VINDOLANDA, CORSTOPITUM, BEWCASTLE
There are a few places not within the line of a direct walk along the
Wall from sea to sea which yet form part of our subject, because they
have close associations with the Wall.
The most important of these is actually one of the forts _per lineam
Valli_, though it lies a mile to the south of the Wall. This is
called Vindolana on the _Notitia_ list, but a recently discovered
altar shows the correct spelling of the name to have been VINDOLANDA.
VINDOLANDA.
The fort of Vindolanda is at Chesterholm, about a mile south from
Hotbank on the Wall. To reach it, we can take a turning on the south
side of Wade's Road, near Bradley Hall, keeping to the left, or we
can cut across the fields from Highshield farm-house.
The green platform of the fort stands out very conspicuously, and
will be easily recognized by any one who is getting to know what to
look for. It rises up immediately to the west of the little hamlet
{227} of Chesterholm, half buried in its nest of trees; and the
heathery hill of Barcombe shelters both from the east winds.
If we approach the fort by the road, it brings us past a Roman
milestone, the only one still standing in its original position on
the Stanegate, which runs east and west here. The milestone stands
about 5 feet above the ground and is about 6 feet in circumference.
Vindolanda is supposed to be one of Agricola's forts on the Stanegate.
The walls, gateways and ditches can be readily made out, also the
hypocaustal pillars of a large building to the west of the fort. I
sat on the outer wall of the fort to make a sketch of Chesterholm in
the evening light, with heathery Barcombe beyond, and the Long Stone
standing up against the sky. No one knows the age of the Long Stone.
I was up there one day when two tourists passed. They saw the date
"1784" cut on its base by an earlier tourist. "Oh, that's the date
it was set up," said they, and hurried on. The top has been broken
off, and joined with iron bands cemented in; and there is a similar
join at the base. It stands between two large stones which keep it
in place, and these look in the distance like a pedestal for the
column.
There is a British camp near the Long Stone, and also a Roman quarry,
where the famous {228} "Thorngrafton Find" of Roman coins was made.
There are no coins later than Hadrian's in the collection, which
tends to confirm the already well-established fact that Hadrian, and
no later Emperor, built the Wall.
A glorious view is to be had from Barcombe of the "mural ridge," all
the way from Sewingshields to the Nine Nicks.
In the valley of Chesterholm there is a cottage built of Roman
stones, where some beautiful coping-stones and other sculptured
stones are preserved, built into a covered passage, approached by
slippery stone steps.
THE ROMAN MILESTONE.
To the north of the milestone is a large artificial mound, possibly
the burial-place of a British chief. One day, when I was painting
the milestone, there were young black cattle feeding on this mound,
quite a number of them. Suddenly I heard a sound of trampling hoofs
above me, and down they came, the whole crowd, at full speed. I sat
tight, hoping they would not upset me, for a thorn-tree hid me where
I sat. However, the tide did not flow quite in my direction, and
they gathered round the milestone, and did nothing worse than
obstruct my view.
[Illustration: THE ROMAN MILE-STONE ON THE STANEGATE, NEAR
VINDOLANDA, WITH BARCOMBE, RISING BEHIND THE TREES]
A boy on a bicycle came by, and stopped to look at the stone,
chattering away to me while I worked:
{229}
"What age is the old thing? About 80 A.D.? Well, he has stuck it
out! Wonder how much of him there is underground. As much again, I
suppose. I say, did you have difficulty in getting water-colour
paper during the War? No? Well, lucky you didn't! Chaps in the
Government office I worked in, they'd get out a half-crown sheet of
Whatman when they wanted a table-cloth for tea! Lot of that sort of
thing done. Shame, I call it. Flies are a nuisance here; don't you
find them so? No? Well, I do. Good morning."
And off he went.
CORSTOPITUM.
I had heard from various sources that I must not miss seeing the
Roman town of Corstopitum at Corbridge; but on my first attempt, when
I motored with friends to the little town on the Cor Burn, we only
succeeded in finding a field-gate with a notice up, "Excavations
closed." So obediently we went away, only to be told afterwards how
foolish we had been to pay any regard to the notice, for if we had
inquired at the farm, we could have got the key of the little
Museum-shed, and have seen everything. But how were we to know that?
