‘Person of the name of Hold? I should think so, rather. Want to see
him, do you? Turn to your right, then; get up them stone steps, and
just keep straight till you’re past the water-butt, and you’ll twig the
tap-room door.’
It was a sharp-eyed sharp-tongued boy who spoke, a boy in a tattered
jacket that had once been blue, and had once been garnished with brass
anchor buttons; but who retained his Cockney accent and his air of
brisk effrontery, like that of a London sparrow.
‘Can’t you make out Her Majesty’s English, Mr Stiffback?’ said this
impudent servitor of _The Traveller’s Rest_, seeing that Sir Sykes
hesitated.
‘You keep a civil tongue, Deputy,’ broke in a deeper voice from within
the darkling passage. ‘This, I suppose, is the gentleman who received a
letter from a party called Hold? Very good. This way, sir, please; and
mind you don’t hurt your head against the beam, for the ceiling’s low
and light’s scarce. So. Here we are; and this is the tap-room, and my
name is Hold. At this end of the room we’ll be quietest.’
And the baronet passively permitted himself to be led up some stone
steps and down some brick steps, and finally into a long low room,
at one end of which, although the weather was warm and the season
summer, there glowed and crackled a large fire of mingled peat and
wood, around which were clustered seven or eight persons male and
female, two of whom were smoking short discoloured pipes, while the
others were conversing in hoarse tones, or sniffing, with somewhat of a
wolfish expression of countenance, the savoury fumes that arose from a
frying-pan which a gaunt man in frowsy black was carefully holding over
the hottest part of the fire.
There was a low wooden screen or partition, about breast-high, which
stretched across some three-fourths of this delectable apartment, which
was rudely furnished with some wooden settles and rush-bottomed chairs,
and a couple of greasy tables, vamped and clamped with sheet-iron to
repair the injury which excitable customers had done to the woodwork.
‘My name, Sir Sykes, is Hold,’ said the owner of the name, when the
baronet had taken his seat on one of the mean-looking chairs, and
his singular correspondent had placed himself on one of the benches
opposite.
‘I never heard it before, nor, to the best of my recollection, have we
ever met,’ said Sir Sykes dryly.
‘Ah, yes, but we have met, Sir Sykes Denzil, Baronet,’ returned Hold,
with a twinkle of satisfaction in his bold black eyes; ‘not that it’s
any wonder you do not remember so humble a chap as yours truly. I have
the advantage of you.’
These last words were uttered with a malicious emphasis which caused
Sir Sykes to look again and keenly in the man’s face, while cudgelling
his memory, though in vain, to find some guiding clue. He saw a
hard, fierce, swarthy countenance, dark hair partly grizzled, and a
powerfully built frame, such as matched well with the face. Had Sir
Sykes on the Bench been consulted by his brother magistrates as to
the number of calendar months of imprisonment with hard labour to be
allotted to such a one as Hold, he would have said at once: ‘Give him
the heaviest sentence warranted by law, for, unless Lavater’s science
be false, there could scarcely exist a more dangerous scoundrel.’
Sir Sykes, however, was not on the bench, nor Hold in the dock at
quarter-sessions. So he merely replied with a steady look: ‘No, Mr
Hold, or whatever your name may be. To the best of my belief, I never
in my life saw you.’
‘Very good,’ quietly returned the man, taking out a black pocket-book
much frayed and battered, and rustling over the dog’s-eared leaves.
‘Let me see; yes, March the twenty-fourth is the first important date.’
‘And may I ask,’ interposed Sir Sykes, with somewhat of the cold
haughtiness which had stood him in good stead in many a moral duel,
‘what is the meaning of these perpetual references to a specified day
in March?’
Hold’s low inward laugh was one of sincere enjoyment. ‘It’s not only
at cards, Sir Sykes,’ he said with a chuckle, ‘that the game of brag
can be played. But come, it’s of no use, Sir Sykes Denzil, Baronet. My
hand’s too strong--chokeful of court-cards, kings, queens, knaves, and
aces--to give you a chance. I have entries here’--slapping the black
pocket-book--‘for more days than one. Take one of ’em at random. You
have cause to remember the ninth of April in the same year, Sir Sykes.
