and Alexandria is ten _knots_ an hour, exclusive of the stoppages
allowed by the British Post Office, at Malta and Gibraltar. The time,
therefore, occupied in the passage between Southampton and Alexandria
is fourteen days, and as the vessels are timed to arrive at the latter
port, at least one day in advance of the steamer _viâ_ Marseilles, the
journey may be said to require fifteen days. As the mails conveyed by
the steamers _viâ_ Marseilles only requires eight days, it follows, in
order that the mails _viâ_ Southampton and _viâ_ Marseilles be carried
forward by the same steamer from Suez, that there shall be an interval
of from 6½ to 7½ days between the time of posting a letter for the
same destination in the east. Thus precisely the same occurs in the
reverse direction, that is to say, if the writer of a letter in London
wishes to forward it, on account of its comparatively cheap rate of
postage, _viâ_ Southampton so that it shall arrive in, say, Bombay, at
the same time as a letter despatched _viâ_ Marseilles on the _evening_
of the 10th of the month, he must take care that it is posted in time
for despatch by the _morning_ mail of the 3rd; or if the writer of a
letter in Bombay forward it for delivery in England _viâ_ Southampton,
he must be content that his correspondent receive it seven days later
than if he sent it _viâ_ Marseilles; as the usual time for a letter to
be conveyed between London and Bombay _viâ_ Marseilles, is twenty-one
days, the letter if sent by the other route, is practically one-third
longer on its journey. The _comparative_ penalty in time is not so
great for Calcutta and other places more distant than Bombay, but the
absolute penalty is the same in all cases, a delay of six days and a
half as a minimum, seven days and a half as a maximum.
When the Brindisi route is available for the mails now taken _viâ_
Marseilles, the interval, in consequence of the saving of thirty-nine
hours, between the despatch of the mails, _viâ_ Brindisi and _viâ_
Southampton, must never be less than eight days as a minimum, or more
than nine days as a maximum. The consequence is, in my opinion, that
arrangements must be made for conveying, by the Brindisi route, the
great portion of the “HEAVY,” or “SOUTHAMPTON MAILS,” as well as the
conveyance of the “FAST,” or the “MARSEILLES MAILS.”
It can, however, only be accomplished by the countries interested
consenting to take a transit rate, very different from that which is
the ordinary transit rate for mail correspondence.
As long as the Mont Cenis Railway is the only railway open towards
the western extremity of the Alps, France may refuse to agree to such
an arrangement. There would then be no alternative but to continue
the heavy mail service _viâ_ Southampton, until the completion of
the Simplon Railway would make both England and Italy independent of
France. The reason is, that there would then be two routes between
England and Italy, _viâ_ the Simplon; one, undoubtedly the shorter,
through Paris, Dijon, Pontarlier, and Lausanne, the other through
Ostend, Belgium, Rhenish Germany, and Switzerland.
The distance from London to Brindisi, _viâ_ Paris, Dijon, &c., would be
2,395 kilometers; _viâ_ Ostend, Belgium, and Rhenish Germany, 2,758
kilometers. At the present time the fast mails are conveyed between
London and Alexandria, _viâ_ Marseilles, in 193 hours, or eight days
one hour.
According to the calculations of Captain Tyler, the fast mails can
be conveyed from London to Brindisi, _viâ_ Mont Cenis, in sixty-nine
hours. That is to say, a letter posted in London on the evening of the
11th of a month would arrive in Brindisi at 5·30 p.m. on the evening
of the 14th; allowing two hours for placing the mails on board the
steamer, she would start at 7·30 p.m., and at the existing contract
rate of ten knots an hour, she would reach Alexandria in eighty-three
hours; that is at 6·30 a.m. on the 18th. If the Simplon line were
opened, the mails would be conveyed in, at least, three hours less
time; making the arrival at Brindisi 3·30 a.m. Thus, the total distance
would be accomplished in 151 hours, or six days seven hours; showing a
saving over the Marseilles route of forty-two hours.
If the French Government would enter into an agreement for carrying the
HEAVY MAILS, through French territory _by ordinary trains_, they could
be conveyed between London and Alexandria in seven days nineteen hours;
or six hours less time than at present, _viâ_ Marseilles: in other
words, these mails need not be despatched from London until thirty-six
hours before the departure of the fast mails.
But if the adoption of the route, _viâ_ Ostend, Belgium, and Rhenish
Germany, be unavoidable, it will then be necessary to despatch the
heavy mails twenty-four hours earlier than if they were transmitted
_viâ_ France. Still this despatch will only be two days and a half
earlier than the despatch of the fast mails, instead of being eight or
nine days, which would be the case if the heavy mails still continued
to be despatched _viâ_ Southampton.
The progress of the heavy mails by ordinary trains _viâ_ Ostend, &c.,
would be as follows:—Despatched from London on the morning of the 9th
of a month, they would reach Basle on the evening of the 10th. At
present there is no night mail trains on the Swiss railways, but they
will be established before the opening of the Simplon Railway. They
would thus reach Lausanne very early on the morning of the 11th. The
distance from Lausanne to Milan, is 351 kilometres, of which, 77 would
constitute the passage across the mountain; allowing five hours for
it, and nine for the remaining 234, the train would arrive at Milan
two hours before departure of the 9·10 p.m. train southwards; leaving
Bologna at 3·40 on the morning of the 12th, the mails would, _at the
latest_, arrive at Brindisi at noon on the 13th. Thus, the whole
journey from London to Brindisi would be performed in 101 hours, or
four days five hours, and the heavy mails would be there 29 hours in
advance of the light mails despatched on the evening of the 11th.
The following table will show at one view the distances (given in
kilometres) and the times occupied, or to be occupied in the several
routes between London and Alexandria.
┌———————————————————————————┬————————┬————————┬————————┬————————┐
│ Viâ. │ Land. │ Water. │ Total. │ Time. │
├———————————————————————————┼————————┼————————┼————————┼————————┤
│ │ Kilos. │ Kilos. │ Kilos. │ D. H. │
│ Southampton │ 130 │ 5,588 │ 5,718 │ 15 0 │
│ Marseilles │ 1,416 │ 2,835 │ 4,251 │ 8 1 │
│ Brindisi[160] │ │ │ │ │
│ Fast mails │ 2,470 │ 1,629 │ 4,099 │ 6 7 │
│ Heavy mails _viâ_ France │ .. │ .. │ .. │ 7 19 │
│ Heavy mails _viâ_ Belgium │ 2,833 │ .. │ 4,462 │ 8 19 │
└———————————————————————————┴————————┴————————┴————————┴————————┘
It is a well established maxim with all Post Office authorities to
prefer land to water service for conveyance of mails; but especially
so, when the land service can be effected by railway. There are two
reasons for this preference; the first is, the greater certainty of
land over water conveyance; and the second is that mails carried by
railways, are conveyed at a rate of speed never less than double, and
frequently it is three times greater than that of even the quickest
water conveyance.
Viewed in that light, it will be seen by the above table what
advantages the Brindisi route to Alexandria affords over all others.
The direct route is not only 152 kilometers shorter than that _viâ_
Marseilles; but, whereas the sea voyage of the latter route is 2,835
kilometers, that _viâ_ Brindisi is only 1,629, showing a difference in
favour of Brindisi, of 1,206 kilometers; again, the Marseilles route,
has only an advantage of 211 kilometers in point of length over that
_viâ_ Belgium; but the sea passage is still in favour of the latter
by 1,206 kilometers. If the routes _viâ_ Southampton and Brindisi be
compared, the difference exhibited will be still more striking, and the
effect is, that a journey which can be accomplished in six days seven
hours, _viâ_ Brindisi takes nearly twice and a half as long by the
other route.
I therefore consider that great efforts should be made both by Italy
and by England, to accomplish the conveyance of the HEAVY EASTERN
MAILS _viâ_ Brindisi. Even if Italy made apparent sacrifices—that is,
if she carried those mails along her railways at the rate charged for
merchandise, it would be worth her while to do so. She would thereby
not only secure a passenger traffic such as she does not possess
at present, nor can she ever possess, unless with such apparent
sacrifices, but she will thereby make Brindisi the Great European
Terminal Port for all Eastern Postal and Passenger Traffic.
