وبينهم حهارا ليلا ونهارا فخرب فيها البقاع الثلاثه الكبيرة المشهورة حتى
صرت كالفضا الواسع احدها البلدة الكبيرة اِكمه ثانتيتها شوكية الاغافي
ثالثتها البلدة اغوا ولما خرب تلك البقاع الثلثة اصاب هم الغم العطيمُ
ومعذلك خرب البلاد كلها وايضا فقد نقل القوم لساكنين بكانمُ الى بلد
بَرنُوا حتى اهل البلد كَلُه الذي كان في جهة اليمين العيدَةٍ من النهر وما
بقيت في بلد كانم قبيلة من القبايل الذين اتوا الى بلد بَرنُوا البعض
اَفوامهم وما اتوا الى برنوا عن طيب واذعان قلوبهم بل بالخبر القاهر والخوف
الظاحر ولولا قبيله تُبُ الذين ارادوا تاكيد السلطان عبد الجليل وامانته
لما سرنا الى كانم الا سَيرةً واحدةً والله اعلم بحقيقة الحال.]
[Footnote 92: This passage is of the highest interest; and I therefore
give the words of the author:—
الى ناحية اليمين من بلد كَلُم مهلا مهلا الى ان جاوزوا النهرالذي بين كان
البلد كَلُم وبين كانم وما زلنا سايرين الى وصلنا البلد لسترِي.
The author evidently speaks of a watercourse, and not of a dry valley;
but it is not clear whether it be an independent river or part of the
Tsád. Compare the passage in the preceding note, where he speaks about
this same Kelu, and calls it العيدَةِ من النهر, and the note ([93]) on
the following page.]
[Footnote 93: I give here this passage, which is curious:—
ان يبنوا الثوكية بالبلد كِيَايَكُه-فيها موضع يَكِي وموضع مَكَرَنّه وموضع
كُركُرِوَه وهكذا بنوا حدود الارض التي كانت ماصفة بالنهر من بلد كَلُه
وبنوا بالبلد الذه فيه الحصن الكثير في كل قبلةٍ حصنا من الا شجار الا
ناحية اليمين فقط.]
[Footnote 94: The first of these names is evidently connected with the
name of the tribe of the Tetála, a section of the large nation of the Só
or Soy, who, having been almost annihilated by this same king Edrís,
retired into the swampy grounds of the Tsád, see Vol. II. p. 640. The
name Áfági reminds one of Áfagé; but this is not a town of Kánem, and
cannot certainly be meant here.]
[Footnote 95: Here is an omission in the text, p. 99.]
[Footnote 96: Vol. II. p. 277.]
[Footnote 97: The author adds the interesting words (p. 103.):—
وهو المكان الحاطي بالما من النهر ثاد الذي ورآه الحشيش للرعي]
[Footnote 98: فصار جميع كغُسطِه باقليمها من خط برنوا وكذلك جميع بلاد
سِيرُه صارت بافاقها من نصيب بلدنا برنوا وكذلك صار البلد بباليا من خط
برنوا . . واعطاهم سلطاننا من بقي من كانم لمحبة السلطان محمد بن عبد الله
ولولا ذلك ما اعطاهم شبراً من ارض كانِم ابداً.]
APPENDIX III.
ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS DETACHMENTS OF CAVALRY COMPOSING THE BÓRNU ARMY
IN THE EXPEDITION TO MÚSGU.
(_a._) _The Shúwa or Native Arabs._
Lawán Háji, the chief of the Ámjegé, who had his residence in Ámdagé.
Fúgo Dermán (ʿAbd e’ Rahmán), from Bainge.
Fúgo Ádigé, from Mʿalemrí, one of the villages belonging to the
district Wolóje.
Fúgo Ínus (Yúnes), from Malewá.
Fúgo Dermán, from Wólamsáy.
Fúgo Kóloné, chief of the Sárají, from Yelówenni.
Mai Ashé, chief of the Mʿayin, from Áshegrí.
Fúgo Pálama, from Pálamarí.
Fúgo Hamma, from Mágariyá.
Máfoníma, from Máfoní.
Fúgo Mohammed, from Aisárem.
Fúgo Kóre, from Keríngur.
Lawán Hámed, from Karawáru.
Lawán Mohammed, from Góbewó.
Fúgo Ádam, from Kajé.
Lawán Slímán, from Slímán.
