THE VALUE OF HIS DISCOVERIES.
Science is pursued by different men from different motives.
"To some she is the goddess great;
To some the milch-cow of the field;
Their business is to calculate
The butter she will yield."
Now, Faraday had been warned by Davy before he entered his service that
Science was a mistress who paid badly; and in 1833 we have seen him
deliberately make his calculation, give up the butter, and worship the
goddess.
For the same reason also he declined most of the positions of honour
which he was invited to fill, believing that they would encroach too
much on his time, though he willingly accepted the honorary degrees and
scientific distinctions that were showered upon him.[25]
And among those who follow Science lovingly, there are two very
distinct bands: there are the philosophers, the discoverers, men who
persistently ask questions of Nature; and there are the practical men,
who apply her answers to the various purposes of human life. Many
noble names are inscribed in either bead-roll, but few are able to
take rank in both services: indeed, the question of practical utility
would terribly cramp the investigator, while the enjoyment of patient
research in unexplored regions of knowledge is usually too ethereal
for those who seek their pleasures in useful inventions. The mental
configuration is different in the two cases; each may claim and receive
his due award of honour.
Faraday was pre-eminently a discoverer; he liked the name of
"philosopher." His favourite paths of study seem to wander far enough
from the common abodes of human thought or the requirements of ordinary
life. He became familiar, as no other man ever was, with the varied
forces of magnetism and electricity, heat and light, gravitation and
galvanism, chemical affinity and mechanical motion; but he did not seek
to "harness the lightnings," or to chain those giants and to make them
grind like Samson in the prison-house. His way of treating them reminds
us rather of the old fable of Proteus, who would transform himself into
a whirlwind or a dragon, a flame of fire or a rushing stream, in order
to elude his pursuer; but if the wary inquirer could catch him asleep
in his cave, he might be constrained to utter all his secret knowledge:
for the favourite thought of Faraday seems to have been that these
various forces were the changing forms of a Proteus, and his great
desire seems to have been to learn the secret of their origin and their
transformations. Thus he loved to break down the walls of separation
between different classes of phenomena, and his eye doubtless sparkled
with delight when he saw what had always been looked upon as permanent
gases liquefy like common vapours under the constraint of pressure
and cold--when the wires that coiled round his magnets gave signs of
an electric wave, or coruscated with sparks--when the electricities
derived from the friction machine and from the voltaic pile yielded
him the same series of phenomena--when he recognized the cumulative
proof that the quantity of electricity in a galvanic battery is exactly
proportional to the chemical action--when his electro-static theory
seemed to break down the barrier between the conductors and insulators,
and many other barriers beside--when he sent a ray of polarized light
through a piece of heavy glass between the poles of an electro-magnet,
and on making contact saw that the plane of polarization was rotated,
or, as he said, the light was magnetized--and when he watched pieces
of bismuth, or crystals of Iceland spar, or bubbles of oxygen, ranging
themselves in a definite position in the magnetic field.
"I delight in hearing of exact numbers, and the determinations of the
equivalents of force when different forms of force are compared one
with another," he wrote to Joule in 1845; and no wonder, for these
quantitative comparisons have proved many of his speculations to be
true, and have made them the creed of the scientific world. When he
began to investigate the different sciences, they might be compared
to so many different countries with impassable frontiers, different
languages and laws, and various weights and measures; but when he
ceased they resembled rather a brotherhood of states, linked together
by a community of interests and of speech, and a federal code; and in
bringing about this unification no one had so great a share as himself.
He loved to speculate, too, on Matter and Force, on the nature of atoms
and of imponderable agents. "It is these things," says the great German
physicist Professor Helmholz, "that Faraday, in his mature works, ever
seeks to purify more and more from everything that is theoretical, and
is not the direct and simple expression of the fact. For instance, he
contended against the action of forces at a distance, and the adoption
of two electrical and two magnetic fluids, as well as all hypotheses
contrary to the law of the conservation of force, which he early
foresaw, though he misunderstood it in its scientific expression. And
it is just in this direction that he exercised the most unmistakeable
influence first of all on the English physicists."[26]
While, however, Faraday was pre-eminently an experimental philosopher,
he was far from being indifferent to the useful applications of
science. His own connection with the practical side of the question was
threefold: he undertook some laborious investigations of this nature
himself; he was frequently called upon, especially by the Trinity
House, to give his opinions on the inventions of others; and he was
fond of bringing useful inventions before the members of the Royal
Institution in his Friday evening discourses. The first of these,
on February 3, 1826, was on India-rubber, and was illustrated by an
abundance of specimens both in the raw and manufactured states. He
traced the history of the substance, from the crude uncoagulated sap
to the sheet rubber and waterproof fabrics which Mr. Hancock and Mr.
Macintosh had recently succeeded in preparing. In this way also he
continued to throw the magic of his genius around Morden's machinery
for manufacturing Bramah's locks, Ericsson's caloric engine, Brunel's
block machinery at Portsmouth, Petitjean's process for silvering
mirrors, the prevention of dry-rot in timber, De la Rue's envelope
machinery, artificial rubies, Bonelli's electric silk loom, Barry's
mode of ventilating the House of Lords, and many kindred subjects.
It may not be amiss to describe the last of his Friday evenings, in
which he brought before the public Mr. C. W. Siemens' Regenerative
Gas Furnace. The following letter to the inventor will tell the first
steps:--
"ROYAL INSTITUTION, _March 22, 1862_.
"MY DEAR SIR,
"I have just returned from Birmingham--and there saw at Chance's works
the application of your furnaces to glass-making. I was very much
struck with the whole matter.
"As our managers want me to end the F. evenings here after Easter, I
have looked about for a thought, for I have none in myself. I think I
should like to speak of the effects I saw at Chance's, if you do not
object. If you assent, can you help me with any drawings or models, or
illustrations either in the way of thoughts or experiments? Do not say
much about it out of doors as yet, for my mind is not settled in what
way (if you assent) I shall present the subject.
"Ever truly yours,
"M. FARADAY.
"C. W. SIEMENS, ESQ."
Of course the permission was gladly given, and Mr. Siemens met him
at Birmingham, and for two days conducted him about works for flint
and crown glass, or for enamel, as well as about ironworks, in which
his principle was adopted, wondering at the Professor's simplicity of
character as well as at his ready power of grasping the whole idea.