I was not able to go again until I most happily fell in with the
Pilgrimage of the Archæological Societies, and was allowed to join it.
Corstopitum is 2½ miles south of the Roman Wall, {230} and on the
line of the Stanegate, of which its chief street forms a part. Dere
Street crossed the river here by a bridge of ten piers, and entered
this site. It seems that the importance of Corstopitum dates from
the time of Agricola, but was greatly increased after the building of
the Antonine Wall, 140 A.D., and its most prosperous times were in
that period. It probably depended for its protection chiefly on the
Wall and the Wall forts, being itself only a great military store,
covering 30 acres, of which 20 have been excavated.
When I visited the excavations they had been neglected for years
owing to the war, and ragwort and thistles had done their best to
blot them out again. I could not help thinking of these beautiful
lines by Maude Egerton King:
"Not bands, nor wheels, nor belching towers
Can break, or yoke,
Or blind with smoke
The vital powers,
So swift to spread their cloak
Of grassy forgiveness and sweet-scented stars
Over earth's man-made scars."
But on this particular occasion one wished that nature had not been
quite so busy in seeking to heal the "scars" made by the excavators!
The granaries are magnificent buildings, strongly buttressed to
resist the pressure of the heavy stone roofs, with floors raised on
sleeper walls, and a ventilation space below, to keep the corn both
dry {231} and cool. Window-openings between the buttresses admitted
air under the floors. In one window there is a stone mullion, which
is probably the only Roman mullion now to be seen. The original
western granary was evidently built before the eastern. There are
several levels of occupation in Corstopitum, and the western granary
has two floors, two walls, two sets of drainage, one above the other,
whereas the eastern granary has only one of each. The heavy stone
blocks of which they are built are rusticated--inner surfaces as well
as outer.
Beyond the granaries are a public fountain and watering-trough.
Other buildings found prove that Corstopitum was an industrial centre
of some importance.
Two very valuable hoards of gold coins have been found, one in 1908
and the other in 1911. The coins of the later find were the earlier
and more valuable, ranging from Nero to Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's
successor. They have all been sent to the British Museum.
The famous "Corbridge Lion" was found in a tank in what was probably
the garden of a house in the settlement.
Amongst the interesting inscribed stones found here is a tombstone in
memory of Barathes of Palmyra (in the Arabian desert), who was a
standard-bearer in the Roman army, and died at the age of {232}
sixty-eight. A much finer tombstone, which he dedicated to his wife,
Regina, who only lived to be thirty, is to be seen in the South
Shields Museum, having been found in that neighbourhood.
The excavations at Corstopitum were carried out, under the
superintendence of Mr. R. H. Forster, F.S.A., chiefly during the long
vacations, when Professor Haverfield and Dr. H. H. E. Craster were
able to be much on the spot, and Oxford undergraduates could get an
insight into the methods of "reading the soil" employed by
archæologists in Britain.
HEXHAM.
Hexham is not a Roman site, but there are many traces of the Roman
occupation in the Abbey.
The Saxon crypt, almost the only remaining part of the original
church built by Bishop Wilfrid in 674, is entirely constructed of
Roman stones. The workmen who built it have attached no importance
whatever to the beauty of the mouldings, nor to the interest of the
inscriptions. They have simply used them as a "key" for the plaster
with which walls and ceiling were covered.
A very beautiful olive-leaf-and-berry moulding occurs frequently;
there are also a cable pattern, an elaborate fig-leaf design from a
door-jamb, and a deeply fluted column, all built up into the walls of
the crypt.
{233}
Two Roman inscriptions occur: one is on a stone used as a flat
roof-slab, and the other has had a semi-circle cut out of it to form
the head of a door-way.
The flat roof-slab contained the names of Severus and his two sons,
but the name of Geta has been erased as usual, by order of the
brother who murdered him.
The most interesting Roman stone at Hexham is a tombstone with a
vigorous carving of a Roman soldier on horseback, carrying the
standard, and treading on his prostrate enemy.
The inscription reads:
"To the gods, the shades. Flavinus, a soldier of the cavalry
regiment of Petriana, standard-bearer of the troop of Candidus, being
twenty-five years of age, and having served seven years in the army,
is here laid."
