but cremation gradually became more and more common. The Twelve Tables
(450 B.C.) show both practices prevailing side by side. The hut-urns
(Nos. =675= and =676=; fig. 259) found at Monte Albano, near Rome, are
evidence of cremation having been practised at a very early date in
Italy (eighth to seventh century B.C.). They served as receptacles for
the ashes of the dead, and are an instance of the custom of making
the last resting-place of the deceased as like as possible to his
habitation during life. They represent rude wattled huts, in which
the roof-beams of rough branches can be clearly distinguished. The
Etruscan tomb-chambers, one of which is shown in a picture in Case 59,
furnish a later instance (seventh to sixth century B.C.) of sepulchres
built in imitation of living-rooms. A small model (in Case 59) of an
Etruscan built tomb shows the skeleton in armour, with painted
vases placed about it (No. =677=). The Etruscan cinerary urns are
distinguished by the frequent introduction of the portrait. The
"Canopic" urns, which take the shape of jars roughly in the form of
a human body and head, are especially noteworthy. The example
illustrated (No. =678=, fig. 260), probably of the seventh century
B.C., has the face pierced with numerous holes, most likely for the
attachment of a mask. Two Etruscan sepulchral masks (No. =679=) in
terracotta, of about the end of the sixth century B.C., are exhibited
near the Canopic urn and are shown in fig. 261. These remarkable masks
are covered with incised designs, most likely of magic significance,
intended to avert evil from the dead. A separate half-mask (No. =680=)
of this type is exhibited here, and another will be found with the
objects illustrating superstition in Case 106. In these masks we can
see the innate Italian tendency to preserve the features of the dead,
and we may perhaps recognise in them the origin of the waxen portrait
masks of his ancestors which the Roman noble set up in his hall.
The portrait is again found on the lid of the sixth-century Etruscan
funeral urn (No. =681=; fig. 262) in Case 59. Here a draped woman lies
on a couch of elaborate form, decorated below with a relief of two
lions devouring a bull. A kindred type of Etruscan funeral monument
will be seen in the two large terracotta sarcophagi in the Terracotta
Room.
[Illustration: FIG. 260.--CANOPIC URN (NO. 678). Ht. 1 ft. 11 in.]
[Illustration: FIG. 261.--ETRUSCAN FUNERAL MASKS (NO. 679). Ca. 1:6.]
[Illustration: FIG. 262.--ETRUSCAN FUNERAL URN (NO. 681). L. 1 ft.
11-1/2 in.]
[Illustration: FIG. 263.--ROMAN FUNERAL URN (NO. 682). Ht. 1 ft. 5-1/2
in.]
With rare exceptions (conspicuously in the case of members of the
noble families of the Cornelian house and all infants) the Romans,
during the period of the Republic, burned their dead. This system
continued under the early Empire, but gradually gave way to burial
under the influence of Christianity. Several examples of Roman
cinerary urns and sepulchral relief are here shown. These urns are of
various shapes, but the altar-form (No. =682=; fig. 263) was specially
favoured. The inscription gives the names of L. Dexius Clymenus and C.
Sergius Alcimus. The latter, a child of three and a quarter, is stated
to have received his portion of corn on the tenth day at the office of
distribution numbered XXXIX, a curious side-light on the practice
of free distribution of corn under the Roman Empire, already noticed
above (p. 11). Other Roman funeral urns which may be mentioned are the
vase (No. =683=) with the remains of L. Laelius Victor, a soldier of
the fourteenth city cohort, and the alabaster caskets numbered
=684= and =685=. These urns of the wealthier classes were generally
deposited in a vault underneath a monument placed at the side of one
of the great roads leading from the city gates. Those, however, who
could not afford such expensive monuments subscribed for a joint tomb
(_columbarium_), a large chamber containing in its walls numerous
niches for the urns. An interesting tablet (No. =686=) in Case 62
throws light on the arrangements adopted in the case of these joint
tombs. It is inscribed with the name of P. Sontius Philostorgus and
marked the niche in which the urn containing his ashes was placed. The
inscription reads: "Lot I in block III." From other inscriptions of
the same character it appears that the niches were arranged in five
horizontal rows of thirty-six, and that each of the members of the
burial club was allotted one place in each of the five rows.