Let but the Government reflect upon the growth and development of
Marseilles in the last twenty years. They are due solely to its being
the port from which steamers depart, and at which steamers arrive
daily from all parts of the Mediterranean. A gigantic commerce centres
there from this cause only. Brindisi has, or at all events may have,
the same career before it; and it is my firm conviction that, with
well-organised arrangements between London and Brindisi, by which
passengers would be attracted to the route, we should see a magnificent
steamer starting daily for Alexandria, and one arriving from there
also daily. Surely this is an anticipation by no means hazardous to
make, when we remember that at the present time there are no less
than eighteen first-class communications a month from Europe to
Alexandria, and the same number from Alexandria to Europe. They are as
follows:—from Southampton four; from Marseilles six; of which four are
by the steamers of the English Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation
Company, and two by those of the _Messageries Impériales_; four from
Trieste, by the Austrian Lloyd’s Company, subsidised by the Austrian
Government, and four from Brindisi, subsidised by the Government of
Italy. In addition, there are two second-class steam communications a
month from Liverpool to Alexandria, by the Bengal Steam Packet Company,
and one from Marseilles, which belongs to the _Messageries Impériales_.
I regret to observe that in the advertisements for New Mediterranean
Contracts, issued by the British Government, the speed proposed is only
ten knots an hour. This was a suitable speed twenty years ago, but does
not correspond with modern requirements. No doubt this speed will be
exceeded before long, and there is no reason why we should not have,
on the Mediterranean, a rate of speed equal to what the steamers of
the Atlantic, built in the last five or six years, have accomplished.
They frequently run during a considerable portion of the entire voyage
from New York to Liverpool at a rate of fifteen knots an hour, but
even if there were a speed between Brindisi and Alexandria of twelve
knots an hour, the passage of eighty-three hours would be converted
into one of seventy-one hours—thus diminishing the time between London
and Alexandria to 139 hours, or five days, nineteen hours—at all
events, this is certain, that it will be much easier to apply increased
speed to vessels which have before them only voyages of the distance
between Brindisi and Alexandria, than to those which have to run from
Marseilles to Alexandria; and the argument is still stronger when we
refer to the vessels between Southampton and Alexandria.
Brindisi will, in my opinion, also become, on the completion of the
Alpine Railways, the port for the postal and passenger communication of
England and Western Europe, with Greece, the Ionian Islands, Turkey,
and the Black Sea. The trade of England with those parts of the world
has increased greatly in recent years.
This letter has extended to much beyond what I had originally proposed;
but I feel that I shall be pardoned its length, in consequence of the
great interest I have for several years taken in the subject, and of my
desire to impart to you all the information I possess relating to it.
Probably, the points I have opened for consideration may lead to the
desire for further particulars. If so, I shall only say that I am
completely at your service for this purpose.
(Signed) CUSACK P. RONEY.
INDEX.
“Above sea level,” described, 318.
Absence of mind, remarkable instances of, _note_, 170.
Acceleration of East Indian contract steamers, its importance, 247.
Accidents on railways, 173;
statistical account of, 176;
causes of, 178;
impossible to prevent them altogether, 179;
cost of, 180;
small in proportion to accidents from other causes, 181;
accidents in London, 181;
carriage, _note_, 181;
by shipwreck, 182;
in collieries and by fire, 183;
on American railways and steamers, 184;
on Indian railways, 290.
Affghanistan, the Long Railway will pass through it, 271, 300;
opinion of Mr. A. H. Layard, M.P., thereon, 300.
Africa, mountains of, _note_, 9;
railway mileage of, _note_, 211.
Ainsworth, William Harrison, his “Turpin’s Ride to York,” _note_, 215.
Alba Lake, tunnel from, 364.
Aldworth, Miss, the lady Freemason, _note_, 210.
Alexandria, comparative distances to, from London, 429.
Allen, inventor of Cross Posts, _note_, 103.
“Allen’s Indian Mail,” its views upon East Indian railway extension,
_note_, 262.
Alpine passes enumerated, 7;
heights of, _note_, 319.
Alps, the, traversed from the earliest periods, 6;
Hannibal’s army crosses them, 6;
the first tunnel under, 366;
the Great Tunnel of, described, 401.
America, mountains of, _note_, 10;
railway mileage of, _note_, 211.
American railways and steamers, accidents upon, 184.
American trotting horses, their pace, 188.
Anglia, _unde derivatur_, _note_, 167.
Anne, Duchess of Savoy, first constructor of an Alpine tunnel, 366.
Annuities Act, the Post Office, 101.
Apennines, the highest peaks of, _note_, 9;
railway from Pistoja to Poretta described, 344.
Arbitration, differences between railways and the Post Office to be
settled by, 75;
opposition to it by the Post Office, 76;
the only real mode of settling with railways, 123;
Mr. E. Page’s opinion on it, 445.
Argyll, the Duke of, Postmaster-General, 102;
senator, politician, man of letters, _note_, _ib._
Army, British, that must be maintained in India, 300.
“As the crow flies,” described, 343.
Ascending heights, by man and animals, 320.
Ashford, locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Asia Minor, the Long Railway will pass through it, 271, 300;
opinion of Mr. A. H. Layard thereon, 300.
Asia, mountains of, _note_, 9.
Atlantic, grand tunnel under the, 400.
Atlantic islands, mountains of, _note_, 10.
Attock, the Indus at, _note_, 278, 280;
the tunnel at, 395.
Australia, mountains of, _note_, 10;
British exports to, 54;
coal in, for Indian railways, 288;
railways in, _see_ Railways.
Austria, mountains of, _note_, 8;
foremost among nations in constructing railways, 12;
postage stamps in, how called, _note_, 142;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.
Avalanches, protection from, on the Mont Cenis Railway, 353.
“Bagmen” travelling on railways, _note_, 171.
Bahamas, the, cotton supply from, _note_, 299.
Baker, Sir Samuel, his views respecting railway extension in India,
_note_, 263.
Ball, John, late president of the Alpine Club, Alpine passes and peaks
enumerated by him, _note_, 319.
Banging of railway carriage doors, _note_, 213.
Barlow, Peter W., Esq., C.E., his proposed Thames subway, 395.
Barrow Docks, opening of, _note_, 51.
Bavaria, mountains of, _note_, 9;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.
Belgium, the first continental nation to construct railways, 12;
fastest trains in, 113;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142;
locomotive constructing establishments in, 193;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297;
railway tunnels in, 380.
Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Great Britain, _note_, 9.
Bermuda, cotton supply from, _note_, 299.
Bernardino Pass, the, 10.
Bessemer process of steel manufacture, 201;
its great value and importance, _note_, 202.
Beypoor, unsuitable terminus for Madras Railway, 256.
Bhore Ghaut, the, described, 252.
Birmingham, rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Bletchley Station, 220.
Blue Coat School, the, _note_, 217.
Board of Trade, its powers respecting cheap parliamentary trains, 61;
errors in its calculations, 71;
its wreck register, 182;
Captain Tyler’s report to, on the Mont Cenis Railway, 347.
Boetia, ancient tunnel in, 364.
Bohemia, mountains of, _note_, 8.
Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, the, 258;
proposed extension of, to Delhi, 260;
working expenses, 289.
Bombay, development necessary at, for it to become the capital of
India, _note_, 258;
advantage to Bombay of the extension of the Baroda line to Delhi,
260.
Book Post, the, Mr. Page’s vindication, 450;
refuted, 471.
Bordeaux, the port for the Orleans Railway Company, 24;
population of, _note_, 31.
Box Tunnel, the, its ventilation, 411.
Bradshaw’s Continental Guide, 32.
Bray Head, proposed tunnels under, 371.
Bread winners and bread managers, _note_, 161.
Brenner, the, a very old Alpine pass, 11;
the railway over the Pass, 13;
its political importance, 14;
its first time table, _note_, _ib._
Bridgewater, Duke of, opening of his canal, 65.
Brighton Locomotive and Carriage Establishment, 209.
Brindisi described, 428;
its importance for the conveyance of the Eastern mails, 429, 496.
Brindisi, distance from London _viâ_ Brenner Pass, _note_, 15.
Bristol, the highest rainfall in, of England, _note_, 281.
Britannia Tubular Bridge, the, described, 391.
British Columbia, Canadian railways to extend to, 306.
Broadstone Locomotive and Carriage Establishment, 209.
Brockedon, William, his illustrated work on Alpine passes, 7.
Brunlees, James, Esq., C.E., 346.
Bucke, W., engineer of Manchester and Birmingham Railway, 4.
Bulk, not weight, the real manner in which mails must be
estimated, 85.
Burke, John, Esq., C.E., his tunnel under the Liffey, 394.
Byron, Lord, educated at Harrow, 218;
recollection of his schoolboy days, _note_, _ib._
Cæsar, Julius, his tunnel under Uxellodum, 365.
Cairn Tual, the highest mountain in Ireland, _note_, 9.