So have I.’ And with a nod and a wink, Hold slid back the book into an
inner pocket of his rough coat.
The baronet’s blanched face and anxious eye betrayed how deeply he was
agitated by what he had heard.
‘What do you want of me?’ he asked abruptly, but in a tremulous voice.
‘Hark ye, shipmate!’ rejoined the other, leaning his head on his hand,
while his elbow rested on the stained and chipped table beside him;
‘all in good time. Business is business, and is not to be disposed of
in that sort of hop, skip, and jump way. Take another look at me, if
you like; and since you can’t tell who I am, say _what_ I am.’
‘I should say,’ answered Sir Sykes, gazing with undisguised repugnance
at the outward man of his dubious acquaintance, ‘that you have been a
sailor.’
‘No great wit wanted, I reckon,’ retorted Hold roughly, ‘to make
out that much. The very mermaid on my arm here, and the crown and
the anchor,’ he continued, baring his brawny wrist so as to exhibit
the blue tattoo marks which it bore, ‘would tell you that. But I’ve
followed more trades than one; tried them all in turn, sir. How does
that idle string of words that schoolboys say, come off the tongue? Ay,
I have it--Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor. Why, I’ve been everything
on the urchin’s roll-call except thief; I never was quite that--or
gentleman, which is a cut above me.’
‘You have seen the world evidently,’ said Sir Sykes in a bland tone;
‘but you must remember, Mr Hold, that you have not as yet explained to
me with sufficient clearness the nature of your business with me.’
‘Labour lost, if I did,’ rejoined Hold with a cynical smile. ‘A secret
is best of course when it belongs to one only. Two may get some good
out of it; but once it’s common property, the goose that laid the
golden eggs is picked bare to the last bone. Do you see,’ he added,
dropping his voice, ‘our good friends yonder, and do you suppose
that such as they are not all ears, as it were, to snap up any odds
and ends of our talk? He with the frying-pan is as knowing a hand as
any in England--a begging-letter writer, as the newspaper paragraphs
call it. And the others, well! the others are all on the lay more or
less, to scratch up a living by their wits. It’s only the cream of
the cadging profession that can afford to patronise the _Rest_. It’s
quite a genteel hotel of its class, I assure you. But now you know why
I don’t speak out. Better deal with me singly, than with all these
blood-suckers, I should say. And so, as we understand each other, we
need not enlighten others.’
‘Is there no more private place?’ the baronet began.
But Hold broke curtly in: ‘None, Sir Sykes, in a crib like this.
Up-stairs, we’d double the risk of being overheard. Walls have ears,
you know. Now here, where we can see into the garden from this open
window at my elbow, we’re pretty safe.--Deputy!’ (this was addressed to
the sharp boy in the ragged jacket) ‘two glasses of rum, d’ye hear?’
Sir Sykes had had time to think, and it was in a firm tone that he now
spoke.
‘Now, Mr Hold,’ he said, ‘I am a man of the world, and as such will not
affect indignation or astonishment in the fact that you wish to bargain
with me, for your own advantage, as to certain painful events of my
earlier life. Name your terms, but be moderate. The law, as you are
aware, is not very indulgent towards those who extort money by means of
threats or calumnies.’
Hold’s face, hitherto good-humoured, wore an ugly scowl. ‘Drop that
style of argument, if you’re wise, baronet,’ he said resolutely. ‘Dick
Hold is not often backward, when folks will fire shotted guns instead
of harmless blank cartridge. Come, come, commodore; if you dared to
indict me, you’d hardly be here. Try that game, if you choose. It only
serves the turn of those who can come into court with clean hands.
Yours mayhap would shew a stain or so.--Here is Deputy with the rum.
Let us drink, sir, to our better acquaintance, and be friends.’