[Illustration: FIG. 264.--TOMBSTONE OF AURELIUS HERMIA AND HIS WIFE
(NO. 687). Width 3 ft. 5 in.]
Another noteworthy monument is (No. =687=) an inscribed relief of the
first century B.C., belonging to Aurelius Hermia, a butcher from
the Viminal hill, and his wife Aurelia Philematio(n), who are seen
clasping hands (fig. 264). The husband praises the virtues of his
wife, and the wife those of her husband, her fellow-freedman, who had
been more than a father to her. Other interesting inscriptions from
tombstones are No. =688=, on a hunting dog named Margarita, a great
favourite with her master and mistress, who died in giving birth to
puppies, and No. =689=, which sheds light on the memorial ceremonies
after burial. A testator here leaves seven twenty-fourths of the rent
accruing from a block of flats to his freedmen and freedwomen, on
condition that they celebrate his memory four times in a year--on his
birthday, the Day of Roses, the Day of Violets, and the feast of
the Parentalia, the last the Roman All Souls' Day, held publicly in
February, but privately on the anniversary of the day of death.
A lighted lamp, with incense, was to be placed on the tomb on the
Kalends, Nones, and Ides, the three dividing days of each month.
The funeral wreaths from Hawara (Cases 57, 58; No. =666=, see p. 219)
are an instance of offerings at tombs belonging to the Roman period.
They have been so thoroughly preserved in the dry climate of Egypt
that the different varieties of flowers can still be distinguished.
(=668=) Cf. Murray and Smith, _White Athenian Vases in the
B.M._; (=669=) _B.M. Inscr._ 971; (=670=) _ibid._, 102;
(=671=) _Cat. of Terracottas_, C 12 and 13; (=672=) _Cat. of
Sculpt._, II., 1277; (=674=) _ibid._, III., 2400; (=675=) Cf.
Walters, _Hist. of Anc. Pottery_, II., p 288; (=678=) _ibid._
II., p. 304 ff; (=679=) Benndorf, _Ant. Gesichtshelme_, p. 42,
pl. xi; (=681=) _Cat. of Terracottas_, B 629; (=682=) _Cat. of
Sculpt._, III., 2359; (683) _ibid._, 2402; (=684=) and
(=685=) _ibid._, 2420 and 2425; (=686=) Dessau, _Inscrr. Lat.
Selectae_, 7892 a; (=687=) _Cat. of Sculpt._, III., 2274;
(=688=) _C.I.L._ VI., 29,896; (=689=) _C.I.L._ VI., 10,248.
On Greek tombstones, see Conze, _Attische Grabreliefs_; P.
Gardner, _Sculptured tombs of Hellas_. On Roman monuments,
Altmann, _Röm. Grabaltäre_.
[Footnote 105: Aristoph., _Ekkl._ 996: [Greek:
hos tois nekroisi zôgraphei tas lêkythous].
]
[Footnote 106: [Greek:
enthade moiran echôn Halikarnêsseus Idagygos
keitai, Aristokleos pais, Areos therapôn.]
]
INDEX.
_The numbers refer to the pages of the Guide._
ACROBATS, 218
ACTORS, 31
AEGINETAN WEIGHT-SYSTEM, 159
ALTARS, 39
ALTAR-URNS, 223
AMPHORAE, on weights, 159;
for wine, 177
ANATOMICAL MODEL, 47, 187
ANKLE-PIECES, 89
APHRODITE, dedication to, 45;
in shrine, 43
APIS-BULL, 50
ARITHMETIC, 198
ARM-GUARD, 89
ARMED-RACE, 60
ARMOUR, 74;
Dacian, 92
ARROWHEADS, Mycenaean, 97;
Greek and Roman, 107
ARTEMIS BRAURONIA, garments dedicated to, 45
AS, 20, 22
ASKLEPIADAE, school of, 185
ASTRAGALOS, on weights, 159;
in games, 203.