Then came the Friday evening, 20th June, 1862, in which he explained
the great saving of heat effected, and pictured the world of flame
into which he had gazed in some of those furnaces. But his powers of
lecturing were enfeebled, and during the course of the hour he burnt
his notes by accident, and at the conclusion he very pathetically bade
his audience farewell, telling them that he felt he had been before
them too long, and that the experience of that evening showed he was
now useless as their public servant, but he would still endeavour to do
what he could privately for the Institution. The usual abstract of the
lecture appeared, but not from his unaided pen.
Inventors, and promoters of useful inventions, frequently benefited by
the advice of Faraday, or by his generous help. A remarkable instance
of this was told me by Cyrus Field. Near the commencement of his great
enterprise, when he wished to unite the old and the new worlds by the
telegraphic cable, he sought the advice of the great electrician, and
Faraday told him that he doubted the possibility of getting a message
across the Atlantic. Mr. Field saw that this fatal objection must be
settled at once, and begged Faraday to make the necessary experiments,
offering to pay him properly for his services. The philosopher,
however, declined all remuneration, but worked away at the question,
and presently reported to Mr. Field:--"It can be done, but you will not
get an instantaneous message." "How long will it take?" was the next
inquiry. "Oh, perhaps a second." "Well, that's quick enough for me,"
was the conclusion of the American; and the enterprise was proceeded
with.
As to the electric telegraph itself, Faraday does not appear among
those who claim its parentage, but he was constantly associated with
those who do; his criticisms led Ritchie to develop more fully his
early conception, and he was constantly engaged with batteries and
wires and magnets, while the telegraph was being perfected by others,
and especially by his friend Wheatstone, whose name will always be
associated with what is perhaps the most wonderful invention of modern
times.
As to Faraday's own work in applied science, his attempts to improve
the manufacture of steel, and afterwards of glass for optical purposes,
were among the least satisfactory of his researches. He was more
successful in the matter of ventilation of lamp-burners. The windows
of lighthouses were frequently found streaming with water that arose
from the combustion of the oil, and in winter this was often converted
into thick ice. He devised a plan by which this water was effectually
carried away, and the room was also made more healthy for the keepers.
At the Athenæum Club serious complaints were made that the brilliantly
lighted drawing-room became excessively hot, and that headaches were
very common, while the bindings of the books were greatly injured by
the sulphuric acid that arose from the burnt coal-gas. Faraday cured
this by an arrangement of glass cylinders over the ordinary lamp
chimneys, and descending tubes which carried off the whole products
of combustion without their ever mixing with the air of the room.
This principle could of course be applied to brackets or chandeliers
elsewhere, but the Professor made over any pecuniary benefit that might
accrue from it to his brother, who was a lamp manufacturer, and had
aided him in the invention.
The achievements of Faraday are certainly not to be tested by a money
standard, nor by their immediate adaptation to the necessities or
conveniences of life. "Practical men" might be disposed to think
slightly of the grand discoveries of the philosopher. Their ideas of
"utility" will probably be different. One man may take his wheat corn
and convert it into loaves of bread, while his neighbour appears to
lose his labour by throwing the precious grain into the earth: but
which is after all most productive? The loaves will at once feed the
hungry, but the sower's toil will be crowned in process of time by
waving harvests.
Yet some of Faraday's most recondite inquiries did bear practical fruit
even during his own lifetime. In proof of this I will take one of his
chemical and two of his electrical discoveries.
Long ago there was a Portable Gas Company, which made oil-gas and
condensed it into a liquid. This liquid Faraday examined in 1824, and
he found the most important constituent of it to be a light volatile
oil, which he called bicarburet of hydrogen. The gas company, I
presume, came to an end; but what of the volatile liquid? Obtained
from coal-tar, and renamed Benzine or Benzol, it is now prepared on
a large scale, and used as a solvent in some of our industrial arts.
But other chemists have worked upon it, and torturing it with nitric
acid, they have produced nitrobenzol--a gift to the confectioner and
the perfumer. And by attacking this with reducing agents there was
called into existence the wondrous base aniline,--wondrous indeed when
we consider the transformations it underwent in the hands of Hofmann,
and the light it was made to throw on the internal structure of organic
compounds. Faraday used sometimes to pay a visit to the Royal College
of Chemistry, and revel in watching these marvellous reactions. But
aniline was of use to others besides the theoretical chemist. Tortured
by fresh appliances, this base gave highly-coloured bodies which it was
found possible to fix on cotton as well as woollen and silken fabrics,
and thence sprang up a large and novel branch of industry, while our
eyes were delighted with the rich hues of mauve and magenta, the Bleu
de Paris, and various other "aniline dyes."
Everyone who is at all acquainted with the habits of electricity knows
that the most impassable of obstacles is the air, while iron bolts
and bars only help it in its flight: yet, if an electrified body
be brought near another body, with this invisible barrier between
them, the electrical state of the second body is disturbed. Faraday
thought much over this question of "induction," as it is called,
and found himself greatly puzzled to comprehend how a body should
act where it is not. At length he satisfied himself by experiment
that the interposed obstacle is itself affected by the electricity,
and acquires an electro-polar state by which it modifies electric
action in its neighbourhood. The amount varies with the nature of the
substance, and Faraday estimated it for such dielectrics as sulphur,
shellac, or spermaceti, compared with air. He termed this new property
of matter "specific inductive capacity," and figured in his own mind
the play of the molecules as they propagated and for a while retained
the force. Now, these very recondite observations were opposed to
the philosophy of the day, and they were not received by some of the
leading electricians, especially of the Continent, while those who
first tried to extend his experiments blundered over the matter.
However, the present Professor Sir William Thomson, then a student at
Cambridge, showed that while Faraday's views were rigorously deducible
from Coulomb's theory, this discovery was a great advance in the
philosophy of the subject. When submarine telegraph wires had to be
manufactured, Thomson took "specific inductive capacity" into account
in determining the dimensions of the cable: for we have there all the
necessary conditions--the copper wire is charged with electricity,
the covering of gutta-percha is a "dielectric," and the water outside
is ready to have an opposite electric condition induced in it. The
result is that, as Faraday himself predicted, the message is somewhat
retarded; and of course it becomes a thing of importance so to arrange
matters that this retardation may be as small as possible, and the
signals may follow one another speedily. Now this must depend not
only on the thickness of the covering, but also on the nature of the
substance employed, and it was likely enough that gutta-percha was not
the best possible substance. In fact, when Professor Fleeming Jenkin
came to try the inductive capacity of gutta-percha by means of the
Red Sea cable, he found it to be almost double that of shellac, which
was the highest that Faraday had determined, and attempts have been
made since to obtain some substance which should have less of this
objectionable quality and be as well adapted otherwise for coating a
wire. There is Hooper's material, the great merit of which is its low
specific inductive capacity, so that it permits of the sending of four
signals while gutta-percha will only allow three to pass along; and Mr.
