
[Footnote 0122: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 428, 527, 531, 533, 534, &c.]
[Footnote 0123: Ibid. pp. 527, 545; Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 145.]
[Footnote 0124: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 538.]
[Footnote 0125: Ibid. pp. 539, 547; Di Cesnola, pp. 143, 145, 149, 151,
&c.]
[Footnote 0126: Di Cesnola, pp. 141, 145, 149, 151, 153, 240, 344.]
[Footnote 0127: Ibid. pp. 141, 143, 149; Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 511, 513,
531, &c.]
[Footnote 0128: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 519, 523, &c.]
[Footnote 0129: Ibid. pp. 531, 533; Di Cesnola, pp. 129, 131, &c.]
[Footnote 1210: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 527, 533, 539; Di Cesnola, pp.
129, 145, 154.]
[Footnote 1211: Di Cesnola, p. 306.]
[Footnote 1212: Ibid. Pls. xlvi. and xlvii.; Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 205,
643, 837.]
[Footnote 1213: Di Cesnola, p. 132.]
[Footnote 1214: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 64, 450, 555, 557; Di Cesnola,
Pls vi. and xv.; also p. 275.]
[Footnote 1215: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 431.]
[Footnote 1216: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 202, 451, 554.]
[Footnote 1217: Ibid. pp. 473, 549; Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 230.]
[Footnote 1218: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 549.]
[Footnote 1219: Ibid. pp. 189, 549, 565.]
[Footnote 1220: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, 141, 190, 230.]
[Footnote 1221: Ibid. pp. 141, 191.]
[Footnote 1222: Ibid. p. 141.]
[Footnote 1223: Is. iii. 18-23.]
[Footnote 1224: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 257, 450, 542, 563, 824.]
[Footnote 1225: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xxiii.; Perrot et Chipiez,
_Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 819, A.]
[Footnote 1226: Di Cesnola, pl. xxii.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 819, B.]
[Footnote 1227: Di Cesnola, p. 315.]
[Footnote 1228: See plate x. in Perrot et Chipiez, iii. opp. p. 824.]
[Footnote 1229: Ibid. pp. 826, 827.]
[Footnote 1230: Compare Di Cesnola, pl. xxv.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
826.]
[Footnote 1231: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 826.]
[Footnote 1232: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 311.]
[Footnote 1233: Ibid. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, p. 832.]
[Footnote 1234: These bracelets are in Paris, in the collection of M. de
Clercq (Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 832).]
[Footnote 1235: Ibid.]
[Footnote 1236: This bracelet is in silver, but the head of the lion has
been gilded. It is now in the British Museum.]
[Footnote 1237: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 836; No. 604.]
[Footnote 1238: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 311, 312.]
[Footnote 1239: Ibid. p. 312. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, p. 835.]
[Footnote 1240: Perrot et Chipiez, l.s.c. (No. 603.)]
[Footnote 1241: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 818: “Il y a dans les formes de
ces boucles d’orielles une étonnante variété.”]
[Footnote 1242: See his _Cyprus_, pl. xxv., and compare Perrot et
Chipiez, iii. 819, fig. D.]
[Footnote 1243: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 821; No. 577.]
[Footnote 1244: Ibid. Nos. 578, 579.]
[Footnote 1245: Di Cesnola, pl. xxvi.]
[Footnote 1246: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 823.]
[Footnote 1247: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 822; No. 582.]
[Footnote 1248: Ibid. pp. 821, 822. Compare Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p.
297, and pl. xxvii.]
[Footnote 1249: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 823.]
[Footnote 1250: Di Cesnola, p. 310; Perrot et Chipiez, p. 818; No. 574.]
[Footnote 1251: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 818; No. 575.]
[Footnote 1252: Di Cesnola, pl. xxviii.]
[Footnote 1253: Ibid. pl. xxi.]
[Footnote 1254: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 830, 831.]
[Footnote 1255: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 831; No. 595.]
[Footnote 1256: Di Csnola, p. 316.]
[Footnote 1257: Ibid. pl. xxi (opp. p. 312).]
[Footnote 1258: Ibid. pl. xxx.]
[Footnote 1259: Ibid. pl. ix.]
[Footnote 1260: Compare Di Cesnola, p. 149.]
[Footnote 1261: Ibid. pl. x.]
[Footnote 1262: Ibid. p. 77; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 783.]
[Footnote 1263: Di Cesnola, p. 149.]
[Footnote 1264: Ibid. pl. xiv.]
[Footnote 1265: Ibid. pl. x.]
[Footnote 1266: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 769, 771, 789.]
[Footnote 1267: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 798.]
[Footnote 1268: C. W. King, in Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, pp. 363, 364.]
[Footnote 1269: Mr. King says of it: “No piece of antique worked agate
hitherto known equals in magnitude and curiosity the ornament discovered
among the bronze and iron articles of the treasure. It is a sphere about
six inches in diameter, black irregularly veined with white, having the
exterior vertically scored with incised lines, imitating, as it were,
the gadroons of a melon” (ibid. p. 363).]
[Footnote 1270: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, Pls. xii. xiii.; Di
Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pls. iv. and xxx.; and pp. 335, 336.]
[Footnote 1271: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 846-853.]
[Footnote 1272: 1 Kings xxii. 39.]
XIII--PHOENICIAN WRITING, LANGUAGE, AND LITERATURE
[Footnote 0131: This follows from the fact that the Greeks, who tell us
that they got their letters from the Phoenicians, gave them names only
slightly modified from the Hebrew.]
[Footnote 0132: See Dr. Ginsburg’s _Moabite Stone_, published in 1870.]
[Footnote 0133: See _Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration
Fund_ for October 1881, pp. 285-287.]
[Footnote 0134: _Corp. Ins. Semit._ i. 224-226.]
[Footnote 0135: Herod. v. 58; Diod. Sic. v. 24; Plin. _H. N._ v. 12; vii.
56; Tacit. _Ann._ xi. 14; Euseb. _Chron. Can._ i. 13; &c.]
[Footnote 0136: Capt. Conder, in the _Quarterly Statement of the
Palestine Exploration Fund_, Jan. 1889, p. 17.]
[Footnote 0137: _Encycl. Britann._ i. 600 and 606.]
[Footnote 0138: Conder, in _Quarterly Statement_, &c. l.s.c.]
[Footnote 0139: See Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ Tab. 19 and 20.]
[Footnote 1310: See the _Corpus Ins. Semit._ i. 3, 30, 73, &c.;
Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ Tab. 29-33.]
[Footnote 1311: See on this entire subject Gesenius, _Scripturæ
Linguæque Phoeniciæ Monumenta_, pp. 437-445; Movers, article on
_Phoenizien_ in the _Cyclopädie_ of Ersch and Gruber; Renan, _Histoire
des Langues Sémitiques_, pp. 189-192.]
