VARIORUM
(1) SOME DISTINGUISHED PRISONERS OF WAR
When the roll of the 46th Regiment (or, as it was, the 46th
demi-brigade), of the French Army is called, the name of La Tour
d’Auvergne brings forward the sergeant-major of the Grenadier Company,
who salutes and replies: ‘Dead upon the field of honour!’
This unique homage to Théophile de La Tour d’Auvergne—who won the
distinguishing title of ‘First Grenadier of the Republican Armies’ in an
age and an army crowded with brave men, quite as much, so says history,
by his modesty as by his bravery in action—was continued for some time
after his death in 1800, was discontinued, was revived in 1887, and has
been paid ever since.
In 1795, after the taking of San Sebastian by the French, he applied for
leave of absence on account of his health, and started by sea for his
native Brittany, but the ship in which he sailed was captured by British
cruisers. He was brought to England and sent to Bodmin on parole. Here
he insisted upon wearing his Republican cockade, a silly, unnecessary
act of bravado which so annoyed some English soldiers that they mobbed
him, and, as he showed a disposition to resent the attack, matters would
have gone hard with him but for timely rescue. (I reproduce a picture of
one of these attacks from his biography by Montorgueil, not on account
of its merit, but of its absurdity. La Tour d’Auvergne, it will be
noted, uses his sword toasting-fork wise. Not even the most
distinguished of parole prisoners was ever allowed to wear his sword,
although some were not required to give them up according to rule.) This
inspired the following letter from him to the Agent at Bodmin:
[Illustration:
LA TOUR D’AUVERGNE DEFENDING HIS COCKADE AT BODMIN
]
‘1st October, 1795.
‘SIR,
‘I address myself to you as the Agent entrusted by your Government with
the immediate care of the French prisoners at Bodmin, to acquaint you
with the outrage just perpetrated upon me by some soldiers of the
garrison in this town, who, on their return from drill, attacked me with
their arms, and proceeded to violent extremes with the object of
depriving me of my cockade, a distinctive part of my military uniform. I
have always worn it during my detention in England, just as your
officers, prisoners in my country, have always worn theirs without being
interfered with. It is impossible, Sir, that such behaviour towards an
officer of the French Republic should have been encouraged by your
Government, or that it should countenance any outrage upon peaceable
prisoners who are here under your protection. Under these circumstances,
Sir, I beg you without delay to get to the root of the insult to which I
have been subjected, so that I may be able to adapt my conduct in future
accordingly. Into whatever extremity I may find myself reduced by my
determination not to remove my distinctive badge, I shall never regard
as a misfortune the ills and interferences of which the source will have
been so honourable to me.’
The reply of the Agent was probably much the same as the Transport
Office made in 1804 to a letter from the Agent at Leek, in
Staffordshire, to whom a French midshipman had complained of similar
interference.
‘We think the French midshipman very imprudent in wearing his Cockade,
as it could answer no good purpose, and might expose him to evils
greater than he has already experienced from the rage of the populace,
and you are to inform him if he persists he must not expect protection
from the consequences.’
In 1797 the inhabitants of Bishop’s Waltham complained of the constant
wearing by the prisoners there of Republican cockades, and the reply was
exactly as above.
In Cornwall La Tour d’Auvergne occupied himself with literary pursuits,
especially with philology, and was pleased and interested to find how
much there was in common between phrases and words of Cornwall, and
those of Brittany. Concerning his captivity he wrote thus to Le Coz,
Archbishop of Besançon:
‘I will not bother you with an account of all I have had to suffer from
the English during a year of captivity, they being no doubt egged on by
our French é[migrés] and p[rinces]. My Republican spirit finds it hard
to dissemble and to adapt itself to circumstances, so I shall show
myself to be what I always have been, Frenchman and patriot. The revered
symbol of my nation, the tricolour cockade, was always on my hat, and
the dress I wore _dans les fers_ was that which I wore in battle. Hence
the hatred let loose against me and the persecutions which I have had to
endure.’
He returned to France from Penryn, February 19, 1796, and was killed at
Oberhausen in Bavaria in June 1800.
From the following extract from Legard’s biography, and from the phrase
_dans les fers_ which I have italicized above, La Tour d’Auvergne would
seem to have been in prison, possibly for persistent adherence to
cockade-wearing:
‘It was horrible to see the misery of so many brave Frenchmen, crammed
into unwholesome dungeons, struggling against every sort of want,
exposed to every rigour and every vexation imaginable, and devoured by
cruel maladies. La Tour d’Auvergne kept up their courage, helped them in
every way, shared his money with them, and was indignant to hear how
agents of the Government tried to seduce them from their fidelity,
corrupt them, and show them how hateful was the French Government.’
After Trafalgar the Spanish prisoners were confined at Gibraltar, the
French, numbering 210 officers and 4,589 men, were brought to England.
