The _Hottentots_, whom the Dutch colonists call Bosjesmans or Bushmen,

inhabit the southern extremity of the continent. Their skin is of a dark

yellowish hue, and it is only in consequence of their features and

conformation, which are those of Negroes, that the Hottentots are placed

in the Black Race, for if their colour is considered, they should be

ranked in the Yellow one.

Prior to the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by European navigators,

the Hottentots formed a numerous people, whose little tribes lived

happily and tranquilly under the patriarchal rule of their chiefs or

elders. Composed of from three to four hundred individuals only, these

hordes roved about with their flocks and assembled in villages, the

houses of which being constructed of branches of trees and reed mats,

were taken asunder on the signal of departure, and removed by oxen to

the site of the new encampment selected by the chief. The wildest of

them had for covering a cloak of sheepskins sewn together, and their

weapons were a bow and poisoned arrows. This people were active and

intrepid hunters, and they found an opportunity of proving to the

Europeans that they were brave in war. Their cruel invaders, the Dutch,

exterminated the majority of these tribes, others were violently

divested of their possessions and hurled back into the forests or the

deserts, where their wretched descendants still live.

The Hottentots or Bushmen seem to be the lowest of mankind, as much by

their physical characteristics as by the inferiority of their

intelligence. They are of small stature, yellowish complexion, and

repulsive countenance. Prominent foreheads, small sunken eyes, extremely

flat noses, and thick projecting lips, form the distinctive features of

their face. In consequence of their miserable state of existence, they

become worn out and decrepit early in life. They delight in personal

adornment, and deck ears, arms, and legs with beads, and with iron,

copper, or brass rings. The women colour the whole or part of their

faces; for all covering, they throw over their shoulders a kind of

sheepskin mantle.

[Illustration: 228.--THE HOTTENTOT VENUS.]

We give here (fig. 228), as an accurate specimen of the Hottentot race,

the portrait (from a cast in the French Museum of Natural History) of a

woman of that country, who died at Paris in 1828, and who was known by

the name of “The Hottentot Venus.” The physical specialty which rendered

her remarkable, and which consisted in a considerable development of the

posterior muscles, was merely an individual anomaly, and does not

permit of any general conclusion being drawn from it as a characteristic

of the Hottentot race. The skeleton of this female is preserved entire

in the Museum, where a cast of the whole body, coloured as in life, may

also be seen.

The Bushman’s dwelling is a low hut or a circular cavity. They formerly

lived in a species of natural caves among the rocks, and a few

individuals, even to the present day, occupy these same dens, which

convey to us a perfect idea of man’s habitations at the time of his

first appearance on the globe.

These wild beings have never been seen engaged in any other occupation

than that of making or repairing their weapons and their barbed or

poisoned arrows. In times of scarcity, they eat herb-roots, ants’ eggs,

locusts, and snakes. Their language is a mixture of chattering, hissing,

and nasal grunts.

As regards physical type, the Hottentots are small, but

well-proportioned, and erect without being muscular. They are generally

extremely ugly. Their nose is usually flat, their eyes long and narrow,

very wide apart from each other and with the inner angle rounded as

among the Chinese, whom the Hottentots resemble besides in some other

respects. Their cheekbones are high set and very prominent, and form

almost an equilateral triangle with their sharp-pointed chin. Their

teeth are very white. The women sometimes possess pleasing figures in

early youth, but later on their breasts lengthen immoderately, their

stomach becomes protuberant, and sometimes the hind part of their body

is covered with an enormous mass of fat. This inclination was visible to

an exaggerated excess in the case of the “Hottentot Venus;” but as we

have said, she merely constituted an individual exception, and it would

be erroneous to set it down as a general characteristic of the whole

Hottentot family.

NEGRO FAMILY.

The Negroes occupy a large part of Central and Southern Africa.

Senegambia, Guinea, a portion of the western Soudan, the coast of Congo,

along with the immense extent of country, as yet almost entirely

unknown, which is comprised between Congo on the west and the coasts of

Mozambique and Zanzibar on the east, are the dwelling-places of the

Negroes, properly so called.

Guinea and Congo are the classic homes of the Negro. There live the

representatives of this race, with the most characteristic and repulsive

features. The belief is, that, as the incursions of Asiatic and European

populations into Africa were always effected by the Isthmus of Suez and

the Red Sea, the aboriginal blacks were thrust back more and more

towards the west of the continent. The inhabitants of Guinea and Congo

would consequently be the descendants and contemporary representatives

of the primitive black stock.

Negroes are also to be found in the numerous islands of the Southern

Ocean; New Guinea, New Britain, New Caledonia, Australia, Madagascar,

&c., &c. In the last named large island, a vast Negro kingdom is in

existence, governed by a queen, who sent ambassadors to England and

France at the commencement of the present century. Finally, there are

Negroes in the United States, and in the West Indies. From 1848, when

slavery was declared abolished in the French possessions, the blacks

have been free in those colonies, and the gradual emancipation of the

Negroes which has taken place since, both in the American and Spanish

territories, has completely relieved them from bondage.

We proceed to study the Negroes, firstly as regards organization, and

then from the intellectual and moral stand-point.

The physiognomy of the Negro is so strongly distinctive that it is

impossible not to recognize it at the first glance, even if the

individual should have a fair skin. His protruding lips, low forehead,

projecting teeth, woolly and half-frizzled hair, thin beard, broad, flat

nose, retreating chin, and round eyes, give him a peculiar look amongst

all other human races. Several are bow-legged, almost all have but

little calf, half-bent knees, the body stooped forward, and a tired

gait.

The masticatory muscles are more powerful in the Negro than in the

White, on account of the greater length of the jaw. Their occiput is

flatter than that of the White, and the great occipital hole placed

further back. Dr. Madden has noticed skeletons of Negroes in Upper

Egypt, showing six lumbar vertebræ instead of five, a fact which

explains the length of their loins and shambling gait. The hips are less

prominent than in a white man. We may add that in this race the trunk is

not so broad as in the other human families, the arms are slightly

longer in proportion, and the legs rather perceptibly bent, with flat

and high placed calves.

The bones of the skull and those of the body are thicker and harder than

in the other races.

The bony cavity of the pelvis is much narrower in the Negro than in the

European, but it is broader towards the os sacrum, which renders

delivery easy to a Negress. Accurate measurements show the upper portion

of the pelvis to be a fourth wider in the European than in the Negro.

The thighs also differ in the Negro and the White, being very

perceptibly flattened in the former.

The foot participates in this general ugliness of the limbs. Flat feet,

which are sufficient to exempt from military service among the French,

are not only no deformity in the Negro, but a normal characteristic.

Instead of forming that curve which imparts elasticity to the whole

frame, the under part of the Negro’s foot is flat, thus rendering it

less fitted to support the body on marches. So apparent is this

malformation in the black, that they say of him in America, “The sole of

his foot makes a hole in the sand;” and it is easy, in consequence, to

distinguish by a mere look the footprint of an European from that of a

Negro. The first only shows the marks of the toes and heel, while the

other is the impress of the entire sole, from one end to the other.

Besides, the foot of the Negro is large and narrow, with wide divisions

between the toes, while the nails are so sharp and pointed, that they

resemble claws.

The complexion of the skin is one of the most apparent, though not most

characteristic, attributes of the Negro race. The belief was long

entertained that the colour of the blacks resulted from the prolonged

action of the sun on their bodies, but observation has shown that such

is not the case, and that their extremely dark hue by no means depends

either on the intensity or brilliancy of the solar rays. White men are

to be found in the central parts of Africa, in the Soudan and the

Sahara, for instance, as well as among the Touaricks, whilst black

tribes exist in countries subject to the most rigorous cold, such as Van

Diemen’s Land, and New Zealand. In another direction, too, quite close

to the white Icelanders and Norwegians, people with very dark skins may

be seen, like the Laplanders; and in California, a country of cold

latitude, the aborigines are, as we have stated, almost black.

The black colour resides in an oily, greasy principle, termed _pigmentum

nigrum_ (black pigment), which is deposited in a layer in the mucous

tissue on the cuticle. This penetrates into the hair, dyeing it black,

and diffuses itself throughout the entire system even to the membranes

surrounding the brain. This black mucous net-work appears to protect the

skin from the violent action of an African sun, and preserves it from

those inflammations which are called sun-strokes in our climate.

[Illustration: 229.--A ZANZIBAR NEGRO.]

Crossing with the White gradually diminishes the Negro’s colour, and in

proportion to the preponderance of black or white in its progenitors,

the offspring presents various gradations of complexion. The following

are the names which according to Valmont de Bomaire are given in the

colonies to the issue of the union of the two races: 1. The child of a

white man and a Negress, or of a Negro and a white woman, is called a

_mulatto_, who is neither black nor white, but of a blackish yellow hue,

and who has short and frizzly black hair. 2. The offspring of a white

man and a mulatto woman, or of a Negro and a mulatto woman, is termed a

_quadroon_, who, as regards colour, is a mixture of three-quarters white

with one-quarter black, or three-quarters black with one-quarter white.

In the first case the complexion is fairer; in the second, darker than

that of a mulatto. 3. A white man and a fair quadroon, or a Negro and a

dark quadroon produce an _octoroon_, seven-eighths white and one-eighth

black, or seven-eighths black and one-eighth white. 4. The child of a

White and an octoroon, or of a Negro and a dark octoroon, is in the one

case almost entirely white, in the other, nearly quite black.

Valmont de Bomaire adds, that in succeeding mixed generations (the union

with the white man taking place in Europe, and that with the black man,

in Senegal) the complexion would grow lighter or darker, until at last a

white or a black being was brought into the world. Such is the course of

physical influences and the causes of deterioration or relapse in the

colour of the human species. Only four or five generations of mixed

blood are required in order to render the Negro stock white, and no more

are wanted to make the white black. The union of a mulatto with a

quadroon or octoroon woman will produce, as may be understood, other

hues approaching to white or black in proportion to the progression

described above. The progeny of a black and a quadroon is termed

“saltatras” in the colonies; the word signifies “a leap-backwards” or a

return towards the black race.