Then there is an altar dedicated to Apollo Maponus by Terentius
Firmus, a native of Siena, and prefect of the camps of the Sixth
Legion.
Dr. Bruce was of opinion that the Roman stones in the Abbey were
brought from Corstopitum--more especially because, in the bed of the
river near Hexham, Roman stones abandoned in transit have been found.
This view has been fully confirmed in recent years.
{234}
FROM GILSLAND TO BEWCASTLE.
Gilsland, with its green daisy-starred mounds, its streams and glades
and waterfalls, its Stepping-stones, and Popping-stone, and
Kissing-bush, and generally romantic associations, is the greatest
possible contrast to the wild fells which we have so lately left, but
which can still be seen along the eastern horizon.
The very name of Gilsland speaks of softness, and verdure, and
tinkling streams.
Here it was, so says history, that Sir Walter Scott wooed and won his
life-partner, and the scenes of the different stages of his wooing
are pointed out with brazen assurance.
It therefore seemed most appropriate, when first I visited Gilsland
in a search for rooms, to be mistaken for a member of a
wedding-party, and to be greeted with the words, "Ye're just in time
to see the bride!"
Gilsland was full of "the bride." It was hopeless to try and get any
attention to business until she had passed down the street on her
father's arm, amid whispers of, "It's _real_ crêpe de chine,"--"Did
ye see how it's cut?" etc.
When I had finished my business, "the bride" still pursued me. I
picked up a halfpenny, and was looking round for some child who might
have dropped it, when the butcher at his shop door called {235} out,
"That's a looky ha'-penny, cast at the bride. Ye'll be the next. Ye
must keep it."
There must be something in the very air of Gilsland!
I had no intention of being "the next," so I gave it to a small boy
for his money-box, while the butcher looked his disapproval. It
evidently was not "the thing" to have done in sentimental Gilsland.
It was from Gilsland, later, that I visited Bewcastle, and walked
back along the Roman road known as the Maiden Way.
Bewcastle is 11 miles from Gilsland, right away across the Bewcastle
Waste.
At first we could not get a car to take us, but finally the butcher
came to the rescue, and said that if we did not mind the car in which
he sent round the meat, he would have it very thoroughly cleaned. It
was easily convertible into a sort of motor-waggonette, to hold six
people, and was really quite comfortable. The only drawback was that
we caused great disappointment to all the dogs of the villages we
went through. They recognized the front of the vehicle, and the
driver, and came up wagging their tails, to receive a nasty shock on
finding that the contents of the rear portion were human beings and
not meat.
It was a lovely run; past the ruin of Triermain Castle, then to
Askerton Castle, a beautiful old Border fortification, which we
stopped and viewed, {236} copying down two inscriptions, scratched,
one on the lead of the roof, and the other on the staircase. The
first was:
"Geo Taylr Novb 9th, 1745
the day that the rebels
Came to the Border."
The other was:
"The familie Spoeller
refuge from to War
1914."
This reminds me of a Border story, connected with Bewcastle, of a
man, a "rough customer," who wanted to claim kinship with a Scotsman,
declaring that he was himself a "Border Scot." "Gude faith, I dinna
doubt it," said the true Scot; "the coarsest part of the cloth is aye
at the border."
On we went, across the Bewcastle Waste, wild and barren, till
Bewcastle itself came into view, with its church, its castle, and a
few houses.
The church and castle are built on the site of a Roman fort standing
above the Kirkbeck Burn.
"Bueth's Castle" is the grimmest old ruin I ever saw, with bare walls
standing up in forbidding sternness.
The church is said to date back to the Conquest. There are four
holes in the wall, through which the dwellers in the castle used to
keep watch against their enemies. It had till lately shown the
beautiful grey stone inside, but when we were there it had just been
distempered buff colour all over--stone {237} walls, stone columns,
font, and all! Fortunately they had omitted to distemper the
curiously carved eighteenth-century tombstones in the churchyard, and
the Runic Cross!
This last is a magnificent example of early Christian art amongst the
Anglo-Saxons, with a runic inscription which has been translated thus:
"This slender sign of victory set up
Hwaetred, Wothgaer, Olw-wolthu,
to Alcfrith, a king and son of
Oswy. Pray for ..."