Calais to Paris, railway distance, 15;
to Nice, 240;
to Constantinople, 270.
Calcutta and South-Eastern Railway, the, 273;
working expenses, 290.
Calcutta, population of, _note_, 259;
postal communications with, 247;
their future accelerations, 266, 272.
Caledonian Railway, its locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
California, discovery of gold in, 17;
telegraphing with London, 19.
Campbell, Lord, his lives of the Chancellors of England, full of
blunders, _note_, 324.
Canada, railways in, 301, _see_ Railways;
proportion of, to population, 305.
Canals, passengers carried on them in 1837, 57;
effect of their opening upon the cost of conveying goods, 65;
canals have not suffered through railways—dividends in 1846 and
1867, 67, _note_, 149;
their length in Great Britain, 368;
tunnels in, _ib._;
canals in France, _note_, 377.
Canton, distance from San Francisco, 22.
Cape of Good Hope Railway, the, 311.
Capital invested in British railways, 40, 147;
can no longer be charged with working expenses, 55.
Capitol of Rome, how saved, 213.
Carriage accidents in London, _note_, 181;
doors of railways, banging of, 213.
Carson, city, 19.
Cat, the, its power of ascending elevations, 321.
Catherine of Arragon introduces the mantilla and farthingale into
England, _note_, 210.
Cattle conveyed on British railways, 40;
increased since 1859, 47, 69;
imported in 1866, 70.
Celerity of postal communication, Mr. Frederick Hill’s notions
upon, 129;
inaccuracy of Post Office assertions thereon, 130.
Cenis, the, Mont. _See_ Mont.
Central American Honduras Railway, the, 312.
Centre rail system, Mr. Fell’s claims as its inventor, 337.
Ceylon Railway, the, 313.
Chaix, M. M., “Indicateur des Chemins de Fer,” 32.
Chalmers, Mr. James, his subway between France and England, 398.
Charterhouse School, _note_, 217.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, _note_, 168.
Cheshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Christ’s Hospital School, _note_, 217.
City of London, value of house property in, _note_, 326.
Cleghorn, Mr. John, his railway statistical tables, 40.
Coal, conveyance of, by railway, rapidly increasing, 48;
extraction of, from British collieries, _ib._, _note_, 49;
how consumed, 50;
its existence in India, _note_, 284;
cost of, on Indian railways, 286;
prospects of its being found in India, 288;
Labuan and Australia, _ib._
Cochin, best sea-board terminus for the Madras railway, 257.
Coffee, the use of, diminishing in Great Britain, 71.
Col di Tenda, the, 8;
height of, 319;
tunnel under in the 15th century, 366.
Cold, how excluded from the Hauenstein tunnel, 416.
Collieries, number of, in Great Britain, _note_, 49;
loss of life in, 183.
Colonies of Great Britain that supply it with cotton, 299.
Combinations, their injurious effects upon workmen, _note_, 159;
_note_, 161.
Commission of 1853, on Contract Packet Services, extract from its
report, 267.
Committee on Postal and Telegraphic Communications with the East,
extract from its report, _note_, 266.
Constantinople, railways to, 271.
Corkscrew, the, ladies ungraceful in the use of, 228;
advice thereon, 229;
its analogy to mountain railways, 402.
Corn, foreign, imports of, 72.
Corporation of the City of London, great works accomplished by, 326;
further required, 327;
its columns of Luxor, 328.
Cotton, cost of conveyance from Liverpool to Manchester, last
century, 65;
districts of India, the, 295;
whence imported into England, 299.
Crampton engines, 190.
Crawford, R. W., Esq., M.P., memorandum on the East Indian Railway,
_note_, 251.
Crewe works, locomotives made at, 192;
the town and works described, 194;
statistics in 1849, 196;
in 1867, 200;
steel and iron rail manufactory, 201;
modern Crewe, 204;
its municipal government, 206;
places of worship and schools, 207.
Crinoline forbidden on locomotives, 210;
its introduction into England, _note_, _ib._
Cumberland, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Cusack, Mr. Ralph, establishes low railway fares in Ireland, 45.
Daft, T. B., Esq., C.E., his proposed steamers between Newhaven and
Dieppe, _note_, 397.
Dâk, establishment of, between Jubbulpore and Nagpore, _note_, 247.
Danvers, Juland, Esq., government director of Indian railways, his
annual reports on them, 247, 248, 256, 272, 277, 290.
Day mails, their number to and from London, 106.
De Camp, Monsieur A., 97.
Debenture capital of British railways, 147;
holders, number of, in Indian railways, 276.
Delhi Railway, the, 273.
Demerara Railway, the, 311.
Derby locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Derby, Right Hon. the Earl of, speech upon combinations, _note_, 159.
Derby, the, speed at which it is run, 186.
Derbyshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Desbriere, Monsieur P., _Etudes sur la Locomotion au Moyen du Rail
Central_, his resumé as to the priority of the centre rail
discovery, 336.
Dingwall and Skye Railway, _note_, 239.
Distances, tables of, 15, 22;
from Dover and Penzance to the North of Scotland, 240;
traversed by the Eastern mails, 496.
Dividends upon share capital of British railways, 147.
Divine service, arrangements for, at Crewe, 206.
Dix, General John A., president Union Pacific Railroad, 22.
Docks, importance of, at Bombay, _note_, 258;
advantages of, to Southampton, _note_, 259.
Dog, the, its power of ascending elevations, 321.
Dogs travelling on railways, _note_, 171.
Doncaster locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Dove Hole Tunnel, 372;
singular accident in, 425.
Dover, railway distance from, to North of Scotland, 240.
Dublin, rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Duncombe, George, Esq., his noble contribution to the town of Crewe,
206.
Durham, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Earlestown, waggon repairing establishment, 200.
East Indian Railway, the, its commencement, 245;
its present extent, 246;
importance of completing the gap from Jubbulpore towards Bombay,
247;
cost of the Railway, 248;
its alleged mismanagement, _note_, _ib._;
history of, by R. W. Crawford, Esq., M.P., _note_, 251;
its net earnings exceed the Government guarantee, 277;
iron sleepers upon, 283;
coal-fields adjacent to the line, 287;
working expenses, 289;
provident fund, 293;
its insufficiency, 294.
Eastern Bengal Railway, the, 273.
Eastern Counties Railway, strike upon, in 1849;
described, _note_, 161;
locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Eastern mails, weight and dimensions of, in 1839, 90;
at present, 95, 98;
their great bulk and weight, 431, 488;
savings to be effected by sending them _viâ_ Brindisi, 490;
table of the several routes, 496.
Edinburgh, course of post from London, 1672 to 1867, 2;
Journey from, to Marseilles in 1867, 157;
speed of limited mail to, 237;
rainfall in, _note_, 281.
_Edinburgh Review_, the, describes the tunnel of the Alps, 426.
Edward VI., founder of Christ’s Hospital and other schools, _note_,
216.
Eggs, imports of, 72.
Elephants have crossed the Alps, 7.
Elevations, powers of ascending them, by man and animals, 321.
Elizabeth, Queen, on the “Winton birching,” _note_, 216;
her letter to the Bishop of Ely, _note_, 324.
Engine, the Locomotive, a ride upon, from London to Stafford and back,
210.
Engine drivers, strike of, upon the Eastern Counties Railways in 1849,
_note_, 161;
their numbers on English railways, 211.
Engine manufacturers, British and Continental, 191.
Engines, dimensions of, on the Sœmmering Pass, 13;
number of, on British railways, 45;
fuel consumed by them, 50;
number of component parts, 172;
effects of bursting a tube, 173;
compared to horses, 186;
speeds of various classes of engines, 188;
great size and power of some on the Continent, 189;
inside and outside cylinder engines, 190;
names of makers of, 191;
number made annually in England and abroad, 191;
railway establishments for the repairs of, 209;
the engine in steam, 213;
started, 215;
capacity of their tenders, 219;
engines and watches compared, 244.
_Engineering_ newspaper, the, extracts from, _notes_, 125, 202, 237,
248, 264, 284.
England, Helvellyn, the highest mountain in, _note_, 9;
prosperity of, 164;
public schools of, _note_, 216;
commercial value of the East Indian Railways to, 296.
Englishmen for thirteen centuries described by Professor Henry Morley,
_note_, 167;
national character of, similar to that of the Romans, _note_, 169.
Etna, Mont, height of, _note_, 9.
Eton College, _note_, 216.
Euphrates River, the, described, _note_, 264;
the tunnel under, 359.
Euphrates Valley Railway, the, 262, 266.
Europe, railway mileage of, _note_, 211.