Crossings of the Negro with individuals of the Yellow or Red Races,

with Asiatic Indians or American red-skins, beget offspring of varied

shades of colour, bearing different designations according to the

countries. These men of colour are seen in many islands of Polynesia.

Possessing neither the intelligence of whites nor the submissiveness of

blacks, despised by the former and hated by the latter, they constitute

an equivocal caste, with no settled position, and less disposed to

labour than revolt.

The colour of his skin takes away all charm from the Negro’s

countenance. What renders the European’s face pleasing is that each of

its features exhibits a particular shade. The cheeks, forehead, nose,

and chin of the White have each a different tinge. On the contrary all

is black on an African visage, even the eyebrows, as inky as the rest,

are merged in the general colour; scarcely another shade is perceptible,

except at the line where the lips join each other.

The skin of Negroes is very porous, so much so that the pores show

visibly; but it is far from hard in all cases, being in some instances

quite the reverse, smooth, satiny, and extremely soft to the touch.

The most unpleasant thing about a Negro’s skin is the nauseous odour it

emits when the individual is heated by perspiration or exercise; these

emanations are as hard to endure as those which some animals exhale.

A Negro’s hair is quite peculiar. Whilst that of a White is cylindrical,

the Black man’s is flat. It is also short and crisp, like the wool of a

sheep, and in contradistinction to the abundant supply of Europeans, the

women among whom can even trail their locks on the ground, it only

attains the length of a few inches. The beard, also, is very scanty and

scarcely covers the upper lip.

The eye of the Negro differs also from that of the white; the iris is so

dark as almost to be confounded with the black of the pupil. In the

European, the colour of the iris is so strongly marked as to render at

once perceptible whether the person has black, blue, or grey eyes.

Nothing similar in the case of the Negro, where all parts of the eye are

blended in the same hue. Add to this that the white of the eye is always

suffused with yellow in the Negro, and you will understand how this

organ, which contributes so powerfully to give life to the countenance

of the White, is invariably dull and expressionless in the Black Race.

Nature adapts the Negro to the torrid countries he inhabits. His

constitution is in general lymphatic and lethargic. His slow, sluggish

gait and invincible laziness provoke Europeans, who cannot understand so

much indolence. The relaxation of the limbs of the Negro betrays itself

by his inertia and drowsiness, as well as by the flabby flesh of the

women (Fig. 230).

Negroes are much less subject than Europeans to the influence of

stimulants. The strongest spirit, rum, pepper, the most irritant spices,

only feebly rouse their inert palate. Their soft, thick, oily skin,

smooth and hairless, is encrusted beneath the epidermis, as we have

said, with a black mucous deposit which gives it its colour. This viscid

film envelopes the nervous ramifications beneath the cuticle, thus

blunting the sensibility. The fine and delicate skin of the European

experiences horrible torture under the lash; but even when he is torn by

leathern thongs, the bleeding weals of which are sometimes, in an excess

of barbarity, rubbed with pepper and vinegar, the Negro supports this

cruel usage with indifference. Some blacks are seen joining the dance

after this punishment, as if nothing had happened.

Before speaking of the brain and understanding of the Negro, we should

make some remarks on the facial angle observed in this race. We have

said that a relatively exact judgment may be formed from the size of

this angle as to the value of a race of mankind, from the intellectual

point of view.[10] The more obtuse the angle, the greater indication

does it afford of noble and lofty sentiments; the smaller it is, the

nearer the head approaches to that of animals. A prominent forehead is

the sign of a developed intellect, whilst protruding jaws reveal brute

instincts. Consequently, the facial angle increases or diminishes

according as the forehead or the jaws project forward. The facial angle

of Europeans is about 76½ degrees, sometimes reaching 81. An angle of 90

degrees, that is to say a right angle, is found in the ancient statues

of Greece. But by reason of his retreating forehead and prominent jaws

the Negro only exhibits a facial angle of from 61¼ to 63 degrees,

approaching that of the monkey, which in those of the species to which

the orang-outang and gorilla belong, is of 45 degrees.

[10] See Introduction, p. 26.

This proportionate weakness of intelligence, revealed to us by the

smallness of the facial angle in the Negro, is confirmed by an

examination of his brain. The labours of anatomists of our own day have

established that not only is it the bulk of the brain which corresponds

relatively with intellectual activity, but that the genuine indication

revealing the superiority of mind in man consists in the number and

depth of the furrows or circumvolutions of the brain. Now the outlines

and windings of the cerebral mass in the European are so numerous and

deep that they can scarcely be measured, whilst the complications in the

head of the black are, as regards the same qualities, less by one half.

The brain of a Negro is also perceptibly smaller than that of a White.

It is the front part especially, that is to say the cerebral lobes,

which is so much larger in the European, and hence the fine arch of the

forehead peculiar to the White or Caucasian race.

[Illustration: 230.--ZANZIBAR NEGRESSES.]

The intellectual inferiority of the Negro is readable in his

countenance, devoid of expression and mobility. The black man is a

child, and like a child he is impressionable, fickle, easily affected by

good treatment, and capable of self-devotion, but capable also of hatred

in some cases, as well as of working out his revenge. The people of the

Black Race living in a free condition in the interior of Africa,

demonstrate by their habits and the state of their mind that they can

hardly get beyond the level of tribe life; and on the other hand such

difficulty is experienced in many colonies, in endeavouring to induce

the Negroes (so indispensable has the guardianship of Europeans become

to them) to maintain among themselves the benefits of civilization, that

the inferiority of their intelligence, compared with that of the rest of

mankind, is a fact not to be disputed.

Several instances might doubtless be adduced of Negroes who have

surpassed Europeans by their capacity of mind. Generals Toussaint

Louverture, Christofle, and Dessalines were no ordinary men, and

Blumenbach has preserved to us the names of many illustrious blacks,

among whom he mentions Jacob Captain, whose sermons, and theological

writings, in Latin and Dutch, are truly remarkable. It is not from

individual cases, however, but from the whole, that a judgment must be

arrived at, and experience has proved that the Negroes are inferior in

intelligence to all known races, not even excepting the savage people of

America and the Oceanian islands.

The Negro tribes would be excessively numerous if their children lived,

but negligence and laziness cause a notable proportion of their

offspring to perish. The continual wars, too, in which they indulge

against each other, equally impede the spread of their species, and

notwithstanding the fertility of the soil in a great part of Africa, the

improvidence and carelessness of the natives bring on real famines which

decimate their numbers.

Another cause of depopulation that happily becomes less important every

day is the trade which the blacks themselves are most eager to keep up.

They sell their children for a packet of beads or for a few flasks of

“fire-water.”

Thought grows sad as it carries itself back to the time, not yet very

remote, when Negro traffic and slavery, which to-day form the exception,

were the universal rule along the whole coast of Western Africa. Negroes

then were torn ruthlessly from their country and transported to other

climes to be reduced to bondage, or in other words to sacrifice life and

strength for their master, and in serving him, to exhaust themselves by

toil without gaining as much pity as is extended to beasts of burden.

With our animals, in fact, repose succeeds fatigue and food restores

vigour; whilst, in colonies subject to Europeans, dread of punishment,

the lash, and the most shocking usage, subdued the Negro to forced

labour.

This horrible traffic having excited universal indignation for half a

century, most States decreed its abolition. France by laws passed

between the years 1814 and 1848, definitively emancipated the slaves in

all her possessions, and since 1860 or so, almost the whole of America

has followed this example. Cruisers are now kept permanently on the

coasts of Africa both by England and France, which renders the slave

trade, if not impossible, at least difficult and dangerous for the

grasping, barbarous men who are not afraid to devote themselves to it

still.

This commerce, against which European nations have effected so much,

nevertheless, reckons as its partizans the Negroes themselves. The

tribes are, in fact, incessantly waging war on each other in order to

take prisoners and sell them to the traders who pay prohibited visits to

their shores. Even now, convoys of captives, chained together by means

of forked sticks, are too often to be seen traversing the forests on

their way to a slave-ship moored in some unfrequented creek.

Since the almost general abolition of slavery, many Negro tribes have

been remarked to live in better accord among themselves. Fathers have

some little love for their children, as they no longer entertain the

hope of selling them for a bottle of rum or a glass necklace!

This bondage of the Negroes is not, we may add, a social institution of

recent date. The Romans possessed black slaves, and had been preceded by

the Egyptians in a custom which, at a period yet more remote, prevailed

among the Assyrians and Babylonians. Three thousand years ago the

Arabians and Turks carried off Negroes. They ascended the Nile in large

vessels, collecting, as they went, the blacks that were delivered up to

them in Nubia and Abyssinia, and returning to Lower Egypt with this

cargo of human cattle, sold it for slaves.

A cruelty which occasionally approaches ferocity is the sad attribute of

some African tribes. Molien said of the inhabitants of Fouta-Toro, that

those Negroes had derived nothing from civilization but its vices, and

the same reproach is applicable to some of the modern tribes. The

natives of Dahomey, a Negro kingdom extending along the shores of the

Gulf of Guinea, distinguish themselves among all other blacks by their

callous and revolting inhumanity. To kill and slay is to them a

pleasure, which anyone who can indulge in it rarely denies himself, and

the post of executioner is sought for by the richest and most powerful

in the land as affording an opportunity for the most coveted enjoyments.

To form an idea of a similar excess of savagery and depravity, the

shocking account should be read in the “Tour du Monde,” narrated from

personal experience by Doctor Répin, who passed through Dahomey in 1856.

We cannot attempt to reproduce here the picture of such cold-blooded

barbarity.

The Negroes impose heavy labours on their women. Among them the wife is

merely a helper in toil, a servant the more. Making flour and bread,

tilling the ground, and the most fatiguing occupations, are the

Negress’s lot in her own country; and it has been said, perhaps rightly,

that the former slavery was possibly a benefit to her, as she at any

rate changed tyrants. The Negress grinds the corn by placing it in a

hollow stone and crushing it with a round flint, the flour falling

through a hole in the stone and being received in a mat laid on the

floor.