Sir Sykes, however, pushed back the glass which Hold proffered him.
Sunk in his own estimation though he might be, he could not stoop to
pledge a ruffian of the stamp of this one.
‘Your very good health, Sir Sykes Denzil, Baronet,’ said Hold
unconcernedly, as he tossed off his liquor. ‘We wear well, both of us;
though many a year has gone over our heads since that ninth of April
that you know of.’
‘Were you at Sandston, then, on that day?’ asked the baronet, thrown
off his guard, and a slight quivering of Hold’s eyelid told that a
point had been scored against his incautious opponent.
‘Not so. At Tunbridge Wells rather,’ returned Hold slowly. ‘I remember
seeing the funeral--that of the poor little girl of yours who died, Sir
Sykes.’
Sir Sykes grew almost as white as he had done when first he began the
reading of the letter which had drawn him to such a rendezvous.
‘You will oblige me, sir,’ he said in a voice that he vainly tried to
render firm and calm, ‘by being silent in future as to--as to’----
‘So that we understand one another, I agree to anything,’ was Hold’s
half-sullen rejoinder.
‘And now to come to terms. You want money, no doubt?’ said Sir Sykes
more composedly.
‘All people, to the best of my belief, want money,’ replied Hold with
a grin. ‘I am no cormorant, no shearer and skinner of such as come
under my handling. Just now, Sir Sykes, I will only ask you for five
hundred--a fleabite!’
The demand, considering the baronet’s rank and means, was unexpectedly
moderate. Sir Sykes in turn produced his pocket-book. ‘Few men,’ he
said, ‘keep such a sum in ready cash. But it so happens’--laying down
a roll of bank-notes upon the squalid table--‘that I have money, two
hundred and thirty pounds, with me; and here’--pencilling a few words
on a leaf which he tore out of the book--‘is my written promise for two
seventy. I will send you a cheque to-morrow.’
‘Nothing,’ observed Hold, ‘could be more satisfactory. Don’t send a
groom; grooms chatter; the post is safer. You won’t drink the rum, Sir
Sykes? I will.’ And he swallowed the alcohol at a gulp, and then swept
notes and paper into his pocket. ‘One thing more, Sir Sykes. I did not
come here for hush-money and nothing else. I want you to take into your
house and as a member of your family a person--of my recommending, Sir
Sykes.’
‘I fail to comprehend you, Mr Hold,’ said the baronet stiffly.
The other laughed. ‘Her name,’ he said, ‘is Ruth.’
‘Ruth!’ exclaimed Sir Sykes, starting from his seat, and speaking so
unguardedly that the unwashed crew at the firelit end of the room
turned to peer at him.
‘Yes, Ruth. Don’t you like the name?’ asked the fellow coarsely. ‘My
sister, Ruth Hold.’
‘Ruth--your sister--yours--at Carbery?’ gasped out the bewildered
baronet.
‘You need not be afraid,’ was the rough reply: ‘she won’t disgrace your
fine house or your dainty ways. I doubt if your misses at home are more
thoroughly the lady than Ruth Hold--my--sister.’
‘You must see, your own good sense must shew you,’ stammered out Sir
Sykes, looking the picture of abject terror, as the smoky glare of the
lamp fell on his pale face, ‘that even were I willing to consent to so
extraordinary---- In short it cannot be.’
‘Sorry for you, then!’ returned Hold with a shrug; ‘for on your
acceptance of these terms alone is my silence to be bought. Come,
come, shipmate! hear reason. Ruth shall bear any surname you like, and
it can’t be hard to account for her coming to Carbery. You knew her
father--an old friend--military--died in India--left you her guardian,
Ruth’s guardian; eh, Sir Sykes?’
‘I--I will take time to think of it,’ said the baronet confusedly. ‘You
shall hear from me to-morrow. And now, I had better go.’