_See also_ KNUCKLE-BONES
ATHLETES, 59
"ATHLETES' RINGS," 177
ATRIUM, 109
AUGURY, 43
AURELIUS HERMIA, tombstone of, 226
AXE, 108
AXE-HEAD, votive, 50
BAETYLIC IMAGE, 44
BAKERS, 117
BALANCES, 25, 161
BASKET, votive, 46
BATHS, 118
BEASTS in the arena, 69
BELL, votive, 51
BELT, metal, 87
BETROTHAL RING, 211
BIRDS, actors as, 28
BISTOURIES, 187
BITS, 172
BOARD, inscribed for school use, 198
BOATS, terracotta, 34
BONA DEA, 39
BOOTS, 129
BOXES, 139, 153, 185, 189
BOXING, 58
BOXING-GLOVES, 62
BRACELETS, 135
BRAZIERS, 118
BREAD-MAKING, 117
BREISEAN MYSTAE, 55
BRICKS, Roman, 167
BRIDAL PROCESSION, 210
BUCINA, 215
BULLA, 136, 218
BULLS, bronze votive, 50
BURIAL, 220
CADUCEUS, 9
CALDRON, given as prize, 63
CALTHROP, 108
CANDELABRA, 110
CANDLESTICKS, 114
CANGUE, 13
CANOPIC URNS, 222
CARACALLA, 39
CARTS, models of, 171, 179, 193
CHAIR, Infant's, 193
CHARIOTEERS, 71;
dress of, 71, 170
CHARIOT-RACING, 70, 169
CHARIOTS, 169
CHARON'S FEE, 221
CHESTS, funeral, 223
CHITON, Dorian, 123;
Ionian, 124
CHLAMYS, 126
CIRCUS, 70
CITIZENSHIP, Roman, 9
CLOTH, pieces of ancient, 147
COIN-BALANCE, 25, 165
COINS, Greek, 14;
Roman, 19;
special uses, 24;
false, 24
COLONIZATION, 3
COLUMBARIUM, 224
COMBS, 138
COMEDY, 26-33
COMIC CHORUS, 26
COMPASSES, 191
CONSULS, 3
CONTORNIATES, 207
CORN LARGESSES, 11, 223
COUCH, bronze, 110
CRADLES, 193
CRESTS, on helmets, 83
CROCODILE SYRUP, 42
CUIRASS, 85
CUPPING-VESSEL, 188
CURSES, 56
CUTLER'S FORGE, 156, 158
CUTLER'S SHOP, 157, 158
CUTLERY, 148
CYMBALS, 216
CYPRIOTE DEDICATION, 46
DAGGERS, early and Mycenaean, 94;
Italian, 98
DANCING, 216
DEDICATIONS, 7, 24, 38
DEFIXIONES, 56
DEFRUTUM, 177
DEXTRARUM IUNCTIO, 211
DICE, 204
DIKASTAE, 6
DIOSCURI at Theoxenia, 43;
dedications to 49, 51, 61
DIPLOMA, Roman bronze, 9
DISKOS, 60
DOG'S EPITAPH, 226
DOLLS, 194
DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 218
DOWELS, 167
DRAGON-STANDARD (Dacian), 92
DRAMA, Greek and Roman, 25
DRAUGHTS, 203, 206
DRESS, Greek 123;
Roman, 127
DRILL-BOW, surgical, 187
DRUG-BOX, 189
DUODECIM SCRIPTA, 206
EAR-PICKS, 142
EARRINGS, 136
EDUCATION, 197
ENAMEL DECORATION, 134, 185
ENCAUSTIC PAINTING, 202
EPINETRON, 145, 196
EYES, painted on ships, 35
FALSE MONEY, 24
FASCES, 12
FERONIA, dedication to, 55
FETTERS, 13
FIBULAE, 131
FIGURE-HEAD, 35
FINGER-RINGS, 135
FISHERMAN, 37
FISH-PLATES, 116
"FIVE-STONES," 203
FLOWERS, 219
FLUES, 122
FLUTES, 214
FOOD, from Pompeii, 116
FOOT-RACE, 60
FOOT-RULES, 191
FORCEPS, 187
FOUNTAIN-JETS, 121
FRAME, for picture, 202
FUNERAL DIADEMS, 220
FURNITURE, 110;
(toy), 193
GAMES, 203
GEMS, 184
GETA, name of, erased from inscriptions, 39
GLADIATORS, 64;
armour of, 68;
discharge tickets of, 69
GNOSTICS, 56
GRAPE-GATHERING, 177
GREAVES, 88
HAIR, votive, 48
HALF-MASKS, 222
HANDS, magical, 56
HARBOURS, 37
HARE, votive, 49
HARNESS, 171
HEATING OF HOUSES, 122
HELMETS, 74;
Aegean, 79;
Attic, 77;
Corinthian, 74;
Etruscan, 81;
Gladiatorial, 68;
Inscribed, 76, 81;
Italian, 80;
Roman, 81;
votive, from Kyme, 7, 81;
Parade vizor-masks, 82
HELMET-CRESTS, 83
HERA, axe-head dedicated to, 50
HIERON, helmet dedicated by, 7, 81
HIMATION, 124
HINGES, 168
HIPPOKRATES, 186
HOOKS, surgical, 187
HORSE-SHOES, 173
HOUSE, Greek and Roman, 109
HUNTSMEN, dedications by, 49
HUT-URNS, 222
INKPOTS, 200
INLAY, ivory, 185
INTERNAL ORGANS, model of, 47
INVENTORIES, temple, 45
ISIS, worship of, 57
JASON, relief of the physician, 189
JAVELIN-THROWING, 61
JEWELLERY, 135
JUMPING-WEIGHTS, 59
JUNO, dedication to, 55
JUPITER. _See_ ZEUS.