The religious notions possessed by the Negroes are very dim; they

doubtless believe in a supreme God, in a creator; but addict themselves

in excess to the practices of fetishism. Their fetishes are a kind of

secondary divinities, subordinate to the great God, master of nature.

Each person chooses for fetish whatever he likes--fire, a tree, a

serpent, a jackal, water, a hog, down to a piece of wood shaped by the

hand of man. The worship of the serpent is in much favour among the

inhabitants of Dahomey. They construct tents and dwellings for these

reptiles, rear them in great numbers, and allow them to rove about

wherever they please. Immediate death would follow any attempt to kill

or pursue the fetish serpents.

[Illustration: 231.--A NEGRO VILLAGE.]

Belief in the power of chance or destiny predominates among these rude

men. They feel that events do not depend on their own will, but upon

some hidden influence which directs everything, and which it is

necessary to render favourable to them. Hence the magicians and

soothsayers whose duty it is to avert evil fate or hurtful destinies,

and hence also the incalculable quantity of fetishes. Each Negro has his

own, to which he offers sacrifice so long as he obtains something from

it, and which he abandons the moment he recognizes its uselessness.

Lamentable effect of the natural degradation of these races!

The sad defects of the Negro in his savage state should not cause his

aptitudes to be forgotten. When he has been snatched from tribe life, or

freed from the chains that weighed him down, the black manifests

qualities which deserve to be brought into relief.

Let us remark firstly, that the Negroes, or the mulattoes resulting from

their union with the whites, are often gifted with an extraordinary

memory which gives them a great facility for acquiring languages. They

are not slow to appropriate the language of the people amidst whom they

are placed. They speak English in North America, Spanish in the Central

and Southern parts of the New World, and Dutch at the Cape of Good Hope.

They can even change their tongue with their masters. If a Dutch Negro

enters the service of an Englishman, he will abandon his former idiom

for that of the latter, and will forget his old mode of speech. Nay

more, their memory sometimes retains widely diverse languages at the

same time. Travellers have met negro traders in the centre of Africa,

having connections with different nations, who expressed themselves in

several tongues, and understood both Arabic and Koptic as well as

Turkish.

The towns inhabited by the Negroes resemble European cities sometimes so

much as to be mistaken for them; there is only a difference of degree in

their civilization and knowledge when compared with those of Europe.

Towns, properly so called, in the interior of Africa are however very

much scattered, but travellers bring to light fresh information

concerning the country every day, and the future will perhaps reveal to

us particulars about the civilization of Central Africa, of which we

have as yet hardly a suspicion.

Negroes are not bad accountants; they calculate mentally with great

rapidity, far surpassing Europeans in this respect.

The industrial arts are pursued with some success by many black tribes.

Iron can be extracted from its ores easily enough to admit of the trades

of founders and blacksmiths being carried on in every Negro village, and

some excellent handicraftsmen in both these callings are to be found in

Senegambia and several of the interior regions.

[Illustration: 232.--FISHING ON THE UPPER SENEGAL.]

Fermented drinks, such as beer, sorgho wine, &c., are also manufactured

with considerable skill.

Negroes possess the talent of imitation to a very remarkable extent.

They seize hold of and are able faithfully to mimic a person’s

particular characteristics or behaviour if they show any ludicrous

peculiarities. Negro humour is also generally gay and pleasant. They

like to laugh at their masters and overseers, the children of the house,

&c., and delight in making themselves merry at their expense.

Yet this imitative faculty inherent to blacks, does not go so far as to

endow them with any artistic talents. Drawing, painting, and sculpture

are unknown to Negroes, and it is impossible to infuse into them the

smallest capacity for such subjects, either by lesson or advice. Their

temples and dwellings are, in fact, only decorated with shapeless

scratches; Africans of the present day are utterly unskilled in drawing

and sculpture.

Negroes, if thus obtuse to the plastic arts, are on the contrary very

easily affected by music and poetry. They sing odd and expressive

recitatives at their festivals and sports, and in some Negro kingdoms a

caste of singers is even to be met with, which is alleged to be

hereditary, and whose members are also at the same time the chroniclers

of the tribe.

Musical instruments are rather plentiful among the Africans. In addition

to the drum, which holds so prominent a place in the music of the Arabs,

they use flutes, triangles, bells, and even stringed instruments, with

from eight to seventeen strings, the latter being supplied from the tail

of the elephant. They also possess instruments fashioned from the rind

of cucumbers, forming a sort of rude harp. The Mandigoes who live on the

banks of the Senegal, about the middle of its course, have a species of

clarionet, from four to five yards long.

[Illustration: 233.--A ZAMBESI NEGRESS.]

“The Negroes,” says Livingstone, in his “Expedition to the Zambesi,”

“have had their minstrels; they have them still, but tradition does not

preserve their effusions. One of these, apparently a genuine poet,

attached himself to our party for several days, and, whenever we halted,

sang our praises to the villagers in smooth and harmonious numbers. His

chant was a sort of blank verse, and each line consisted of five

syllables. The song was short when it first began, but each day he

picked up more information about us, and added to the poem, until our

praises grew into an ode of respectable length. When distance from home

compelled him to return, he expressed his regret at leaving us, and was,

of course, paid for his useful and pleasant flatteries. Another, though

less gifted son of Apollo, belonged to our own party. Every evening,

while the others were cooking, talking, or sleeping, he rehearsed his

songs, which contained a history of everything he had noticed among the

white men, and on the journey. In composing, extempore, any new piece,

he was never at a loss; for, if the right word did not come, he didn’t

hesitate, but eked out the measure with a peculiar musical sound,

meaning nothing at all. He accompanied his recitations on the _sausa_,

an instrument held in the fingers, whilst its nine iron keys are pressed

with the thumbs. Persons of a musical turn, too poor to buy a _sausa_,

may be seen playing vigorously on a substitute made of a number of thick

sorgho-stalks sewn together, and with keys of split bamboo. This

makeshift emits but little sound, but seems to charm the player himself.

When the _sausa_ is played with a calabash as a sounding board, it

produces a greater volume of sound. Pieces of shell and tin are added to

make a jingling accompaniment, and the calabash is profusely

ornamented.”

The music of the Negroes is not confined, it may be remarked, to simple

melody. They are not satisfied with merely playing the notes sung by the

voice, but have some principles of harmony. They perform accompaniments

in fourths, sixths, and octaves, the other musical intervals being less

familiar to them, except when sometimes employed to express irony or

censure. The advanced state of music amidst the Negro tribes is all the

more noticeable from the fact that among ancient European races, among

the ancient Greeks, at the most brilliant epoch of their history, for

instance, no idea whatever prevailed of harmony in music.

The faculties of the blacks can consequently in certain respects become

developed, and it is established that Negroes who live for several

generations in the towns of the colonies, and who are in perpetual

contact with Europeans, improve by the connection, and gain an

augmentation of their intellectual capacities.

To sum up, then, the Negro family possesses less intelligence than some

others of the human race; but this fact affords no justification for the

hateful persecutions to which these unfortunate people have been the

victims in every age. At the present day, thanks to progress and

civilization, slavery is abolished in most parts of the globe, and its

last remnants will not be slow to disappear. And thus will be swept

away, to the honour of humanity, a barbarous custom, the unhappy

inheritance of former times, repudiated by the modern spirit of charity

and brotherhood; and with it will vanish the infamous traffic which is

called the slave-trade.

No little time will, however, be needed in order to confer social

equality on the enfranchised Negro. We cannot well express the scorn

with which the liberated blacks are treated in North and South America.

They are hardly looked on as human beings, and notwithstanding the

abolition of slavery, are invariably kept aloof from the white

population. Centuries will be required to efface among Americans this

rooted prejudice, which France herself has had some trouble in shaking

off, since an edict of Louis XIV. cancelled the rank of any noble who

allied himself with a Negress, or even with a mulatto woman.

The general assuagement of manners and customs will ultimately, it must

be hoped, entirely obliterate these distinctions, so cruel and unjust to

the unhappy people whom a fatal destiny has condemned to a state of

perpetual martyrdom, without their having done anything to deserve it,

beyond coming into the world beneath an African sky.

CHAPTER II.

EASTERN BRANCH.

The _Eastern Blacks_, who have also been called _Melanesians_ and

_Oceanian Negroes_, inhabit the western part of Oceania and the

south-east of Asia. Their complexion is very brown, sometimes increasing

in darkness until it reaches intense black. Their hair is frizzled,

crisp, flaky, and occasionally woolly. Their features are disagreeable,

their figures of little regularity, and their extremities often lank.

They live in tribes or small divisions, without forming themselves into

nationalities.

We shall divide them into two groups, one, the _Papuan Family_, composed

of peoples among whom the characteristics indicated above, are the most

developed; the other, the _Andaman Family_, made up of tribes which more

resemble the Brown Race, and probably result from a mixture of it with

the Black one.

PAPUAN FAMILY.

The _Papuan Family_ seems to dwell only in small islands or on the

coasts of larger ones. Two groups of peoples are observable in it, one,

resembling the Malays, consists of the _Papuans_, who inhabit the New

Guinea Archipelago, and the other, resembling the Tabuans, occupies the

Fiji Islands, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and the Solomon range. We

proceed to say a few words as to the manners and customs of these

different sections of the Black Race.

* * * * *

_Papuans._--A remarkable feature presented by the Papuans, is the

enormous bulk of their half-woolly hair. Their skin is dark brown, their

hair black, and their beard, which is scanty, is, as well as their

eyebrows and eyes, of the same colour. Though they have rather flat

noses, thick lips and broad cheekbones, their countenance is by no means

unpleasant. The women are more ugly than the men, their withered

figures, hanging breasts, and masculine features render them

disagreeable to the sight, and even the young girls have a far from

attractive look.