Willoughby Smith has made an improved kind of gutta-percha with reduced
capacity. Of course no opinion is expressed here on the value of these
inventions, as many other circumstances must be taken into account,
such as their durability and their power of insulation,--that is,
preventing the leakage of the galvanic charge; but at least they show
that one of the most abstruse discoveries of Faraday has penetrated
already into our patent offices and manufactories. Two students in
the Physical Laboratory at Glasgow have lately determined with great
care the inductive capacity of paraffin, and there can be little doubt
that the speculations of the philosopher as to the condition of a
dielectric will result in rendering it still more easy than at present
to send words of information or of friendly greeting to our cousins
across the Atlantic or the Indian Ocean.
The history of the magneto-electric light affords another remarkable
instance of the way in which one of Faraday's most recondite
discoveries bore fruit in his own lifetime; and it is the more
interesting as it fell to his own lot to assist in bringing the fruit
to maturity.
"BRIGHTON, _November 29, 1831_.
"DEAR PHILLIPS,
"For once in my life I am able to sit down and write to you without
feeling that my time is so little that my letter must of necessity
be a short one; and accordingly I have taken an extra large sheet of
paper, intending to fill it with news.
"But how are you getting on? Are you comfortable? And how does Mrs.
Phillips do; and the girls? Bad correspondent as I am, I think you owe
me a letter; and as in the course of half an hour you will be doubly
in my debt, pray write us, and let us know all about you. Mrs. Faraday
wishes me not to forget to put her kind remembrances to you and Mrs.
Phillips in my letter....
"We are here to refresh. I have been working and writing a paper that
always knocks me up in health; but now I feel well again, and able to
pursue my subject; and now I will tell you what it is about. The title
will be, I think, 'Experimental Researches in Electricity:'--I. On the
Induction of Electric Currents; II. On the Evolution of Electricity
from Magnetism; III. On a new Electrical Condition of Matter; IV. On
Arago's Magnetic Phenomena. There is a bill of fare for you; and,
what is more, I hope it will not disappoint you. Now, the pith of all
this I must give you very briefly; the demonstrations you shall have
in the paper when printed...."
So wrote Faraday to his intimate friend Richard Phillips, on November
29th, 1831, and the letter goes on to describe the great harvest of
results which he had gathered since the 29th of August, when he first
obtained evidence of an electric current from a magnet. A few days
afterwards he was at work again on these curious relations of magnetism
and electricity in his laboratory, and at the Round Pond in Kensington
Gardens, and with Father Thames at Waterloo Bridge. On the 8th of
February he entered in his note-book: "This evening, at Woolwich,
experimented with magnet, and for the first time got the magnetic spark
myself. Connected ends of a helix into two general ends, and then
crossed the wires in such a way that a blow at _a b_ would open them
a little. Then bringing _a b_ against the poles of a magnet, the ends
were disjoined, and bright sparks resulted."
Next day he repeated this experiment at home with Mr. Daniell's magnet,
and then invited some of his best friends to come and see the tiny
speck of light.[27]
But what was the use of this little spark between the shaken wires?
"What is the use of an infant?" asked Franklin once, when some such
question was proposed to him. Faraday said that the experimentalist's
answer was, "Endeavour to make it useful." But he passed to other
researches in the same field.
"I have rather been desirous," he says, "of discovering new facts and
new relations dependent on magneto-electric induction, than of exalting
the force of those already obtained; being assured that the latter
would find their full development hereafter." And in this assurance
he was not mistaken. Electro-magnetism has been taken advantage of on
a large scale by the metallurgist and the telegrapher; and even the
photographer and sugar-refiner have attempted to make it their servant;
but it is its application as a source of light that is most interesting
to us in connection with its discoverer.
Many "electric lights" were invented by "practical men," the power
being generally derived from a galvanic battery; and it was discovered
that by making the terminals of the wires of charcoal, the brilliancy
of the spark could be enormously increased. Some of these inventions
were proposed for lighthouses, and so came officially under the notice
of Faraday as scientific adviser to the Trinity House. Thus he was
engaged in 1853 and 1854 with the beautiful electric light of Dr.
Watson, which he examined most carefully, evidently hoping it might be
of service, and at length he wrote an elaborate report pointing out its
advantages, but at the same time the difficulties in the way of its
practical adoption. The Trinity Corporation passed a special vote of
thanks for his report, and hesitated to proceed further in the matter.
But Faraday's own spark was destined to be more successful. In 1853
some large magneto-electric machines were set up in Paris for producing
combustible gas by the decomposition of water. The scheme failed, but
a Mr. F. H. Holmes suggested that these expensive toys might be turned
to account for the production of light. "My propositions," he told
the Royal Commissioners of Lighthouses, "were entirely ridiculed, and
the consequence was, that instead of saying that I thought I could do
it, I promised to do it by a certain day. On that day, with one of
Duboscq's regulators or lamps, I produced the magneto-electric light
for the first time; but as the machines were ill-constructed for the
purpose, and as I had considerable difficulty to make even a temporary
adjustment to produce a fitting current, the light could only be
exhibited for a few minutes at a time." He turned his attention to the
reconstruction of the machines, and after carrying on his experiments
in Belgium, he applied to the Trinity Board in February 1857. Here
was the tiny spark, which Faraday had produced just twenty-five years
before, exalted into a magnificent star, and for Faraday it was
reserved to decide whether this star should shed its brilliance from
the cliffs of Albion. A good piece of optical apparatus, intended for
the Bishop Rock in the Scillies, happened to be at the experimental
station at Blackwall, and with this comparative experiments were made.
We can imagine something of the interest with which Faraday watched
the light from Woolwich, and asked questions of the inventor about
all the details of its working and expense; and we can picture the
alternations of hope and caution as he wrote in his report, "The
light is so intense, so abundant, so concentrated and focal, so free
from under-shadows (caused in the common lamp by the burner), so
free from flickering, that one cannot but desire it should succeed.