The rank and file who were landed at Portsmouth were imprisoned at
Forton, Portchester, and in seven hulks; those at Plymouth in the
Millbay Prison and eight hulks; those at Chatham in four hulks. The
officers from the captured ships _Fougueux_, _Aigle_, _Mont-Blanc_,
_Berwick_, _Scipion_, _Formidable_, _Intrépide_, _Achille_, and _Duguay
Trouin_, were sent to Crediton and Wincanton.
Admiral Villeneuve and his suite were first at Bishop’s Waltham, where
he was bound by the ordinary rules of a prisoner on parole, except that
his limits were extended; he was allowed to visit Lord Clanricarde, and
to retain, but not to wear, his arms.
He had asked to be sent to London, but, although this was not granted
him, he was allowed to choose any town for parole, north or west of
London, but not within thirty miles.
He had leave to visit any of the neighbouring nobility and gentry, and
his lieutenants could go three miles in any direction. He chose Reading,
which was not then a regular parole town, although it became one later.
Hither he went with Majendie, his captain, whose third experience it was
of captivity in England (he had been actually taken prisoner five times,
and had served two years, one month, twenty-five days as prisoner in
England), Lucas of the _Redoutable_, and Infernet of the _Intrépide_.
Villeneuve and Majendie attended Nelson’s funeral in London, and a
little later Majendie had permission to go to France to try to arrange
some definite system of prisoner-exchange between the two countries. In
March 1806 Villeneuve was exchanged for four post-captains, and went to
France with his officers and suite on the condition that once in every
two months he gave notice to a British agent of his place of residence,
and was not to change the same without notifying it.
Upon his arrival in Paris Villeneuve found that Lucas and Infernet had
been much honoured by Bonaparte and made rear-admirals. No notice was
taken of him by Bonaparte, who had always disliked and despised him, and
one day he was found stabbed at the Hôtel de la Patrie, Rennes.
Bonaparte was suspected of foul play, and again was heard the saying,
‘How fortunate Napoleon is! All his enemies die of their own accord!’ At
St. Helena, however, Bonaparte strenuously denied the imputation.
Lucas, captain of the _Redoutable_, the ship whence Nelson received his
death-shot, was at Tiverton. His heroic defence, his fight against the
_Téméraire_ and the _Victory_ at the same time, resulting in a loss out
of 645 men of 300 killed and 222 wounded, are among the immortal deeds
of that famous day. Only 169 of his men were made prisoners, and of
these only 35 came to England; the rest, being wounded, went down with
the ship.
Villeneuve said when he wrote to congratulate Lucas upon being honoured
by Bonaparte:
‘Si tous les capitaines de vaisseaux s’étaient conduits comme vous, à
Trafalgar, la victoire n’eût pas été un instant indécisive, certainement
personne ne le sait aussi bien que moi.’
His conduct was so much appreciated in England, that at a supper given
him by Lady Warren his sword was returned to him.
Rear-Admiral Dumanoir of the _Formidable_ was also at Tiverton. Although
he fought at Trafalgar, he was not captured there, as it was thought in
many quarters he should have been or have died with his ship. From
Tiverton he wrote, with permission, under date of January 2, 1806, to
_The Times_, replying to some rather severe remarks which had been made
in that paper concerning his behaviour at Trafalgar, tantamount to
saying that during the greater part of the battle he had remained a mere
passive spectator. It is not necessary to relate the facts, which are
fully given by James, the naval historian.
In 1809 he had special leave to go on parole to France to defend
himself, but the Transport Office refused to allow three captains and
two adjutants to go with him, because of the continual refusal of the
French Government to release British prisoners. At first he was not
allowed to take even his secretary, a non-combatant, but later this was
permitted. The Court Martial in France acquitted him, and in 1811 he was
made a vice-admiral and Governor of Danzig, and behaved with great
credit during the siege of that city by the Allies in 1814. In connexion
with this, it is interesting to note that the only British naval flag
trophy at the Invalides in Paris was captured by Dumanoir at Danzig.
It is not out of place here to note that Cartigny, the last French
survivor of Trafalgar, who died at Hyères in 1892, aged 101, had a
considerable experience of war-prisoner life, for, besides having been
on a Plymouth hulk, he was at Dartmoor and at Stapleton. He attended the
Prince Imperial’s funeral at Chislehurst in 1879.
Marienier, a black general, captured at San Domingo, was, with his four
wives, brought to Portsmouth. The story is that, being entitled to
parole by his rank, when the Agent presented him the usual form for
signature, he said: ‘Je ne connais pas le mystère de la plume; c’est par
ceci (touching the hilt of his sword) que je suis parvenu au grade que
je tiens. Voilà mon aide-de-camp; il sait écrire, et il signera pour
moi.’