[Illustration:

_P. Sellier, p.^{t}_

_Imp. Dupuy, 22, R. des Petits Hôtels_

_G. Regamey, lith._

PAPOUAN

NEGRO OF NEW GUINEA

BLACK RACE]

Lesson considered the Papuans fierce, inhospitable, crafty men, but the

inhabitants of Havre de Doresy and generally of the northern part of

this Oceanic region, as far as the Cape of Good Hope, seemed to him of

great mildness and more disposed to fly from Europeans than to hurt

them. He thinks, nevertheless, that the Negroes in the south of New

Guinea, pushed back into that part of the island, and whom no

intermixture has altered, have preserved their savage habits and rude

independence. The state of perpetual hostility in which they live

renders their character distrustful and suspicious. Never did Lesson

visit a village, in a small boat manned by a fair number of men, that

women, children, old men, and warriors did not take to flight in their

large canoes, carrying off with them their movables and most precious

effects. He adds, that by good treatment and plenty of presents, people

may succeed in making way with them, may be able to lull their

uneasiness and establish friendly relations. The coloured Plate

accompanying this part of the work represents a native of the Papuan

Islands.

* * * * *

_Vitians._--The first accurate information about the Viti or Fiji

Islands is due to Dumont d’Urville. Mr. Macdonald, an assistant-surgeon

on board the English ship Herald, has published an account of his visit

to Fiji, and from it we extract the following particulars.

Thakombau (fig. 234), the king, was a man of powerful and almost

gigantic stature, with well-formed limbs of fine proportions. His

appearance, which was further removed from the Negro type than that of

other individuals of lower rank, sprung from the same stock, was

agreeable and intelligent. His hair was carefully turned up, dressed in

accordance with the stylish fashion of the country, and covered with a

sort of brown gauze. His neck and broad chest were both uncovered, and

his naked skin might be seen, of a clear black colour. Near him was his

favourite wife, a rather large woman with smiling features, as well as

his son and heir, a fine child of from eight to nine years old. His

majesty was also surrounded at respectful distance by a crowd of

courtiers, humbly cringing on their knees.

[Illustration: 234.--THAKOMBAU, KING OF THE FIJI ISLAND.]

In the course of his peregrinations, Mr. Macdonald was present at a

repast, consisting of pork, ignames, and taro,[11] served in wooden

dishes by women. Freshwater shell-fish of the cyprine kind completed the

banquet. The broth was very savoury, but the meat insipid. During the

conversation which followed, the traveller became convinced that gossip

is a natural gift of the Fijians. Figs. 235 and 236 represent types of

these people.

[11] The native substitute for bread.

[Illustration: 235.--NATIVE OF FIJI.]

The Fijians are fond of assembling to hear the local news, or to

narrate old legends. Respect for their chiefs is always preserved

unalterable among this people, turbulent in their behaviour, depraved in

their instincts, and familiar with murder, robbery, and lying. The

homage paid to their chiefs makes itself manifest both by word and

action; men lower their weapons, take the worst sides of the paths, and

bow humbly as one of the privileged order passes by. One of the oddest

forms taken by this obsequiousness is a custom in accordance with which

every inferior who sees his chief trip and fall, allows himself to

stumble in his turn, in order to attract towards himself the ridicule

which such an accident might have the effect of drawing upon his

superior.

[Illustration: 236.--NATIVE OF FIJI.]

The different classes or castes into which the Fijian population is

divided, are as follows: 1, sovereigns of several islands; 2, chiefs of

single islands, or of districts; 3, village chiefs, and those of

fisheries; 4, eminent warriors, but born in an inferior station, master

carpenters, and heads of turtle-fisheries; 5, the common people; and 6,

slaves taken in war.

The horrible custom of eating human flesh still exists in Fiji; the

missionaries have succeeded in bringing about its disappearance in some

parts of the island, but it remains in the interior districts,

concealing itself, however, and no longer glorying in the number of

victims devoured! Cannibalism does not owe its existence among the

Fijians, as in most savage tribes, to a feeling of revenge pushed to the

utmost limits; it arises there from an especial craving for human flesh.

But as this choice dish is not sufficiently abundant to satisfy all

appetites, the chiefs reserve it exclusively to themselves, and only by

extraordinary favour do they give up a morsel of the esteemed delicacy

to their inferiors.

[Illustration: 237.--A TEMPLE OF CANNIBALISM.]

The engraving (fig. 237) is taken from a sketch made by the missionary

Thomas Williams, of a sort of temple used on occasions of cannibalism in

Fiji. The four persons squatted in front of the edifice are victims

awaiting their doom, and whose bodies will afterwards serve for the

feast of these man-eaters.

Mr. Macdonald discovered that the custom of immolating widows is still

in full vigour in one of the districts of the island.

Dancing is the popular diversion of the Fiji Islands. The chant by which

it is usually regulated is of monotonous rhythm, its words recalling

either some actual circumstance or historical event. The dancers’

movements are slow at first, growing gradually animated, and being

accompanied by gestures of the hands and inflections of the body. There

is always a chief to direct the performers. A buffoon is sometimes

brought into the ring whose grotesque contortions bring applause from

the spectators.

Two bands, one of musicians, the other of dancers, take part in the

regular dances of the solemnities at Fiji (fig. 238); the first usually

numbers twenty, and the other from a hundred and fifty to two hundred,

individuals. These latter are covered with their richest ornaments,

carry clubs or spears, and execute a series of varied evolutions,

marching, halting, and running. As the entertainment draws towards its

close their motions increase in rapidity, their action acquires more

liveliness and vehemence, while their feet are stamped heavily on the

ground, until at last the dancers, quite out of breath, ejaculate a

final “Wa-oo!” and the antics cease.

* * * * *

_New-Caledonians._--The inhabitants of New Caledonia belong to the

branch of Oceanian Negroes. This island, hidden in the Equinoctial

Ocean, is a French possession, and has been marked out for the reception

of those Communist insurgents and incendiaries arrested in Paris in June

1871, after the “seven days’ battle” who were sentenced to

transportation by the courts-martial. We are indebted to MM. Victor de

Rochas and J. Garnier for some valuable details concerning the

population of the colony.

The aborigines of New Caledonia have a sooty-black skin; woolly, crisp

hair and abundant beard, both black; a broad, flat nose deeply sunk

between the orbits; the white of the eye bloodshot; large, turned-out

lips; prominent jaws; a wide mouth; very even and perfectly white teeth;

slightly projecting cheekbones; a high, narrow, and convex forehead; and

the head flattened between the temples. Their average stature is at

least as tall as that of the French, their limbs are well-proportioned,

and their development of both chest and muscles is generally

considerable.

[Illustration: 238.--A FIJIAN DANCE.]

The men are not very ugly, many even showing a certain regularity of

feature; and some tribes on the east coast are better favoured than the

rest in this respect. Figs. 239 and 240 convey a fair idea of the male

population.

The ugliness of the women is proverbial. With their shaven heads and the

lobes of their ears horribly perforated or pinked, they present a

revolting appearance, even when young in years. The rude toil and bad

treatment to which they are subjected bring upon them premature old age.

They suckle their children for a long period, for three years on the

average, and sometimes for five or six.

Like all savages, the New-Caledonians possess an exquisitely keen sense

of sight and hearing. They are active and capable of exerting

considerable strength for a short effort, but have no lasting power.

Their inability to support fatigue for any length of time doubtless

arises from the nature of their nourishment. They swallow really nothing

beyond sugary and feculent vegetable food, seldom eating meat, the true

source of the sustainment and recuperation of strength. Their island

supplies the New-Caledonians with no quadrupeds which they can capture

for sustenance, and they possess no weapons suitable for killing birds.

The quantity of eatables these people can gorge at a single meal is

wonderful, quite three times as much as an European would be equal to.

M. Garnier visited the village of Hienghène. Its chief came to meet the

travellers and presented to them his eldest son, while numbers of naked

warriors, with blackened chests, beards, and faces, stood round in a

silent and motionless group. They might have been taken for bronze

statues were it not for their dark and sparkling eyes which followed the

smallest gesture of the visitors.

At a signal from the chief, several youths dashed forward and in a few

seconds showered down from the cocoa-trees a hail of nuts, the pulp of

which in the liquid state is the most agreeable drink imaginable for

allaying thirst.

[Illustration: 239.--YOUNG NATIVE OF NEW CALEDONIA.]

The village of Hienghène is one of the most considerable in the island.

Its dwellings are shaped like beehives, and are crowned with a rude

statue surmounted by a quantity of shell-fish or sometimes by skulls of

enemies slain in war.

These cabins have a single opening, very low and narrow. In the evening

they are filled with smoke in order to banish the mosquitoes; the narrow

aperture is then shut and the occupants lay themselves down to sleep on

mats, whilst the smoke, by reason of its lightness, remains floating

over their heads; but to sit upright without being half smothered by it

is impossible.

Great numbers of aborigines dwell along the sea-coast. They came on

board M. Garnier’s vessel in crowds, bringing provisions and shell-fish,

and examining everything with the greatest attention.

The natives of this tribe are of a fine type. M. Garnier noticed among

the visitors several men admirably built, and with a perfectly developed

muscular system; but he nevertheless remarked as a general defect of the

New Caledonians, that they have too thin legs in comparison with their

bodies, and calves placed higher than in Europeans.

Whether from habit, or in consequence of anatomical formation, these

people assume positions at every moment which would fatigue us terribly.

They sit down on their heels for whole days, and when they climb up into

a cocoa-tree, or rest themselves by the way, place themselves without

any effort in postures that are really surprising.

The singular fancy which some of these tribes have for clay, has been

already noticed, and M. Garnier convinced himself of the reality of the

fact. The earth in question, is a silicate of magnesia, greenish in

colour. It is ground by the teeth into a soft, fine dust, by no means

disagreeable in taste. The habit of eating this clay, is, however, far

from general; women only, in certain cases of illness, take a few

pinches of it.