And he rose. Hold re-conducted him, civilly enough, as far as the outer
door, and watched him depart through the howling wind and driving
rain towards Carbery. But what neither Hold nor Sir Sykes could have
conjectured was that Jasper Denzil, hidden in a crazy arbour among the
sunflowers and pot-herbs of the inn garden, hard by the open window,
had during the greater portion of the interview played the part of an
unsuspected eavesdropper, and was now on his way by another route to
Carbery Chase.
ANALOGIES OF ANIMAL AND PLANT LIFE.
The boundary-line between the lowest forms of animal and vegetable
life is of a most indefinite character. Nature would seem to have
been guilty of many inconsistencies in her arrangement of these
organisms; for a being which at one period of its existence exhibits
the common characteristics of a plant, may at another period possess
the attributes of an animal. Such an organism is found in the form of a
fungus which grows on the surface of tan-pits. Under slightly altered
conditions it becomes a locomotive creature capable of feeding upon
solid matter. Naturalists have therefore always felt a difficulty in
deciding which of these doubtful organisms should be classed with the
one kingdom and which with the other. Indeed it has been seriously
proposed to form a separate class for their reception, a kind of
‘no-man’s land’ to which they might by general consent be relegated.
It would at first appear that a sufficient distinction would be made
if such organisms as possess the power of spontaneous movement were at
once called animals. But this classification would prove to be most
erroneous, for many plants possess the power of movement in a very
high degree. The swarm-spores of such algæ as seaweeds, for instance,
swim actively about by means of minute filaments or _cilia_. They
were on this account long supposed to be animalcules, and it was not
until they were found to ultimately develop into the plants from which
they sprung, that their real place in nature was determined. These
swarm-spores, common enough in the sea and in pools and ditches all the
world over, are particles of matter which detach themselves from their
parent cells, and after a longer or shorter time of activity, come to
rest and form new algæ. They are provided with two or more vibratile
cilia--minute processes which we more fully alluded to in a recent
paper on ‘Bell Animalcules.’
The suggestion that animals should be distinguished by their motor
powers is also fallacious, for the reason that many animals do not
possess this power. Sponges, for instance, are organised bodies which
remain stationary attached to rocks. But their system of pores and
vents, through which a constant circulation is maintained, and by means
of which they are supplied with particles of solid matter as food, most
certainly entitle them to be ranked as animals.
The similarity between the lowest organisms of the two kingdoms does
not seem so extraordinary after all, when by the help of the microscope
we examine their structural details. In both we find a similar
semi-fluid matter called protoplasm, which has been defined as ‘the
physical basis of life.’ In the cellular tissues of many plants this
fluid may, with a sufficiently high magnifying power, be seen in a
state of ceaseless activity. It is composed of four elements, namely
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. An analogous substance is
found in white of egg, and protoplasm itself is one of the constituents
of blood. Many of our readers will know that the colour of blood is due
to innumerable red bodies called corpuscles, so minute, that myriads
will be contained in one drop of the vital fluid. But there are also
other corpuscles quite devoid of colour. These are minute particles
of protoplasm, and like the same matter in plants, they exhibit
peculiar phenomena of motion, allied to those seen in the _Amœba_
or ‘Proteus-animalcule.’ We may therefore conclude that the vital
principle in both animals and plants is the same, and that the tissues
of both are built up of this protoplasm; the point of difference being
that, whereas animals obtain it ready-made from plants, the latter are
the manufacturers of it from mineral or inorganic sources.
There are of course, besides the mere chemical constituents of
protoplasm, other conditions necessary to vitality. A certain range
of temperature would seem to be the most important, if we except
perhaps the presence of water, without which life can hardly exist.