Mai Kálama, from Kála.
Fúgo Hámed (generally called Ábú Dáúd) the chief of the Kohálema, from
Kúmbedá, to the north of Yédi.[99]
Sheikh Sále, from Molút, with about 100 horse.
Sheikh Tauru, from Ngomáti.
Fúgo Bádawe, son of Háj Beshír, with a few horses.
(_b._) _Kanúri, free men and slaves._
Light Heavy
Cavalry. Cavalry or
Líbbedi.
Slaves of the Sheikh:—
Kashélla Belál 200 30
ʿAlí Marghí 200 30
Kashélla Sále 100 20
K. ʿAbdelléhi (ʿAbd-Allah) 80 16
K. Zay 150 20
K. ʿAlí-Déndal 90 20
Three other petty officers, together, with 21 0
Slaves of the Vizier:—
K. Játo 200 34
K. Khéralla 150 20
K. Kóbtar Ájimé 140 25
K. Háji Kakáwu 80 15
K. Túmbedé 100 18
K. Báso 40 10
Mounted Musketeers of the Sheikh:—
K. Abdelléhi (different from the one 20 0
mentioned)
K. Zérma 30 0
K. Mágaji 10 0
K. Bíllama (my friend) 32 0
K. Mállaré 20 0
Musketeers of the Vizier:—
K. Méhemé 10 0
K. Fatálla 8 0
K. Masúd 10 0
Háji Urfay 100 16
Háji Ramadhán 60 12
Bédawé 50 0
Malá Mása Mándará 30 0
Yagha Ghaná 80 20
Mʿallem Chádeli 100 10
Mohammed Gájemí 60 1
Mohammed Bú ʿAlagh 20 0
Legiwódda 40 8
Kashélla ʿOmár 50 6
K. ʿOmár Dóra 30 0
Wáseli (an officer of Mestréma the chief eunuch) 40 10
K. ʿAlí Agún (attendant of Abaiso) 28 8
K. Bággar (another officer of the same) 40 0
Ámji (a man of Díghama) 30 1
K. Mohammed Marghí (an officer of ʿAbd e’ Rahmán 80 5
Shitíma Mʿadu 30 0
Shitíma Yóma (governor of Yó, with the Mobber) 40 0
Shitíma Fugóma 50 0
Shitíma Zabeláuma 10 0
Shitíma Yáwama 40 0
Shitíma Bósoma 20 0
Shitíma ʿAbdu 20 0
Shitíma ʿAbadémma 10 0
Courtiers and partisans of the Vizier:—
Gréma Milúd 200 33
Lamíno 150 21
Báshara (officer of Lamíno) 13 0
Dýnama Gajarémma 20 7
Sheikh ʿAbbás 20 7
Hamza weled el Góni 60 3
Karaberíma 8 0
Balál 18 0
Ádamu 8 0
ʿAbdelléhi Shíntiri 16 0
Mʿallem Malérama 6 0
Abrás 6 0
Kashélla Sʿaíd (officer of Mʿallem Mohammed) 30 0
Abba Masta (son of the old sheikh Mohammed el 60 10
Kánemí)
Abba Bagar 90 13
Refáy 90 16
Beshír 10 0
Asan (grandson of Mohammed el Kánemí by ʿAlí) 30 1
Kázelma 13 0
Yeríma 5 0
Érima 10 0
Únoma (Tebu chieftain) 200 0
Fagodóma (chief of Koyám) 100 0
Murjúma (Koyám) 80 0
Káúma[100] (Koyám) 60 0
Senwa Babudma (Koyám) 40 0
Senwa Kindagoma (Koyám) 100 0
Kótoko (Kánemma chief) 30 0
Fúgo ʿAlí (from Maduwári) 20 0
Zíntelma 10 0
Kanúri:—Light cavalry 4181, say 4500, as many small detachments are
omitted; heavy cavalry 472, say 500.
Shúwa:—About 8000.
[Footnote 99: Each of these Shúwa chiefs had some hundred horsemen with
him. Only two great chiefs did not join the expedition; namely Mohammed
Kunéwu the chief of Shegáwu, and Lawán Gíbdo from Lerdó.]
[Footnote 100: An officer with this title, Káúma, is already mentioned
in Imám Áhmed’s history; he was most probably called so originally from
the place Káú, or Kow, in Shitáti in Kánem.]