But," he adds, "it would require _very careful_ and progressive
introduction--men with peculiar knowledge and skill to attend it; and
the means of instantly substituting one lamp for another in case of
accident. The common lamp is so simple, both in principle and practice,
that its liability to failure is very small. There is no doubt that
the magneto-electric lamp involves a great number of circumstances
tending to make its application more refined and delicate; but I would
fain hope that none of these will prove a barrier to its introduction.
Nevertheless, it must pass into practice only through the ordeal of a
full, searching, and prolonged trial." This trial was made in the upper
of the two light towers at the South Foreland; but it was not till the
8th December, 1858, that the experiment was commenced. Faraday made
observations on it for the first two days, but it did not act well,
and was discontinued till March 28, 1859, when it again shot forth its
powerful rays across the Channel.
It was soon inspected by Faraday inside and outside, by land and by
sea. His notes terminate in this way:--"Went to the hills round, about
a mile off, or perhaps more, so as to see both upper and lower light
at once. The effect was very fine. The lower light does not come near
the upper in its power, and, as to colour, looks red whilst the upper
is white. The visible rays proceed from both horizontally, but those
from the low light are not half so long as those from the electric
light. The radiation from the upper light was beautifully horizontal,
going out right and left with intenseness like a horizontal flood
of light, with blackness above and blackness below, yet the sky was
clear and the stars shining brightly. It seemed as if the lanthorn[28]
only were above the earth, so dark was the path immediately below the
lanthorn, yet the whole tower was visible from the place. As to the
shadows of the uprights, one could walk into one and across, and see
the diminution of the light, and could easily see when the edge of
the shadow was passed. They varied in width according to the distance
from the lanthorn. With upright bars their effect is considerable at a
distance, as seen last night; but inclining these bars would help in
the distance, though not so much as with a light having considerable
upright dimension, as is the case with an oil-lamp.
"The shadows on a white card are very clear on the edge--a watch very
distinct and legible. On lowering the head near certain valleys, the
feeble shadow of the distant grass and leaves was evident. The light
was beautifully steady and bright, with no signs of variation--the
appearance was such as to give confidence to the mind--no doubt about
its continuance.
"As a light it is unexceptionable--as a magneto-electric light
wonderful--and seems to have all the adjustments of quality and more
than can be applied to a voltaic electric light or a Ruhmkorff coil."
The Royal Commissioners and others saw with gratification this
beautiful light, and arrangements were made for getting systematic
observations of it by the keepers of all the lighthouses within view,
the masters of the light-vessels that guard the Goodwin Sands, and the
crews of pilot cutters; after which Faraday wrote a very favourable
report, saying, among other things: "I beg to state that in my
opinion Professor Holmes has practically established the fitness and
sufficiency of the magneto-electric light for lighthouse purposes, so
far as its nature and management are concerned. The light produced
is powerful beyond any other that I have yet seen so applied, and in
principle may be accumulated to any degree; its regularity in the
lanthorn is great, its management easy, and its care there may be
confided to attentive keepers of the ordinary degree of intellect and
knowledge."[29]
The Elder Brethren then wished a further trial of six months, during
which time the light was to be entirely under their own control. It
was therefore again kindled on August 22, and the experiment happened
soon to be exposed to a severe test, as one of the light-keepers, who
had been accustomed to the arrangement of the lamps in the lantern,
was suddenly removed, and another took his place without any previous
instruction. This man thought the light sufficiently strong if he
allowed the carbon points to touch, as the lamp then required no
attendance whatever, and he could leave it in that way for hours
together. On being remonstrated with, he said, "It is quite good
enough." Notwithstanding such difficulties as these, the experiment was
considered satisfactory, but it was discontinued at the South Foreland,
for the cliffs there are marked by a double light, and the electric
spark was so much brighter than the oil flames in the other house, that
there was no small danger of its being seen alone in thick weather, and
thus fatally misleading some unfortunate vessel.
After this Faraday made further observations, estimates of the expense,
and experiments on the divergence of the beam, while Mr. Holmes worked
away at Northfleet perfecting his apparatus, and the authorities
debated whether it was to be exhibited again at the Start, which is
a revolving light, or at Dungeness, which is fixed. The scientific
adviser was in favour of the Start, but after an interview with Mr.
Milner Gibson, then President of the Board of Trade, Dungeness was
determined on; a beautiful small combination of lenses and prisms was
made expressly for it by Messrs. Chance, and at last, after two years'
delay, the light again shone on our southern coast.
It may be well to describe the apparatus. There are 120 permanent
magnets, weighing about 50 lbs. each, ranged on the periphery of two
large wheels. A steam-engine of about three-horse power causes a series
of 180 soft iron cores, surrounded by coils of wire, to rotate past
the magnets. This calls the power into action, and the small streams
of electricity are all collected together, and by what is called a
"commutator" the alternative positive and negative currents are brought
into one direction. The whole power is then conveyed by a thick wire
from the engine-house to the lighthouse tower, and up into the centre
of the glass apparatus. There it passes between two charcoal points,
and produces an intensely brilliant continuous spark. At sunset the
machine is started, making about 100 revolutions per minute; and the
attendant has only to draw two bolts in the lamp, when the power thus
spun in the engine-room bursts into light of full intensity. The "lamp"
regulates itself, so as to keep the points always at a proper distance
apart, and continues to burn, needing little or no attention for three
hours and a half, when, the charcoals being consumed, the lamp must be
changed, but this is done without extinguishing the light.
Again there were inspections, and reports from pilots and other
observers, and Faraday propounded lists of questions to the engineer
about bolts and screws and donkey-engines, while he estimated that
at the Varne light-ship, about equidistant from Cape Grisnez and
Dungeness, the maximum effect of the revolving French light was
equalled by the constant gleam from the English tower. But delays again
ensued till intelligent keepers could be found and properly instructed;
but on the 6th June, 1862, Faraday's own light, the baby grown into a
giant, shone permanently on the coast of Britain.