But even here a curious exception is presented to us in the Rotifera
or wheel-animalcules--formerly alluded to in this _Journal_ in an
article on ‘Suspended Animation’--which may be kept in a state of dried
dust for many years, and which, on the addition of a drop of water,
will resume their original vigour and rapid movement. The so-called
mummy-wheat which is said to germinate after a burial of some thousands
of years, is an instance of this retention of the life-principle in
plants. Light as well as heat also plays an important part in the
mystery of vitality, although it is a curious but well-authenticated
fact that the mere growth of plants is most rapid in darkness. We may
see an instance of this in the stems of a growing plant which is placed
near a window. They will all be bent towards the glass. Hence it is a
common saying that they are attracted by the light. But the real reason
for this bent form is, that their darker side grows more rapidly than
the rest of the plant, forcing it to assume a curved form.
It is in the nature of their food that plants and animals shew the most
marked points of difference. We may state as a broad rule that all
living things have the power of taking in foreign matter, wherewith to
supply and replenish their various parts. This process, in which the
many units which make up the structure are constantly dying away and
being reproduced, constitutes what we call growth. In carrying out this
function, animals convert organic into inorganic matter, whilst plants
do precisely the reverse. They may both be described as digesting
their food--if we accept as a definition of the term digestion, that
process by which insoluble food is reduced to a soluble form fitted for
absorption. In the animal this process is performed by means of glands
or their analogues in lower animals, which open upon the internal
surface of the stomach, and which secrete an acid fluid called the
gastric juice. This fluid contains pepsine--a dried preparation of
which, obtained from the stomach of the pig, forms a valuable remedy in
the treatment of indigestion. Its power of dissolving organic matter
is so subtle, that even after death it may act upon the stomach
itself, as well as upon any of the other organs with which it may
come in contact. The problem as to why the stomach is during life
preserved from destruction by its own secretion, was long a puzzle to
physiologists; but it has been decided according to one opinion, that
the alkalinity of the blood, which constantly circulates through the
tissues, protects them from injury by its neutralising influence.
In plants the function of digestion is the same in principle, although
the absence of a mouth and special digestive organs renders it
different in detail. Plants require inorganic matters for support.
Potatoes and turnips will, for instance, withdraw immense quantities of
alkaline matter from the soil. Beans and peas will rob the ground in
like manner of its lime, while the various kinds of grasses will choose
silica for their nourishment. It is this selective property of plants
which renders necessary the rotation of crops. A succession of alkaline
plants would in time render the ground quite unproductive of vegetation
of that kind; but if a proper rotation of crops be observed--the soil,
whilst giving up one of its constituents, is gradually regaining those
which it has previously lost. A consideration of these conditions of
agriculture forms the very groundwork of scientific farming.
Exceptions to the rule that plants consume inorganic matter are
furnished by certain fungi and also by the insectivorous plants. One
of these latter, the _Dionæa muscipula_, or Venus’s flytrap, we fully
described some months ago; but the subject is so replete with interest
that we shall not hesitate to recur to it and to refer to some of the
other members of the same family.
Without reproducing our description of the _Dionæa_, we may assist
our readers’ memory by shortly stating that the leaf of the plant is
formed of two lobes joined by a midrib, and that each half of the leaf
is furnished with three sensitive hairs. On a fly or other insect
settling on the leaf and so irritating these hairs, the two lobes
gradually close and imprison the intruder. The most remarkable property
of the plant is that it not only kills insects in this way, but that
it actually _digests_ them in a manner exceedingly similar to that by
which animals are nourished; for after the prey is secured, a liquid
secreted in the upper part of the leaf is exuded, and this liquid is
analogous with that furnished in the case of animals by the glands of
the digestive mucous membrane. The closeness of the analogy will be
better understood by referring to an experiment which was made with a
view to testing the solvent powers of this secretion. A slice chipped
from a dog’s tooth was placed between the lobes of a _Dionæa_ leaf.
After some days the lobes were separated, and the piece of tooth was
found to be in such a soft fibrous condition that it was torn to shreds
by the slight force employed in removing it. This energetic power of
the secretion will remind the reader of what we have already said
regarding the action of the gastric juice upon the animal tissues after
death. Another curious point of similarity between the two fluids is
observed in the fact that in both cases the secretion is stimulated by
the presence of food.