There are figures of Jesus Christ and of St. John the Baptist; and
also of King Alcfrith, whom it commemorates, holding a hawk. He is
said to have died of the yellow plague in 664 A.D.
There is very beautiful ornamental work on the other three sides;
vines, with birds and squirrels in amongst the leaves, and elaborate
interlacing fret.
Three of us walked back from Bewcastle by the Maiden Way; we kept
losing the way and finding it again; but we struck all the landmarks,
and it finally brought us out, "according to plan," just above
Birdoswald. We passed Side Fell, the highest point hereabouts, and
came to the Beacon, where the ruins of what was formerly supposed to
be a Roman watch-tower are quite unmistakable. In Dr. Bruce's third
edition there is a lovely picture of it, with, prominently in the
foreground, "a very {238} human incident," as the newspapers love to
say. A brave, top-hatted cavalier, with umbrella raised high above
his head, is defending a clinging companion in crinoline skirts from
three meek-looking cows, whose tails are curved like fish-hooks over
their backs! What a romance lies hidden there! When I saw it, I
felt how much I had failed in not peopling the solitudes of the Wall
in my pictures! But then, to me, the loneliness is half the charm,
and three-quarters of the character. We crossed Spadeadam
Waste--such a fascinating name, which takes us back to the very gates
of Eden!--and we came to Spadeadam farm-house, where an adamantine
old lady in a sunbonnet refused our appeal for milk or tea.
Haymaking was in full swing, and she really had more than she could
do already, I am sure. Then we crossed the King Water, by
stepping-stones, and over the top of the next hill Gilsland came into
view.
{239}
CONCLUSION
And so I must take leave of the Wall; and Wall must make its exit
from this little stage.
"Thus have I, Wall, my part discharged so,
And, being done, thus Wall away doth go."
(_Midsummer Night's Dream._)
It has not been possible within the limits of this book to say all I
should have liked.
The romance of the Museums I have left untouched, with their pathetic
relics of the loves, the vanities, the hopes and fears, the
sufferings, and the victories of the great people who colonized our
land so many years ago.
There is abundant proof that there was some measure of family life
enjoyed by the Romans on the wild outposts of the Wall.
The officers had their wives with them; children were born (and
lost); sorrowing husbands have left memorials to their wives;
disconsolate wives lament, on stone, their husbands.
And trinkets there are in plenty: gold, and silver, and bronze,
inlaid with stones; and beautiful {240} enamel work. At Chesters
there is a jet ring inscribed with a monogram, and the legend:
QVIS · SEPA · MEVM · ET · TVVM · DVRANTE · VITA
"Who shall separate me and thee during life?"
Has mankind changed much in eighteen hundred years?
Only one definitely Christian inscription has been found, and that is
a British tombstone.
Nearly all the inscribed stones show signs of having been purposely
smashed; possibly by "Christian" Britons, who thought later that by
that means they were doing God service.
It is so much easier to smash stones than to live the Christian life!
No doubt the smashing was sometimes a symbolic act, to indicate the
renunciation of the old pagan habits, and to remove temptation.
I was very sorry to take leave of the Wall; perhaps even more sorry
to take leave of the kindly friends I had made. I met with many
instances of the blunt outspokenness of the northern character, but
never with a spark of rudeness nor unpleasant familiarity.
As I travelled south in the train, I remembered what Hutton has said:
that the Wall "would exhibit its proud head many thousand years"; but
that the mounds of the Vallum, "being native earth, would continue to
the last trump."
{241}
Is this indeed so? Is it, for example, possible that the bunkers on
the golf-links I was then passing are the most enduring portion of
our civilization? Will pilgrims in the far distant future travel
hundreds and thousands of miles to see these, our only contemporary
"earth-works," as to a shrine, wondering what great chiefs are buried
under them? It might be so, if "native earth" were indeed the most
enduring form of construction. But I beg leave to doubt it.
Back in London, it seemed cold and dull at first. I missed the
freedom of the Wall, where every one I met had said, "It's a gran'
day, the day," as naturally as they had smiled as we passed each
other.
Ah! but London has a kind heart too, though circumstances prevent her
from wearing it on her sleeve. Many have testified to this in the
past, and will testify to it in the future. And therefore in London
also there is much that we may surely count amongst the "things that
endure."
