The distinction of clean and unclean animals.
11:1. And the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying:
11:2. Say to the children of Israel: These are the animals which you
are to eat of all the living things of the earth.
Animals which you are to eat, etc.... The prohibition of so many kinds
of beasts, birds, and fishes, in the law, was ordered, 1st, to exercise
the people in obedience, and temperance; 2ndly, to restrain them from
the vices of which these animals were symbols; 3rdly, because the
things here forbidden were for the most part unwholesome, and not
proper to be eaten; 4thly, that the people of God, by being obliged to
abstain from things corporally unclean, might be trained up to seek a
spiritual cleanness.
11:3. Whatsoever hath the hoof divided, and cheweth the cud among the
beasts, you shall eat.
Hoof divided, and cheweth the cud.... The dividing of the hoof and
chewing of the cud, signify discretion between good and evil, and
meditating on the law of God; and where either of these is wanting a
man is unclean. In like manner fishes were reputed unclean that had not
fins and scales: that is, souls that did not raise themselves up by
prayer and cover themselves with the scales of virtue.
11:4. But whatsoever cheweth indeed the cud, and hath a hoof, but
divideth it not, as the camel, and others: that you shall not eat, but
shall reckon it among the unclean.
11:5. The cherogrillus which cheweth the cud, but divideth not the
hoof, is unclean.
The cherogrillus.... Some suppose it to be the rabbit, others the
hedgehog. St. Jerome intimates that it is another kind of animal common
in Palestine, which lives in the holes of rocks or in the earth. We
choose here, as also in the names of several other creatures that
follow (which are little known in this part of the world,) to keep the
Greek or Latin names.
11:6. The hare also: for that too cheweth the cud, but divideth not the
hoof.
11:7. And the swine, which, though it divideth the hoof, cheweth not
the cud.
11:8. The flesh of these you shall not eat, nor shall you touch their
carcasses, because they are unclean to you.
11:9. These are the things that breed in the waters, and which it is
lawful to eat. All that hath fins, and scales, as well in the sea, as
in the rivers, and the pools, you shall eat.
11:10. But whatsoever hath not fins and scales, of those things that
move and live in the waters, shall be an abomination to you,
11:11. And detestable. Their flesh you shall not eat: and their
carcasses you shall avoid.
11:12. All that have not fins and scales, in the waters, shall be
unclean.
11:13. Of birds these are they which you must not eat, and which are to
be avoided by you: The eagle, and the griffon, and the osprey.
The griffon.... Not the monster which the painter represent, which hath
no being upon earth; but a bird of the eagle kind, larger than the
common.
11:14. And the kite, and the vulture, according to their kind.
11:15. And all that is of the raven kind, according to their likeness.
11:16. The ostrich, and the owl, and the larus, and the hawk according
to its kind.
11:17. The screech owl, and the cormorant, and the ibis.
11:18. And the swan, and the bittern, and the porphyrion.
11:19. The heron, and the charadroin according to its kind, the houp
also, and the bat.
11:20. Of things that fly, whatsoever goeth upon four feet, shall be
abominable to you.
11:21. But whatsoever walketh upon four feet, but hath the legs behind
longer, wherewith it hoppeth upon the earth,
11:22. That you shall eat: as the bruchus in its kind, the attacus, and
ophimachus, and the locust, every one according to their kind.
11:23. But of flying things whatsoever hath four feet only, shall be an
abomination to you.
11:24. And whosoever shall touch the carcasses of them, shall be
defiled: and shall be unclean until the evening:
11:25. And if it be necessary that he carry any of these things when
they are dead: he shall wash his clothes, and shall be unclean until
the sun set.
11:26. Every beast that hath a hoof, but divideth it not, nor cheweth
the cud shall be unclean: and he that toucheth it, shall be defiled.
11:27. That which walketh upon hands of all animals which go on all
four, shall be unclean: he that shall touch their carcasses shall be
defiled until evening.
11:28. And he that shall carry such carcasses, shall wash his clothes,
and shall be unclean until evening: because all these things are
unclean to you.
11:29. These also shall be reckoned among unclean things, of all that
move upon the earth. The weasel, and the mouse, and the crocodile,
every one according to their kind:
11:30. The shrew, and the chameleon, and the stellio, and the lizard,
and the mole.
11:31. All these are unclean. He that toucheth their carcasses shall be
unclean until the evening.
11:32. And upon what thing soever any of their carcasses shall fall, it
shall be defiled, whether it be a vessel of wood, or a garment, or
skins or haircloths: or any thing in which work is done. They shall be
dipped in water, and shall be unclean until the evening, and so
afterwards shall be clean.
11:33. But an earthen vessel, into which any of these shall fall, shall
be defiled: and therefore is to be broken.
11:34. Any meat which you eat, if water from such a vessel be poured
upon it, shall be unclean; and every liquor that is drunk out of any
such vessel, shall be unclean.
11:35. And upon whatsoever thing any of these dead beasts shall fall,
it shall be unclean. Whether it be oven, or pots with feet, they shall
be destroyed, and shall be unclean.
11:36. But fountains and cisterns, and all gatherings together of
waters shall be clean. He that toucheth their carcasses shall be
defiled.
11:37. If it fall upon seed corn, it shall not defile it.
11:38. But if any man pour water upon the seed, and afterwards it be
touched by the carcasses, it shall be forthwith defiled.
11:39. If any beast die, of which it is lawful for you to eat, he that
toucheth the carcass thereof, shall be unclean until the evening.
11:40. And he that eateth or carrieth any thing thereof, shall wash his
clothes, and shall be unclean until the evening.
11:41. All that creepeth upon the earth shall be abominable: neither
shall it be taken for meat.
11:42. Whatsoever goeth upon the breast on four feet, or hath many
feet, or traileth on the earth, you shall not eat, because it is
abominable.
11:43. Do not defile your souls, nor touch aught thereof, lest you be
unclean,
11:44. For I am the Lord your God. Be holy because I am holy. Defile
not your souls by any creeping thing, that moveth upon the earth.
11:45. For I am the Lord, who brought you out of the land of Egypt,
that I might be your God.
11:46. You shall be holy, because I am holy. This is the law of beasts
and fowls, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and
creepeth on the earth:
11:47. That you may know the differences of the clean, and unclean, and
know what you ought to eat, and what to refuse.