France, too, was alert. Berlioz's machine, which was displayed at
the International Exhibition in London, and which was also examined
by Faraday, was approved by the French Government, and was soon
illuminating the double lighthouse near Havre. These magneto-electric
lights on either side of the Channel have stood the test of years;
and during the last two years there has shone another still more
beautiful one at Souter Point, near Tynemouth; while the narrow strait
between England and France is now guarded by these "sentinels of
peaceful progress," for the revolving light at Grisnez has been lately
illuminated on this principle, and on the 1st of January, 1872, the two
lights of the South Foreland flashed forth with the electric flame.[30]
In describing thus the valuable applications of Faraday's discoveries
of benzol, of specific inductive capacity, and of magneto-electricity,
it is not intended to exalt these above other discoveries which as yet
have paid no tribute to the material wants of man. The good fruit borne
by other researches may not be sufficiently mature, but it doubtless
contains the seeds of many useful inventions. Yet, after all, we must
not measure the worth of Faraday's discoveries by any standard of
practical utility in the present or in the future. His chief merit
is that he enlarged so much the boundaries of our knowledge of the
physical forces, opened up so many new realms of thought, and won so
many heights which have become the starting-points for other explorers.
FOOTNOTES:
[25] De la Rive points this out in his brief notice of Faraday
immediately on receiving the news of his death:--"Je n'ai parlé que
du savant, je tiens aussi à dire un mot de l'homme. Alliant à une
modestie vraie, parcequ'elle provenait de l'élévation de son âme, une
droiture à toute épreuve et une candeur admirable, Faraday n'aimait la
science que pour elle-même. Aussi jouissait-il des succès des autres
au moins autant que des siens propres; et quant à lui, s'il a accepté,
avec une sincère satisfaction, les honneurs scientifiques qui lui out
été prodigués à si juste titre, il a constamment refusé toutes les
autres distinctions et les récompenses qu'on eût voulu lui décerner. Il
s'est contenté toute sa vie de la position relativement modeste qu'il
occupait à l'Institution Royale de Londres; avoir son laboratoire et
strictement de quoi vivre, c'est tout ce qu'il lui fallait.--Presinge,
le 29 août, 1867.--A. DE LA RIVE."
[26] Preface to "Faraday und seine Entdeckungen."
[27] I am indebted to Sir Charles Wheatstone for the following
impromptu by Herbert Mayo:--
"Around the magnet Faraday
Was sure that Volta's lightnings play:
But how to draw them from the wire?
He drew a lesson from the heart:
'Tis when we meet, 'tis when we part,
Breaks forth the electric fire."
[28] The room with glass sides, from which the light is exhibited at
the top of a lighthouse, is called by this name.
[29] One night there was a beautiful aurora. Mr. Holmes remarked
that his poor electric light could not compare with that for beauty;
but Faraday rejoined, "Don't abuse your light. The aurora is very
beautiful, and so is a wild horse, but you have tamed it and made it
valuable."
[30] The illuminating apparatus at Dungeness is one of what is termed
the sixth order, 300 millimetres (about 12 inches) in diameter. Mr.
Chance constructed one for Souter Point of the third order, one metre
(nearly 40 inches) in diameter, with special arrangements for giving
artificial divergence to the beam in a vertical direction, in order to
obviate the danger arising from the luminous point not being always
precisely in the same spot. It has also additional contrivances for
utilizing the back light. Similar arrangements were made for the South
Foreland lights, which are also of the third order; and every portion
of the machinery and apparatus is in duplicate in case of accident, and
the double force can be employed in times of fog.
SUPPLEMENTARY PORTRAITS.
It has been said that there is no photograph or painting of Faraday
which is a satisfactory likeness; not because good portraits have
never been published, but because they cannot give the varied and
ever-shifting expression of his features. Similarly, I fear that the
mental portraiture which I have attempted will fail to satisfy his
intimate acquaintance. Yet, as one who never saw him in the flesh
may gain a good idea of his personal appearance by comparing several
pictures, so the reader may learn more of his intellectual and moral
features by combining the several estimates which have been made by
different minds. Earlier biographies have been already referred to, but
my sketch may well be supplemented by an anonymous poem that appeared
immediately after his death, and by the words of two of the most
distinguished foreign philosophers--Messrs. De la Rive and Dumas.
"Statesmen and soldiers, authors, artists,--still
The topmost leaves fall off our English oak:
Some in green summer's prime, some in the chill
Of autumn-tide, some by late winter's stroke.
"Another leaf has dropped on that sere heap--
One that hung highest; earliest to invite
The golden kiss of morn, and last to keep
The fire of eve--but still turned to the light.
"No soldier's, statesman's, poet's, painter's name
Was this, thro' which is drawn Death's last black line;
But one of rarer, if not loftier fame--
A priest of Truth, who lived within her shrine.
"A priest of Truth: his office to expound
Earth's mysteries to all who willed to hear--
Who in the book of Science sought and found,
With love, that knew all reverence, but no fear.
"A priest, who prayed as well as ministered:
Who grasped the faith he preached; and held it fast:
Knowing the light he followed never stirred,
Howe'er might drive the clouds thro' which it past.
"And if Truth's priest, servant of Science too,
Whose work was wrought for love and not for gain:
Not one of those who serve but to ensue
Their private profit: lordship to attain
"Over their lord, and bind him in green withes,
For grinding at the mill 'neath rod and cord;
Of the large grist that they may take their tithes--
So some serve Science that call Science lord.
"One rule his life was fashioned to fulfil:
That he who tends Truth's shrine, and does the hest
Of Science, with a humble, faithful will,
The God of Truth and Knowledge serveth best.
"And from his humbleness what heights he won!
By slow march of induction, pace on pace,
Scaling the peaks that seemed to strike the sun,
Whence few can look, unblinded, in his face.
"Until he reached the stand which they that win
A bird's-eye glance o'er Nature's realm may throw;
Whence the mind's ken by larger sweeps takes in
What seems confusion, looked at from below.
"Till out of seeming chaos order grows,
In ever-widening orbs of Law restrained,
And the Creation's mighty music flows
In perfect harmony, serene, sustained;
"And from varieties of force and power,
A larger unity, and larger still,
Broadens to view, till in some breathless hour
All force is known, grasped in a central Will,
"Thunder and light revealed as one same strength--
Modes of the force that works at Nature's heart--
And through the Universe's veinèd length
Bids, wave on wave, mysterious pulses dart.
"That cosmic heart-beat it was his to list,
To trace those pulses in their ebb and flow
Towards the fountain-head, where they subsist
In form as yet not given e'en _him_ to know.