JUPITER DOLICHENUS, silver plaques dedicated to, 52
JUPITER POENINUS, dedication to, 55
JURY-TICKETS, 6
KEYS, 149;
Temple, 42
KILN, potter's, 182
KINYRAS, legend of, 34
KITCHEN, 115
KITHARA, 213
KNIVES, 148
KNOCKERS, 167
KNUCKLEBONES, 197, 203
KTESIBIOS OF ALEXANDRIA, 120, 216
LABELS, 45, 156
LAMP-FILLERS, 114
LAMPS, 112;
combined with altar, 40;
moulds for, 184
LANTERNS, 114
LARES, 55
LATHE, use of, 185
LAWYER'S TABLET, 200
LEAD FIGURINES, votive, 55
LEG, votive, 48
LEGIONARY, armour of, 88, 91
LEKYTHI, white funeral, 220
LETTER on papyrus, 200
LIBRA, 160
LIGHT-HOUSE, 37
LIGHTING, methods of, 110
LITRA, 160
LOCK, 149
LOCK-PLATES, 152, 221
LOOM, 145
LOOM-WEIGHTS, 146
LUDUS LATRUNCULORUM, 207
LYRE, 213
MAGIC symbols, 56;
wheel, 208
MANTLE. _See_ HIMATION.
MARATHON, weapons from, 101
MARBLES, specimens of, 168
MARRIAGE, Greek, 207;
Roman, 211;
military, 9;
vases used in, 208
MASKS, dramatic, 31;
sepulchral, 222
MEASURES, 191
MEDICINE, 185
MERCHANT-SHIP, 33
METAL-WORK, 180
MIRRORS, 140;
with magical symbols, 57
MITHRAS, 54
MORTARS, 118
MOSAICS, 169
MOULDS, for cooking, 116;
for counters, 180;
for vases and terracottas, 184;
for weights, 180
MOUTH-BAND, for flutes, 214
MOUTH-PIECES, funeral, 220
MULTIPLICATION-TABLE, 198
MUSIC, 213
MUSIC-LESSONS, 214
MUSICAL NOTATION, 215
MUZZLES, for horses, 173
NAIL-FILES, 142
NAILS, magical, 56
NECKLACES, 136
NEEDLE-CASE, 148
NEEDLES, 147
NETTING-NEEDLES, 147
NEUROSPASTA, 195
OBOL, 221
OCULIST-STAMPS, 189
OIL-FLASKS, 119
OIL-PRESS, 178
OLIVE-GATHERING, 176
ONOS. _See_ EPINETRON.