[Footnote 1312: Renan, _Histoire_, &c., p. 186.]
[Footnote 1313: Philo Byblius, Fr. i.]
[Footnote 1314: Philo Byblius, Fr. ii. § 5-8.]
[Footnote 1315: Ibid. Fr. v.]
[Footnote 1316: _The Voyage of Hanno translated, and accompanied with
the Greek Text_, by Thomas Falconer, M.A., London, 1797.]
[Footnote 1317: Quoted by Falconer in his second “Dissertation,” p. 67.]
[Footnote 1318: See the _Histoire des Langues Sémitiques_ (p.
186):--“Les monuments épigraphiques viennent heureusement combler en
partie cette lacune.”]
[Footnote 1319: See the _Corpus Inscr. Semit._ i. 13.]
[Footnote 1320: _Corpus Inscr. Semit._ i. 20.]
[Footnote 1321: _Story of Phoenicia_, p. 269.]
[Footnote 1322: On the age of Jehavmelek, see M. Renan’s remarks in the
_Corpus Inscriptionum Semit._ i. 8.]
[Footnote 1323: Ibid. p. 3.]
[Footnote 1324: I have followed the translation of M. Renan (_Corp. Ins.
Semit._ i. 8).]
[Footnote 1325: See the _Corpus Inscr. Semit._ i. 226-236.]
[Footnote 1326: See the _Corp. Inscr. Sem._ i. 30-32.]
[Footnote 1327: Gesenius, _Script. Linguæque Phoen. Monumenta_, p. 177.]
[Footnote 1328: Ibid. p. 96.]
[Footnote 1329: See the _Corpus Inscr. Semit._ i. 36-39.]
[Footnote 1330: Ibid. pp. 110-112.]
[Footnote 1331: Ibid. p. 69.]
[Footnote 1332: Ibid. p. 76.]
[Footnote 1333: See the _Corpus Inscr. Semit._ pp. 67, 68.]
[Footnote 1334: Gesenius, _Scripturæ Linguæque Phoen. Mon._ p. 144.]
[Footnote 1335: Ibid. p. 147.]
[Footnote 1336: Ibid. p. 187.]
[Footnote 1337: See the fragments of Dius and Menander, who followed the
Tyrian historians (Joseph. _Contr. Ap._ i. 18).]
[Footnote 1338: Ap. Strab. xvii. 2, § 22.]
[Footnote 1339: Ibid.]
[Footnote 1340: See Sallust, _Bell. Jugurth._ § 17; Cic. _De Orat._ i.
58; Amm. Marc. xxii. 15; Solin. _Polyhist._ § 34.]
[Footnote 1341: Columella, xii. 4.]
[Footnote 1342: Ibid. i. 1, § 6.]
[Footnote 1343: Plin. _H. N._ xviii. 3.]
[Footnote 1344: As Antipater and Apollonius, Stoic philosophers of Tyre
(Strab. l.s.c.), Boëthus and Diodotus, Peripatetics, of Sidon (ibid.),
Philo of Byblus, Hermippus of Berytus, and others.]
XIV--POLITICAL HISTORY
[Footnote 0141: Gen. x. 15-18.]
[Footnote 0142: “Canaanite” is used in a much wider sence, including all
the Syrian nations between the coast line and the desert.]
[Footnote 0143: Mark vii. 26.]
[Footnote 0144: Ezra iii. 7.]
[Footnote 0145: 1 Kings v. 18 (marginal rendering).]
[Footnote 0146: Ezek. xxvii. 11.]
[Footnote 0147: Gen. x. 17, 18.]
[Footnote 0148: Judg. i. 31.]
[Footnote 0149: Brugsch, _Hist. of Egypt_, i. 222, et seq.]
[Footnote 1410: See _Records of the Past_, ii. 110, 111.]
[Footnote 1411: Josh. xi. 8; xix. 28.]
[Footnote 1412: Judg. xviii. 7, 8.]
[Footnote 1413: Ibid. i. 31.]
[Footnote 1414: Ramantha (Laodicea) in later times claimed the rank of
“Metropolis,” which implied a supremacy over other cities; but the real
chief power of the north was Aradus.]
[Footnote 1415: Hom. _Il._ xxiii. 743.]
[Footnote 1416: Ibid. 743-748.]
[Footnote 1417: Hom. _Od._ iv. 613-619.]
[Footnote 1418: Ibid. xv. 460 (Worsley’s translation).]
[Footnote 1419: Hom. _Il._ vi. 290-295 (Sotheby’s translation).]
[Footnote 1420: Scylax, _Periplus_, § 104.]
[Footnote 1421: Cl. Julius, quoted by Stephen of Byzantium, ad voc.
{DOROS}.]
[Footnote 1422: Justin, _Hist. Philipp._ xviii. 3.]
[Footnote 1423: Strab. xvi. ii. § 13.]
[Footnote 1424: Appian, _De Rebus Punicus_, § 1, &c.]
[Footnote 1425: Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ p. 267.]
[Footnote 1426: The Sidonian vessel which carries off Eumæus quits the
Sicilian haven after sunset, and continues its voyage night and day
without stopping--{’Exemar men onos pleomen nuktas te kai e mar} (Hom.
_Od._ xv. 471-476).]
[Footnote 1427: Strabo, xvi. 2, § 24.]
[Footnote 1428: Ibid.]
[Footnote 1429: Manilius, i. 304-309.]
[Footnote 1430: Herod. i. 1.]
[Footnote 1431: See Hom. _Odyss._ xv. 455.]
[Footnote 1432: Herod. l.s.c.]
[Footnote 1433: Hom. _Odyss._ xv. 403-484.]
[Footnote 1434: Strabo, xvi. 2, § 14.]
[Footnote 1435: We find hereditary monarchy among the Hittites (_Records
of the Past_, iv. 28), at Tyre (Menand. ap. Joseph. _Contr. Ap._ i. 18),
in Moab (_Records_, xi. 167), in Judah and Israel, in Syria (2 Kings,
xiii. 24), in Ammon (2 Sam. x. 1), &c.]
[Footnote 1436: 1 Sam. viii. 20.]
[Footnote 1437: When kings are priests, it is noted as exceptional. (See
Menand. l.s.c.; _Inscription of Tabnit_, line 1.)]
[Footnote 1438: Judg. x. 12.]
[Footnote 1439: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 343.]
[Footnote 1440: Josh. xix. 29.]
[Footnote 1441: _Records of the Past_, ii. 111.]
[Footnote 1442: Justin, _Hist. Phil._ xviii. 3.]