Euston Station, its Doric portico, 212;
departure of a train from, 213.
Fares on French railways, 30;
high on Irish railways, 44.
Fell, Mr. John, the inventor of the centre rail system, 332;
the system explained, 334;
his appreciation both in theory and practice, 337;
his experiments on the High Peak Railway, 338;
on the Mont Cenis, 330;
effect of the centre rail going round curves, 342;
the Emperor Napoleon’s appreciation of the system, 349.
Ferrovia Calabro-Sicula, the, 433.
Ferrovia Meridionale of Italy, 427.
Fire, accidents by, 183;
houses destroyed by, in London, _note_, 184;
expense of, in several cities, _ib._
Fish, conveyance of, on railways, 156.
Fitzgerald, Sir Seymour, Governor of Bombay, ordered to report on
Kurrachee Harbour, _note_, 264.
Florence, distance from London _viâ_ Brenner Pass, _note_, 15;
_viâ_ Mont Cenis, 437.
Food, large conveyance of, by railways, 70;
imports of, from abroad, 71.
Foot mileage of the Post Office, great variety in its cost, 123.
Foreign postage stamps, _note_, 142.
Forest of Dean, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
France possesses the three highest mountains in Europe, _note_, 8;
history of railways in, 24;
railway passenger traffic of, 30;
cheap railways in, 31;
railway postal service in, 38;
material progress of, _note_, 54;
letters and newspapers circulating in, _note_, 81;
rural postmen in, _note_, 97;
speed of railway trains in, 112, 130;
stopping trains in, often unpunctual 114;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142;
fortunate escape through not annexing Luxemburg, _note_, 143;
locomotive establishments of, 193;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297;
canal and railway tunnels in, 377;
mode of their construction, _note_, 378;
subways and tunnels from England to, 396.
Francis, John, his valuable compendium of English railways, 74.
Franks, number of, in 1839, 75.
Fraser, J. M., Esq., C.E., upon British railway tunnels, 370.
Free trade has developed the present commercial grandeur of England,
151;
America takes a different view, _note_, _ib._;
free trade and the railway, the twin sisters of progress, 165.
Freemason, Miss Aldworth, the lady, _note_, 210.
Fremont, General, 17.
Frere, Sir Bartle, his views on Indian railway extension, _note_, 262.
Frith, W. P., Esq., R. A., his pictures “The Derby Day” and “The
Railway Station,” 212.
Fucinus, Lake, ancient tunnel from, 365
Fuel for Indian railways, 284.
Furies, the, and the officials of St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 146.
Gammond, M. Thome de, his subway between France and England, 398.
Gauge of railways, _note_, 110.
Gauges, the battle of the, 4.
Genevre Mont, the, 8;
height of, _note_, 319.
Germany, locomotive building establishments in, 192;
railways in, _note_, 297;
railway tunnels in, 377.
Ghaut, the Bhore, 252;
the Thull, 254.
Gibraltar, height of summit, _note_, 9.
Gibson, Rt. Hon. Milner, the author of the abolition of stamps on
newspapers, 80.
Giovi incline, the 344.
Gladstone, Rt. Hon. Wm., speech of, on KING IRON, _note_, 51;
gratitude due to him for establishing Post Office Savings Banks,
100.
Glasgow, rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Gloucestershire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Glover, Colonel, his memorandum on Indian telegraphs, _note_, 280.
Glyn, George Carr, Esq., M.P., 74.
Gold, discovery of, in California, 17.
Goods conveyed on British railways, 40, 47;
cost and speed of conveyance in the last century, 65;
contents of first goods train on the Liverpool and Manchester
Railway, 66;
slow development of goods traffic on British railways, 66;
increase in subsequent years, _ib._
Government Insurance and Annuities Act, the, 101;
transmission of documents which its establishment renders necessary,
_ib._
Gradients, the early, on English railways, 4;
maximum at present, 5;
explained, 322;
on the Mont Cenis Railway, 331;
on mountain road, 343;
that engines can ascend, 344.
Grand Junction Railway incorporated, 2;
opened, _ib._;
used by the Post Office as soon as opened, 73.
Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, the, begun, 302;
its length and cost, 305;
Victoria Bridge upon, 391.
Great Britain, mountains of, _note_, 9.
Great Indian Peninsula Railway, the, its course and works, 252;
receipts, 254;
its liability to heavy working charges, 255;
its net earnings exceed the government guarantee, 277;
working expenses, 289.
Great Southern of India Railway, the, 274;
working expenses, 289.
Great St. Bernard, 8;
height of, _note_, 319.
Great Vallon Mountain, the, the Tunnel of the Alps carried through it,
401.
Great Western Railway has the fastest train in England, 110;
its gauge, _note_, _ib._
Great Western Railway of Canada, the, 302;
its length and cost, 305.
Greece, mountains in, _note_, 8.
Gregory, Charles Hutton, Esq., C.E., Post Office Arbitrator, 132, 144.
Gretna Green pace, the, 187.
Griffiths, Mr. Darby, M.P., chances of his Post Office Bill passing,
132.
Grove, George, Esq., Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 359.
Guarantee, the, of the Indian Government to railways, 275;
impossible to construct railways in India without it, 278.
Guernsey, no railways in, 314.
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 304;
its magnificent harbour, 306.
Hamburg, postage stamps in, how called, _note_, 142.
Hand books, continental, 317.
Hannibal, his army crosses the Alps, 6.
Hanover, postage stamps in, how called, 142.
Harrow School, 216;
distinguished men educated there, 217.
“Haste, post haste,” defined, _note_, 158.
Hatton, Sir Christopher, _note_, 324.
Hauenstein Tunnel, the, its ventilation, 415;
cold, how excluded, 416.
Haupt, General, his tunnel boring machine, 385.
Hawkshaw, John, Esq., C.E., his tunnel under the Mersey, 393;
his borings between Calais and Dover, 398.
Haywood, William, Esq., engineer of the Corporation of London, 322.
Head, Sir Francis, Bart., quotations from his “Stokers and Pokers,”
196, 197, 198, 224.
Helvellyn, the highest mountain in England, _note_, 9.
Henry VI., founder of Eton College, _note_, 216.
Hermit, winner of the Derby, 1867, 186.
Hibbert, the late Mrs., “Generalissima,” _note_, 227, 228.
High Peak Railway, Mr. Fell’s experiments upon the, 338.
Highgate, intended tunnel through, 369.
Highland Railway, the, _note_, 237, 238.
Hill, Mr. Frederick, Assistant-Secretary of the Post Office, supports
his brother’s views respecting purchase of railways;
his ignorance of their working, 118;
his anticipations if the State purchase British railways, 123;
his assertions answered, 124;
differences between Mr. Hill and Postmaster-General’s Reports, 130;
Mr. Hill believed to be the writer of them, 131;
his evidence before the Committee on Postal and Telegraph
Communications with the East, _note_, 266.
Hill, Mr. M. D., his article on the Post Office, in _Fraser’s
Magazine_, _note_, 98, 137.
Hill, Sir Rowland, K.C.B., appointed on the Royal Commission on
Railways, 115;
dissents from report, his reasons, 117;
the chief witnesses in his support, 118;
real reasons for his recommendations, 118;
what they are, 132.
Hilmer, Mr. B., his subway between France and England, 398.
Hofer, Andreas, 12.
Holborn, past and present, _note_, 323.
Holborn Viaduct and Embankment, the, described, 321, 328.
Holland, postage stamps in, how called, _note_, 142.
Holyhead and Kingstown, the magnificent steamers between, _note_, 95.
Holyhead Mail, the old and the new compared, 46.
Honduras railway, the, 312.
Hooghley, the river, importance of a railway bridge across, 247.
Hoosac Tunnel, the, 385.
Hora di Roma, _note_, 158.
Horse boxes, their use in railway traffic, 46.
Horse, the, and the locomotive compared, 186;
its power of ascending elevations, 321.
Horses, numbers required for mail coaches in 1839, 93;
number required if the Post Office reverted to mail coaches, 94.
Hotel accommodation required at Bombay, _note_, 259.
Howell, Mr., Secretary of the Peninsular and Australian Navigation
Company, 95.
Humber, the, proposed railway tunnel under, 394.
Ice, conveyance of, by railway, 156.
Imperial railway train for the Emperor Napoleon, 33.
Inchicore locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Inclines, the Oldham, Lancashire, and Yorkshire Railway, _note_, 5.
India, population of, British exports to, 53;
railways in, 245, _see_ Railways;
marvellous development of, 297;
its debt, _note_, 298;
cotton imported from, 299;
what quantity produced, _note_, _ib._;
army that must be maintained there, _note_, 300.