Tallien, Revolutionist writer, prominent Jacobin, agent of the Terror in
Bordeaux, and largely responsible for the downfall of Robespierre, was
captured on his way home from Egypt, whither he had gone with
Bonaparte’s expedition. As he was a non-combatant he was only a prisoner
a short time, and went to London, where he was lionized by the Whig
party. He married Madame de Fontenai, whose salon in Paris was the most
brilliant of the Directory period, and where Bonaparte first met Madame
de Beauharnais.
In 1809 François, nephew of the great actor Talma, was taken prisoner.
He was nobody in particular, but his case is interesting inasmuch as his
release on January 1, 1812, was largely brought about by the interest of
Talma’s great friend, John Kemble.
Admiral Count Linois was as worthy a prisoner as he had proved himself
many times a worthy foe. A French writer describes him as having
displayed during his captivity a philosophic resignation; and even the
stony-hearted Transport Board, in acceding to his request that his wife
should be allowed to join him at Bath, complimented him on his behaviour
‘which has formed a very satisfactory contrast to that of many officers
of high rank, by whom a similar indulgence has been abused.’
Lucien, Bonaparte’s second brother, was a prisoner in England, but very
nominally, from 1810 to 1814. He could not fall in with the grand and
ambitious ideas of his brother so far as they touched family matters.
Bonaparte, having made his brothers all princes, considered that they
should marry accordingly. Lucien married the girl he loved; his brother
resented it, and passed the Statute of March 30, 1806, by which it was
enacted that ‘Marriages of the Imperial Family shall be null and void if
contracted without the permission of the Emperor, as the princes ought
to be devoted without reserve to the great interests of the country, and
the glory of our house.’ He wanted Lucien to marry the Queen of Etruria,
widow of Louis I, Prince of Parma, a match which, when Tuscany should be
annexed to the Empire, would mean that their throne would be that of
Spain and the Indies.
So Lucien sailed for the United States, but was captured by a British
cruiser carried to Malta, and thence to England. He was sent on parole
to Ludlow, where he lived at Dinham House. Then he bought Thorngrove,
near Worcester, where he lived until 1814, and where he wrote
_Charlemagne, ou l’Église sauvée_.
Cambronne, wounded at the head of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo, and
reputed author of a famous _mot_ which he never uttered, was for two
hours on a Portsmouth hulk, but was soon placed on parole, and was at
Ashburton in Devonshire until November 1815. The grand-daughter of Mrs.
Eddy, at whose house Cambronne lodged, still preserves at the _Golden
Lion_ a portrait of the general, given by him to Mrs. Eddy. From England
he wrote to Louis XVIII, professing loyalty, and offering his services,
but on his arrival in Paris was brought up for trial on these counts:
(1) Having betrayed the King. (2) Having made an armed attack on France.
(3) Having procured aid for Bonaparte by violence. He was adjudged Not
Guilty on all three.
Admiral De Winter, Commander of the Dutch fleet at Camperdown, was a
prisoner for a year in England, but I cannot learn where. It is
gratifying to read his appreciation of the kindly treatment he received,
as expressed in his speech at his public entry into Amsterdam after his
release in December 1798.
‘The fortune of war previously forced me to live abroad, and, being
since then for the first time vanquished by the enemy, I have
experienced a second state of exile. However mortifying to the feelings
of a man who loves his country, the satisfactory treatment I met with on
the part of the enemy, the English, and the humane and faithful support
and assistance they evinced towards my worthy countrymen and fellow
sufferers, have considerably softened the horrors of my situation. Nay!
Worthy burghers! I must not conceal from you that the noble liberality
of the English nation since this bloody contest justly entitles them to
your admiration.’
De Winter’s flag-ship, the _Vryheid_, was for many years a hulk at
Chatham.
(2) SOME STATISTICS
Statistics are wearisome, but, in order that readers may form some idea
of the burden cast on the country by the presence of prisoners of war, I
give a few figures.
During the Seven Years’ War the annual average number of prisoners of
war in England was 18,800, although the total of one year, 1762, was
26,137. This, it must be remembered, was before the regular War Prison
became an institution, so that the burden was directly upon the people
among whom the prisoners were scattered. Of these, on an average, about
15,700 were in prisons healthy, and 1,200 sick; 1,850 were on parole
healthy, and 60 sick. The total net cost of these prisoners was
£1,174,906. The total number of prisoners brought to Britain between the
years 1803 and 1814 was 122,440. Of these 10,341 died whilst in
captivity, and 17,607 were exchanged or sent home sick or on parole. The
cost of these was £6,800,000.
The greatest number of prisoners at one time in Britain was about 72,000
in 1814.