[Footnote 1443: Claudian, _Bell. Gild._ l. 120.]
[Footnote 1444: Solinus, _Polyhist._ § 29; Plin. _H. N._ v. 76.]
[Footnote 1445: Herod. i. 1 ({nautiliai makrai}).]
[Footnote 1446: Maspero, _Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient_, p.
321.]
[Footnote 1447: See the fragments of Philo Byblius, passim.]
[Footnote 1448: Euseb. _Præp. Ev_. x. 9, § 12.]
[Footnote 1449: Tatian, _Adv. Græc._ § 58.]
[Footnote 1450: Cinyras and Belus are both connected with Cyprus as
kings. The Assyrians found kings there in all the cities (G. Smith,
_Eponym Canon._ p. 139). So the Persians (Herod. v. 104-110).]
[Footnote 1451: Dius, Fr. 2; Menand. Fr. 1.]
[Footnote 1452: Justin (xviii. 3) is scarcely an exception.]
[Footnote 1453: See the fragments of Dius and Menander above cited.]
[Footnote 1454: 1 Chr. xiv. 1.]
[Footnote 1455: 2 Sam. vii. 2.]
[Footnote 1456: 1 Chr. xxii. 4.]
[Footnote 1457: 1 Kings v. 1.]
[Footnote 1458: Joseph, _Ant. Jud._ viii. 2, § 6; 1 Kings, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 1459: Ibid. viii. 2, § 8.]
[Footnote 1460: See Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ viii. 2, § 7, and compare the
letters with their Hebrew counterparts in 1 Kings v. 3-6 and 7-9.]
[Footnote 1461: 1 Kings v. 10-12.]
[Footnote 1462: Ezek. xxvii. 17; Acts xii. 20.]
[Footnote 1463: Menander, Fr. 1.]
[Footnote 1464: 1 Kings v. 15, 18; 2 Chr. ii. 18.]
[Footnote 1465: 1 Kings v. 17, 18.]
[Footnote 1466: Ibid. vi. 18, 29.]
[Footnote 1467: Ibid. verses 23-28.]
[Footnote 1468: Ibid. verse 35.]
[Footnote 1469: 2 Chron. iii. 14.]
[Footnote 1470: Ibid. ii. 14.]
[Footnote 1471: 1 Kings vii. 13.]
[Footnote 1472: 1 Kings vii. 14; 2 Chron. ii. 14.]
[Footnote 1473: 1 Kings vii. 46.]
[Footnote 1474: Menander, Fr. 1; Dius, Fr. 2; Philostrat. _Vit. Apoll._
v. 5; Sil. Ital. _Bell. Pun._ iii. 14, 22, 30.]
[Footnote 1475: 1 Kings vii. 15-22.]
[Footnote 1476: Ibid. verses 27-37.]
[Footnote 1477: Ibid. vi. 38.]
[Footnote 1478: Ibid. vii. 1. Compare ix. 10.]
[Footnote 1479: Stanley, _Lectures on the Jewish Church_, ii. 165-167.]
[Footnote 1480: See the Fragment of Menander above quoted, where Hiram
is said to have been fifty-three years old at his decease, and to have
reigned thirty-four years.]
[Footnote 1481: Strabo, xvi. 2, § 23.]
[Footnote 1482: Menander, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 1483: So M. Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 369.]
[Footnote 1484: Herod. ii. 44.]
[Footnote 1485: Arrian, _Exped. Alex._ ii. 16, 24.]
[Footnote 1486: So M. Renan, after careful examination (_Mission_,
l.s.c.). The earlier opinion placed the smaller island, with its Temple
of Baal, towards the north (Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 347).]
[Footnote 1487: Menander, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 1488: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 23, sub fin.]
[Footnote 1489: Josh. xix. 27.]
[Footnote 1490: See Robinson, _Later Researches_, pp. 87, 88.]
[Footnote 1491: 1 Kings ix. 10-13.]
[Footnote 1492: Justin, _Dial. c. Tryph._ § 34.]
[Footnote 1493: Menand. ap. Clem. Alex. _Strom._ i. 386.]
[Footnote 1494: 1 Kings xi. 1.]
[Footnote 1495: Ibid. ix. 27.]
[Footnote 1496: See 1 Kings x. 22. The distinctness of this navy from
the one which brought gold from Ophir has been maintained by Dean
Stanley (_Lectures on the Jewish Church_, ii. 156) and the Rev. J.
Hammond (_Pulpit Commentary_, Comment on 1 Kings, p. 213), as well as by
the present writer (_Speaker’s Commentary_, ii. pp. 545, 546).]
[Footnote 1497: Mela. iii. 1; Plin. _H. N._ iv. 22, § 115; Catull. xx.
30, &c.]
[Footnote 1498: See Plin. _H. N._ iii. 3; xxxiii. 6; Polyb. x. 10;
Strab. iii. 2, § 3 and 10.]
[Footnote 1499: Herod. iv. 191; Plin. _H. N._ viii. 11.]
[Footnote 14100: Hanno, _Periplus_, p. 6.]
[Footnote 14101: Ibid. pp. 13, 14.]
[Footnote 14102: 1 Kings ix. 26.]
[Footnote 14103: 1 Kings x. 11.]
[Footnote 14104: The case is excellently stated in Mr. Twistleton’s
article on OPHIR in Dr. Smith’s _Dictionry of the Bible_, vol. ii.]
[Footnote 14105: As _almug_ or _algum_ which is “the Hebraised form of a
Deccan word for sandalwood” (Stanley, _Lectures_, ii. 157).]
[Footnote 14106: 1 Kings ix. 28.]
[Footnote 14107: _Contr. Ap._ i. 18.]
[Footnote 14108: Kenrick argues in favour of {Kitioi} (_Phoenicia_, p.
357).]
[Footnote 14109: See _Encycl. Britann._ ad voc. PHOENICIA, xviii. 807.]
[Footnote 14110: Menander, Fr. 2.]
[Footnote 14111: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14112: 1 Kings xvi. 31.]
[Footnote 14113: The Assyrians probably found their way into Phoenicia
through the gap in the mountain line between Bargylus and Lebanon.
Botrys occupied a strong position between this gap and the southern
Phoenician cities, Gebal, Sidon, and Tyre.]
[Footnote 14114: Menander, l.s.c. Aüza, which at a later date became
Auzen, is mentioned by Tacitus (_Ann._ iv. 25) and Ptolemy (_Geograph_.
iv. 2).]
[Footnote 14115: The Greek _lamda_, {L}, readily passes into _delta_
{D}. Baal-azar is found as a Phoenician name in an inscription (_Corp.
Ins. Semit._ i. 335, no. 256).]