Indus River, the, how it must be crossed at Attock, _note_, 278.
Indus steam flotilla, the, 262.
Indus Valley Railway, the, 262.
Insurance Act, the Post Office, 101.
Intercolonial Railway, the proposed, 304.
Ireland, Cairn Tual, the highest mountain in, _note_, 9;
population of, _note_, 34;
railways in, 43;
railway animosity in, 44;
probable reduction of high fares, 45;
production of coal in, _note_, 49;
sums paid by Post Office to railways in, 108;
railway gauge in, _note_, 110;
report of royal commissioners upon, 116;
dissentients, 117;
absence of locomotive manufacturers in, 192;
canal navigation of, 368;
railway tunnels in, 371, 373.
Iron, British coal consumed in the manufacture of, 51;
KING IRON, _note_, _ib._;
how he should be heard at St. Stephen’s, 208.
Isle of Man Railway prospects, 314.
Isle of Wight Railway, the, 314.
Isthmus of Suez Railway, 95;
canal, _note_, _ib._, _note_, 265.
Italy, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, how called, _note_, 142;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297;
ancient tunnels in, 364;
railway tunnels, 380;
its railway system, 427.
Jamaica Railway, the, 311.
Jeddo, distance from St. Francisco, 22.
Jerrold, Blanchard, one of the workman’s best friends, 228.
Jersey, no railway at present in, 314.
Jerusalem, explorations in, 360.
Kensington, its frequent use in London street nomenclature, _note_,
36.
Kilometres, how to convert into English miles, 331.
Kingstown and Holyhead, magnificent steamers between, _note_, 95.
Kurhurbali Coal-field, 287.
Kurrachee Harbour, its present unfitness as a harbour, _note_, 264.
La Vallée, M. Charles, “Les Chemins de Fer en France,” 30.
Labouchere, Mr., his speech upon railways, 1838, 74.
Labuan, coal prospects in, 288.
Ladies’ dogs carried on railways, _note_, 171.
Lancashire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Lange, Daniel A., Esq., English representative of the Suez Maritime
Canal Company, _note_, 95, _note_, 265.
Lanslebourg, the Mont Cenis village of, 332.
Lardner, Dr. Dionysius, Treatise on Railway economy, 61.
Late trains, 166.
Lawyers at Crewe, 204.
Layard, H. A., Esq., M.P., his opinion upon a railway through Persia,
&c., to India, 300;
upon Assyrian antiquities, 359.
Leeds, rainfall in, 281.
Leicestershire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Letter postage, low as contrasted with high newspaper postage; its
effects; necessity of its reduction upon local letters, _note_, 81.
Letter writing among the working classes, 205.
Letters, number of, in 1839 and 1840, 75;
number circulating in France, _note_, 81;
transmission alone gives them value, 141.
Lewins, William, “Her Majesty’s Mails,” 103.
Liechtenstei, the smallest state in the World, _note_, 34.
Life boats, the, of the National Association, their great use in
saving life, 183.
Liffey, the, proposed railway tunnel under, 394.
Lille, population of, _note_, 31.
Limited mail, the, its speed, 109, 237.
Linsdale Tunnel, 220.
Little St. Bernard, the, crossed by Hannibal’s army, 7;
easiest Alpine pass, 8.
Live stock conveyed on British railways, 40, 47.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, 2;
“Rocket” engine tried upon, 5;
contents of first goods train conveyed upon it, 66;
used by the Post Office as soon as opened, 73;
speed upon, 109.
Liverpool, its postal arrangements with Manchester, _note_, 124;
rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Local letters, the most profitable to the Post Office, _note_, 81;
history of their development in London since 1800, _note_, 82.
Locke, the late Joseph, M.P., 4, 195.
Locomotive engine and the horse compared, 186;
ride upon one from London to Stafford and back, 210.
Locomotive engines, number of, on British railways, 45.
London and Birmingham Railway incorporated, 2;
opened, _ib._;
immediately used by the Post Office, 73.
London and North-Western Railway, length, 23;
cost, 28;
passenger traffic, 33;
rolling stock and train mileage in 1847, 38;
in 1866, 39;
receipts, _ib._;
its London coal traffic likely to diminish, 48;
its locomotive establishment at Crewe, 194;
carriage establishment at Wolverton, 199;
waggon establishment at Earlestown, 200;
its minor repairing shops, 201;
rail manufactory at Crewe, 201.
London, Chatham and Dover Railway, 15;
Workman’s trains, 63;
its locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
London (City), mortality in, _note_, 35.
London General Omnibus Company, passengers carried by the, 35.
London, population of, 34;
its motive habits, 35, 37;
street nomenclature, _note_, 36;
dependent upon railways for its food supply, 70;
carriage accidents in, _note_, 181;
rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Long Hedge locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Lubeck, postage stamps in, how called, note, 142.
Lukmainer Alpine Pass, the, 10;
proposed tunnel through, 409.
Luxemburg, the Duchy of, inconveniences if annexed to France, _note_,
143.
Lyons, population of, _note_, 31;
the Croix Rousse Railway, 32.
Lytton, Lord, obtained the reduction of the Newspaper duty in 1836,
_note_, 80.
Madras, population of, 259.
Madras Railway, its course, 255;
traffic, 256;
small amount of its working expenses, 289;
freedom from accidents to passengers, 291.
Madrid, its magnificent water supply, 384.
Mail bags, 90;
conveyance of by ordinary trains, 139, 463.
Mail coaches, their speed, 56, 109;
passengers carried by them in 1837, 57;
their numbers, weights they carried, 93;
numbers required if Post Office now resorted to conveyance by them,
93, 94, 95;
more costly proportionately than railways, 137;
that formerly left London each evening, 443;
payments to, 457;
dimensions for postal purposes, 466.
Mail Contract Packets, excluded from expenses of Post Office until
1860, 94.
Mails, weight of, 92;
prices paid to railways for conveyance of, 95, 106, 446;
day, 106.
Man, his power of ascending elevations by steps, 321.
Manchester and Birmingham Railway, 4.
Manchester, its postal connection with Liverpool, _note_, 124;
the city described, _note_, 125;
rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Manners, Lord John, his tardy mode of doing business, _note_, 242.
Marseilles, from Paris, time of journey in 1672, 1;
the Liverpool of the Mediterranean, 24;
population of, _note_, 31;
from Edinburgh to, 157;
distance to Alexandria, 429;
its growth and development, 497.
Matheson, Alexander, Esq., M.P., his efforts to establish the Dingwell
and Skye Railway, _note_, 239.
Mauritius Railway, the, 313.
Meat, imports of, 71;
conveyance of, by American railways, _note_, 156.
Merchandise conveyed on British railways, 40, 47.
Merchant Tailors’ School, _note_, 217.
Mersey, the, Mr. Hawkshaw’s tunnel under, 393.
Messina, the Straits of, 434;
marvellous bridge across, _ib._;
mail steamers between Marseilles and Malta to go through the
Straits, _note_, 432.
Metre, the, its equivalent in English measure, 331.
Metropolitan District Railway, the, described, 389.
Metropolitan Railway, passengers conveyed in, 35;
its workman’s trains, 62;
described, 387;
character of the atmosphere in it, 419;
cause of the pungent smell in it, 422;
efforts made to ensure the best ventilation, 423;
excellent health of the employés, 424.
Midland Railway incorporated, 3;
present length, _ib._;
its importance for the conveyance of coal to London, 48.
Mileage, British Postal, on Railways, 38, 105, 138;
variety of its cost for all modes of conveyance, 123.
Mileage, train, of British Railways, 40, 47.
Minerals conveyed on British railways, 40, 47;
their rapid increase in recent years, 69.
Mining, tunnels connected with, 396;
shafts ditto, _note_, 411.
Mississippi, proposed sub-aqueous bridge for, 395.
Monadnock on free trade, _note_, 151;
his arguments refuted, _note_, 153.
Money Orders, documents connected with them, that pass through the
Post Office, 87;
absence of complete information respecting them, _note_, 98;
amount of, in 1865, 98.
_Moniteur des Interets Materiels_, 32.
Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Europe, 8.
Mont Cenis, height above sea level, 319;
its height described, 321;
gradients of, 331;
Mr. Fell’s experiments upon, 339;
Captain Tyler’s trials, 340;
concession for the railway, 349;
the works described, 350;
level crossings, 351;
the railway at Susa, 352;
Zig-zags, 353;
protection from snow and avalanches, _ib._;
stations, 355;
the engines for working the line, 356;
its great rival, 358.