Old Londinium, older than the Romans, who colonized and fortified but
did not found her, is dear to us, in spite of all her fog and smoke
and turmoil, for of her also it is true that
"Only the fashion of the soul remains."
[Illustration: Map of Hadrian's Wall]
{243}
INDEX
Æsica (Great Chesters), xix, 29, 142, 143-5.
Agricola, 2, 3, 9-13, 17, 18, 77, 107, 153, 154, 180, 227, 230.
Allectus, 16.
Allolee, 145.
AMBOGLANNA (Birdoswald), xviii, xix, 29, 30, 86, 166-9.
"Amphitheatre" at House-steads, 116, 122.
Antonine Wall, 15, 38, 230.
Antoninus Pius, 12, 14, 169.
Antoninus (son of Severus), 15.
Apple-tree turret, 169.
_Archæologia Æliana_, xvi.
Askerton Castle, 235.
Asturians, 29, 30, 92.
Augustus, 7.
Aulus Platorius Nepos, 14, 21.
Aulus Plautius, 7, 8.
Banks, village of, xviii, xix, 169, 171.
Barcombe Hill, 21, 111, 126, 227.
Bardon Mill, xix.
Barracks in forts, 92, 122, 141.
Basalt rock, 105, 112, 126, 127, 152.
Batavians, cohort of, 29, 107.
Bath-house at Chesters, 95.
Baths in forts, 93.
Beaumont, 204.
Beck, 186.
Bede, 22, 24, 68, 69.
Benwell Hill, 29, 43, 47.
Berm, or safety platform, 19, 34.
Bewcastle, 154, 234-8; Cross, 237.
Birdoswald, viii, xvi, xviii, 29, 30, 109, 154, 164.
Black Carts Farm, 102.
Blackgate Museum, Newcastle, 45, 158.
Black Pasture Quarry, 72, 77.
Blair, Mr. Robert, xvi.
Bleatarn, 190, 191.
Bloody Gap, 139.
Bogle Hole, 139.
BORCOVICIUM, xvi, xix, 28, 29, 116, 119-124.
Bosanquet, Professor, 117, 121.
Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni, 9.
Bowness, xix, 24, 181, 219-223.
Bradley, xviii, 226.
Brewis, Mr. Parker, vii.
Bridge, Roman, at Chesters, xvi, 72, 74-80, 97; at Corbridge, 78; at
Newcastle, 42; over Irthing, viii-x.
Brigantes, 9.
Britannicus, 8.
Broomlee Lough, 115, 124, 126.
Bruce, Dr. Collingwood, v, xi, xv, 25, 40, 56, 74, 80, 92, 117, 140,
151, 158, 180, 198, 204, 223, 237.
Brunstock Park, 192.
Brunton House, 73.
Burgh-by-sands, vi, 109, 204.
Burnhead, 142.
Burtholme family, 173; village, 179.
Busy Gap, 115, 125.
Byker Bridge, 39; Hill, 40, 42.
Caedwallon, 68.
Caligula, 7.
Cam Beck, 183, 185.
Cambeck Hill, 185.
Camden, the antiquary, 22, 25, 28, 111, 112, 115, 221.
Camp, Roman, 142.
Caracalla, 15.
Caratacus, or Caradoc, 8.
Carausius, 16.
Carlisle, xiv, xix, 12, 18, 154, 196-7.
Carlisle, Lord, quoted, 168.
Carraw, 107.
Carrawburgh 29, 30, 106.
Carr Hill, 63.
Carvoran, xviii, 25, 29, 30, 112, 114, 153.
Cassivelaunus, British king, 6.
Castle Nick, 127.
Castles: Askerton, 235; Haughton, 98; at Sewingshields, 115;
Thirlwall, xviii, xix, 155; Triermain, 235.
Castlesteads, 184, 185.
Cat Gate, 112, 113.
Cat Stairs, 124, 128.
Causeways of Vallum, 34-37, 62, 145.
Caw Burn, 141, 144.
Cawfields, 137, 139, 141.
Caw Gap, xviii, 136, 139.
Centurial Stones, 25, 55, 109, 158, 161, 187.
Chapel of the Standards, vii, 89.