The average mortality was between one and three per cent., but epidemics
(such as that which at Dartmoor during seven months of 1809 and 1810
caused 422 deaths—more than double the total of nineteen ordinary
months—and that at Norman Cross in 1801 from which, it is said, no less
than 1,000 prisoners died) brought up the percentages of particular
years very notably. Thus, during the six years and seven months of
Dartmoor’s existence as a war-prison, there were 1,455 deaths, which,
taking the average number of prisoners as 5,600, works out at about four
per cent., but the annual average was not more than two and a quarter
per cent., except in the above-quoted years. The average mortality on
the prison ships was slightly higher, working out all round at about
three per cent., but here again epidemics made the percentages of
particular years jump, as at Portsmouth in 1812, when the average of
deaths rose to about four per cent.
Strange to say, the sickness-rate of officers on parole was higher than
that of prisoners in confinement. Taking at random the year 1810, for
example, we find that at one time out of 45,940 prisoners on the hulks
and in prisons, only 320 were in hospital, while at the same time of
2,710 officers on parole no less than 165 were on the sick-list.
Possibly the greater prevalence of duels among the latter may account
for this.
(3) EPITAPHS OF PRISONERS
I do not claim completeness for the following list, for neglect has
allowed the obliteration of many stones in our churchyards which
traditionally mark the last resting-places of prisoners of war.
At New Alresford, Hampshire, on the west side of the church:
‘Ici repose le corps de M. Joseph Hypolite Riouffe, enseigne de vaisseau
de la Marine Impériale et Royale qui mourut le 12 Dec. 1810, âgé 28 ans.
Il emporta les regrets de tous ses camarades et personnes qui le
connurent.’
‘Ci-gît le corps de M. P^{re} Garnier, sous-lieut. au 66^{me} régiment
d’Infanterie Française, né le 14 Avril 1773, mort le 31 Juillet 1811.’
‘Ci-gît le corps de M. C. Lavau, officier de commerce, décédé le 25 de
Xbre 1811, et la 29 de son âge.’
‘Ici est le corps de Marie Louise V^{ve} Fournier, épouse de François
Bertet, capitaine au Corps Impérial d’Artillerie Française, décédée le
11^{me} Avril 1812, âgée de 44 ans.’
‘Ci-gît Jean de l’Huille, lieutenant d’Artillerie Française, décédé le 6
Avril 1812, âgé de 51.’
At Leek, Staffordshire:
‘Çy-gît Jean Marie Claude Decourbes, enseigne de vaisseau de la Marine
Impériale de France, décédé 17 Octobre 1812, âgé de 27 ans—Fidelis
Decori Occubuit Patriaeque Deoque.’
‘Jean-Baptiste Milloy. Capitaine 72^{me} cavalerie, décédé 2 Sept. 1811,
âgé de 43 ans.’
‘Joseph Debec, Capitaine du navire “La Sophie” de Nantes. Obiit Sept.
2^{me} 1811, âgé de 54 ans.’
‘Charles Luneaud, Capitaine de la Marine Impériale. Mort le 4^{me} Mars
1812.’
There also died at Leek, but no stones mark their graves, General Brunet
(captured at San Domingo, with his A.D.C. Colonel Degouillier, and his
Adjutant-General, Colonel Lefevre), Colonel Félix of the Artillery,
Lieut.-Col. Granville, Captain Pouget, Captain Dupuis of the 72nd
Infantry, Captain François Vevelle (1809), Lieut. Davoust of the Navy,
son of the General, and Midshipmen Meunier, Berthot, and Birtin—the
last-named was a prisoner eleven years, and ‘behaved extremely well’.
Also there are registered the burials of Jean le Roche, in 1810, aged
44, J. B. Lahouton, died 1806, aged 28; ‘C.A.G. A French Prisoner’ in
1812, aged 62; and Alexander Gay, in 1850.
At Okehampton, Devon:
‘Cette pierre fut élevée par l’amitié à la mémoire d’Armand Bernard, né
au Havre en Normandie, marié à Calais à Mlle Margot; deuxième officier
de commerce, décédé Prisonnier de Guerre à Okehampton, le 26 Oct. 1815.
Agé 33 ans.
A l’abri des vertus qui distinguaient la vie,
Tu reposes en paix, ombre tendre et chérie.’
‘Ci-gît Adelaïde Barrin de Puyleanne de la Commune de Montravers, Dép^t
des Deux-Sèvres, née le 21 Avril 1771, décédée à Okehampton le 18 Fév.
1811. Ici repose la mère et l’enfant.’
In the churchyards of Wincanton and Andover are stones to the memories
of Russian and Polish officers.
In the churchyard at Tenterden, Kent, there is a tomb upon which is
carved a ship and a recumbent figure, with the epitaph:
‘Hier Legt Begraven Schipper Siebe Nannes, Van de Jower in Vriesland, is
in den Heere Gernstden, 8 November, 1781. Oudt 47 Jaren.’ On the other
side is inscribed:
‘As he’s the first, the neighbours say, that lies
First of War captives buried in this place:
So may he hope to be the first to rise
And gain the Mansions of Eternal Peace.’