Morley, Professor Henry, his description of Englishmen, _note_, 167.
Mormons, head quarters, 19;
their contributions to the Union Pacific Railroad, 21.
Mountains, early desire to construct railways over them, 5;
height of, throughout the world, _note_, 8.
Mousell, the Right Hon. Wm., appointed on the Royal Commission on
Railways, 115;
dissents from Report, 117.
Munich, distance from London, 15.
Murray’s Hand Books the best published, 317.
Nantes, population of, _note_, 31.
Naples, distance from London, _viâ_ Brenner Pass, _note_, 15;
_viâ_ Mont Cenis, 437.
Napoleon I. crossed the Great St. Bernard, 9;
narrow escape from death there, _ib._
Napoleon III., Imperial Railway Train for, 33;
his appreciation of the Centre Rail System, 349;
Extract from his _Vie de Cæsar_, 365.
Natal Railway, the proposed, 313.
National Debt, the, 151;
compared with capital invested in railways, _ib._
National Life Boat Institution, the great benefit it confers, 183.
Nederschindermanderscheid, a Luxemburg postal town, _note_, 144, 194.
Nevada, State of, 19.
New Brunswick, railways in, 304.
New South Wales, railways in, 307;
first locomotive made in, _note_, _ib._;
amount of traffic, 310.
New Zealand, railway tunnel in, 386.
Newcastle, rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Newspapers, number of, circulating through the Post in 1839 and 1840,
75;
misrepresentations by the Post Office respecting, 80;
stamps for, issued, from 1835 to 1854, _note_, _ib._;
effect of high postal charge for their transmission, and comparative
low charge for letters, _note_, 81;
erroneous Post Office statements respecting, 81, 83, 87, 452.
Nine Elms Locomotive and Carriage establishment, 209.
North of Scotland, railway distances from, to Dover and Penzance, 240.
North Wales, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Northampton, its hostility to the London and Birmingham Railway, 233.
Northern of France Railway, its powerful engines, 189.
Northumberland, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Nottinghamshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Nova Scotia, railways in, 304.
Oberschindermanderscheid, a Luxemburg postal town, _note_, 144, 194.
Officials of railways, their general good conduct, 174;
difficulties of their positions and duties when accidents occur,
175;
numbers killed and injured, 177;
numbers employed in Great Britain, 211;
their love of banging carriage doors, _note_, 213.
Oldham, Mr., superintendent of the geological survey of India, his
opinion as to coal being found there, 288.
Omaha, terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad, 19.
Orleans Railway Company, length, 23;
its first conception, 25;
cost, 28;
traffic receipts, 29;
passengers conveyed, 31;
engine mileage, 37;
goods traffic, 39.
Otranto, the Port and Castle of, 432.
Oudry, M., his bridge across the Straits of Messina, 434.
Overland Californian Mail, the, 18;
the “Pony Express,” _ib._
Pacific islands, mountains and volcanoes of, _note_, 10.
Pacific Railroad, the Union, described, 17.
Page, Mr. Edward, Inspector-General of Mails, his personal character,
83;
his report, _ib._;
cause of its being issued, 85;
error in the mode Mr. Page makes his computations, _ib._;
omissions in his calculations, 86, 92;
his assertions disproved, 92, 94;
one of Sir Rowland Hill’s witnesses in favour of the State
purchasing railways, 118, 132;
his report of 1856, 439;
increased weight of mails under penny postage system would not have
prevented their carriage by mail coaches, 440;
weight increased less than supposed, 441;
comparative cost of road and railway mails, 443;
relations between the railway companies and the Post Office, 444;
arbitration, 445;
prices paid to railway companies, 446;
Mr. Page denies illiberal treatment, 447;
mails by railway companies’ guards, 448;
payment by passengers and Post Office compared, 448;
competition from parcels post, 449;
manner in which railways have improved postal communication, 452;
Mr. R. Stephenson’s reply to Mr. Page, 454. _See_ Stephenson.
Palmerston, Lord, educated at Harrow, 218.
Paper _versus_ letters, 141.
Parcels, post, by the Post Office not approved by the Royal
Commissioners of Railways, 121;
Mr. Frederick Hill’s
method of removing the chief difficulty in its establishment, 124;
Mr. Page’s views, 449.
Paris, Lyons, and Mediterranean railway, length, 23;
cost of construction, 28;
traffic receipts, 29;
engine mileage, 37;
goods traffic, 39;
its hostility to the Mont Cenis Railway, 492.
Paris to Marseilles, time of journey in 1672, 1;
present distance from London, 15.
Paris to St. Michel, 316.
Parliament, incompetence of, as regards railway legislation, 165.
Parliamentary reports, the Post Office thereon, 444;
their assertions refuted, 474.
Pascal, _note_, 10.
Passenger traffic on French railways, 30, 31;
on railways terminating in London, 37;
on British railways, 40;
third class, its immense increase, 47;
number carried in the United Kingdom in 1837 and subsequent years,
58;
cause of immense increase of third class, 61.
Passengers conveyed on British railways, 40, 166;
accidents to, 176;
numbers conveyed on Indian railways, 291, 297;
accidents to, on Indian railways, 290.
Patterns, numbers transmitted by post incorrectly stated by Post
Office, _note_, 81;
first carried in 1863, 98.
Peel, Sir Robert, educated at Harrow, 218.
Peninsular and Oriental Steam Packet Company, increased postal subsidy
required by it, _note_, 241;
services performed by it, _note_, 268;
its new contract, note, 430;
its history traced, 482.
Penny postage, date of its commencement, 75.
Penzance, Railway distance from, to North of Scotland, 240.
Persia, the long railway will pass through it, 271;
opinion of Mr. A. H. Layard, M.P., thereon, 300.
Perth, speed of limited mail to, 109, 237.
Periodical tickets on railways, numbers of, 64.
Peshawer and Lahore Railway Company, the, difference of opinion
respecting its construction, 278.
Phipps, G. H., Esq., C.E., on tunnel construction, _note_, 375.
Pigs and piglings at Wolverton, _note_, 225;
disputed statistics of, 231.
Pistoja, railway from, across the Apennines, 344;
its working expenses, 346.
Poland, unpronounceable post towns in, _note_, 144.
Policemen at Crewe, 204.
Pondicherry, railways for, 257;
population and area of, _note_, _ib._
Pony express, the Transatlantic, described, 18.
Population of chief cities of France, _note_, 31;
of London, 34;
of India, 53;
of United Kingdom in 1837 and subsequent years, 57.
Port Canning Company, the, 274.
Porta Cæsaris Augusti, Susa, 6.
Portugal, mountains of, _note_, 9.
Post haste defined, _note_, 158.
Post horse duty, the, not diminished by the opening of railways, 59.
Post Office, the, has produced many literary men, _note_, 103.
Post Office, the, its railway mileage, 38;
railways used by the department from the earliest period, 73;
its jealousy of railways; _ib._;
the Bill of 1838, _ib._;
largely modified in its passage through the House of Commons, 74;
introduction of the penny postage system, sudden increase of
letters, 75;
hostility of the department to railways, 76;
its outcry against arbitration, _ib._;
extracts from Postmaster-General’s Second Report, 77;
its fallacies, 79;
misrepresentations, 80;
Mr. Edward Page’s Report, 83;
its omissions, 86 to 92;
number of horses necessary if the Post Office reverted to mail coach
conveyance, 94, 95;
mails could not be carried across the Isthmus of Suez but for the
railway, 96;
Post Office service must have broken down but for railways, 97;
savings banks, 99;
the Insurance and Annuities Act, 101;
Bill for “Further Provision for the Conveyance of Mails by Railway,”
103;
withdrawn before second reading, 104;
apparently better feeling of the Post Office to railways, _ib._;
it is a complete mistake, 115;
present arrangements with railways, 105;
amounts paid to railways for conveyance of mails, 106;
objection to its taking to parcels traffic, 121;
impossible to define payments to railways by Act of Parliament, 122;
can only be settled by arbitration, 123;
the official supporters of Sir Rowland Hill’s recommendations, 132;
railways proportionably less costly to the department than mail
coaches, 137;
immense facilities it derives from railways, 138;
unreasonableness of its demands, 139;
day mails in charge of railway guards, 140;
hollowness of Post Office pretences, 144;
discreditable proceeding in 1855, 145;
impossible to satisfy postal officials, 146;
remedies suggested, _ib._;
statistical blunders of the department, 230;
its costly blunder, _note_, 241;
its tardy mode of doing business, _note_, 243;
constantly increasing its demands upon railways, 462;
advantages to, from railways, 459;
unjustifiable tone of, to railways, 478.