[Footnote 14116: See Gesen. _Mon. Phoen._ p. 410. _Mattan_, “a gift,” was
the name borne by Athaliah’s high priest of Baal (2 Kings xi. 18). It is
found as an element in several Phoenician names, as Mattan-elim (_Corp.
Ins. Semit._ i. 298, no. 194); Mattan-Baal (ibid. p. 309, no. 212), &c.]
[Footnote 14117: See Justin, _Hist. Phil._ xviii. 5.]
[Footnote 14118: Menander, Fr. 1.]
[Footnote 14119: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, pp. 363-367.]
[Footnote 14120: _Contr. Ap._ i. 18.]
[Footnote 14121: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 84-89.]
[Footnote 14122: _Histoire Ancienne_, pp. 347, 348.]
[Footnote 14123: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 90-99.]
[Footnote 14124: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 102-106; _Eponym Canon_, pp.
108-114.]
[Footnote 14125: _Eponym Canon_, p. 112, l. 45.]
[Footnote 14126: Ibid. p. 108, l. 93.]
[Footnote 14127: Ibid. p. 115, l. 14.]
[Footnote 14128: Ibid. p. 120, ll. 33-35.]
[Footnote 14129: When Assyria became mistress of the Upper Syria, the
Orontes valley, and the kingdom of Israel, she could have strangled the
Phoenician land commerce at a moment’s notice.]
[Footnote 14130: Is. xxiii. 2-8.]
[Footnote 14131: _Eponym Canon_, p. 64.]
[Footnote 14132: _Eponym Canon_, pp. 117-120.]
[Footnote 14133: Ibid. p. 123, ll. 1-5.]
[Footnote 14134: Ibid. p. 120, l. 28.]
[Footnote 14135: In B.C. 720. (See _Eponym Canon_, p. 126, ll. 33-35.)]
[Footnote 14136: Ezek. xxviii. 14.]
[Footnote 14137: Menander ap. Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ ix. 14, § 2; _Eponym
Canon_, p. 131.]
[Footnote 14138: _Eponym Canon_, p. 132.]
[Footnote 14139: Menander, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14140: Joseph, _Ant. Jud._ l.s.c. {’Epelthe polemon ten te
Surian pasan kai Phoiniken}.]
[Footnote 14141: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14142: A slab of Sennacherib’s represents the Assyrian army
entering a city, probably Phoenician, at one end, while the inhabitants
embark on board their ships at the other (Layard, _Monuments of
Nineveh_, 1st series, pl. 71; _Nin. and its Remains_, ii. 384).]
[Footnote 14143: Menander, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14144: Compare Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 357,
and Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 128.]
[Footnote 14145: Menander, ut supra.]
[Footnote 14146: This folows from his taking refuge there when attacked
by Sennacherib (_Eponym Canon_, p. 136).]
[Footnote 14147: Since Sennacherib calls him persistently “king of
Sidon” (ibid. p. 131, l. 2; p. 135, ll. 13, 17), not king of Tyre.]
[Footnote 14148: It was the same army which lost 185,000 men by miracle
in one night (2 Kings xix. 35).]
[Footnote 14149: 2 Kings xix. 23.]
[Footnote 14150: _Eponym Canon_, p. 134, l. 11.]
[Footnote 14151: _Records of the Past_, i. 35.]
[Footnote 14152: _Eponym Canon_, p. 132.]
[Footnote 14153: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14154: _Eponym Canon_, p. 132, l. 14; p. 136, ll. 14, 19.
“Tubaal” is probably for Tob-baal, “Baal is good,” like “Tabrimon” for
Tob-Rimmon, “Rimmon is good” (1 Kings xv. 18), and “Tabeal” for Tob-
El, “God is good” (Is. vii. 6).]
[Footnote 14155: _Eponym Canon_, p. 132, ll. 15, 16.]
[Footnote 14156: Ibid. ll. 19, 20.]
[Footnote 14157: From the fact that Abd-Milkut is king of Sidon at the
accession of Esarhaddon (_Records of the Past_, iii. 111).]
[Footnote 14158: Abd-Melkarth is one of the commonest of Phoenician
names. It occurs, either fully, or in the contracted form of
Bod-Melkarth, scores of times in the inscriptions of Carthage. The
meaning is “servant of Melkarth.”]
[Footnote 14159: _Records of the Past_, iii. 112.]
[Footnote 14160: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 186.]
[Footnote 14161: _Rec. of the Past_, iii. 111, 112.]
[Footnote 14162: _Eponym Canon_ pp. 139, 140.]
[Footnote 14163: Ibid. p. 140, Extract xxxviii. ll. 1-3.]
[Footnote 14164: _Eponym Canon_, p. 140, Ext. xxxviii. ll. 4-9.]
[Footnote 14165: Ibid. p. 141, Ext. xl.]
[Footnote 14166: Ibid. p. 142, ll. 12, 13.]
[Footnote 14167: _Eponym Canon_, p. 142, l. 14.]
[Footnote 14168: See _Ancient Monarchies_ ii. 193.]
[Footnote 14169: Ibid. p. 195.]
[Footnote 14170: _Eponym Canon_, p. 143, Extr. xli. l. 3.]
[Footnote 14171: _Eponym Canon_, pp. 143, 144. Six names are lost
between the eleventh line and the eighteenth. They may be supplied from
the broken cylinder of Esarhaddon (_Records of the Past_, iii. 107,
108.)]
[Footnote 14172: _Eponym Canon_, pp. 144, 145, ll. 84-98.]
[Footnote 14173: Ibid. p. 139, l. 17.]
[Footnote 14174: _Records of the Past_, vol. i. p. 100.]
[Footnote 14175: _Records of the Past_, i. 66; ix. 41.]
[Footnote 14176: Ibid. iii. 67, ll. 116, 117.]
[Footnote 14177: Ibid. i. 67, 68.]
[Footnote 14178: See Judg. xix. 29; _Eponym Canon_, p. 132, l. 9.]
[Footnote 14179: _Eponym Canon_, pp. 149, 149.]
[Footnote 14180: _Eponym Canon_, p. 70.]
[Footnote 14181: Herod. i. 103. B.C. 633 was, according to Herodotus,
the year of the accession of Cyaxares. His attack on Nineveh seems to
have followed shortly after.]
[Footnote 14182: Herod. l.s.c. and iv. 1; Ezek. xxxviii. 2-16; Strabo,
xi. 8, § 4; Diod. Sic. ii. 34, § 2-5.]
[Footnote 14183: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 221.]
[Footnote 14184: Stanley, _Lectures on the Jewish Church_, ii. 432,
433.]
[Footnote 14185: Herod. i. 105; Strabo, i. 3, 16; Justin, ii. 3.]