"Yet, living face to face with these great laws,
Great truths, great myst'ries, all who saw him near
Knew him for child-like, simple, free from flaws
Of temper, full of love that casts out fear:
"Untired in charity, of cheer serene;
Not caring world's wealth or good word to earn;
Childhood's or manhood's ear content to win;
And still as glad to teach as meek to learn.
"Such lives are precious: not so much for all
Of wider insight won where they have striven,
As for the still small voice with which they call
Along the beamy way from earth to heaven."
_Punch_, September 7, 1867.
The estimate of M. A. de la Rive is from a letter he addressed to
Faraday himself:--
"I am grieved to hear that your brain is weary; this has sometimes
happened on former occasions, in consequence of your numerous and
persevering labours, and you will bear in mind that a little rest is
necessary to restore you. You possess that which best contributes to
peace of mind and serenity of spirit--a full and perfect faith, a pure
and tranquil conscience, filling your heart with the glorious hopes
which the Gospel imparts. You have also the advantage of having always
led a smooth and well-regulated life, free from ambition, and therefore
exempt from all the anxieties and drawbacks which are inseparable from
it. Honour has sought you in spite of yourself; you have known, without
despising it, how to value it at its true worth. You have known how to
gain the high esteem, and at the same time the affection, of all those
acquainted with you.
"Moreover, thanks to the goodness of God, you have not suffered any of
those family misfortunes which crush one's life. You should, therefore,
watch the approach of old age without fear and without bitterness,
having the comforting feeling that the wonders which you have been
able to decipher in the book of nature must contribute to the greater
reverence and adoration of their Supreme Author.
"Such, my dear friend, is the impression that your beautiful life
always leaves upon me; and when I compare it with our troubled and
ill-fulfilled life-course, with all that accumulation of drawbacks and
griefs by which mine in particular has been attended, I put you down as
very happy, especially as you are worthy of your good fortune. This
leads me to reflect on the miserable state of those who are without
that religious faith which you possess in so great a degree."
In M. Dumas' Eloge at the Académie des Sciences, occur the following
sentences:--
"I do not know whether there is a _savant_ who would not feel happy in
leaving behind him such works as those with which Faraday has gladdened
his contemporaries, and which he has left as a legacy to posterity: but
I am certain that all those who have known him would wish to approach
that moral perfection which he attained to without effort. In him it
appeared to be a natural grace, which made him a professor full of
ardour for the diffusion of truth, an indefatigable worker, full of
enthusiasm and sprightliness in his laboratory, the best and most
amiable of men in the bosom of his family, and the most enlightened
preacher amongst the humble flock whose faith he followed.
"The simplicity of his heart, his candour, his ardent love of the
truth, his fellow-interest in all the successes, and ingenuous
admiration of all the discoveries of others, his natural modesty in
regard to what he himself discovered, his noble soul--independent and
bold,--all these combined gave an incomparable charm to the features of
the illustrious physicist.
"I have never known a man more worthy of being loved, of being admired,
of being mourned.
"Fidelity to his religious faith, and the constant observance of the
moral law, constitute the ruling characteristics of his life. Doubtless
his firm belief in that justice on high which weighs all our merits,
in that sovereign goodness which weighs all our sufferings, did not
inspire Faraday with his great discoveries, but it gave him the
straightforwardness, the self-respect, the self-control, and the spirit
of justice, which enabled him to combat evil fortune with boldness, and
to accept prosperity without being puffed up....
"There was nothing dramatic in the life of Faraday. It should be
presented under that simplicity of aspect which is the grandeur of it.
There is, however, more than one useful lesson to be learnt from the
proper study of this illustrious man, whose youth endured poverty with
dignity, whose mature age bore honours with moderation, and whose last
years have just passed gently away surrounded by marks of respect and
tender affection."
APPENDIX.
LIST OF LEARNED SOCIETIES TO WHICH MICHAEL FARADAY BELONGED.
ANNO
1823. Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris.
Corresponding member of the Accademia dei Georgofili,
Florence.
Honorary member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
Honorary member of the British Institution.
1824. Fellow of the Royal Society.
Honorary member of the Cambrian Society, Swansea.
Fellow of the Geological Society.
1825. Member of the Royal Institution.
Corresponding member of the Society of Medical Chemists, Paris.
1826. Honorary member of the Westminster Medical Society.
1827. Correspondent of the Société Philomathique, Paris.
1828. Fellow of the Natural Society of Science, Heidelberg.
1829. Honorary member of the Society of Arts, Scotland.
1831. Honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences,
St. Petersburg.
1832. Honorary member of the College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia.
Honorary member of the Chemical and Physical Society, Paris.
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston.
Member of the Royal Society of Science, Copenhagen.
1833. Corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin.
Honorary member of the Hull Philosophical Society.
1834. Foreign corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences and
Literature, Palermo.
1835. Corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Medicine, Paris.
Honorary member of the Royal Society, Edinburgh.
Honorary member of the Institution of British Architects.
Honorary member of the Physical Society, Frankfort.
Honorary Fellow of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, London.
1836. Senator of the University of London.
Honorary member of the Society of Pharmacy, Lisbon.
Honorary member of the Sussex Royal Institution.
Foreign member of the Society of Sciences, Modena.
Foreign member of the Natural History Society, Basle.
1837. Honorary member of the Literary and Scientific Institution,
Liverpool.
1838. Honorary member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Foreign member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.
1840. Member of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
Honorary member of the Hunterian Medical Society, Edinburgh.
1842. Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin.
1843. Honorary member of the Literary and Philosophical Society,
Manchester.
Honorary member of the Useful Knowledge Society,
Aix-la-Chapelle.
1844. Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, Paris.
Honorary member of the Sheffield Scientific Society.
1845. Corresponding member of the National Institute, Washington.
Corresponding member of the Société d'Encouragement, Paris.
1846. Honorary member of the Society of Sciences, Vaud.
1847. Member of the Academy of Sciences, Bologna.
Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium.
Fellow of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich.
Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.
1848. Foreign honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences,
Vienna.
1849. Honorary member, first class, of the Institut Royal des Pays
Bas.
Foreign correspondent of the Institute, Madrid.
1850. Corresponding Associate of the Accademia Pontificia, Rome.
Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, Haarlem.
1851. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, The Hague.
Corresponding member of the Batavian Society of Experimental
Philosophy, Rotterdam.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Sciences, Upsala.
1853. Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin.
Honorary member of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences,
Mauritius.
1854. Corresponding Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences,
Naples.