APPENDIX IV.
TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF THE PROVINCE OF LÓGON OR LÓGONE
(_Large places, most of them walled; at present, indeed, generally in a
state of decay_).
In the north-western part of the province: Kúndi, Gérle, Sína, Gódoní,
Gemáng, Kókoñá, Kíddebá, Nguláwa, Mázerá, Delow, Kázeré, Unko-ʿalem,
Thágulú, Kárse, Guwáfa, Díffil, another Thágulú, Múkhse, Gozenáke, Módeá
(village of the mother of the ruling prince Ýsuf), Biwál, Mágwy,
Wanánukí, Mátke, Finálle, Suwántegá, Tsí, Mosóggolí, Úlesémme, Ngáme,
Dúggulá, Kutteláha, Ngázi, Sáude, Jilbé, Tildé, Kála, Húlluf or Hélib,
Waká, Kásesá, and others here about.
In the south-eastern part: Golónderá, Dégemé, Sígge, Bágeám, Bílle,
Hóya, Hánnené, Wáza, Lábané, Gurfáy on the river, Chidé, Njéggere, Sigé,
Últseme, Sílim, Kábe ’lmadhé or the Western Kábe, Báge, a place rich in
ivory; Jínna, the largest town of the little kingdom after the capital,
and important on account of the quantity of ivory there brought to
market, and of the fine mat-work there produced[101]; Kalásimó, one day
west from Jínna; Kábe demá or ngólo, the “large Kábe” forming the
frontier-town towards Búgomán,—the frontier itself being formed by a
swamp called Kénkang,—Sú, Úmsa, Madeágo, Túmbalá, the largest place
beyond the river, that is to say, the river of Logón or the Lagham;
Mélé, to be distinguished from the place of the same name situated on
the east side of the Shárí; Fuljí; Kuljí, with a governor who is almost
independent; Fóngol and Mére, both on the river; Gófa, Diyá, Ngúltsemí,
Wainálle, Jemádo, Wódeó, a large place; Ngóso, residence of a governor.
[Footnote 101: See Vol. II. p. 620.]
APPENDIX V.
COPY OF A DESPATCH FROM LORD PALMERSTON.
“Foreign Office, October 7th, 1851.
“SIR,
“I am directed by Viscount Palmerston to acknowledge and to thank you
for your letter of the 19th of April last, from Kouka, in the Bornou
country, in which you announce the lamentable event of the death of Mr.
Richardson, on the night of the 2nd and 3rd of the preceding month of
March, at Ungurutua, between Zinder and Kouka.
“The expedition being thus deprived of its head, just before the
conclusion of that principal stage of its proceedings which was to
terminate in the exploration of Lake Tchad, it appears to Her Majesty’s
Government that the completion of that exploration is alone wanting to
enable them to consider as accomplished the main objects of Mr.
Richardson’s expedition.
“I am, therefore, directed by Lord Palmerston to state to you that,
whenever you may have finished your survey of Lake Tchad and its shores,
his Lordship wishes that you and Dr. Overweg should carry out the
remainder of your projected proceedings in Africa exactly as you would
have done if Mr. Richardson were still living, and you had separated
from him as contemplated in the memorandum signed in triplicate in
December, 1849, of which yourself and Dr. Overweg possess each a copy.
“At the period of your signature of that memorandum, you appear to have
entertained the thought of pushing your further researches eastward
towards the Nile, or south-eastward towards Mombaz.
“Whether you may still adhere to that project, or may now see reason to
prefer a westerly course in the direction of Timbuctoo, I am directed by
Viscount Palmerston to state to you that he will be perfectly satisfied
to intrust to you the duty of carrying on to its final completion the
expedition heretofore confided to the charge of Mr. Richardson.
“You will therefore consider yourself hereby authorised to take upon
yourself the future charge of the expedition, and to pursue that course
which, upon full consideration, may appear to you best fitted to effect
the general objects which Her Majesty’s Government had in view when they
set on foot the expedition into the interior of Africa.
“Those objects you will find stated in the original instructions
furnished to Mr. Richardson, of which a copy is herewith inclosed for
your use and guidance.
“I am, Sir,
“Your most obedient humble servant,
“H. WADDINGTON.
“Dr. Barth.”
APPENDIX VI.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF WÁDÁY.