M. Garnier had an opportunity of being present at the _pilou-pilou_, a

dancing festival which takes place on the occasion of the igname

harvest. On a piece of high but level ground, overlooking a vast plain,

were seated the chiefs and old men; the crowd were assembled below,

and in front of them was piled a huge heap of ignames. Thirty or forty

youngsters, selected from the handsomest of the tribe, advanced and each

took a load, and then ascended the plateau in a body, all dashing at

full speed to lay their burdens at the feet of the chiefs. Then, still

running, they returned to the great mass of ignames to carry away a

fresh cargo, and so on until the whole pile disappeared. They were

pursued during this wild race by the yelling crowd, bounding around them

with brandished weapons. Every European would have been interested in

this strange spectacle; but a painter or a sculptor would have never

grown weary of admiring the forms of the young performers: finer

artistic models have seldom “posed” in any studio.

[Illustration: 240.--NATIVE OF NEW CALEDONIA.]

This _fête_ was interrupted by a mock fight, during which the warriors,

either in complete nudity or with gaudy cloths tied round their waists,

whirled their weapons about as they kept bounding, yelling, and taunting

their adversaries. The old withered men, whose hands could throw neither

stone nor javelin, animated the courage of the young people and showered

insults on their opponents.

We are unable to retrace in its entirety, the curious and graphic

description which M. Gamier has given of this contest, but a scene of

cannibalism at which he was present, is too dramatic to be passed over.

Near a large fire sat a dozen men, in whom the traveller recognized the

chiefs he had seen in the morning, and pieces of smoking meat surrounded

with ignames and taros were laid on broad banana leaves before them. The

bodies of some unfortunate wretches killed during the day, supplied the

materials for this ghastly banquet, and the hole in which their limbs

had just been cooked was still there. A savage joy was pictured on the

faces of these demons. Both hands grasped their horrid food. An old

chief with a long white beard did not seem to enjoy so formidable an

appetite as his comrades. Leaving aside the thigh-bone and the thick

layer of flesh accompanying it which had been served him, he contented

himself with nibbling a head. He had already removed all the meaty

parts, the nose and cheeks, but the eyes remained. The old epicure took

a bit of pointed stick and thrust it into both pupils, then shook the

horrid skull until bit by bit he brought out the brain; but as this

process was not quick enough, he put the back of the head into the

flames, and the rest of the cerebral substance dropped out without

difficulty!. . . .

ANDAMAN FAMILY.

We comprise in the _Andaman_ Family those Eastern blacks who possess the

characteristics of the Negro race strongly marked. These nations are as

yet but little known. The inhabitants of New Guinea, the aborigines of

the Andaman Isles, in the bay of Bengal, the blacks of the Malacca

peninsula, those dwelling in some of the mountains of Indo-China, the

natives of Tasmania, and, finally, the indigenous population of

Australia are included in this group.

Among all these people the facial angle does not exceed 60 degrees; the

mouth is very large, the nose broad and flat, the arms short, the legs

lanky, and the complexion the colour of soot. The women are positively

hideous.

The tribes which form these groups are, in general, numerous and subject

to the arbitrary authority of a chief. Language is extremely limited

among them; they possess neither government, laws, nor regularly

established ceremonies, and some do not even know how to construct

places of abode.

In order to convey to the reader an idea of the people composing the

Andaman Family we shall give a glance at the inhabitants of the Andaman

Isles and also at those of Australia.

* * * * *

_Andamans._--The dwellings of the Andamans are of the most rudimentary

kind, being hardly superior to the dens of wild beasts. Four posts

covered with a roof of palm-leaves constitute these lairs, which are

open to every wind, and “ornamented” with hogs’ bones, turtle shells,

and large dried fish tied in bunches.

As for the inhabitants themselves, they are of an ebon black. They

seldom exceed five feet in stature; their heads are broad and buried

between their shoulders; and their hair is woolly, like that of the

African blacks. The abdomen is protuberant in a great many cases, and

their lower limbs lank. They go about in a state of complete nudity,

merely taking care to cover the entire body with a layer of yellow ochre

or clay, which protects it from the sting of insects. They paint their

faces and sprinkle their hair with red ochre.

Their weapons are, however, manufactured with much cleverness. Their

bows, which require a very strong pull, are made of a sort of iron-wood

and gracefully shaped. Their arrows are tipped with fine points, some of

them barbed, and they shoot them with much skill. They handle expertly

their short paddles, marked with red ochre, and hollow their canoes with

a rather rude implement formed of a hard and sharp stone fastened to a

handle by means of a strong cord made from vegetable fibres.

The Andamans are ichthyophagists, for the seas which wash their islands

abound in excellent fish and palatable mollusks. Soles, mullets, and

oysters constitute the staple of their food, and when during tempestuous

weather fish runs short, they eat the lizards, rats, and mice which

swarm in the woods.

Though not cannibals, the Andamans are nevertheless a most savage race,

who do not even exist in a state of tribedom, but who are merely

gathered into gangs.

The bitterest contempt has been lavished on these rude inhabitants of

the islands of Bengal, and people have been willing to consider them as

brutes of the worst cruelty, and most extreme ugliness; but more recent

observation, and the few facts which we have mentioned, show that this

estimate should be somewhat mitigated.

* * * * *

_Australian Blacks._--We have arrived at the black people who occupy

part of Australia, and take advantage of some valuable information

concerning them, found in M. H. de Castella’s “Souvenirs d’un Squatter

Français en Australie,” and which was acquired by the author’s personal

experience of these uncouth beings.

The wild state in which the aborigines of Australia exist is the result

of the poverty of their country, which affords no other source of

sustenance than animals. True, these abound there; kangaroos, squirrels,

opossums, wild-cats, and birds of all kinds are so numerous, that the

natives need, as it were, only stretch out their hands in order to take

them. In this mild climate they can live without any shelter.

According to M. de Castella, the Negroes of Australia are not so ugly as

they have been represented. Among the men whom he examined, some were

tall and well made. Their slow, lounging gait, was not devoid of

dignity, and the solemnity of their step reminded one of the strut of a

tragedian on the stage.

[Illustration: 241.--ENCAMPMENT OF NATIVE AUSTRALIANS.]

The Australian blacks recognize family ties. None of them have more than

one wife, but they do not marry within their own particular tribe. They

live encamped in bands, and now that they are reduced to small numbers,

in entire tribes. They do not build permanent huts, but protect

themselves in summer from the sun and hot winds merely by a heap of

gum-tree branches, piled up against some sticks, thrust in the ground.

When winter comes on, they strip from the trees large pieces of bark,

eight or ten feet high, and as wide as the whole circumference of the

trunk, forming with these fragments a screen, which they place at the

side whence the rain is blowing, and alter if the wind happens to

change. Squatted on the bare earth, in the opossum skin which serves the

double purpose of bed and clothing, each of them is placed before a

hearth of his own. Fig. 241 is an engraving taken from a photograph of

Australian natives.

The Australian Negroes of the present day have guns, and employ little

axes for chopping their wood and cutting bark, but it is not so long

since the only weapons they possessed were made of hard wood, and their

hatchets consisted of sharp stones fastened to the end of sticks, like

the flint instruments used by men before the Deluge. There is in fact

little or no difference between the people of the age of stone, and the

Negroes of Australia, and consequently an acquaintance with the wild

manners and customs of these races has been of great advantage to

naturalists of our day in throwing light upon the history of primitive

man.

M. H. de Castella was greatly struck by the agility of the Australian

blacks in climbing gum-trees whose straight stems are often devoid of

branches for twenty or thirty feet from their base, and are besides too

thick to be clasped. When by perfect prodigies of acrobatism the native

reached the wild cats and opossums’ nests, he seized the animals, and

threw them to his wife.

This wife carried everything; her last-born in a reed basket hanging

from her neck, the slaughtered game in one hand, and in the other a

blazing gum branch, to light the fire when the family took up fresh

quarters. The man walked in front, carrying nothing but his weapons;

then came the wife, and after her, their children according to height.

A batch of Australian blacks is never, by any chance, to be met walking

abreast, even when in great numbers, and if a whole tribe is crossing

the plains, only a long black file is to be seen moving above the high

grass.

[Illustration: 242.--NATIVE AUSTRALIAN.]

M. de Castella was a spectator of the curious sight which eel-fishing

affords among these natives. Holding a spear in each hand, with which to

rake up the bottom, they wade through the water up to their waists,

balancing and regulating their movements to the even measure of one of

their chants. When an eel is transfixed by a stroke of one lance, they

pierce it in another part of the body with the second, and then,

holding the two points apart, throw the fish upon the ground, the

quantity which they take in this manner being enormous. They dispense

with saucepans and cooking utensils of all kinds in the preparation of

their meals, simply placing the game or fish on bright coals covered

over with a little ashes.

[Illustration: 243.--AN AUSTRALIAN GRAVE.]

Everyone has heard of the skill with which savages navigate their rivers

in bark canoes, but the people of whom we are now speaking render

themselves remarkable above all others by their adroitness in guiding

their little crafts over the rapids. Only two persons can sit in their

boats, while a spear supplies the place of an oar, and is used with

astonishing dexterity.

No one acquainted with this kind of barbarous life will be surprised to

hear that the blacks of Australia are diminishing at a wonderfully quick

rate. Of the whole Varra tribe, formerly a numerous one, M. de Castella

could find no more than seventeen individuals.

What most struck the author of an account of a journey from Sydney to

Adelaide, which appeared in the “Tour du Monde,” in 1860, was the small

number of aborigines which he met in a distance of more than two hundred

and fifty miles. Sturt and Mitchell, in the middle of the present

century, had visited tribes on the higher tributaries of the Murray

river, which then consisted of several hundred persons, but M. de

Castella found them only represented by scattered groups of seven or

eight famished individuals. Fig. 242 portrays one of the types sketched

by this gentleman.

Mitchell has given a description in his “Travels,” of the “groves of

death”--those romantic burial-places of the Australians--but the

writer in the “Tour du Monde” found them no longer in existence. The

tombs of the natives at the present day are as wild and rude as

themselves. In the bleak deserts of the land of the West four branches

driven into the ground and crossed at the top by a couple more (fig.