_See_ also Page, Stephenson.
Post offices, number of, in the United Kingdom, 89, 450.
Postage stamps, number transmitted through the mails, 88;
weight of, _note_, 89;
general information respecting, _note_, 142;
suppressed, note, 143;
only available for newspapers sent abroad, 473.
Postal communication with India, 247;
its future accelerations, 266, 272.
Postal Guide, the, Post Office notice respecting, 79;
first issued in 1855, 91;
not implicitly to be relied upon, _note_, _ib._
Postmaster-General’s reports. _See_ Reports.
Postmasters, great increase of documents sent by them by railway, 88.
Poultry, the (City of London), should be immediately widened, 327.
Preference share capital of railways, 149.
Provident Fund, the, of the East Indian Railway, 293;
its insufficiency, 294.
Prussia, fastest trains in, 113;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142, 143;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.
_Punch, Mr._, his admonition to government officials, _note_, 242.
Punjaub Railway, the, 272.
Puy de Dome, Pascal’s observations upon, _note_, 10.
Queensland, railways in, 308;
the difficulties and expenses of their construction, 309.
“Quicksilver” mail in the olden days, 110.
Rails, iron and steel, manufactured at Crewe, 201.
Railway guards in charge of mails, 140.
Railway run, the longest without stopping for water, 111.
Railway subways and tunnels between France and England, 396.
Railway system, the, its immense power and magnitude, 152.
Railway, the centre rail on the Mont Cenis, the experimental line,
339.
Railway, the first passenger, in England, 2.
Railway, the Isthmus of Suez, 95.
Railway, the Long, 271, 300.
Railways and the Post Office. _See_ Post Office.
Railways, Australian, their moderate amount at present, 306;
in New South Wales, 307;
Victoria and Queensland, 308;
difficult works in the latter, 309;
South Australia, 310;
New Zealand, _ib._
Railways, Canadian, necessity for their construction, 301;
the first railways, 302;
the present system, 304;
their length and cost, 305;
their eventual extent, 306.
Railways, Colonial, Demerara, Jamaica, Trinidad, 311;
Honduras, Cape of Good Hope, 312;
Natal, Mauritius, Ceylon, 314.
Railways, continental, date of their construction, 12;
French railways, 24;
their length, 27;
modern cheap lines, 31;
fastest trains on, 112; from Calais to
Constantinople, 270.
Railways, English, miles constructed from 1843 to 1867, 360;
published traffic receipts incorrect, _note_, _ib._;
capital expended upon them, 28, 40;
revenue from passengers and goods, train mileage, working expenses,
40;
Irish, 43;
Scotch, _ib._;
rolling stock upon British, 45;
continual development of the system, 47;
advantages of, to the community, 56;
number of passengers carried on them, 57;
their importance in the conveyance of food, 70;
hostility of the Post Office to, 73, 146;
present arrangements with the department, 105;
amounts paid to them, 106, 138;
speed on, 109;
gauge of, _note_, 110;
Royal Commission upon, 115;
character of the report of the Royal Commissioners thereon, 116;
recommendations and opinions as regards railways and the Post
Office, 119;
impossible to pass a general act as proposed, 122;
railways less costly proportionately than mail coaches, 137;
immense facilities they afford the Post Office, 139;
their duties towards the department and the public, 144, 145;
capital of, receipts, working expenses, and profits, 147;
dividends, _ib._;
as compared with the national debt, 151;
powers of, for conveyance of every article of commerce, 152;
for personal locomotion 157;
value to the humbler classes, 158;
railways and free trade the twin sisters of progress, 165;
working and traffic of, 166;
accidents upon, 176;
locomotive and carriage repairing shops of, 209;
number of men employed upon, 211;
prices paid to, by Post Office, 446;
their benefits to the Post Office, as estimated by Mr. Page, 452;
monopoly, alleged, as regards the Post Office refuted, 475.
Railways in India:
the East Indian, 245;
Great Indian Peninsular, 252;
Madras, 255;
Bombay, Baroda, and Central India, 258;
Scinde, 261;
Indus Valley (proposed), 262;
Euphrates Valley (proposed), 263;
Punjaub, 272;
Delhi, 273;
Eastern Bengal, Calcutta, and South-Eastern, _ib._;
Great Southern, 274;
future railways, the guarantee, 275;
working expenses, 280;
difference of working expenses upon, 289;
reasons for their being high, 281;
iron-sleepers, 282;
fuel, 284;
accidents, 290;
provident fund of the East India Railway Company, 293;
objections to, 294;
rolling stock, 295;
commercial advantages of their construction to England, 296;
National importance of Indian railways, 297;
their mileage as compared with other countries, 297.
Railways of Italy described, 427.
Railways, rapidity of their construction in America, 20.
Railways throughout the world, _note_, 211.
Rainfall in India, 255, _note_, 281;
in England, _ib._
Ramsbottom, John, the head of the Crewe establishment, 200.
Raneegunge coal-field, the, 286.
Receipts of British railways, 40;
their constant increase, 47;
percentage of, to working expenses, 55, 147.
Receptacles for letters in England, 97;
in France, _note_, _ib._
Remington, George, Esq., C.E., his proposed tunnel between France and
England, 398.
Reports of the Postmaster-General, their first issue, _note_, 76;
two not dated, _ib._;
extract from second Report, 77;
its fallacies, 79;
misrepresentations, 80;
errors in the 12th, _note_, 81;
in the 3rd, 82;
unceasing changes in the modes of compiling them, 83;
difficulty of understanding the statistics contained in them, 89;
facetia, _note_, 105;
extraordinary contradictions between the 9th and 12th, _note_, 121;
constant references to postal accelerations, 130;
Mr. Frederick Hill believed to be the writer of them, 131;
they abound in misstatements, 467.
Reuss-Greiz, the second smallest state in the world, _note_, 34.
_Revue des Deux Mondes_, 22, _note_, 97.
Rice, Mr. Spring, his speech upon railways, 1838, 74.
“Rocket” engine, the, 5.
Rocky Mountains crossed by the Union Pacific Railroad, 20.
Rolling stock on British railways, 45.
“Roman Railways” Company, the, 436.
Rome, distance from London _viâ_ Brenner Pass, _note_, 15;
time of journey to, in 1834, 157;
in 1867, 158, 437;
ancient, saved by the hissing of a goose, 213;
present population of, _note_, 436.
Rouen, population of, _note_, 31.
Royal Commissioners of railways, their names, 115;
character of their report, its main recommendations, 116.
Rugby school, 217.
Rugby station, 235;
arrival of trains at, 234.
Rural postmen in France, _note_, 97.
Russia, unpronounceable post-towns in, _note_, 144;
mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.
Salmon, conveyance of, by railway, 156.
Salt Lake, 19.
Samos, ancient tunnel in, 364.
Samples and patterns incorrectly stated by Post Office, _note_, 81;
first carried in 1863, 98.
San Francisco, 18, 20;
to Canton, 22;
to Jeddo, _ib._
Sapperton Tunnel, the, its ventilation, 413.
Sardinia, mountains of, _note_, 8.
Savings Banks, Post Office, documents transmitted through the Post in
consequence of them, 99;
their establishment “with the security of the Government,” 100;
is this undoubted? _note_, _ib._;
the business done by them, _note_, 101.
Saxony, mileage of railways in, _note_, 297.
Schindermanderscheid, a Luxemburg postal town, _note_, 144, 194.
Scinde Railway, the, 260;
its traffic, 261;
working expenses, 290.
Scotland, mountains of, _note_, 9;
railways in, 43;
production of coals in, _note_, 49;
amounts paid by Post Office to railways in, 108;
locomotive manufacturers in, 192;
north of, distances to Dover and Penzance, 240;
canals of, 368;
railway tunnels in, 371, 373.
Scudamore, Frank Ives, secretary of the Post Office, a distinguished
author, _note_, 104;
not examined before Royal Commissioners on Railways, 133.
Sea-sickness, 15.
Seguier, Baron, his claim as inventor of the Centre Rail System, 337.
Semiramis, founder of Babylon, 358;
her resuscitation required, 435.
Service, Ambulant (postal), of France, the, _note_, 78.
Sevigny’s, Madame de, journey to Marseilles 1672, 1.
Shareholders, numbers of, in Indian railways, 276.
Sheffield, rainfall in, _note_, 281.
Ships, of the United Kingdom, statistics of, _note_, 182.
Shipwreck, losses of life from, 182, _note_, 183.
Shoddy-shoebility of Northampton, 233.