By the way, it may be remarked, in association with the above Dutch
burial, that there are to-day in Tenterden work-people named
Vanlanschorten, who are said to be descended from a prisoner of war.
At Bishop’s Castle church, in Montgomeryshire, there is a stone opposite
the belfry door inscribed:
‘A la Mémoire de Louis Pages, Lieut.-Col. des chevaux-légers; chevalier
des ordres militaires des Deux Siciles et d’Espagne. Mort à Bishop’s
Castle le 1^{er} Mai 1814, âgé de 40 ans.’
In the Register of the same church is recorded the baptism of a son of
Antoine Marie Jeanne Ary Bandart, Captain of the 4th Regiment of Light
Infantry, Member of the Legion of Honour, a prisoner of war; and fifteen
months later the burial of the child. These are in 1813 and 1814. In the
latter year also is recorded the baptism of a son of Joseph and Maria
Moureux.
In the churchyard of Moreton-Hampstead, Devon, are ranged against the
wall stones with the following epitaphs:
‘A la mémoire de Louis Ambroise Quanti, Lieut, du 44 Rég^t du Corps
Impérial d’Artillerie de Marine. Agé de 33 ans. Décédé le 29 Avril
1809.’ The Masonic compass and dividers follow the inscription.
‘Ici repose le corps de M. Armand Aubry, Lieut, du 70^{me} Rég^t
d’Infanterie de Ligne. Agé de 42 ans. Décédé le 10 Juin 1811. Priez Dieu
pour le repos de son âme.’ This is followed by two crossed swords.
‘A la mémoire de Jean François Roil; Aspirant de la Marine Impériale,
âgé de 21 ans. Décédé le 22 Janvier 1811.’ This has as emblem a sword
and anchor crossed.
There are still in Moreton-Hampstead two shops bearing the name of
Rihll. To the register-entries of two of the above deaths is added:
‘These were buried in Wooling, according to Act of Parliament.’
In the churchyard of Ashburton, Devon, is a stone thus inscribed:
‘Ici
Repose François Guidon natif de Cambrai en France, Sous-Lieutenant au
46^{me} Rég^t de Ligne. Décédé le 18 7bre 1815. Agé de 22 ans.
Requiescat in Pace.’
At East Dereham, Norfolk:
‘In memory of Jean de la Narde, son of a notary public of Saint Malo, a
French prisoner of war, who, having escaped from the bell tower of this
Church, was pursued and shot by a soldier on duty. October 6th, 1799.
Aged 28.’
Mr. Webb, of Andover, sends me the following registrations of death:
J. Alline. Prisoner of War. March 18, 1802.
Nicholas Ockonloff. Prisoner of War. March 19, 1808.
Michael Coie. Prisoner of War. November 9, 1813. [For an account of his
funeral see pp. 439–40.]
At Odiham, in Hampshire, are the graves of two French prisoners of war.
When I visited them in August 1913, the inscriptions had been repainted
and a memorial wreath laid upon each grave. The inscriptions are as
follows:
‘Cy-gît Piere Feron, Capitaine au 66^e Régiment de Ligne, Chevalier de
l’Empire Français, né à Reims, Départ^t de la Marne, le 15 Août 1766,
décédé à Odiham le 8 Mai 1810.’
‘Pierre Julian Jonneau, son of Jean Joseph Jonneau, de Daure, and of
Marie Charlotte Franquiny de Feux, officer in the administration of the
French Navy. Born in the Isle of Rhé. Died at Odiham, September 4th,
1809, in the 29th year of his age.
‘“He was a Prisoner of War. Death hath made him free.”’
During the Communist trouble in France in 1871, quite a large number of
French people came over to Odiham until order should be restored, and it
was during their stay here, but not by them, that the above-mentioned
graves were put in order. The old houses facing the Church and the
stocks in Bury Close, and those by the large chalk-pit at the entrance
to the town, remain much as when they were the lodgings of the prisoners
of war.
INDEX
Abergavenny, 281, 298, 363–4, 383, 393, 423.
Admiralty, controlling exchange of prisoners, 26, 30;
responsible for safety of prisoners, 106, 110, 279, 354, 366, 368–9,
383, 385, 392, 406;
responsible for well-being of prisoners, 5, 16, 24, 71, 75, 129, 188,
362.
Agents, Parole, 407–8;
censured and dismissed, 393;
their duties and powers, 279, 286–7, 291, 313, 335, 341–2, 358, 370,
388, 397, 409, 418, 442–4;
frauds by, 312, 406;
friendly relations with prisoners, 298, 340, 352–3, 410, 415–16, 425;
unfriendly relations, 301, 396.