243), support the mortal remains of the Australian aboriginal, whose

only winding sheet is the skin of a kangaroo.

INDEX.

ABABDEHS, 362

Abases, 204

Abipones, 420

_Abouna_, 360

Abruzzans, 104

Abstraction, a faculty of man, 1

Abyssinians, 355, 357

Abyssinian Christians, 360

---- Family, 355

---- religion, 360

---- soldiers, 360

---- type, 355, 357

_Achagy_, 427

_Acquajolo_, 105

Afghans, 190, 199

Africa, original population of, 11

---- populations of, 355

Agglutinative languages, 9, 32

Agora, 154

Agows, 357

Agricultural stage of Man, 35

Aguilots, 425

Aïnos, 210

---- type, 210

Alanians, 70

Albanians, 149, 152, 160, 161, 162

Alfusus, 375

Algonquins, 460, 472

Alphabetic writing, 33

Aluta River, 109

Amakisas, 496

Amapendas, 496

Amathymbas, 496

Amazulas, 496

American Indians, 404, 416, 460, 471

---- type, 65

_Amin_, 166

_Amin-el-oumena_, 166

Anahuac, 452

Ancient Chinese writing, 282

---- Egyptians, 173

---- Etruscans, 93, 101

---- Illyrians, 160

---- Incas, 408

---- Mexicans, 405, 454

---- Peruvians, 405

---- Persian type, 191

Andaman Family, 532

---- Islanders, 532

Andian Family, 407

_Angaskah_, 342

Angles, 55

Annamites, 324

Antis Indians, 407, 410, 411

---- customs, 412, 413, 414, 415

---- religion, 416

---- type, 411

Apaches, 470, 481

Apolistas, 410

Apontis, 444

Aquitanians, 66

Arab type, 184

Arabs, 183

---- nomadic, 184

---- Shegya, 184

Aramaic Race, 163

Aramean Branch of White Race, 40, 163

---- civilisation, 163

Araocas, 449

Arapahoes, 470

Araucanians, 407, 416

Arcadians, 150

_Arch_, 166

Ardschis River, 109

Aristocracy, English, 62

Armenians, 190, 201

---- in Turkey, 253

Armenian population, 202

---- religion, 202

---- type, 201

Artisans, French, 76

Aryans, 353

Aryan Race, 10, 40

Asia, original population of, 11

Assyrians, 183

Atacamas, 407, 410

Athens, 157

Athenian type, 160

Australian aboriginals, 533

---- native customs, 531, 536

---- native tombs, 538

_Ayams_, 248

Aymaras, 407, 410

Aztecs, 451

BAKTYAN, 199

Bambara, 364

Banians, 336

Bankok, 330, 332

Barabras, 357, 361

Barabra type, 361

Barbotes, 428, 432, 440, 450, 492

Baskirs, 129

Bavaria, 48

Batavians, 368

Battas, 365, 373

Bechuanas, 497, 498

Bedouins, 183

_Beglebeig_, 191

Behring’s Straits, 10

Beloochees, 199

Bengalese, 340

Berbers, 163

Beyram, 250

Beys, 246

Bible, unity of Man proclaimed in the, 11

Bicharyehs, 362

Bielo-Russians, 118

Big-Bellies, 470

Blackfeet Indians, 464

Black Race, 495

Bohemians, 112

_Bolas_, 427

_Bolero_, 90

Bonzes, 259, 280

Bosniaks, 113, 130, 141, 142, 143, 145

Botocudos, 435, 449

Bougis, 365, 373

Brahminism, 336

Brahmins, 336

Brahnis, 201

Brain of the ape, 22

---- of man, 22

---- of the negro, 508

Brazilian Indian customs, 448

Brazilian Indian dwellings, 447

British Isles, 55

Brown Race, 335

Bucharest, 109

Buddhism, 163, 307, 319, 320, 322, 332

Bulgarians, 113, 130

Burgundians, 71

Burïats, 218, 221

Burïat customs, 223

Burmans, 324

Burmese, 324

Bushmen, 499

_CADIS_, 246

Caffre Family, 496

---- type, 496, 497

Calabrians, 104

Californian Indians, 493

Cambodian customs, 329

Campagna, The, 93

_Cangue_, 296

Cannibalism, Fijian, 523, 524

---- Maori, 386

---- New Caledonian, 531

Caper fig-tree, 168

Capital punishment in China, 294

Caprification of the fig-tree, 168, 169, 170

Capuans, 103

_Caravanserai_, 240

Caribbean Group, 450

Caribs, 450

Carinthia, 116

Carniola, 116

Caroline Islanders, 400, 401

Carpathian Mountains, 109

Carthaginians, 183

Caryis, 444

Caste, 347, 348

Cathsé, 272

Caucasian Race, 40

Cayuguas, 435

Celtic type, 57, 67

---- weapons, 67

Celts, 66, 67

Chaldeans, 186

Changos, 186

Characteristics of Man, Intellectual, 30

---- of the White Race, 40

Charruas, 420

Chaymas, 450

Chen-elches, 422

Cherokees, 478

Chichimecas, 452

Chicksaws, 478

Chimehwebs, 484

Chinese agriculture, 271

---- army, 300

---- centralization, 256

---- civilization, 36, 301

---- corruption, 266

---- court of justice, 295, 296, 298, 299

---- customs, 262

---- dinner, 268

---- drama, 287

---- eating-house, 267

---- education, 280, 281, 284

---- Family, 256

---- feet, 262

---- fishing (river), 274, 275, 276

---- fishing (sea), 274

---- food, 278

---- gambling, 265

---- idleness, 264

---- interior, 263

---- irrigation, 279

---- jurisprudence, 290

---- language, 284

---- law courts, 290, 291

---- literature, 287

---- marionettes, 288

---- marriages, 261

---- opium smoking, 270

---- pisciculture, 274

---- polygamy, 260

---- printing, 286

---- punishments, 292, 294-296

---- religion, 257

---- religious toleration, 258

---- rice fields, 278

---- tea houses, 266, 267

---- theatres, 288

---- type, 256

---- women, 259

---- writing, ancient, 282

---- writing, modern, 282, 283, 284

Chinooks, 493

Chiotians, 158

Chippeway Indians, 463

Chiquitos, 420, 432, 433, 434

Chiriguanos, 444

Choctaws, 478

_Choli_, 342

Chunipis, 425

Cingalese customs, 351

---- costume, 351

---- of the coast, 351

---- of the hills, 351

---- type, 350

---- women, 350

Circassian Family, 163, 204

---- slaves, 240

---- type, 204

Circulatory system of Man, 30

Cirionos, 444

Civilization, Aramean, 163

---- Chinese, 36, 301

---- Egyptian, 36

---- progress of, 37

Classification of Man, Blumenbach’s, 18

---- ---- Bory de Saint Vincent’s, 18

---- ---- Buffon’s, 17

---- ---- Cuvier’s, 18

---- ---- Desmoulins’, 18

---- ---- d’Omalius d’Halloys’, 19

---- ---- de Quatrefages’, 19

---- ---- Lacépède’s, 18

---- ---- Pritchard’s, 18

---- ---- Virey’s, 18

---- of the Human Race, 17, 38

Clavel’s “Races Humaines,” 48, 53

Comanches, 480

Confucius, doctrines of, 258, 307

Coras, 459

Cossacks, 120, 124

---- of the Ukraine, 118

Cosninos, 482

Cranium, brachycephalous, 25

---- dolichocephalous, 25

---- of Man, 25

Creation, animal centres of, 8

---- of Man, cause of, 3

---- ---- in the quaternary period, 3

---- ---- manifold, 6

---- ---- special, 3

---- one human centre of, 6, 8

---- vegetable centres of, 8

Creek Indians, 462, 478

Croats, 113

Crow Indians, 468

Cshatriyas, 336

Cutchanas, 484

Cymri, 67

DACIA, 106

Dacotas, 464

_Daïri_, 313

Dalmatians, 116

Danes, 42, 46

Danube, 109

Danubian Principalities, 107

Daouria, Tunguses of, 223

Deccan, 340

Deccan Hindoos, 340

Definition of Man, 1

---- of Race, 12, 13, 14

---- of Species, 12, 13, 14

_Déhera_, 166

Delawares, 474, 480

Denmark, 46

_Dhamans_, 166

_Dhoti_, 342

_Divan_, 247

_Djama_, 166

_Djelodar_, 198

_Djemaa_, 166

Dokhar, 168

Dongoulahs, 361

Druids, 71

Druzes, 188, 250

Dutch language, 55

Dyak customs, 376, 378

---- head-cutters, 376

---- superstitions, 376

Dyaks, 365, 375

EASTERN NUBIANS, 362

Egyptian civilization, 36

---- dancing girls, 180

---- marriages, 179

---- polygamy, 180

---- sailors, 179

---- type, 173