Shrewsbury Grammar School, _note_, 217.
Shropshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
Sicily, mountains of, _note_, 8.
Sierra Nevada Mountain, 19.
Simplon, the, 8;
height of, _note_, 319.
Skye and Dingwall Railway, _note_, 239.
Sleeping railway car, _note_, 303.
Sleepers, railway, iron in India, 282.
Sletvio Pass, the, 11.
Slow trains, difficulty of keeping time with them, 113.
Sœmmering Pass and Railway described, 12;
gradients upon, 344.
Somersetshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49.
South Australia, railways in, 310.
South Austrian and Alta-Italian Railway, length, 23;
described, _ib._;
cost of construction, 27;
traffic receipts, 29;
rolling stock, 37;
engine mileage, _ib._
South-Eastern Railway, the, 15;
its locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
South Wales, production of coal in, note, 49.
Southampton, its progress since 1840, _note_, 259;
distance to Alexandria, 429.
Spain, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142;
mileage of railways in, 297;
railway tunnels, 381;
its water canal, Isabel II, 384;
roadway communications, _ib._
Speed on railways, 109;
if accelerated, position that Mr. Frederick Hill should take, 132.
Spezzia, the Italian Portsmouth, 433;
unfinished railway to, 438.
Spiers and Pond, Messrs., of _buffet_ celebrity, 228.
Splugen Pass, the, 10;
height of, _note_, 319.
St. Etienne, population of, _note_, 31.
St. Germain and Paris, first railway in France, 25.
St. Gothard Alpine Pass, the, 9;
height of, _note_, 319;
proposed tunnel through, 409.
St. John’s Wood Railway, the, described, 390.
St. Michel, distance from London and Paris, 318.
St. Paul’s Cathedral, height of, 219, 321.
Staff, the, of Indian railways, its composition—insufficiency of the
provident fund for, 292.
Staffordshire, production of coal in, _note_, 49; canal navigation.
Stage coaches, their speed, 56, 109;
passengers carried by them in 1837, 57.
Stamps, newspaper, _note_, 80;
letter, first use of, _note_, 141;
the author of those now in use, 141;
premium for the first design of, _note_, 142.
Steam Vessels, British, number of, 50;
passengers carried by them in 1837, 57;
statistics of, _note_, 162.
Steel rails, manufactory of, at Crewe, 201;
value and importance of, _note_, 202;
use of in India, 284.
Stephenson, the late Robert, M.P., extract from his inaugural address
to the Institution of Civil Engineers, 83;
upon railway tunnels, 370;
answer to the report of Mr. Page, Inspector General of mails, 454;
tendency of his report, 455;
errors respecting the Dover day mail train, 456;
travelling post offices, 457;
payments to railways not higher than to mail coaches, _ib._;
services to the Post Office and the public compared, 460, 464;
cost of running trains, 461;
mail bags by ordinary trains, 463;
argument that the penny postal system would be cheaper by horse than
by railway power, refuted, 465;
unjustifiable competition of the Post Office, 470;
Post Office threats against the railways, 475;
alleged monopoly, 476;
treatment of the railways by Government, 477;
unjustifiable tone towards railways, 478.
“Stokers and Pokers,” by Sir Francis Head, Bart., quotations from,
196, 197, 198, 224.
Storrow, Mr. Charles, his interesting information upon tunnel
ventilation, 411;
his report upon the tunnel of the Alps, 426.
Strasbourg, population of, _note_, 31.
Stratford locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Strickland, Miss Agnes, on crinoline, _note_, 210.
Strike upon the Eastern Counties Railway in 1849, _note_, 161.
Strikes, their injurious effects upon workmen, _note_, 159, _note_,
161.
Sturgey, the immaculate, _note_, 243.
Styria, mountains of, _note_, 8.
Subways and tunnels between France and England, 396.
Suez Canal, _note_, 95, _note_, 265.
Suez, Isthmus of, Railway, 95;
Eastern mails, how conveyed upon, _note_, 269;
iron sleepers upon, 282.
Sugar, imports of, 72.
Suicide upon Railways, 177.
Sultan, the, his views on railways, 270.
Susa, Porta Cæsaris Augusti, at, 6;
the centre rail at, 352.
Sutherland Railway, the, 239.
Sweden, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, 142.
Swindon, locomotive and carriage establishment, 209.
Switzerland, mountains of, _note_, 8;
postage stamps in, _note_, 142;
locomotive building establishment in, 194;
railway tunnels in, 380;
Hauenstein Tunnel described, 415.
Tarento, the Italian Plymouth, 433.
Tea, imports and consumption of, 71;
passage of, between London and Liverpool, 155.
Telegraph between London and California, 19.
Telegraphs in India, great expenses and difficulties connected with
them, _note_, 281.
Tenders of engines, their water holding capacities, 219.
Teneriffe, Peak of, its height, _note_, 10.
Thames subway, Mr. Barlow’s, 395.
Thames Tunnel, the, 376.
Third class carriages used by people for whom they were never
intended, _note_, 61.
Third class passengers, their enormous increase on British railways,
47;
cause, 61.
Thouvenot, M., his colossal engine, 190.
Thull Ghaut, the, 254.
Thurn and Taxis, postal privileges of the house of, _note_, 143.
Thurso, sleepy, 240;
the most northern town in Scotland, its postal facilities, _note_,
241.
Timber, advantages of railways in the conveyance of, 155;
inapplicable for sleepers in India, 282.
Timbromaniacs, _note_, 142.
Time, difference of, between London and Dublin, _note_, 111;
between London, Paris and Rome, _note_, 158.
Tinsley, Brothers, Messrs., publishers of “Some Habits and Customs of
the Working Classes,” 205.
Toulouse, population of, _note_, 31.
Traffic, receipts of English railways incorrectly published,
_note_, 3;
of South Austrian and Alta Italia, 29;
of Paris, Lyons and Mediterranean, _ib._;
of Orleans Company, _ib._;
London and North-Western, 39;
of British railways, 40.
Trains behind time, 113, 166;
accidents to, 175;
cost of running them, 461.
Transmission, postal, gives value to letters, 141.
Travelling post offices, their introduction on English railways,
_note_, 77;
superiority of arrangements connected with them all over the
continent, as compared with those in England, _ib._;
staff of, 78;
their advantages, 453, 457.
Trespassers on railways, killed and injured, 177.
Trinidad Railway, the proposed, 311.
Trollope, Anthony, 104.
Trotting horses, American, the pace of, 188.
Trough for watering engines, 111, 232.
Tunnel of the Alps, the, described, 403;
progress, 404;
ventilation, 405;
gradients, 406;
their effects in working the railway, 417;
time to be occupied in going through, 418.
Tunnels, their antiquity, 358;
under the Euphrates, 359;
at Jerusalem, 360;
the earliest in Europe, 364;
the first under the Alps, 366;
canal tunnels, 368;
Highgate, 369;
length of, in Great Britain, 370;
the chief enumerated, 371;
cost, 375;
the Thames Tunnel, 376;
tunnels in France, 377;
Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, 380;
Spain, 381;
United States, 385;
New Zealand, 386;
Metropolitan Railway, 387;
Metropolitan district, 388;
St. John’s Wood, 390;
Britannia Tubular Bridge, 391;
Victoria ditto, _ib._;
tunnels suggested under the Mersey, 393;
the Liffy, the Thames, 394;
at Attock, 395;
tunnels in mines, 396;
between France and England, 397;
under the Atlantic, 400;
ventilation of, 411.
Turkey, railways for, 270.
Turpin’s ride to York, _note_, 215.
Tyler, Captain, R.E., his experiments on the Mont Cenis, 339;
practical deductions therefrom, 342;
his comparisons of working expenses, 346;
of costs of construction, 347;
extract from his Report to the Board of Trade, _ib._;
his views on costs of the tunnel of the Alps, 408;
his opinion as to the Brindisi route, 430;
does not visit Otranto, 432.
Ulcers, Post Office, remedies suggested to cure them, 146.
Undertakers at Crewe, 204.
Union Pacific Railroad, the, described, 17;
by whom constructed, 21;
cost, _ib._
United States Mails in 1839 and 1855, 91;
railway mileage of, _note_, 211;
proportion to population, 305;
railway tunnels, 385.
Utah, contribution of, to the Union Pacific Railroad, 21.
Vandal, Monsieur, Directeur-General des Postes Françaises, _note_, 98;
on railway distances in France and England, 240;
his views upon contract packet services, 268.
Varne, Islet de, its proposed sub-aqueous railway station, 398.
“Vede Napoli e Mori,” 438.