Chapel House, 158.
Chariot-wheel marks, 94, 119.
Chesterholm, 29, 30, 126, 226.
Chesters, Great, 29; Halton, 29; Walwick, xviii, 29, 84.
Chives, 150.
Chollerford, xvii, 76, 82.
Chollerton, 44, 99.
CILURNUM (Walwick Chesters), xviii, xix, 29, 82, 84-97, 154.
Claudius, 7.
Clayton, Mr. John, v, xv, 76, 84, 140.
Cockmount Hill, 145.
Cogidumnus, King, 8.
Cold Knuckles, 131.
Collingwood, Mr. R. G., vi, xii.
Collingwood, Mr. W. G., vi, xvi.
Colonnades, 91, 119, 120.
Commodus, Emperor, 15.
CONDERCUM (Benwell Hill), 29, 44-47.
Constantine, Emperor, 16, 103.
Corbridge, xvii, 12, 18, 53, 61, 78, 229.
Cornovii, cohort of, 29.
CORSTOPITUM, 12, 95, 154, 229-232, 233.
Coventina, water-goddess, 106.
Crag Lough, 126.
Craggle Hill, 174.
Craster, Dr. H. H. E., 232.
Criffel, 147, 220.
Crosby, 188.
Cross Fell, 148.
Cuddy's Crag, 125.
Cumrenton, 184.
Cunobelin, British king, 7.
Curlews, 65, 106, 111.
Cymbeline, 7.
Dacians, cohort of, 29, 168.
Dalmatians, cohort of, 29.
Denton Burn, 47.
Denton, East, 47.
Denton Hall, 48.
Denton, Over, 161; West, 49.
Dere Street, 64, 230.
Diocletian, Emperor, 16.
Domitian, Emperor, 12, 13, 154.
Dooven Foot, 156.
Dovecote, 181.
Down Hill, 23, 63.
Draw-dykes Castle, 193.
Drumburgh, 30, 209-215.
Dykesfield, 24, 209.
East Denton, 47.
East Wallhouses, 59.
Eden, River, 25, 195-200, 221.
Edges Green, 136.
Edwin, King of Northumbria, 147.
Emperor-worship, 89-90.
Erdeswick, Samson, 25.
Erinus Alpinus, 94.
Errington Arms, 65.
Fairclough, H. Rushton, quoted, 17.
Fallowfield Fell, 70, 71.
Far-Glow, 156.
Faustinus, Consul, 170.
Flavius Carantinus, 70.
Flowers along the Wall, 61, 66, 67, 68, 73, 94, 103, 140, 179, 182.
Forts on the Wall, list of, xxv.
Foul Town, 158.
Fourstones, xix.
Forster, Mr. R. H., 232.
Frixagi (Frisii), cohort of, 29.
Furnaces, 93, 96.
Gap, 158.
Garthside, 179, 184.
Gateways of forts, 85-88, 120, 122, 143.
Gauls, cohort of, 29.
George Inn, Chollerford, xvii, 80-83, 98.
Geta, 15, 233.
Giant's Grave, 55.
Gibson, Mr. J. P., 141, 147, 160, 169.
Gilsland, x, xviii, xix, 111, 154, 158-162, 234, 238.
Glasson, 215.
Granaries, at Chesters, 91; at Housesteads, 120; at Corstopitum, 230;
at Birdoswald, 167.
Graupius, Mons, 12, 107, 180.
Great Chesters, 29, 143.
Greenhead, xix, 151.
Greenlee Lough, 126.
Green Slack, 138.
Grinsdale, 198-201.
Hadrian, builder of the Wall, 2, 14, 18-21, 76, 158, 169, 228;
constructor of the Vallum, 20, 33; Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle,
42.
Hadrian Street, Wallsend, 40, 42.
Halton Chesters, 29, 63; Shields, 63; Tower, 63.
Haltwhistle, xix, 137, 148.
Haltwhistle Burn, xviii, 141; Fort, 141.
_Handbook_, Dr. Bruce's, see under Bruce.
Hare Hill, xviii, 29, 171.
Harlow Hill, 56, 57.
Harrow's Scar mile-castle, 164, 169.
Haughton Castle, 98.