[Footnote 14186: Herod. l.s.c.; Hippocrat. _De Aëre, Aqua, et Locis_,
vi. § 108.]
[Footnote 14187: Herod. i. 73.]
[Footnote 14188: Strabo, xi. 767; Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ iii. 8, § 4.]
[Footnote 14189: Polyb. v. 70, § 4.]
[Footnote 14190: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 228, note.]
[Footnote 14191: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 232.]
[Footnote 14192: Herod. ii. 157; and compare the author’s _History of
Ancient Egypt_, ii. 467, note 6.]
[Footnote 14193: Ezek. xxvii. 8.]
[Footnote 14194: Ibid. verse 11.]
[Footnote 14195: Ibid. verse 9.]
[Footnote 14196: Ibid. xxviii. 2-5.]
[Footnote 14197: Ezek. xxvii. 3-6, and 25.]
[Footnote 14198: See the author’s _History of Ancient Egypt_, ii. 472,
note 1.]
[Footnote 14199: Herod. ii. 159; 2 Kings xxiii. 29; 2 Chron. xxxv.
20-24.]
[Footnote 14200: Herod. ii. 157.]
[Footnote 14201: See Jer. xlvii. 1. Gaza, however, may not have been
taken till the campaign of B.C. 608.]
[Footnote 14202: Herod. i. 105 raises the suspicion that Askelon, which
was nearer Egypt than Ashdod, may have belonged to Psamatik I.]
[Footnote 14203: Ibid. ii. 159.]
[Footnote 14204: 2 Kings xxiii. 19; 2 Chron. xxxiv. 6.]
[Footnote 14205: _History of Ancient Egypt_, ii. 228.]
[Footnote 14206: Judg. iv. 15; v. 19.]
[Footnote 14207: 2 Chron. xxxv. 21.]
[Footnote 14208: See Jer. xlvi. 2.]
[Footnote 14209: Berosus, Fr. 1; 2 Kings xxiv. 7.]
[Footnote 14210: Herod. iv. 42.]
[Footnote 14211: Ibid. ii. 112.]
[Footnote 14212: Berosus, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14213: Habakkuk, i. 6-10.]
[Footnote 14214: Jer. xlvi. 3, 4.]
[Footnote 14215: Ibid. verse 5.]
[Footnote 14216: Ibid. verse 6.]
[Footnote 14217: Jer. xlvi. 10.]
[Footnote 14218: Ibid. verse 16.]
[Footnote 14219: Ibid. verse 21.]
[Footnote 14220: Stanley, _Lectures on the Jewish Church_, ii. 455.]
[Footnote 14221: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14222: Berosus, l.s.c. The extreme haste of the return is
indicated by the fact, which is noted, that Nebuchadnezzer himself,
with a few light troops, took the short cut across the desert, while
his army, with its prisoners, pursued the more usual route through
the valley of the Orontes, by Aleppo to Carchemish, and then along the
course of the Euphrates.]
[Footnote 14223: See _History of Ancient Egypt_, ii. 480.]
[Footnote 14224: Habak. i. 6.]
[Footnote 14225: Menander ap. Joseph. _Contr. Ap._ i. 21.]
[Footnote 14226: Ezek. xxvii. 8, 9, 11.]
[Footnote 14227: So Joseph. l.s.c. Mr. Kenrick disputes the date on
account of Ezek. xxvi. 2, which he thinks must refer to the _final_
siege and capture of Jerusalem; but the reference may be to the breaking
of the power of Judæa, either by Neco in B.C. 608 or by Nebuchadnezzar
in B.C. 605.]
[Footnote 14228: 2 Kings xxiv. 2; 2 Chr. xxxvi. 6.]
[Footnote 14229: Ezek. xxviii. 21-23.]
[Footnote 14230: Menander, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14231: Ezek. xxvi. 8-12.]
[Footnote 14232: Isaiah xliii. 14; Æschyl. _Pers._ l. 54.]
[Footnote 14233: As Kenrick (_Phoenicia_, p. 390).]
[Footnote 14234: See especially, ch. xxviii. 2, 12.]
[Footnote 14235: Ibid. verses 2-10, 17, 18.]
[Footnote 14236: Ezek. xxvii. 26.]
[Footnote 14237: Herod. vii. 44, 96, 100, 128.]
[Footnote 14238: Ibid. ii. 161; vii. 98; Ezra iii. 7.]
[Footnote 14239: Menander, Fr. 2.]
[Footnote 14240: Herod. ii. 182.]
[Footnote 14241: Ibid. i. 201-214; Ctesias, _Ex. Pers._ § 6-8.]
[Footnote 14242: Herod. i. 177; Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ iii. 27.]
[Footnote 14243: Herod. i. 201-214; Ctes. _Ex. Pers._ l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14244: Ezra i. 1-11.]
[Footnote 14245: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 393.]
[Footnote 14246: Herod. iii. 19, 34.]
[Footnote 14247: Ezra iii. 7.]
[Footnote 14248: Ezra iii. 7.]
[Footnote 14249: Herod. i. 153.]
[Footnote 14250: Ibid. ii. 177.]
[Footnote 14251: See Berosus, ap. Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ x. 11, § 1.]
[Footnote 14252: Hence the sacred writers speak of the Assyrians and
Babylonians as “God’s _northern_ army,” “a people from the _north_
country.” (Jer. i. 15; vi. 22; Ezek. xxvi. 7; Joel ii. 20, &c.)]
[Footnote 14253: See Herod. iii. 5.]
[Footnote 14254: Ibid. ii. 159.]
[Footnote 14255: Ibid. ii. 161.]
[Footnote 14256: Ibid. ii. 182.]
[Footnote 14257: Herod. ii. 150, 154; iii. 11.]
[Footnote 14258: Ibid. iii. 19.]
[Footnote 14259: Ibid. vii. 98; viii. 67, § 2; Diod. Sic. xvi. 42, § 2;
xvii. 47, § 1; Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 13, 15, &c.]
[Footnote 14260: Herod. iii. 19.]
[Footnote 14261: Ezek. xxix. 10.]
[Footnote 14262: Herod. iii. 17.]
[Footnote 14263: Herod. iii. 19.]
[Footnote 14264: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14265: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 394.]
[Footnote 14266: Diod. Sic. xvi. 41.]
[Footnote 14267: Kenrick, p. 391, note 3.]
[Footnote 14268: Herod. iii. 91.]
[Footnote 14269: Diod. Sic. xvi. 41, § 2.]
[Footnote 14270: Herod. v. 52.]
[Footnote 14271: See the author’s _Herodotus_, iv. 30, note 1.]
[Footnote 14272: Herod. vii. 28.]