In the chapter wherein we have treated of the history of Bagírmi, we
have seen that the tribe of the Týnjur founded a large empire, which, as
it consisted of an agglomeration of heterogeneous elements loosely
connected together, was overwhelmed and torn to pieces in less than one
hundred years after its foundation. The first part which separated from
the body, comprises the eastern regions; Kúru, the third predecessor of
Slímán, who was the first Moslim king of Dár Fúr, vanquishing the
Týnjur, and vindicating the dominion of those quarters to the tribe of
the Furáwy.
As for the centre of the empire of the Týnjur, it was overthrown by the
founder of the Mohammedan empire of Wádáy, namely, ʿAbd el Kerím, the
son of Yáme, according to indigenous tradition, in the year 1020 of the
Hejra.
Wóda, the son of Yáme, belonging to the tribe of the Gémir[102], who at
that time were settled in Shendy, and had embraced Islamism, had
emigrated with his countrymen into the regions which afterwards, in
honour of him it is said, were comprised under the name of Wádáy; and
here he is reported to have exercised considerable authority in the
empire of the Týnjur. His grandson, ʿAbd el Kerím, is said to have been
governor of certain provinces of the empire of Dáúd, who at that time
ruled the empire of the Týnjur, though he had already felt the mighty
hand of his eastern neighbour Slímán, the first Mohammedan king of Dár
Fúr.
Instigated by a religious feeling, this man is said to have spent
several years in Bídderi, a place about ten miles to the east of the
capital of the kingdom of Bagírmi, which at that time, however, does not
seem to have existed; for Bídderi was one of the places in that region
where people belonging to the widely-spread nation of the Fúlbe had
settled from early times, and among them a family which, by means of
undisputed sanctity and learning, had begun to exercise a considerable
influence in the introduction of Islamism, upon a wide circumference of
the surrounding provinces; and the head of this family, whose name was
Mohammed, is said to have inspired ʿAbd el Kerím, the grandson of Wóda,
as well as his companions Amálek, chief of the Márfa, settled in
Hóggené, Múmin the Masaláti, Dédebam the Ábú-Sharibáye, and Wúwel-Banán
the Jellábi, with the idea of overthrowing the pagan dominion of the
Týnjur, and of founding in its stead a new kingdom based on Islamism.
Having returned to his country, and spread his ideas of independence,
ʿAbd el Kerím, after some years, rose against his liege lord, Dáúd, and
making Mádabá, a mountainous place situated about ten miles to the north
of the later town of Wára, his residence, succeeded, after a desperate
struggle, in laying the foundation of the kingdom of Wádáy, as he called
the country, in honour of his grandfather. He is said to have died after
a long reign, leaving as his successor his son Kharút, whom we may call
Kharút the First. This is the king who founded Wára, and made this
place, which is defended by natural ramparts (a circumstance which gave
rise to its name, meaning “the town encircled by hills”) his residence.
He, too, is said to have reigned several years, and was succeeded by his
eldest son, Kharíf, who was not so fortunate as his father and
grandfather, but, in the third year of his reign, was killed by the
warlike tribe of the Táma, whom he endeavoured to subjugate.
The successor of Kharíf was Yakúb ʿArús, his younger brother, who felt
himself strong enough to undertake an expedition into the interior of
Dár Fúr, where, on account of the advanced age of its king, Músa, the
son and successor of Slimán, the illustrious founder of that Mohammedan
kingdom, he may have expected little resistance; but he was beaten, and
obliged to make a speedy retreat. This prince was succeeded by his son
Kharút II., who, during a reign of forty years, is said to have
established greater tranquillity and happiness than were to be expected
in a kingdom composed of such heterogeneous elements.