OSCAN dedicatory tablet, 44
OSTRACISM, 7
PADLOCKS, 152
PAINTING, 201;
of vases, 183
PANATHENAIC GAMES, 60
PANKRATION, 59
PAN'S PIPE, 215
PAPYRUS, 199
PARCHMENT, 200
PARENTALIA, 225
PASTES, 184
PENS, 200
PENTATHLON, 59
PERFORMING ANIMALS, 218
PERSEPHONE, dedications to, 46
PESTLES, 118
PHILIP (Emperor), _diploma_ granted by, 9;
seal with name of, 55
PHLYAKES, 28
PIG, as sacrificial animal, 40
PILUM, 103
PINS, 137, 147;
pin dedicated to Aphrodite, 45
PIVOTS from doors, 168
PLATING of cuirass, 86
PLAUTUS, _Casina_, 29
PLECTRUM, 214
PLOUGH, 174
PLUMMETS, 166
PNYX, votive reliefs from, 47
PORK-BUTCHER'S SHOP, 158
POTTER'S WHEEL, 181
POTTERY, 181
PRAYER, 42
PRIZE VASES, 60, 63
PROBES, 187
PROPORTIONAL COMPASSES, 191
PROW of trireme, 35
PROXENIA, decrees of, 3
PUMPS, 120
QUAIL-FIGHTING, 218
RACING-CHARIOTS, 70, 169
RAEDA, 171
RAG-DOLL, 196
RATTLES, 193
RAZORS, 141
READING, 198
RELIGION, 39
REPRISALS, 2
RINGS, 135
RIVETS, 183
ROSE-DAY, 226
SABAZIUS, 56
SACRIFICES, 40
SACRIFICIAL IMPLEMENTS, 40
SAFETY-PINS. _See_ FIBULAE.
SALII, dances of, 216
SALVE-POTS, 190
SANDALS, 129
SAW, surgical, 187
SCISSORS, 147
SCOURGE, 13
SCRUPLE (weight), 160, 190
SCULPTURE, unfinished, 169
SEAL-BOXES, 155
SEAL-LOCKS, 154
SEALS, 154
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, altar dedicated for return of, 39
SET-SQUARES, 166
SHIELDS, 90
SHIN-GUARDS, 89
SHIPS, 33
SHOES, 89, 129
SHOPS, 158
SHRINES, 43
SHUTTLE, 146
SICKLE, 175
SIREN, 221
SISTRUM, 57
SLAVE BADGE, 12
SLAVERY, 12
SLAVES, dedicated to temple-service, 45;
in drama, 32
SLINGSHOT, 101, 107
SOLES, 130
SOLONIAN WEIGHTS, 159
SOWER, 175
SPATULAE, 187
SPEARS, classical, 102;
Italian, 99;
Mycenaean, 97;
primitive, 94;
votive, 9;
butts of, 103
SPINDLES, 143
SPOONS, 117
SPURS, 174
STAMPS for moulds, 184;
for other purposes, 167, 189, 192
STANDARDS, 92
STATUETTE, pierced, 42
STEELYARDS, 161
STILI (pens), 199
STONES, sacred, 44
STOOL, bronze, 110;
votive, 46
STOP-COCKS, 121
STRAINERS, 116
STRIGILS, 119
STRONG-BOX, 153
STUDS, 136
SUOVETAURILIA, 40
SURGERIES, 186
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, 187
SWORDS, Mycenaean, 95;
Greek, 100 ff;
Italian, 99;
Roman, 104
SYRINX. _See_ PAN'S PIPE.
TABLE, votive, 40
TABLE-LEG, 110
TABLETS, 44, 192, 198, 200
TABULA ILIACA, 198
TEETOTUM, 205
TEMPLE-INVENTORIES, 45
TEMPLE-WEIGHTS, 160
TENSA, 171
TERRACOTTAS, method of making, 183
THEOXENIA, festival of, 42
THIGH-PIECE, 89
THIMBLE, 147
TIBERIUS, sword of (so-called), 104
TICKETS, 6, 11, 12, 69
TILE-STAMPS, 166
TILES, Greek, 166;
Roman, 167;
from Palaestra at Olympia, 64
TITURUS, 178
TOGA, 127
TOILET, articles of, 138;
on votive reliefs, 46
TOILET-BOXES, 139
TOMBS, 220
TOOLS, 166
TOYS, 193
TRAGEDY, 25;
chorus in, 26;
Roman, 54
TREATIES, 2
TRIPODS, 110
TRIREMES, 34
TROPHIES, 91
TUNIC, 123
TWEEZERS, 142
UNCIA (coin), 20;
weight, 160
UNKNOWN GOD, 46
URN, funeral, 223
UVULA FORCEPS, 187
VASE-SHAPES, 122
VINTAGE, 177
VIOLET-DAY, 226
VOTIVE OFFERING, 7, 44, 194
WALL-PAINTINGS, 169
WAR-VESSELS, 33
WATER-ORGAN, 216
WATER-PIPES, 121
WATER-SUPPLY, 120
WAX-TABLETS, 198
WEAPONS, 94
WEAVING, 145
WEDDING-SACRIFICE, 212
WEIGHTS,
Greek, 158;
Roman, 160;
hanging, 161;
medical, 190
WHEELS, votive, 51
WHIPPING-TOPS, 196
WHORLS, 143
WINE-PRESS, 177
WINNOWING-BASKET, 177
WOMEN GLADIATORS, 66
WOOD, paintings on, 202
WOODWORKING, 185
WREATHS, 219, 226
WRESTLING, 61
WRITING, 198
ZEUS LYKAEOS, votive offering to, 50
ZEUS SABAZIUS, 56
ZEUS THE HIGHEST, votive offerings to, 47
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET,
STAMFORD STREET, S.E. 1, AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 1.