[Footnote 14273: Ibid. iv. 166.]
[Footnote 14274: Herod. v. 37-104.]
[Footnote 14275: Phoenicia could furnish 300 triremes, Cyprus 150, Ionia
at this time 283 (Herod. vi. 8), Æolis at least 70 (ibid.), Caria the
same number (ib. vii. 93)--total, 873. Against these Darious could only
have mustered 200 from Egypt (ib. vii. 89), 100 from Cilicia (ib. 91),
50 from Lycia (ib. 92), and 30 from Pamphylia (ib. 91)--total, 380.]
[Footnote 14276: Herod. i. 28, 176; Appian, _Bell. Civ._ iv. 80.]
[Footnote 14277: Herod. iii. 14-16, 27-29, 37, &c.]
[Footnote 14278: Ibid. v. 108.]
[Footnote 14279: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14280: Ibid. v. 112.]
[Footnote 14281: See the author’s _Herodotus_, i. 268, 269, 3rd ed.]
[Footnote 14282: Herod. vi. 9.]
[Footnote 14283: Ibid. ch. 6.]
[Footnote 14284: Herod. ch. 8.]
[Footnote 14285: Ibid. chs. 9-13.]
[Footnote 14286: The Lesbians and most of the Samians (Herod. v. 14).]
[Footnote 14287: Ibid. ch. 15.]
[Footnote 14288: Ibid. chs. 31-33.]
[Footnote 14289: Herod. v. 41.]
[Footnote 14290: Ibid. iii. 135-138.]
[Footnote 14291: Herod. vi. 43-45.]
[Footnote 14292: See the author’s _Herodotus_, iii. 494, note 3.]
[Footnote 14293: The fleet which accomponied Mardonius lost nearly
_three hundred_ vessels off Mount Athos (Herod. vi. 44), and therefore
can scarcely have fallen much short of 500; that of Datis and
Artaphernes is reckoned at 600 by Herodotus (vi. 95), at a thousand by
Cicero (_Orat. in Verr._ ii. 1, § 18), and Valerius Maximus (i. 1).]
[Footnote 14294: So Herodotus (vi. 95).]
[Footnote 14295: Herod. vi. 118.]
[Footnote 14296: Herod. vii. 23.]
[Footnote 14297: Ibid. vii. 34-36.]
[Footnote 14298: Ibid. viii. 117.]
[Footnote 14299: Æschyl. _Pers._ l. 343; Herod. vii. 89.]
[Footnote 14300: Herod. vii. 89-95; Diod. Sic. xi. 3, § 7.]
[Footnote 14301: Herod. vii. 44.]
[Footnote 14302: Ibid. vii. 100, 128.]
[Footnote 14303: Ibid. viii. 85.]
[Footnote 14304: Ibid. viii. 17.]
[Footnote 14305: Diod. Sic. xi. 13, § 2: {’Aristeusai Phasi para men
tois ‘El-lesin ‘Athnaious, para de, tois barbarois Sidonious}.]
[Footnote 14306: Herod. viii. 84; Æschyl. _Pers._ ll. 415-7.]
[Footnote 14307: Herod. viii. 86-90.]
[Footnote 14308: Ibid. ch. 90.]
[Footnote 14309: Ibid. ch. 90.]
[Footnote 14310: Diod. Sic. xi. 19, § 4.]
[Footnote 14311: Herod. ix. 96.]
[Footnote 14312: Diod. Sic. xi. 60, § 5, 6.]
[Footnote 14313: So Diodorus (xi. 62, § 3); but the mention of Cyprus in
line 6 renders this somewhat doubtful.]
[Footnote 14314: Thucyd. i. 110.]
[Footnote 14315: See _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 501.]
[Footnote 14316: See the _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, i.
139-148.]
[Footnote 14317: Nos. 115, 116, 117, 119, 120.]
[Footnote 14318: Ibid. No. 118.]
[Footnote 14319: _Corp. Ins. Sem._ i. 132, 145.]
[Footnote 14320: Dionys. Halicarn. _De Orat. Antiq._ “Dinarch.” § 10.]
[Footnote 14321: _Corp. Ins. Sem._ i. 145, No. 119.]
[Footnote 14322: See the _Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum_, i. 126, No.
87.]
[Footnote 14323: Nefaheritis or Nefaa-ert. (See the author’s _Story of
Egypt_, pp. 385, 386, and compare _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 481, 482.)]
[Footnote 14324: Isocrates, _Paneg._ and _Evag._; Theopompas, Fr. 111;
Diod. Sic. xiv. 98; Ctesias, _Exc. Pers._ Fr. 29, § 63.]
[Footnote 14325: Diod. Sic. xv. 9, § 2. (See Grote’s _Hist. of Greece_,
x. 30, note 3.)]
[Footnote 14326: Diod. Sic. xv. 9, § 2.]
[Footnote 14327: Isocrates, _Paneg._ § 161; _Evag._ §§ 23, 62.]
[Footnote 14328: See Diod. Sic. xiv. 98; xv. 2; Ephorus Fr.; 134
Isocrates, _Evag._ §§ 75, 76.]
[Footnote 14329: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 405.]
[Footnote 14330: See _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 504.]
[Footnote 14331: _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 505, 506.]
[Footnote 14332: Diod. Sic. xv. 90, § 3.]
[Footnote 14333: Ibid. xv. 92, § 5.]
[Footnote 14334: Ibid. xvi. 41, § 1.]
[Footnote 14335: Diod. Sic. xvi. 42, § 2.]
[Footnote 14336: Ibid. xvi. 41, § 5.]
[Footnote 14337: Ibid. xvi. 32, § 2.]
[Footnote 14338: Ibid. § 5.]
[Footnote 14339: Ibid. xvi. 40, § 5, ad fin.]
[Footnote 14340: Ibid. xvi. 44, § 6, ad fin.]
[Footnote 14341: Diod. Sic. xvi. § 5.]
[Footnote 14342: Diodorus is our authority for all these facts (xvi. 45,
§ 1-6).]
[Footnote 14343: See the author’s _Story of Egypt_, pp. 396-401.]
[Footnote 14344: Diod. Sic. xvi. 42, § 6; 46, § 3.]
[Footnote 14345: Scylax, _Periplus_, § 104.]
[Footnote 14346: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14347: See Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 13, sub fin.; 15, sub
fin.; 30, sub init.]
[Footnote 14348: See _Encycl. Brit._ xviii. 809.]
[Footnote 14349: Quint. Curt. iv. 4; Justin, xi. 10. Diodorus by mistake
makes Strato II. king of Tyre (xvii. 47, § 1).]
[Footnote 14350: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ i. 1, § 2.]