The son of this king was Jóda or Jáude, with the surname Kharíf e’
Tímán, but better known under his honorary title, Mohammed Suláy or Sulé
(meaning the deliverer)—a title which was given to him by his subjects
in consequence of the victory by which he saved his country from the
yoke of the Furáwy, who under the command of Ábú ’l Kásem, the second
son of Áhmed-Bókkor, and the sixth Mohammedan king of that country, had
overrun Wádáy with a powerful army, in order to make it tributary. It is
from this victorious king, who has made Wádáy honoured and respected by
its neighbours, that the country has received its other name, viz. Dár
Suláy. It is likewise this king, who at the close of his reign wrested
Kánem from the hands of the sultan of Bórnu, or at least the better part
of it, by conquering Mandó or Mondó, the town of the Týnjur, as well as
Mʿawó, the residence of a khalífa, invested by the sultan of Bórnu; and
this is the commencement of the hostilities which are carried on between
Bórnu and Wádáy. Mohammed-Suláy is said to have reigned, like his
father, forty years. To him succeeded his son Sáleh, with the surname
Dérret, who has been almost unanimously represented to me as a bad sort
of prince, although this seems to be owing to the circumstance of his
having put to death a considerable number of ʿulama, a class of men who,
in Wádáy, enjoy great authority. This king hastened his death by giving
offence to the mother of his eldest son ʿAbd el Kerím, who belonged to
the tribe of the Málánga; for, instigated by her, it is said, her son
ʿAbd el Kerím took the field against his father, while the latter, in
the eighth year of his reign, had marched with an army against the
Mádalá, the inhabitants of a place close to Mádabá, and not far from the
seats of the Málánga, and after a sanguinary battle the son succeeded in
vanquishing his father, who was killed in the year 1805. These are well-
known facts, which cannot be denied.
ʿAbd el Kerím, better known under his surname Sabún, which he received
at a later time, mounted the throne of Wádáy, stained with the blood of
his father, and began a reign which all agree in representing as one of
the wisest ever known in this part of the world.
First, he enriched himself and his country by the spoil of Bagírmi,
whose inhabitants were much further advanced in civilization than their
eastern neighbours; and by their predatory expeditions to Dirki, had
amassed a great deal of riches, consisting not only of fine clothes, and
merján or coral, but even of silver, of which ʿAbd el Kerím is said by
trustworthy persons to have carried away with him five camel-loads,
being equal to about fifteen hundred pounds’ weight. It was also during
his reign, as I have stated before, that Bagírmi became for ever a
tributary province of Wádáy. Having then founded a powerful kingdom, it
formed the chief object of his exertions to establish a direct
communication with the ports on the coast of the Mediterranean, in order
to supply himself with those manufactures which, before the spoil of
Bagírmi, had been almost unknown to the people of Wádáy.
But to the account of the exertions of ʿAbd-el-Kerím in this field, such
as has been given by the late M. Fresnel, in his memoir on Wádáy, I have
nothing to add, as it no doubt formed the chief subject of his
inquiries; but the account given by that gentleman of the king’s death,
and of the reign of his successor, is full of errors. ʿAbd el Kerím
Sabún died in the tenth year of his reign, which falls in the year 1815,
in a place close to Wára, called Júnne, where he had collected an army,
in order, as I have been assured by well-informed persons, to make war
upon the ruler of Bórnu, or rather on the sheikh Mohammed el Kánemí;
who, endeavouring to restore his adopted country Kánem to its former
splendour, was anxious to rescue it from the hands of Wádáy.
Sabún died so suddenly that he was unable to name his successor; but by
all whom I have questioned on this point, I have been assured that the
suspicion of poison is quite out of the question. Moreover, the
circumstances as related by M. Fresnel are greatly misrepresented, Sabún
having no son at all of the name of Seksán; for he left six sons, the
eldest of whom, of the name of Ásed, was born of a mother from the tribe
of the Kóndongó, while Yúsuf, the second son, and three more sons of
ʿAbd el Kerím, were born of one and the same mother, who belonged to the
tribe of the Mádabá. As for Jʿafar, who, on account of his long
residence in Tripoli, and his numerous interesting adventures, has
become well known to the English public[103], his mother belonged to
another tribe.
When therefore Sabún had died, without naming his successor, the
partisans of the tribe of the Mádabá arose against the Kóndongó, or the
faction of Ásed; and having succeeded in vanquishing their adversaries,
and slaying Ásed, they placed on the throne Yúsuf, with the surname
Kharífáyín, a name which, however, is not generally known in the
country. This Yúsuf, partly under the guardianship of his uncle Ábú
Rokkhíyé, and partly by himself, after he had slain his uncle, together
with Dómmo, the agíd of the Máhamíd, ruled for sixteen years in the most
tyrannical manner over Wádáy till, about the beginning of the year 1830,
he was put to death at the instigation of his own mother, whose name was
Símbil. There has never ruled over Wádáy a king of the name of ʿAbd el
Káder; and Major Denham was quite right when, in 1823, he called the
then king of that country the immediate successor of Sabún.