It seems almost incredible to think how such a peculiarity in a plant
should have, until very recent years, remained in obscurity. It is
true that more than a century ago an English naturalist described
it, and submitted his observations to Linnæus. But since that time
the matter had aroused very little interest, until some few years ago
when Darwin published his wonderful book on Insectivorous Plants.
This want of attention is evidently due to the fact that Linnæus
himself merely looked upon the plant as one, like the sensitive plant,
having an excitable structure. He regarded the imprisoned insects as
merely an accidental occurrence, stating it as his opinion that they
were probably released when the leaf re-opened. The matter was thus
quietly set at rest by a great authority, and no more was heard of the
_Dionæa_ until an able naturalist of North Carolina, where the plant is
indigenous, again called attention to it.
Another plant belonging to this group has several peculiarities which
are worthy of notice. We allude to the _Sarracenia_, which is found
in the eastern states of North America. This plant grows in bogs and
similar moist neighbourhoods. The leaf consists of a trumpet-shaped
tube half covered with an arched lid. This tube exhibits a smooth
and slippery surface for some distance down its interior; but lower
still it is studded with bristles, its lowest depths being filled with
a fluid of intoxicating properties. Round the mouth of the pitcher
thus formed exude drops of a sweet viscid fluid. The _Nepenthes_
form another branch of the family of Pitcher-plants, including many
different species. Indigenous to the Asiatic Archipelago, their
appearance is that of a half-shrubby climbing plant, the leaf of which
terminates in a long stem, to which is attached a hanging pitcher.
These pitchers vary in length from an inch to a foot, or even more;
indeed some are large enough to entrap a bird or small quadruped. Their
structure is not so complicated as those of the _Sarracenia_, although
in other respects they greatly resemble them; while in both cases the
digestive functions are closely allied with those of the _Dionæa_. But
the most seductive of all these traps for unwary insects is certainly
the _Darlingtonia_. Its victim is first of all attracted by the bright
colour of its petals, and after it has settled upon the plant, and
helped to fertilise it by the movement of its body against the pollen,
it slips into a treacherous pitcher, to be first intoxicated, and then
totally annihilated. Surely there will be no difficulty in finding an
analogy here to certain social institutions belonging to the higher
order of animals!
The electrical phenomena common to both plants and animals must next
claim our attention. The celebrated Galvani was the first to direct
attention to the existence of an electrical current in the muscle
of a frog’s leg. Volta disputed this, and insisted that the current
produced by Galvani was due to certain metallic connections which he
employed, and not to any inherent electricity in the muscle itself.
Since Galvani’s time, however, numerous investigators have followed up
his researches; and it is now an accepted fact that every exertion of
muscular force is accompanied by a current analogous to electricity,
the strength of which is in exact proportion to the mechanical power
called into play. It is a curious fact that this peculiar force remains
in the muscle for a certain time after death, but it is totally lost
so soon as rigidity sets in, and no earthly power can recall it. It
may therefore be considered as essentially a vital phenomenon. It is
moreover greater in mammals than in birds, and is least noticeable in
reptiles and fishes. But we must not omit to mention that among the
latter are found several which have a powerful electric battery as
their chief defensive power. The Mediterranean torpedo--one of the Ray
or Skate family of fishes--after which our most modern engines of war
are named, is the chief of these.
Although it has long been known that currents of electricity existed
in plants, such currents were attributed to chemical reaction between
the external moisture and the internal juices of the plants themselves,
and also to atmospheric disturbance. They have therefore hitherto
borne very little analogy to the muscular electricity of animals. But
very recently the subject has received great attention; in fact the
electrical disturbance consequent on the excitation of the leaf of our
old acquaintance the _Dionæa_, formed part of the subject of a paper
lately read before the Royal Society. The authors of this contribution
to our knowledge of a very obscure subject, proved by numerous delicate
experiments that the current which accompanied the closure of the leaf
in question was in every respect similar to that obtained from the
muscles of animals.
THE BELL-RINGER.
IN FOUR CHAPTERS.