Egyptians, ancient, 173

---- modern, 174

Emmages, 425

_Enderoun_, 196

English, 42

---- aristocracy, 62

---- middle class, 64

---- type, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65

---- women, 60, 61

---- working class, 65

Esthonians, 129

Esquimaux customs, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217

---- dress, 214

---- Family, 206, 211

---- type, 211

Etruscans, ancient, 101

Etruscan sarcophagi, 101

European Branch (White Race), 40

FACIAL ANGLE, 26

---- ---- of the Negro, 508

Falæshas, 357

_Fandango_, 90

Fehles, 183

Fellahs, 176, 177, 178, 179

Fellans, 355, 363, 364

Fellatahs, 363

_Fetfa_, 247

Fetishes, 512

Fez, 154

Fiji, king of, 520

Fijian cannibalism, 523, 524

---- dances, 526

Fijians, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525

Finlanders, 129

Finns, 113, 125, 129

---- of Eastern Russia, 127

---- of Silesia, 127

---- of the Baltic, 127

Flat-head Indians, 485, 486

Flemish language, 55

Foudaïsi, 321

Franks, 71

Frank type, 71

French, 66

---- artisans, 76

---- bourgeois, 77

---- peasant, 76

---- soldier, 78

---- type, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

---- women, 71, 79, 80

Friendly Islanders, 388

Frieslandic language, 55

Fundamental languages of Man, 9

_Fystan_, 154

GADIGUÈS, 435, 436

Gaels, 68

Gallas, 357, 363

Gallic customs, 69

---- type, 57, 68, 72

Garnants, 357

Gauls, 66

Georgian Family, 163, 203

---- slaves, 240

---- type, 204

---- women, 204

Germanic type, 50, 51, 52, 53, 58

Germans, 42, 47

_Gholaums_, 191

_Ging-seng_ root, 269

Goths, 71

Grand Chaco, 425

Grand vizier, 247

Gränzer, 137, 140, 141

Greek church, 249

---- Family, 41, 149

---- peasants, 154

---- type, 152, 153

Greeks in Turkey, 252

Groves of Death, 538

Guarani, 407, 434, 435, 444

Guaranns, 449

Guarany language, 444

---- type, 435

Guarayi, 444

Guatos of Cuyaba, 438

Guayquerias, 450

HADHAREBS, 362

Harems, 240

Hawaiians, 399, 400

Hebrews, 183

_Hegira_, 239

Highlanders, 68

Hindoos, 339

Hindoo castes, 336, 346, 347, 348

---- characteristics, 340

---- civilization, 336

---- customs, 344, 348

---- food, 345

---- ornaments, 342

---- religion, 342

---- society, 336

---- type, 339

Hindostani, 346

Hispanians, 80

Hospodars, 107

Hottentots, 499

Hottentot type, 499, 501

---- Venus, 500

Huaxtecas, 460

Hungarians, 48, 113

Huns, 72, 145

Hurons, 460, 462

Hyperborean Branch (Yellow Race), 205, 206

IBERIANS, 66

Icelanders, 43

Ienissian Family, 206, 217

Indian games, North American, 478

---- languages (East), 346

---- territory, 473, 478

Indo-Chinese Family, 324

Inflected languages, 9, 32

Intelligence of Man, 1

---- of brutes, 1

Ionians, 158

Irish, 68

Iroquois, 462, 463, 472

_Isba_, 121

Ischorians, 129

Italians, 66

Italian climate, 93

---- type, 94

JAKOBITES, 249

Jalovitza River, 109

_Jamah_, 342

Japanese, 256, 302, 304, 306, 312, 320

---- Bonzes, 302, 320, 321, 322, 323

---- characteristics, 302, 303

---- costume, 304, 305, 306

---- government, 307

---- literature, 302

---- manufactures, 306

---- religion, 302, 307

---- soldiers, 308

---- type, 304

---- weapons, 318, 319

---- writing, 302

Jats, 340

Javanese, 365, 367, 369

---- costume, 368

---- dancing girls, 369

---- princes, 369

---- trinkets, 371

---- weddings, 371

Jews, 183, 184, 186

Jukaghirite Family, 206, 217

KABYLES, 163

Kabyle agriculture, 168

---- type, 165, 167

Kabylia, 165, 171

Kachintz, 127

_Kakim_, 191

Kaliouges, 493

Kalmuks, 218

Kalmuk customs, 219

---- type, 219

_Kalva, La_, 242

_Kalyaudjy_, 198

Kamis, 307, 312

---- religion, 320, 322

Kamtschadale Family, 206, 209

---- type, 210

Kandians, 350

_Kang_, 262

Kayoways, 470

Kenous, 361

_Ketlkhoda_, 191

Khalkas, 220

Khalkasian customs, 221

---- type, 221

_Khanoun_, 166

_Kharouba_, 166

_Khodja_, 166

King of Fiji, 520

Kioto, 310

Kirghis, 232, 238

_Kodju_, 247

Kopts, 174, 175, 176

Koptic language, 174

_Koran_, 247

Koriak family, 206, 217

_Kousso_, 361

Kurds, 190, 201

Kymes, 28

Kyrials, 129

LADRONE ISLANDERS, 400

Languages, agglutinative, 32

---- inflected, 32

---- monosyllabic, 31

Laplanders, nomadic, 208

---- sedentary, 208

Lapp Family, 206, 207

---- customs, 208

---- type, 206

---- women, 209

Latins, 49, 66, 72

Latin Family, 41, 66, 93

---- type, 66, 72

Lencas, 459

Lenguas, 420, 425, 426, 427, 428

Libyan Family, 163

Lithuanians, 113, 116

Livonians, 129

MACASKILL ISLANDERS, 402

Macassars, 365, 373

Macedonians, 152

Machicuys, 420, 428, 430, 432

Madagascar, 364

Magachs, 435, 436

Magyars, 113, 146, 147, 148, 149

Magyar type, 149

_Mahana_, 427

Mahometanism, 163, 193, 250

Mahrattas, 340

Malabar Family, 339, 354

Malay Branch (Brown Race), 365

---- customs, 366

---- type, 365, 366

Malaysia, 365

Man, agricultural stage of, 25

---- birthplace of, 8

---- brain of, 22

---- carriage of, 27

---- colour of, 29

---- cranium of, 25

---- definition of, 1

---- divine origin of, 24

---- fundamental languages of, 9

---- types of, 9

---- hand of, 23

---- hunting stage of, 35

---- intelligence of, 1, 30

---- language of, 31

---- moral attributes of, 33

---- nervous system of, 29

---- organization of, 21

---- origin of, 3, 4, 8

---- original migrations of, 9

---- pastoral stage of, 35

---- primitive societies of, 35

---- senses of, 22

---- stature of, 28

---- unity of, 16

---- writing of, 32

Manchús, 223

Mandan Indians, 492, 493

Manilla, 374

Manufactures, primitive, 37

Maoris, 381

Maori cannibalism, 386

---- chiefs, 387

---- costume, 381

---- customs, 382, 386

---- dances, 385

---- language, 385

---- religion, 385

---- type, 381

---- weapons, 385

---- women, 381

Maratsi, 498

_Maro_, 398

Maronites, 188, 250

Maronite manuscripts, 190

Maropas, 410

Marquesans, 395

Mataguayos, 420

Melanesians, 519

Mesopotamians, 186

Messenians, 150

Metscheriaks, 129

Mexicans, 452

---- ancient, 405, 454

---- modern, 454, 455, 456, 458

Mexican Indians, 454

Micronesians, 365, 400, 401, 402

Mikado, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317

Military Confines, 132, 140

Mingrelians, 204

Mirdites, 162

Mixtecas, 460

Mnemonic writing, 32

Moadueinites, 129

Mocéténès, 410

Mohawk Indians, 484

Mohicans, 460, 472

Moldavians, 106

Moldo-Walachians, 66, 105

Mongolian Branch (Yellow Race), 205, 218

Mongols, 218, 220

Mongrels, 15

Montenegriners, 116

Moorish type, 87

Moors, 172

_Mora_, _La_, 97

Moscas, 432, 434

Moyas, 459

_Mudir_, 252

_Mufti_, 247

Mulatto, 505

Mulgrave Islanders, 401

Muscogulges, 461

Mutualis, 190

NAHUATH, 406

Nahuatlacas, 453

Naïbs, 246

Natchez Indians, 460, 472

Navajoes, 481

Nayas Indians, 485, 486, 488, 490, 492

Neapolitans, 104

Negroes, 361, 501

Negro, brain of, 508

---- characteristics, 506, 508, 509, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517