Yúsuf was succeeded by his infant son Rákeb, who after seventeen or
eighteen months died from the small-pox, when a man belonging to a
lateral branch of the royal family, namely, ʿAbd el ʿAzíz, son of
Rádama, whose father Gándigin was a younger son of Jóda Mohammed Suláy,
while his mother also belonged to the royal line, ascended the throne;
and being supported by the warlike tribe of the Kódoyí (called by the
Arabs Bú-senún, on account of their red teeth), among whom he had taken
his residence, he succeeded in maintaining his position, in an almost
continuous struggle with his adversaries. The first conflict which he
had to sustain was against the Kélingen, who put forth, not Jʿafar, the
rightful claimant to the succession, but another pretender, named Kéde;
they were, however, totally beaten, near a place in the vicinity of
Wára, called Fólkotó.
ʿAbd el ʿAzíz had hardly begun to enjoy some tranquillity, when the
tribe of the Kóndongó, leaving their mountain seats, marched against
him; but they likewise were beaten, and almost annihilated, in a battle
fought near a place called Búrtay. ʿAbd el ʿAzíz, who has been
represented to me by my informants as a man of excellent qualities, and
of great intelligence, died likewise of the small-pox, after a reign of
five years and a half, when his infant son Ádam was placed upon the
throne, but, after a little more than a year, was dethroned, and carried
into honourable captivity, into Dár Fúr.
The circumstances which led to this revolution were as follows. Mohammed
Sáleh, not quite correctly named e’ Sheríf, who had stealthily entered
Wádáy a long time previously, but had not been able to collect a party
sufficiently strong to enable him to assert his claims openly as the
brother of Sabún, had at length addressed himself to Mohammed Fádhl, the
king of Dár Fúr, and, under promise of a considerable tribute to be paid
yearly, had induced that prince to assist him in obtaining the kingdom
of Wádáy; and in the misery in which that country was just then plunged
by a severe famine, it only required the assistance of two captains or
ágade, viz. ʿAbd e’ Síd, and ʿAbd el Fat-ha, to conquer Wádáy, while
none but the Kámkolák of the tribe of the Kodoyí made a serious
resistance, though without success.
Mohammed Sáleh, who thus ascended the throne with the assistance of a
foreign power, in the month Tóm el awel, in the year 1250 H., may
certainly be said to have exerted himself for the benefit of his
country, though the last years of his reign have been rather
unfortunate, as well for himself for his subjects.
The first enterprise which he undertook in order to enrich his subjects,
or perhaps himself, and with the purpose of extending his dominion, was
an expedition against Kárká or Kargha, the district composed of islands
and half-submerged meadow-lands and pasture-grounds in the south-east
corner of the Tsád, which I have described in my account of Kánem, and
from whence he carried away a great number of cattle. Perhaps, also, one
reason why he undertook this expedition was the circumstance that
another member of the royal family, namely, Núr e’ Dín, who by Yúsuf and
Fúrba was descended directly from Sáleh Derret, had retired into that
swampy and almost inaccessible district, and, owing to the influence
which he obtained over the neighbouring tribes, might have risen as a
pretender at a future time. The next year Mohammed Sáleh marched against
the Táma, that very intractable and predatory tribe settled in a
mountainous district four days N.E. from Wára, and, having conquered
them and slain their chief, invested another man with his authority; but
the Táma having driven this person away after the king had retraced his
steps, Mohammed Sáleh was obliged to make another expedition against
them the following year, when he subdued them once more, and made them
acknowledge as their chief a person called Íbrahím.
After this, in the year 1846, he undertook that expedition against
Bórnu, of which I have given a short account in the chronological table
of the history of that empire, and which had been greatly misrepresented
by M. Fresnel; for although he penetrated to the very heart of that
country, he did not attain his object of reinstating the family of the
sultan of Bórnu in its ancient right; and although he certainly carried
away a great amount of spoil, yet he lost a considerable portion of his
army, as well in the battle of Kúsuri as on his return home,—principally
while crossing the Shárí.
However, on his return, the king turned his arms against the Tebu tribes
settled on the Bahr el Ghazál; and, conquering them, subjected them to
an annual tribute. Having returned from this memorable campaign,
Mohammed Sáleh did not undertake a second expedition, but, having kept
quietly at home for three or four years, was obliged to waste the
strength of one part of his empire in a bloody struggle against the
other.