Haverfield, Professor, 166, 184, 190, 232.
Haydon Bridge, xix, 44, 49, 111.
Hayton-gate, 174, 179.
Headswood, 186.
Heavenfield, 69.
Heddon-on-the-Wall, 52.
Hen Gap, 103.
Hexham, xix, 71, 101, 107, 232.
High House turret, 169.
Highshield, 226; Crag, 126.
High Wall Houses, 61.
Hodgson, Mr. and Mrs. T. H., xvi, 166, 184, 190, 192.
Holmhead, 155, 156.
Honorius, 17.
Hope-Alone, 137, 156.
Horsley, 53.
Hotbank, 126.
Housesteads, xviii, 29, 30, 116; Mile-castle, 124.
Howgill, 180, 181.
Humshaugh, xvii.
HUNNUM (Halton Chesters), 29, 63.
Hutton, William, xiii-xv, 46, 47, 50, 57, 63, 66, 72, 76, 100, 164,
171, 196, 219, 240.
Hypocausts, 63, 93, 96.
Hyssop Holme Well, 196.
Iron Sign, the, 56.
Irthing, River, viii-x, 162-165, 175.
Julius Cæsar in Britain, 6.
King Edward the First's Monument, 208, 209.
King Water, 182, 183, 238.
"King's Stables," the, 160.
King's Well, 147.
Kirkandrews, 199, 203, 204, 223.
Knag Burn, 118, 122.
Lanercost, 173, 175.
Lanercost Priory, xix, 174, 178.
Leahill, 170.
Leland, John, antiquary, 42.
Lewis-holes, 78.
Limestone Bank, 102, 103, 104.
Lingones, cohort of, 29.
Lodham Slack, 138.
Lollius Urbicus, 15.
Long Stone, 126, 227.
Low Wall, 180.
LUGUVALLIUM (Carlisle), 12.
MAGNAE (Carvoran), xviii, 29, 153.
Maiden Way, 154, 235.
Marcus Aurelius, 15.
Martin, painter, 49.
Matfen, 45, 59, 62.
Matfen Piers, 62.
Mile-castles, 18, 20, 30, 49, 50, 68, 72, 102, 105, 108, 115, 124,
125, 127, 139, 140, 141, 160, 169, 173, 179, 181.
Milestone, Roman, 227, 228.
Military roads, Roman, 12, 18, 20, 32, 76, 105, 154, 191, 193.
Milking Gap, xviii, 126.
Millbeck, 199.
Mona (Anglesey) subdued by Rome, 8, 10.
Montague, Mrs. Elizabeth, 48.
Mould's Close, 70.
Mucklebank, 147.
Naworth Castle, 175; Railway Station, xix.
Newcastle, xvi, xix, 24, 28, 29, 39-42.
Newtown of Irthington, 186.
Nine Nicks of Thirlwall, xviii, xix, 25, 139, 147.
_Notitia_, the, 29, 30, 168, 226.
Old Castle, vii.
Old Wall, 188.
Ordovices, 10.
Ostorius Scapula, 8.
Oswald, King of Bernicia, 68.
Ouseburn, 39.
"Out-by" Farms, 130, 137.
Over Denton, Saxon church, 161.
Peat-cutting, 130.
Peel, xviii.
Peel Crag, 124, 132, 133.
Peewits, 106.
Pendower, 44.
Pilgrims' Gap, xviii, 139, 141.
Plane-trees Farm, 72.
Poltross Burn, 159, 160.
Pomponia Græcina, 8.
PONS AELII (Newcastle), 29, 42.
Port Carlisle, 181, 209, 215, 216.
Portgate, 64.
Powburgh Beck, vii, 205.
Principia or Headquarters buildings, 88, 89, 91, 119, 166.
PROCOLITIA (Carrawburgh), 29, 106.
_Purpose and Date of the Vallum and its Crossings_, xvii.
Quarries on Barcombe, 227; Black Pasture, 72; Bleatarn, 190;
Cawfields, 141, 152; Coome Crag, 170; Greenhead, 151-153; at
Housesteads, 117.
Rabbits, 112-114.
Rampart-walk, 87.
Randelands, 179.
Rapishaw Gap, 124, 125.
Rattlingstones, 197, 199.