Agents, War-Prisoner, censured and dismissed, 192, 204;
their duties, 18, 21, 29, 31, 47, 58, 119–20, 132, 144, 147, 150–1,
192, 274, 361–2, 369–70;
friendly relations with prisoners, 135, 164–5, 181, 263;
unfriendly relations, 12, 216, 265.
Alresford, 75, 77, 281, 284–5, 289, 298, 306–7, 347, 367, 410, 420,
451.
Amatory relations of prisoners on parole (_see also_ Marriages _and_
Illegitimate children), 266, 305–7, 325, 359, 375, 386–7, 402, 405,
414, 429, 437.
American prisoners, 2, 11, 48, 82–91, 116, 183, 186, 213, 215–16,
220–7, 247–61, 266, 286, 361, 432–3.
Amiens, Peace of, 194–5.
Andover, 290, 298, 307, 379, 384, 391, 437, 439–40, 452–3.
Andrews, Charles (American prisoner), 247–8, 250–3.
Angling, by paroled prisoners, 319, 328–9, 333–4, 341, 349, 437.
Anton, James, _A Military Life_ (quoted), 205–6.
Arbroath, 162.
Arenburg, Prince, 418.
Articles made by prisoners (_see also_ Paintings, Ship-model making),
60, 84, 132–5, 148, 153, 158, 173, 176, 181–2, 193, 203–5, 211, 220,
243, 278, 319, 321, 324, 347, 360, 391, 412, 414, 416, 430, 435.
Ashbourne, 291, 298, 307, 375, 386, 392, 413–14, 439.
Ashburton, 284–5, 298, 408, 432–3, 449, 453.
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 288, 291, 298, 304, 379, 386, 390, 428–31.
Ashford, 284, 404, 408.
_Assistance_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 107.
Auctions, prisoners’, 331–2, 348.
_Bahama_ (Chatham hulk), 54–6, 58–60, 79, 90–1, 303.
Barnet, 393.
Barney, Commodore Joshua, 224–7.
Basingstoke, 284, 404.
Bath, 281, 291, 395, 403, 448.
Bazin, Ensign, 347.
Beasley, Reuben (Agent for American prisoners), 84, 86, 249–51, 254,
258.
Beaudouin, Sergeant-Major, 79–82, 202–5.
Beccles, 285.
Bedale, 412.
Belgian prisoners, 333–4.
Bell, George, agent at Jedburgh, 298, 388.
Bertaud (Breton privateer prisoner), 64–6.
Berwick, 316, 331–2, 350.
Béthune, M. de, 399, 400.
Bibles among the prisoners, 121–2, 165, 232, 342.
Bideford, 281, 284.
Billeting of prisoners on parole, 335, 348, 351, 354, 359, 418, 422,
432;
of soldiers, 206.
Billiards, 15, 39, 83, 86, 177, 212, 304, 319, 328, 335, 417.
Birmingham, 304, 384.
Bishop’s Castle, 298, 307, 359, 391, 452.
Bishops, French, and the prisoners, 97, 120–1, 146.
Bishop’s Waltham, 74, 284–5, 289, 291, 298, 310–11, 393, 396, 403,
444–5.
Bitche, 36, 333 _n._
Black Hole, as punishment for attempted escapes, 6, 7, 55, 58, 66,
105–8, 158, 160, 163, 170, 200, 221, 263, 312;
for acts of violence, 123;
for parole prisoners, 58, 408;
in shore prisons, 20, 122, 130, 139–41, 143, 146, 204–5, 215, 217,
238, 243;
on the hulks, 69, 103.
Blackmailing of prisoners, 359, 405.
Blyth, 350, 389.
Boat-stealing by escaping prisoners, 27–8, 57, 92–3, 110, 161, 164,
172, 233, 269, 273, 363, 383.
Bodmin, 439, 442–4.
Bonaparte, Lucien, 448.
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 22, 32–6, 84, 99, 110, 144. 153, 164–5, 179, 314,
330, 333, 342, 380, 382, 394, 435, 446–8.
Bones, use of, made by prisoners, 135, 176, 205, 218, 221, 275–6, 347,
349–50, 363.
Bonnefoux, Baron de, 54–60, 73, 76, 300–304.
Borough jails, 115, 117–8, 186, 192, 194, 268, 333, 361.
Borrow, George, 138, 148, 152.
Botanists among the prisoners, 319, 321, 324.
Boulogne, 28, 56, 118, 182, 292, 304, 381–2.
Bounty, French Royal, 4, 6–7, 167.
Bower, John (agent at Chesterfield), 305, 415.
Boycotting by prisoners, 222, 410.
Boyer, General, 32, 144, 305, 416, 425.
Boys among the prisoners, 121, 146, 152.
Bread supplied to prisoners, quality of, 4, 5, 12, 15, 21, 42, 47, 49,
63, 79, 85, 136, 151, 176, 191–3, 205, 208–9, 211, 221, 258, 263,
265, 361.