[Footnote 14351: See Grote, _History of Greece_, xii. 102.]
[Footnote 14352: Ibid. pp. 29-51.]
[Footnote 14353: Diod. Sic. xvii. 7.]
[Footnote 14354: Four hundred were actually brought to the relief of
Miletus a few weeks later (Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ i. 18, § 5).]
[Footnote 14355: Ibid. § 4.]
[Footnote 14356: Diod. Sic. xvii. 22; Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ i. 18-20.]
[Footnote 14357: Diod. Sic. xvii. 23-26; Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ i. 20-23.]
[Footnote 14358: Diod. Sic. xvii. 29, § 2; Arrian., _Exp. Alex._ ii. 1,
§ 1.]
[Footnote 14359: See the remarks of Mr. Grote (_History of Greece_, xii.
142, 143.)]
[Footnote 14360: Diod. Sic. xvii. 29, § 4.]
[Footnote 14361: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ i. 20, § 1; Diod. Sic. i. 22, §
5.]
[Footnote 14362: Arrian, ii. 8-13.]
[Footnote 14363: Arrian, ii. 13, 87; Diod. Sic. xvii. 40, § 2.]
[Footnote 14364: As Ger-astartus, king of Aradus (Arrian, l.s.c.);
Enylus, king of Byblus (ibid. ii. 20, § 1); and Azemileus, king of Tyre
(ibid. ii. 15, ad fin.)]
[Footnote 14365: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 13, ad fin.]
[Footnote 14366: Ibid. ii. 15, § 6.]
[Footnote 14367: Arrian, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14368: Ibid. ii. 15, § 7; Q. Curt. iv. 2, § 3.]
[Footnote 14369: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 16, ad fin.; Q. Curt. iv. 2, §
5; Justin, xi. 10.]
[Footnote 14370: Diod. Sic. xvii. 40, § 2.]
[Footnote 14371: See Diod. Sic. xv. 73, § 4; 77, § 4.]
[Footnote 14372: In point of fact, he only obtained, towards the fleet
which he collected against Tyre, twenty-three vessels that were not
either Cyprian or Phoenician (Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 20, § 2).]
[Footnote 14373: Herod. viii. 97.]
[Footnote 14374: Compare Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 15, § 7, with ii. 24,
§ 5.]
[Footnote 14375: Diod. Sic. xvii. 41, § 3.]
[Footnote 14376: Ibid. § 4.]
[Footnote 14377: Q. Curt. iv. § 20; Diod. Sic. xvii. 41, § 1, 2.]
[Footnote 14378: Diod. Sic. xvii. 40, § 5.]
[Footnote 14379: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 18, § 3.]
[Footnote 14380: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 18, § 3.]
[Footnote 14381: Diod. Sic. xvii. 42, § 1; Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 18,
§ 5.]
[Footnote 14382: Arrian, ii. 18, sub fin.]
[Footnote 14383: Ibid. ii. 19, § 1.]
[Footnote 14384: This seems to be Arrian’s meaning, when he says, {ai
keraiai periklastheisaiexekhean es to pur osa es exapsin tes phlogus
pareskeuasmena en} (ii. 19, § 4).]
[Footnote 14385: Grote, _History of Greece_, xii. 185, 186.]
[Footnote 14386: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 418.]
[Footnote 14387: Q. Curt. iv. 3, § 8.]
[Footnote 14388: Arrian, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14389: Arrian, ii. 20, § 1.]
[Footnote 14390: Ibid. § 2.]
[Footnote 14391: Arrian, ii. 20; § 3; Q. Curt. iv. 3, § 11.]
[Footnote 14392: {’Epibibasas tois katastromasi ton upaspiston osoi
ikanoi edokoun es to ergon} (Arrian, ii. 20, § 6).]
[Footnote 14393: The Tyrians had but eighty vessels against Alexander’s
224.]
[Footnote 14394: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 20, ad fin.]
[Footnote 14395: Ibid. ii. 21, § 8.]
[Footnote 14396: Q. Curt. iv. 3, § 7-9.]
[Footnote 14397: Diod. Sic. xvii. 42, § 6; Q. Curt. l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14398: See Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, pp. 421, 422.]
[Footnote 14399: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 21, § 1.]
[Footnote 14400: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 21, § 4-7.]
[Footnote 14401: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 21, § 8.]
[Footnote 14402: Some editions of Arrian gave {Pasikratous tou
Thourieos}, “Pasicrates the Thurian,” but the right reading is
undoubtedly {tou Kourieos}, “the Curian, or king of Curium.” (See the
note of Sintenis ad loc.)]
[Footnote 14403: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 22, § 2.]
[Footnote 14404: Six triremes and all the quinqueremes (Arrian, ii. 22,
§ 3).]
[Footnote 14405: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 22, § 5.]
[Footnote 14406: Diod. Sic. xvii. 42, § 7.]
[Footnote 14407: Ibid. xvii. 45, § 4.]
[Footnote 14408: Diod. Sic. xvii. 45, § 3.]
[Footnote 14409: Ibid. xvii. 43, § 7, 8.]
[Footnote 14410: Ibid. xvii. 44, § 4.]
[Footnote 14411: Ibid. xvii. 44, § 1-3.]
[Footnote 14412: Ibid. § 4.]
[Footnote 14413: Ibid. xvii. 45, § 6.]
[Footnote 14414: Ibid. xvii. 43, § 3.]
[Footnote 14415: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 22, sub fin.]
[Footnote 14416: {Kateseise tou teikhous epi mega} (Ibid. ii. 23, § 1).]
[Footnote 14417: Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, § 1.]
[Footnote 14418: Arrian, ii. 23, § 2.]
[Footnote 14419: Ibid. ii. 23, § 5.]
[Footnote 14420: Not “_the_ foremost,” as Diodorus says (xvii. 46, §
2).]
[Footnote 14421: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 23, ad fin.]
[Footnote 14422: Ibid. ii. 24, § 1.]
[Footnote 14423: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14424: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 24, § 4.]
[Footnote 14425: Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, § 4.]
[Footnote 14426: So Arrian (l.s.c.) Diodorus reduces the number to
thirteen thousand (xvii. 46, § 4).]
[Footnote 14427: Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, § 5; Arrian, ii. 24, § 6.]
[Footnote 14428: See Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 428, note 3.]
[Footnote 14429: See Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, § 6. The name Abd-elonim,
“servant of the gods,” is common. The Greeks and Romans generally render
it by Abdalonymus.]
[Footnote 14430: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ iii. 6, § 3.]
[Footnote 14431: Ibid. vi. 1, § 6.]
[Footnote 14432: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ vi. 22, § 4.]
[Footnote 14433: Ibid. vii. 19, § 3.]