1855. Honorary member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow.
Corresponding Associate of the Imperial Institute of Sciences
of Lombardy.
1856. Corresponding member of the Netherlands' Society of Sciences,
Batavia.
Member of the Imperial Royal Institute, Padua.
1857. Member of the Institute of Breslau.
Corresponding Associate of the Institute of Sciences, Venice.
Member of the Imperial Academy, Breslau.
1858. Corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Pesth.
1860. Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, Pesth.
Honorary member of the Philosophical Society, Glasgow.
1861. Honorary member of the Medical Society, Edinburgh.
1863. Foreign Associate of the Imperial Academy of Medicine, Paris.
1864. Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Naples.
INDEX.
A.
Abbott, Benjamin, 3.
Abel, F. A., reminiscences by, 30, 71.
Anderson, Sergeant, 31.
Apparatus, simplicity of, 127-131.
Arrow, Sir Frederick, anecdote by, 127.
Astley's Theatre, adventure at, 20.
Athenæum Club, 21, 153.
Atoms, or centres of force? 143.
Autograph persecution, 86.
B.
Barlow, Rev. John, 57;
incident at his house, 68.
Barnard, F., anecdotes by, 81, 84, 131.
Barnard, Miss Jane, 58.
Barrett, W. F., reminiscences by, 72, 138, 142.
Blacksmith's shop, 40, 79.
Blaikley's painting, 35.
Bollaert, William, 19.
Bores, 44.
British Association, 40.
C.
Carpenter, Dr., anecdote by, 107.
Character of Faraday, 60.
Charitable gifts, 75.
"Chemical Manipulation," 52;
quotations from, 126, 127.
Chemical Society, 59.
Children and Faraday, 32, 35, 69.
Churchyard at Oberhofen, 119.
City Philosophical Society, 11, 17.
Close, Captain, anecdotes by, 87, 88.
Colliery explosion at Haswell, 133.
Committees, 42, 114.
Continent, visits to the, 12, 38.
Correspondence, 48.
Crosse, Mrs. A., visit of, 89.
D.
Daniell, Professor, 64.
Davy, Sir Humphry, 7, 8, 16, 17, 67;
his safety-lamp, 16.
De la Rive, A., 76;
sketches by, 139, 146, 170.
Deacon, Mrs., recollections by, 38.
Discoveries, value of, 146, 166.
Domestic affection, 79.
Dumas, sketches by, 66, 145, 171.
E.
Education, views on, 97, 101-104.
Electrical machines, primitive, 3, 129.
Enthusiasm, 62.
Experiment, love of, 127, 137.
Explosions, 10.
F.
Faithfulness, 61.
Faraday, Michael, his birth, 1;
apprenticed to a bookseller, 2, 61;
begins to experiment, 3, 4;
attends Tatum's lectures, 3;
Davy's, 7;
becomes journeyman bookbinder, 8;
engaged by Davy, 8, 9;
his attempts at self-improvement, 11, 12, 20;
travels on the Continent, 12;
gives his first lecture, 17;
writes his first paper, 17;
assists Professor Brande, 19;
his amusements, 20, 40, 42;
marries, 24;
gives courses of lectures, 26;
appointed Fullerian Professor, 27;
his income, 27, 75;
accepts lectureship at Woolwich, 29;
becomes scientific adviser to Trinity House, 29;
his usual day's work, 31;
his Friday evenings, 33;
his juvenile lectures, 35;
his Sunday engagements, 35;
his Wednesday meetings, 37;
his visits to the country, 38;
his correspondence, 48;
his publications, 52;
his honours, 53, 173;
declines presidentship of Royal Society, 54;
refuses and accepts pension, 55;
resigns his appointments, 56, 57;
his last illness, 57;
his death, 59.
Faraday's father, 1, 25, 40, 61, 79.
" mother, 1, 25.
Field, Cyrus, 152.
Firmness with gentleness, 81.
Force, a Proteus, 147.
Foucault, visit to, 66.
Friday evenings at the Royal Institution, 26, 33, 150.
Fuller, John, 27.
Funeral, 59.
G.
Giessbach Falls, 119.
Government and Science, 110.
Graham, Professor, 59, 132.
Gymnotus, 116.
H.
Hampton Court, house at, 56.
Helmholz, Professor, quoted, 149.
Holland, Sir Henry, 46, 55.
Holmes, F. H., 160, 163.
Home life, 25, 31, 38, 79.
Honours, scientific, 53, 173;
views on, 109-113.
Humility, 92.
Humour, 64.
I.
Imagination, 62.
Indignation against wrong, 68.
Infidelity, accusation of, 117.
Inner conflicts, 85.
J.
Jermyn Street, incident at, 126.
Jones, Dr. H. Bence, quoted, 62;
his "Life and Letters of Faraday," 4, 14, 94.
Journals, 14, 119.
Juvenile lectures at Royal Institution, 26, 35.
K.
Kindliness, 69-77, 79, 81.
L.
Laboratory work, 31, 123.
Lectures at Royal Institution, 26, 107, 150.
Lecturing, views on, 104-108.
Letters from Faraday to Abbott, B., 12;
Abel, F. A., 30;
Airy, Sir G. B. (Astronomer Royal), 141;
Andrews, Prof., 110;
Auckland, Lord, 28;
Barnard, F., 51;
Barnard, Miss Sarah, 24;
Becker, Dr., 137;
Coutts, Lady Burdett, 47, 83;
Crosse, Mrs. Andrew, 80;
Deacon, Mrs., 57;
Faraday, Mrs. (his mother), 13;
Faraday, Mrs. (his wife), 24, 25;
Field, F., 95;
Gladstone, J. H., 140;
Inventors, 77;
Joule, J. P., 49, 148;
Managers of Royal Institution, 56;
Matteucci, 67;
Moore, Miss, 50, 144;
Noad, Dr., 73;
Paris, Comte de, 58;
Paris, Dr., 8, 49;
Percy, Dr., 114;
Phillips, R., 157;
Riebau, G., 4;
Schönbein, 114, 120;
Siemens, C. W., 150;
Spiritualist, 115;
Wheatstone, Sir Charles, 46;
Wrottesley, Lord, 111.
Letters to Faraday, from Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, 48;
Davy, Sir Humphry, 18;
De la Rive, A., 170;
Whewell, Dr., 143.
Lighthouses, adjustment of apparatus in, 134;
illuminated by electricity, 159-166.