Transcriber's Note
- - represents italic text; = = represents bold text; + + represents
strong text, sans serif. ^ denotes a superscript.
| inserted by the author to represent the end of a line of carving
on a document or monument. Sometimes | occurs in the middle of a
word, indicating the word has been split by a line-break.
In the all-caps Greek text, the book preserves some different Greek
letter-forms.
Compare the capital theta with a cross at the top of
p. 77, and theta with a dot at the bottom of p. 130.
There is a
V-like upsilon on p. 77, l. 7, and Y-like upsilon on p. 77, l. 12.
There is a capital lunate sigma, and an alpha with a v-shaped
crossbar on p. 202 ... and on p. 161, as a marking in silver on an
ounce weight with another symbol.
And there is the zeta like a rotated H on p. 6, and an upper and
lower case Koppa (Qoppa), and the Digamma (wau, stigm).
C.I.L. is abbreviation for '_Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_'.
'Inscrr.', 'reff.': a double consonant signifies plural.
Some missing or damaged punctuation has been repaired.
Any illustration which intersected a paragraph, e.g., at a page
turn, has been moved to a more convenient position.
Page 20: (.··) corrected to (···) for consistency.
Page 56: 'suppose' corrected to 'supposed'.
"... _defixiones_, because they were supposed to fix down, as it
were, the hated enemy."
Page 64 (Footnote 32): A colon : has been used to represent the
triple vertical dots (a punctuation mark, much like a colon)
after [Greek: "Eksoida(s) m'anethêke Diwos qouroin megaloio]"
Page 103: Spearbutts; p. 104: Spear-Butts. Both retained.
Page 111: Superfluous 'a' removed.
"The stem may be fluted, or...."
Page 114: 'emall' corrected to 'small'.
"Just below the lantern is a small bronze statuette,..."
Page 145: Loom Weight; loom-weights ... various spellings; all
retained.
Numerous other instances of words being sometimes hyphenated and
sometimes un-hyphenated appear in the text. All have been retained.
Page 150: 'to' corrected to 'so'.
"... then turned, and drawn back so as to lift up the pegs...."
Page 152: "the keyhole is in the shape" (of an inverted right-angle,
represented by) |¯.
Page 160: 1-1/2oz. corrected to 1/12oz.
"... 1/12oz. = 2 scruples;"
Page 190: extra 'a' removed.
"These salves were pounded on the stone into a paste."
Page 192: 'Nos.' corrected to 'No.'.
"An example of a rare form is the rolling stamp with the name of
Alexander (No. =584=; fig. 229)."
Page 198:
From Wikipedia (https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digamma):
Digamma, waw, or wau (uppercase: (F), lowercase: (F), numeral:
[Greek: st]) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet.
It originally stood for the sound /w/ but it has principally
remained in use as a Greek numeral for 6.
Whereas it was originally called waw or wau, its most common
appellation in classical Greek is digamma; as a numeral, it was
called epis[=e]mon during the Byzantine era and is now known as
stigma after the value of the Byzantine ligature combining
[Greek: s-t] ... In modern Greek, this is often replaced by the
digraph [Greek: st].
([=e] represents e-macron)