Brecon, 298, 364.
Brest, 9, 30, 183, 332.
Breton prisoners, 64–6, 229.
Bribes from prisoners (_see also_ Collusion), 94–5, 128, 130, 158, 160,
167, 193, 225, 235, 244, 254, 292, 373;
other bribery, 148–9, 204, 210–11, 294.
Bridgnorth, 298, 312, 314, 383, 418.
Brighton (Brighthelmstone), 30, 106, 110.
Bristol, 116–7, 186, 207–8, 210–14, 221, 281–2, 284–5, 289, 399–400,
411.
_Bristol_ (Chatham hulk), 79, 205.
_Brunswick_ (Chatham hulk), 23–4, 51, 75–77, 100, 101.
_Buckingham_ (Chatham hulk), 39, 79.
Cachot; _see_ Black Hole.
Calais, 25–6, 56, 103, 106, 111, 113, 183, 276, 283, 292.
Callington, 284, 406.
Calshot Castle, 102, 172.
Cambridge, 154.
Cambronne, 449.
Camelford, 279–80.
_Canada_ (Chatham hulk), 75–6, 79, 94.
Canterbury, 30, 57–8, 366–7, 370, 385.
‘Capitalists’ among the prisoners, 177, 203 (_armateurs_), 228–9.
Carlisle, 192.
Carpenter, Madame, 98, 213.
Carré (French prisoner), 181, 185.
Cartel ports, 25, 150;
service and cartel ships, 10, 25–7, 29, 30–1, 102, 140, 281, 309.
Castlereagh, Lord, 366.
Catel, 241, 245–7.
Cawdor, Lord, 183, 362–3.
Chambers, William, 333–8, 340.
Chartres, Duc de, 385.
Chatham, 54–6, 58, 79, 87, 118, 247, 281;
hulks at, 8, 22–4, 31, 38–9, 41, 44, 51–2, 54, 75–9, 82, 84, 87, 89,
93–8, 100–1, 118, 152, 202, 205, 247, 256, 281, 283, 302–3, 386,
390, 438, 445, 449.
Cheltenham, 371, 373, 382, 403.
Cherbourg, 93, 102, 424.
Chester, 192.
Chesterfield, 298, 305, 307, 309, 376–7, 383, 392, 395, 415–17, 438–9.
Chippenham, 284–5, 298, 397, 410.
Churches, prisoners lodged in, 156 _n._, 207, 426.
Civil law, as applying to prisoners of war, 98, 123, 149, 242, 275,
301, 325, 337, 397, 406.
Clothing of prisoners (_see also_ Nakedness among prisoners), 6, 8, 14,
17–19[don’t need the 1?], 21, 24, 32, 38, 49, 51, 54, 60, 75, 78,
138–9, 180, 204–5, 250, 255, 361, 378.
Cochrane, Lord, 24, 239.
Coie, Michael, 439–40, 453.
Coining by prisoners, 162–3, 250, 255–6, 263, 275.
Collusion between prisoners and sentries (and other undesirable
intimacies), 55, 95, 105, 139–40, 146, 178, 221, 225, 227, 245,
248–9, 273–5, 297, 318.
Commandants of prison-ship anchorages, 40, 41, 80.
Commanders of prison-ships, 39–41, 47, 54, 56.
Competition; _see_ Unfair trading by prisoners.
Complaints and remonstrances, International, 2, 5–7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18,
19.
Complaints by prisoners (_see also_ Inquiries, Petitions,
Round-robins), 5, 7, 11, 18, 24, 40, 48–9, 126–7, 129, 136, 143,
151–2, 176, 192–3, 204, 211, 220–2, 251–2, 265, 311, 322–3, 361,
406, 410.
Concerts given by prisoners, 178, 301, 304, 310, 328, 342, 350, 423.
Contraband traffic in prisoners (_see also_ Straw-plaiting, Unfair
trading), 43, 121, 142, 147–9, 158–9, 169, 203–4, 211–12, 218, 243,
251, 288, 294.
Contractors, 6, 14, 47–50, 119, 209–10, 258, 270;
fraudulent (_see also_ Frauds practised on prisoners), 2, 6, 15,
47–50, 63, 85, 152, 201–2, 209, 211, 216, 227–8, 247, 250.
Cooke, agent at Sissinghurst, 127, 129–30.
Cooper, Sarah, 58, 302–3.
Corbière, Édouard, 228–33.
Correspondence of prisoners, 26, 53, 102, 127–8, 132, 194, 322–4, 353;
clandestine, 81, 118–19, 176, 212, 282, 291–2, 305, 309, 372;
of parole prisoners, to be submitted to the agent and to Transport
Office, 286–8, 293, 341–2, 401, 416, 421.
Corsaires; _see_ Privateers.