Ridley, Sir Christopher, 25.
Ridley, John, 148-150.
Roads, Roman, 12, 18, 20, 32, 64, 76, 105, 154, 191, 193, 230.
Robin Hood Inn, 57, 59.
Roofing, methods of, 89.
Rudchester, vii, 29, 53-56, 122.
Rufus, Consul, 170.
Runic Cross at Bewcastle, 237.
_Sacellum_ or Chapel of the Standards, 89, 90.
St. Nicholas' Church, Newcastle (the Cathedral), 40, 42.
St. Oswald's Church, 68, 70.
Sallyport gateway, Newcastle, 39, 42.
Sandysike, 183.
Savinian _ala_, 29.
Scott, Sir Walter, 140, 214, 234.
SEGEDUNUM (Wallsend), 29, 41.
Seldom Seen, 131, 156.
Severus, Septimius, x, 15, 16, 21, 27, 76, 78, 103, 125, 132, 169,
170, 233.
Sewingshields, xix, 107-116; Crags, 122.
Shaw, Dr. R. C., viii, x, xvii, 34.
"Shield," meaning of, 111; Shield on the Wall, 139.
Side Fell, 237.
Silures, subdued, 9.
Simpson, Mr. F. Gerald, xvi, xvii, 34, 77, 141, 160, 169.
"Slacks," 138.
Solway, 24, 41, 220, 221.
Spadeadam, 238.
Stanegate, 12, 18, 32, 131, 143, 153, 227, 230.
Stanwix, 195, 196.
Steel Rigg Gap, 127.
Strong room at Chesters, 90.
Stukeley, 76.
Suetonius Paulinus, 8, 9.
Tacitus' "Agricola" (Professor M. Button's translation), 3, 7-13, 180.
Tarraby, 193-195.
Thirlwall Castle, xviii, xix, 155; Nine Nicks of, xviii, xix, 139,
147.
"Thorngrafton Find," 21, 228.
Thorny Doors, 139.
Throckley, 50, 51.
Tindale Fell, 106, 111.
Tipalt Burn, 155, 156.
Tower Taye, 101.
Trajan, 13.
Trajan's Column, fortifications shown on, 86, 87.
_Transactions_ of the Cumberland and Westmorland Archæological
Society, xvi, xvii.
Triermain Castle, 235.
Tullie House Museum, Carlisle, 196, 197.
Tungrians, cohort of, 29, 107, 184.
Turf-wall, 37, 169.
Turrets on the Wall, 18, 20, 31, 32, 73, 86, 103, 132, 147, 151, 169.
Twice Brewed Inn, 133, 135.
Underheugh, 165, 167.
Vallum, xvii, 14, 18-24, 33-38; First seen, 46.
Vespasian, 7, 9, 107.
VINDOBALA (Rudchester), vii, 29, 53.
VINDOLANDA (Chesterholm), xix, 29, 126, 226-227.
Vitruvius, 141.
Wade's Road, xi, xviii, 28, 63, 104, 107, 108, 109, 116, 125, 133,
226.
Walbottle, 49.
Walbottle Dene, 50.
Walby, 191.
Wallbowers, 37, 38, 169.
Wallend, 158.
Wallfoot, 192.
Wallhead, 188, 191.
Wall Houses, 61.
Wall Knoll, 42.
Wallsend, xiv, 24, 29, 39-41.
Walltown, 147-150.
Walton, 183; Wood, 179.
Walwick Chesters, xviii, 29, 30, 100.
Ward, Mr. John, F.S.A., xvi, 86, 87, 88, 121.
"Wastes, The," 110, 111.
Water-mill, Roman, 141.
Watling Street, 64.
Well, at Chesters, 91; Coventina's, 106; King's, 147.
Welton, 57.
Wesley, John, 47, 53.
Whinstone, 27, 152.
White Flat, 186.
White Moss, 191.
Whittledene Reservoirs, 57.
Will of Welton, 58.
William of Malmesbury, 64.
Willowford, x, 162.
Window-glass, 96.
Windows, Roman, 96, 231.
Winshields, xix, 28, 127, 132, 136, 139.
Written Rocks, Fallowfield, 70; Coome Crag, 170.
Wylam, 54.
Zosimus, historian, 16.