---- cross breeds, 505

---- cruelty, 512

---- facial angle of, 508

---- imitative talent of, 515

---- memory, 514

---- music, 515, 516

---- religion, 512

---- slavery, 510

---- type, 502, 503, 504, 505

Negus Theodorus, 360

Nervous system of the White Man, 29

---- of the Negro, 30

Nestorians, 250

New Caledonians, 526, 527, 530

New Caledonian cannibalism, 531

New Zealanders, 381, 382, 384, 385, 386

Nigritia, 364

Nogays, 232, 238

Northern Branch (Red Race), 451

---- north-eastern Family of, 459

---- north-western Family of, 493

---- southern Family of, 451

Northern Italians, 101

Norwegians, 42, 44

Noubas, 361

Nubians, 361, 362

---- Eastern, 362

Nubian customs, 362

---- ruins, 362

OCEANIA, 380

Oceanian negroes, 519

Octoroons, 505

Olmecas, 459

Organization of Man, 21

Origin of coloured Races, 11

---- Man, 3, 4, 8

Orthognathism, 26

Osages, 478

Osmanlis, 232, 239

Ossetines, 190, 202

Ostiaks, 129

---- of Temisia, 217

Othomis, 460

Oualan, 401

_Ouhil_, 166

Ouragas, 449

Owas, 364

Owhyhee, 397

_PACHA_, 246

_Padishah_, 244

Pah-Utahs, 484

_Pai-aguaá_, 436

Palanquins, 264

Pampas, 419

Pampean Family, 407, 419

Pandours, 144

Pannonians, 116

Papuan Family, 519

Papuans, 520

Paraguay, 435

Parana, 435

Pariahs, 337, 346, 348

Patagonians, 420, 421

Patagonian customs, 421, 422, 424

---- sacrifices, 424

---- stature, 28, 420

_Paton-paton_, 385

Pawnees, 470

Payaguas, 437, 438, 440

Payaguasian customs, 440, 441

---- stature, 437

_Payes_, 425, 441, 442, 443

Pecherays, 416, 417, 418, 419

Pei-Ho river, 274

Peking Imperial College, 286

Permians, 129

Persians, 163

Persian customs, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199

---- Family, 190

---- government, 191

---- manufactures, 191

---- population, 193

---- religion, 193

---- type, ancient, 191

---- type, modern, 161

---- visits, 199

---- women, 197

Peruvians, ancient, 405, 408

---- modern, 408, 409

Peuhls, 363

Phanariots, 155

Phariagots, 450

Philippine Islanders, 374

Phœnicians, 183

Piasts, 118

_Pilou-pilou_, 528

Pitiligas, 425

Poles, 48, 113

Polygenists, doctrines of, 16

Polynesian customs, 380

---- Family, 365, 380

Pomotouans, 395

Populations of Africa, original, 11

---- America, original, 405

---- Asia, original, 11

---- Europe, original, 40, 41

Portuguese, 80, 90

---- type, 90

---- women, 90

Pouls, 363

Procidans, 103

Prognathism, 26

Prussians, 54

---- type, 54

Puelches, 420

Pygmies, 28

QUADROONS, 505

Quarries, 129

Quichuan type, 408

Quichuas, 406, 407

RACE, BLACK, 495

---- Brown, 335

---- definition of, 12, 13, 14

---- Red, 404

---- White, 30

---- Yellow, 205

Races, Human, 38

Rajpoots, 336, 340

_Ramazan_, 250

_Rebosso_, 454

Red Indian characteristics, 470, 471, 486, 492

---- languages, 472

---- type, 460

_Reiss effendi_, 247

Rivobon-Sinton, 322

Roman peasants, 96

Romanians, 72

Romans, 93

Rousniaks, 120

Russian type, 123

---- women, 124

Russians, 113, 120, 121, 122

_Russians_ (Bielo-), 118

Ruthenians, 118

SAGAÏS, 127

Sahara, 172

_Sahrong_, 368, 371

_Saltatras_, 505

Samchow, 266

Samoiede Family, 206, 209

Sandwichians, 396, 397

Sandwichian morals, 399

---- type, 396

---- women, 396

Sanskrit, 346

_San-tse-king_, 284

_Sarapé_, 455

Sarmatians, 114

Saxons, 55

Saxon type, 16

Scandinavians, 41

Schiite sect, 236

Scinde, natives of, 353

Scythians, 114

Seminoles, 478

Semitic Family, 183

Semitics, 163

Senses of animals, 22

---- of Man, 22

Seraglio, 240

Servians, 113, 114, 130

Shah, 191

Shamanism, 223, 229

Shamans, 229

Shawnees, 480

Shegya Arabs, 164

Shellas, 163, 172

Shiennes, 470

Siamese, 324, 330, 331

---- agriculture, 332

---- Cambodia, 331

---- costume, 325

---- government, 328

---- Malacca, 331

---- population, 324

---- type, 324

Sichuana language, 497

Sikhs, 340

Simnioles, 460

Sinaic Branch (Yellow Race), 205, 254

Sioux, 464

---- customs, 464, 465, 466

Sivaism, 342

Skin of Man, colours of, 29

Slavonian Family, 41, 113

Slavonians, 116

---- northern, 118, 119

---- southern, 120

Slavonian type, 113, 114, 118, 119, 133

---- women, 134

Slavonians, 116

Slovachians, 118

_Soff_, 166

Sosists, 193

Souakins, 363

Sounanis, 186

Southern Branch (Red Race), 407

---- Italians, 103

---- Italian type, 103

Spaniards, 66, 80

Spanish dances, 90

---- inquisition, 86

---- intolerance, 86

---- type, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88

---- women, 87

Spartans, 150

_Spathar_, 107

Species, definition of, 12, 13, 14

Stature of Man, 28

Stieng savages, 332, 334

Sudras, 336

Suevians, 71

Sunnite sect, 236

Swedes, 42

Symbolical writing, 33

Syrians, 183, 186

_TABOO_, 380, 391, 399

Tabayari, 444

Tacanas, 410

Tadjiks, 190

Tagals, 365, 373

Tahitians, 391

Tahitian customs, 393, 394, 395

---- type, 391, 392

---- women, 302

Taïcoon, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 316, 317

_Taktikios_, 154

_Talagani_, 154

Tamanacs, 449

Tamboukis, 497

Tameyi, 444

Tammahas, 498

Tamuls, 354

Tapigoas, 444

Tapinaqui, 444

Tarascas, 459

_Tatare_, 112

Tattooing, 382, 390, 425, 438

Taygetans, 150

Tchecks, 113

Tcheremissians, 129

Tchoudans, 116

Tchourachians, 129

Teleouts, 127

Telingas, 354

_Tembeta_, 440

Tepanecas, 459

Teptiars, 129

Terra del Fuego, 416

Territory, Indian, 473, 478

Teutonic Family, 41

Thracians, 152

Tibbous, 163, 357, 363

Tibbou type, 363

Tigré mountaineers, 360

Timmimnes, 444

Tobas, 420, 425, 428, 430

Tobatinguas, 435

Tokis, 385

Toltecs, 452

Tongas, 388

Tonga customs, 389, 390, 391

---- type, 388

Topas, 435

Totonacs, 460

Touaricks, 163, 172

_Touloupa_, 123

Tularenos, 493

Tunguses, 218, 223

---- of Daouria, 223

Tungusian Family, 223

Tupi language, 444

Tupinambi, 444

Turajas, 375

Turcomans, 232

Turcoman customs, 234, 235, 236

---- religion, 235

---- type, 232

---- women, 232, 233, 234

Turks, 218, 239, 244, 248

Turkish administration, 246, 247, 248

---- agriculture, 252

---- corruption, 248

---- customs, 240, 242, 243, 244, 246

---- education, 252

---- Family, 229

---- Jews, 250

---- law, 244

---- literature, 251, 252

---- manufactures, 252

---- polygamy, 240

---- religion, 248

---- temperance, 239

---- type, ancient, 230

---- type, modern, 231, 239

---- women, 240, 241

Tuscans, 101

Tuscan type, 101

Tzapotecas, 459

_ULEMA_, 247

United States, 65

Uruguay, 435

Uscoks, 116

Uzbeks, 238

VALENCIANS, 87

Vampays, 484

Varegians, 116

Varna-Sancára (caste of), 337

Varra tribe, 538

Vativas, 497

Venedians, 114

Vogouls, 127, 129

WALACHIANS, 105, 106, 111, 113

Walachian minerals, 112

---- type; 109

Wall of China, Great, 301

Walloons, 72

Western Branch (Black Race), 496

Western Guarani, 444

Writing, alphabetic, 33

---- Chinese, 282, 283, 284

---- symbolical, 33

Würtembergers, 48

XICALAUCAS, 460

YAKOUBIS, 186

Yakuts, 218

Yakut customs, 226, 227, 228

---- Family, 223

---- religion, 226

---- type, 224, 225

---- women, 229

Yankees, 65

_Yaschmac_, 244

Yeddo, 309

Yellow Race, 205

Yuracares, 410

Yutes, 470

ZASKAM, 112

Ziguans, 112

Zingari, 353

Zoroath (religion of), 193

BRADBURY, EVANS, AND CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

Transcriber’s Notes:

This text follows the text of the original work, including

inconsistencies in spelling, lay-out, hyphenation, capitalisation,

etc.; these have not been changed, except as mentioned below.

Notes on the text:

Some words from the Index do not occur in text.

Wrong accents (Pyreneés, Lozére) have not been corrected.

Page 151, Fallmeseyer: this is possibly a reference to Jakob Philipp

Fallmerayer.

Page 216, penguin eggs: this seems unlikely on the North Pole; the

accompanying illustration shows flying birds. This is possibly a

mistranslation from the French.

Changes made to the original text:

Illustrations have been moved outside paragraphs. Footnotes have been

moved to directly underneath the paragraph to which they refer.

Some obviously missing or incorrect punctuation has been corrected

silently.

Coloured plates and an unnumbered illustration have been added to the

List of Illustrations.

Page xii: BURIATS changed to BURÏATS as in text

Page 10: terrestial changed to terrestrial

Page 26: γηαθος changed to γναθος

Page 65: silen men changed to silent men

Page 66: Moldo-Wallachians changed to Moldo-Walachians as elsehwere

Page 116: Slevenians changed to Slavonians

Page 170: hundreth changed to hundredth

Page 174: fig. 80 changed to fig. 74

Page 214: This consist changed to This consists

Page 243: (fig. 109) changed to (fig. 110)

Page 262: develope changed to develop

Page 267: Tea houses changed to Tea-houses as elsewhere

Page 280 Footnote [9]: the original text “Idem” has been replaced with

the same text as Foootnote [8]

Page 305: tight fiting changed to tight fitting

Page 342: developes changed to develops; threw coquettishly changed to

throw coquettishly

Page 361: Cammar changed to Cammas

Page 381: tatooing changed to tattooing as elsewhere

Page 395: somtimes changed to sometimes

Page 420: Abipoous changed to Abipones

Page 488: archeologists changed to archæologists as elsewhere

Page 518: disagreeble changed to disagreeable

Page 540: Caryii changed to Caryis as in text

Page 541: Demoulins changed to Desmoulins as in text

Page 542: Gadigues changed to Gadiguès; Dchera changed to Déhera;

Dhamars changed to Dhamans; Djelodas changed to Dejelodar; Dejemua

changed to Djemaa; Flathead changed to Flat-head; Fondaisi changed to

Foudaïsi; Gadigues changed to Gadiguès (all as in text)

Page 543: Hindôstani changed to Hindostani; Huasetecas, 489 changed to

Huaxtecas, 460; Ischonians changed to Ischorians; kalyandjy changed to

kalyaudjy (all as in text)

Page 544: Manchus changed to Manchús as in text

Page 545: Miridites changed to Mirdites; Pai-agnaa changed to

Pai-aguaá as in text; Negus Theodoras changed to Negus Theodorus (all

as in text)

Page 546: Sagaris changed to Sagaïs as in text

Page 547: Slevenians changed to Slavonians; Spathas changed to

Spathar; Tamboukies changed to Tamboukis; Tchourachians changed to

Tchouvachians (all as in text)

Page 548: 242, 242, 244 changed to 232, 232, 234; Wurtembergers

changed to Würtembergers (as in text); Yuracaures changed to Yuracares

(as in text).