[Footnote 14434: Ibid. § 5.]
[Footnote 14435: Diod. Sic. xviii. 3, § 1.]
[Footnote 14436: Ibid. 43, § 2.]
[Footnote 14437: Diod. Sic. xix. 58, § 1.]
[Footnote 14438: So Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 433. Compare Diod. Sic.
xviii. 37, § 4.]
[Footnote 14439: Diod. Sic. xix. 58, § 2-4.]
[Footnote 14440: Ibid. 61, § 6.]
[Footnote 14441: Plutarch, _Vit. Demetr._ § 32.]
[Footnote 14442: Diod. Sic. xxx. 17; Polyb. v. 40.]
[Footnote 14443: Polyb. v. 60.]
[Footnote 14444: Ibid. v. 62.]
[Footnote 14445: Polyb. xvi. 18; Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ xii. 3, § 3.]
[Footnote 14446: See Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 436.]
[Footnote 14447: Herod. i. 1. Egypt never sent trading ships into the
Mediterranean. All her commerce with Syria, Asia Minor, and Europe was
carried on either in Greek or Phoenician bottoms.]
[Footnote 14448: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14449: As that of the Red Sea, Arabia, and the East African
coast.]
[Footnote 14450: 2 Macc. iv. 18.]
[Footnote 14451: Ibid. verses 44-50.]
[Footnote 14452: Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ pls. 32-34.]
[Footnote 14453: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, pp. 437, 438.]
[Footnote 14454: Livy, xxvii. 30.]
[Footnote 14455: 2 Macc. iv. 49.]
[Footnote 14456: 1 Macc. iii. 34-36; 2 Macc. viii. 9; Joseph. _Ant.
Jud._ xii. 7, § 2,]
[Footnote 14457: 2 Macc. viii. 11.]
[Footnote 14458: 1 Macc. iii. 41.]
[Footnote 14459: 2 Macc. viii. 25; Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ xii. 7, § 4.]
[Footnote 14460: Strab. xvii. 2, § 22.]
[Footnote 14461: Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ xii. 4, § 3.]
[Footnote 14462: Ibid. § 4.]
[Footnote 14463: By Theodotus in B.C. 219 (Polyb. v. 61, § 5), by
Cleopatra, queen of Syria, about B.C. 85 (Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ xiii. 13,
§ 2), by Tigranes in B.C. 83 (ibid. xiii. 16, § 4), &c.]
[Footnote 14464: Justin, _Hist. Philipp._ xl. 1; Appian, _Syriaca_, §
48.]
[Footnote 14465: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 438.]
[Footnote 14466: Or, sometimes, under a proprætor.]
[Footnote 14467: Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ xiv. 10, § 2.]
[Footnote 14468: Ibid. xv. 4, § 1, ad fin.]
[Footnote 14469: Ibid. xiv. 12, §§ 4, 5.]
[Footnote 14470: Mommsen, _History of Rome_, iv. 113-115, Engl. Tr.;
Merivale, _Roman Empire_, i. 36.]
[Footnote 14471: Thucyd. i. 4.]
[Footnote 14472: See the author’s _Sixth Oriental Monarchy_, pp.
178-180.]
[Footnote 14473: Dio Cass. _Hist. Rom._ xlviii. 25.]
[Footnote 14474: Ibid. § 26.]
[Footnote 14475: Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ xiv. 13.]
[Footnote 14476: Dio. Cass. xlviii. 39-41.]
[Footnote 14477: Ibid. liv. 7.]
[Footnote 14478: Ramsay, in Smith’s _Dict. of Greek and Rom. Geography_,
i. 11.]
[Footnote 14479: Suidas ad voc. {Paulos Turios}.]
[Footnote 14480: Mark vii. 24-30. Compare Matt. xv. 21-28.]
[Footnote 14481: Acts xii. 20, 21.]
[Footnote 14482: Acts xi. 19.]
[Footnote 14483: Ibid. xxi. 3-7.]
[Footnote 14484: See Robertson, _History of the Christian Church_, i.
195, 196.]
[Footnote 14485: Ibid. p. 201.]
[Footnote 14486: Some doubts have been entertained as to whether
Porphyry was really a Tyrian, but his own statement (_Vit. Plotini_, ii.
107), backed as it is by the testimony of Eunapius and Suidas, should be
regarded as settling the question.]
[Footnote 14487: Mason, in Smith’s _Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biography_,
iii. 502.]
[Footnote 14488: See the article on PORPHYRIUS in Smith’s _Dict. of
Greek and Rom. Biography_, iii. 498-502.]
[Footnote 14489: Strab. xvi. 2, § 24.]
[Footnote 14490: See the lines quoted by Kenrick (_Phoenicia_, p. 440,
note) from Cramer’s _Anecdota Græca_ (iv. 19, § 6):--]
{Oi tes Stoas bullousin ‘Akademian, Purronas outoi, pantas o
Stegeirites. ‘Alloi de touton Phoinikes te kai Suroi.}]
[Footnote 14491: Strabo, l.s.c.]
[Footnote 14492: Ibid. Strabo’s words are: {Nuni de pases kai tes alles
philosophias euporian polu pleisten labein estin ek touton ton poleon.}]
[Footnote 14493: Smith’s _Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biography_, ii. 417.]
[Footnote 14494: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 440.]
[Footnote 14495: Suidas, s.v. {Paulos Turios}.]
[Footnote 14496: Smith’s _Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biography_, ii. 1000.]
[Footnote 14497: Smith’s Gibbon, ii. 317.]
[Footnote 14498: Heineccius, _Ant. Rom. Synt._ Proëm, § 45.]
[Footnote 14499: Ibid.]
[Footnote 14500: See Eckhel, _Doctr. Num. Vet._ iii. 366; Mionnet,
_Description des Médailles_, Supplement.]
[Footnote 14501: Note that the “Syro-Phoenician woman” who conversed with
our Lord is spoken of as also {’Ellenis}, one whose language was Greek
(Mark vii. 26).]
[Footnote 14502: _De situ orbis_, i. 12; “Sidon adhuc opulenta.”]
[Footnote 14503: Ulpian, _Digest. Leg. de Cens._ tit. 15.]
[Footnote 14504: _Exp. totius Mundi_ in Hudson’s _Geographi Minores_,
iii. 6.]
[Footnote 14505: Hieronymus, _Comment. ad Ezek._ xxxvi. 7.]
[Footnote 14506: Hieronymus, _Comment. ad Ezek._ xxvii. 2.]
[Footnote 14507: Ezek. xxvi. 14.]
[Footnote 14508: Euseb. _Vita Constantin. Magni_, iii. 58.]
End of Project Gutenberg’s History of Phoenicia, by George Rawlinson