Love of study, 62.
Love to children, 69.
M.
Magnetism, wonder at, 142.
Magneto-electric light, 160-166.
Magrath, Mr., 12, 21.
Mallet, Robert, reminiscences by, 45. 135.
Masquerier, M., 5, 43.
Mathematics, want of, 136.
Mayo, Herbert, impromptu by, 158.
Melbourne, Lord, 55.
Mental and moral greatness conjoined, 88, 121.
Mental education, views on, 97.
Music, 20, 43.
N.
Napoleon III., 48.
Natural theology, views on, 117.
Noad, Dr., 73.
Noble, Mr. (the sculptor), 79.
Note-books, 3, 4, 7, 26.
O.
Orderliness, 125.
P.
Peel, Sir Robert, 55.
Philosopher portrayed, 94, 122.
Philosophers and practical men, 147, 153.
Photometer, special, 128
Playfulness, 41, 63.
Poetry of nature, 87, 119.
Politics, indifference to, 42.
Pollock, Lady, description of Friday evening discourse, 34.
Potato models, 131.
Practical applications of science, 149-153.
Preaching, style of, 36.
Prince Consort, 35.
Pritchard, Rev. C., quoted, 118.
Progress, necessity of, 96, 121.
Publications, scientific, 52, 144.
Public Schools Commission, evidence before, 102.
_Punch_, verses in, 167.
Q.
Queen Victoria, 47, 56.
R.
Reid, Miss, reminiscences by, 84.
Religious belief, views on, 99.
Religious character, 90-93.
Researches, early, 19;
on electricity and magnetism, 20, 52, 148, 155, 157;
electrical eel, 116;
telegraphy, 152;
ventilation, 152;
benzol, 154.
Respect paid to others, 66.
Reverence, 65, 69, 81.
Roman Carnival, 15.
Royal Commission on Lights, 134.
Royal Institution, 5, 25, 56, 123, 130;
Faraday laboratory assistant at, 9, 16;
superintendent of house at, 25;
Fullerian Professorship, 27;
relics at, 2, 129.
Royal Society, fellowship, 53;
presidentship declined, 54;
communications to, 52, 144.
S.
Sandemanians, 21, 91;
Faraday's eldership among, 36.
Schönbein, Prof., quoted, 123, 130
Science a branch of education, 101.
Sciences linked together, 149.
Self-respect, 51, 67.
Sensitiveness, 68, 85.
Sermons, Faraday's, 36, 37.
Simple-hearted joyousness, 63, 89.
Simplicity of character, 82, 90.
Sirium _alias_ Vestium, 18.
Social character, 86, 90.
Society of Arts, 21.
Spectrum analysis, 47.
Spiritualists, opinion of, 114.
Submarine cables, 155.
Swiss tour, 119.
T.
Table-turning explained, 114.
Tenacity of purpose, 62.
Thames impure, 131.
Thomson, Sir William, 137, 155.
Thunderstorms enjoyed, 62, 87.
Tomlinson, C., reminiscence by, 108.
Trinity House, 29, 57, 77, 127, 135, 159-166.
Truthfulness, 83, 140.
Tyndall, Professor, reminiscences by, 54, 82, 90;
his "Faraday as a Discoverer," 53.
U.
Unworldliness, 90.
V.
Velocipede riding, 20.
Visitors, attention to, 32, 45.
Visits to the sick, 76.
W.
Walmer, visit to, 38.
Welsh damsel at waterfall, 71.
William IV., 55.
Wiseman, Cardinal, visit of, 92.
Woolwich Academy, 29, 30, 72.
Working, method of, 31, 123.
Y.
Young, James reminiscence by, 132.
THE END.
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and pathetic turns, will be found the best reading by girls of all
ages, and by boys too._"--TIMES.
SYBIL'S BOOK. Illustrated by S. E. WALLER. Second Edition. Globe 8vo.
gilt. 4_s._ 6_d._
"_Another of Lady Barker's delightful stories, and one of the most
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years. Grown-up readers will like it quite as much as young people,
and will even better understand the rarity of such simple, natural,
and unaffected writing.... That no one can read the story without
interest is not its highest praise, for no one ought to be able to
lay it down without being the better girl or boy, or man or woman,
for the reading of it. Lady Barker has never turned her fertile and
fascinating pen to better account, and for the sake of all readers
we wish 'Sybil's Book' a wide success."_--TIMES.
=Bell.=--ROMANCES AND MINOR POEMS. By HENRY GLASSFORD BELL. Fcap. 8vo.
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=Betsy Lee;= A FO'C'S'LE YARN. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
"_There is great vigour and much pathos in this poem._"--MORNING
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"_We can at least say that it is the work of a true
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THE STRANGE ADVENTURES OF A PHAETON. Seventh and Cheaper Edition.
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A PRINCESS OF THULE. Three vols. Sixth and cheaper Edition. Crown
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The SATURDAY REVIEW says:--"_A novel which is both romantic and
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the 'Princess of Thule.'_" "_It has, for one thing, the great
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Black writes, but scarcely even in the 'Adventures of a Phaeton'
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=Burnand.=--MY TIME, AND WHAT I'VE DONE WITH IT. By F. C. BURNAND.
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=Cabinet Pictures.=--Oblong folio, price 42_s._
CONTENTS:--_"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and "The Fighting
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CABINET PICTURES. A Second Series.
_Containing:--"The Baths of Caligula" and "The Golden Bough," by
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=Carroll.=--Works by "LEWIS CARROLL:"--
ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. With Forty-two Illustrations by
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"_Beyond question supreme among modern books for
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"_A very pretty and highly original book, sure to delight the
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THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS, AND WHAT ALICE FOUND THERE. With Fifty
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=Children's (The) Garland,= FROM THE BEST POETS. Selected and arranged
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=Clough (Arthur Hugh).=--THE POEMS AND PROSE REMAINS OF ARTHUR HUGH
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"_Taken as a whole," the SPECTATOR says, "these volumes cannot
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our age._" "_Full of charming letters from Rome," says the MORNING
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THE POEMS OF ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH, sometime Fellow of Oriel College,
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"_From the higher mind of cultivated, all-questioning, but still
conservative England, in this our puzzled generation, we do not
know of any utterance in literature so characteristic as the poems
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=Clunes.=--THE STORY OF PAULINE: an Autobiography. By G. C. CLUNES.
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