Cost of hulks and prisons, 51–2, 197, 208, 238, 240.
Cotgrave, Captain Isaac, Governor of Dartmoor Prison, 119, 122, 248–9,
251, 280.
Courts and codes of justice among prisoners (_see also_ Self-government
among prisoners), 56, 76, 83, 86, 156, 221–2, 230.
Coutts’ Bank, 312, 328.
Cowan family, 197–9, 201, 206.
Cranbrook, 126–7, 129, 400, 403, 410.
Crediton, 284, 298, 370, 407–8, 445.
Croker, J. W., 75, 370.
_Crown_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 66–71, 95, 103–8, 111–12.
_Crown Prince_ (Chatham hulk), 79, 82, 84–90, 152, 283.
Cupar, 298, 317.
Danish prisoners, 2, 25, 34, 41, 84, 90, 96, 333–4. 396, 432 (_see
also_ 65–6).
Dartmoor, 34, 44, 52, 82, 89–90, 99, 100, 118, 122–3, 166, 212–13,
235–61, 276, 279–80, 283, 432, 447, 450.
De Winter, Admiral, 449.
Deal, 57, 120, 266, 268, 304, 369, 371–2, 374.
Debts of prisoners, 337–8, 356, 385, 393, 397, 437.
Decourbes, Captain, 437–8, 451.
Derby, 413.
Derouge, Dr., 279–80, 283.
Descendants of prisoners, 184, 307–8, 333, 360, 417, 424, 452.
Directory, French, 12–14, 16–18, 227.
Disguise, Escapes in, 92, 102, 107–9, 160–1, 169, 178, 219, 221–2,
225–6, 232–4, 243–4, 247, 254, 280–1, 368, 381–2, 388.
Dismissal of officials, 71, 99, 140, 204, 211–12, 217, 294, 297, 393,
398.
Doctors, prison, 12, 152, 191, 210, 217, 222, 249, 265;
prison-ship, 51, 52, 72–3,81, 99, 104;
doctors and surgeons among the prisoners, 30, 306, 324. 333, 335, 341
356, 360, 383, 396–7, 416, 432.
Dogs and prisoners, 13, 70–1, 183, 213–14, 223, 428.
Doisy de Villargennes, Sous-lieut., 217–18, 326–32.
Dorchester, 117–18.
Dover, 25–6, 28, 56–7, 103, 106, 266, 292, 369, 371, 382.
Draper, Captain, agent at Norman Cross, 36, 119, 134–5.
Dubreuil, prisoner on Portsmouth hulks, 112–3.
Dubreuil, privateer captain, 60, 303–4.
Duckworth, Admiral, 260, 302.
Duels in the prisons, 172, 177, 198, 203, 212, 241, 255;
between prisoners on parole, 58, 325, 338, 413, 418, 428–9, 437–8,
450;
on the hulks, 59, 93–4;
with improvised weapons, 93, 161, 229, 242, 355.
Dufresne, Francis, 170, 184, 200.
Dumanoir, Rear-Admiral, 446–7.
Dumbarton Castle, 116, 372.
Dumfries, 196, 298, 317, 339–44, 356.
Dundas, General, 272.
Dundas, Viscount, 19, 116.
Dundee, 156–7, 161–2, 285.
Dunkirk, 106, 153, 204 _n._, 285, 306.
Dupin, Captain (afterwards Baron), 40, 43–4, 391.
Durand, Felix, his escape from Liverpool, 188–91.
Dutch prisoners, 2, 17, 20, 25, 31, 34, 84, 139, 203, 208, 266–7, 272,
286, 333–4, 390, 449, 452.
Dyer, agent at Penryn, 404.
Dyer, doctor at Dartmoor, 249.
Dymchurch, 371.
East Dereham, 269, 453.
Eborall, parole agent at Lichfield, 297, 304.
Edinburgh, 115, 202, 269–77, 316, 328, 350, 389.
Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 277.
Enchmarsh, agent at Tiverton, 294, 393.
Epidemics, 38, 44, 86, 90, 99, 143, 217, 241, 246, 250, 254, 263, 450.
Epitaphs on prisoners, 252, 339, 344, 419, 451–4
Escape agents (_see also_ Smugglers), 26, 29, 281, 304, 365–75, 380,
382–3.
Escape-aiders, 29, 57–8, 96, 100, 102, 106, 111, 151, 158, 172, 221,
244, 247, 272, 281–2, 287–8, 299, 304–5, 311–2, 320, 365–7, 373–7,
381, 384–5, 418, 424, 429, 436.
Escape funds, 63–4, 112.
Escapes and attempted escapes, 27–8;
from shore prisons, 115;
Sissinghurst, 128–9;
Norman Cross, 139–40, 146–7, 150;
Perth, 156–8, 160–65;
Portchester, 166, 169–72, 178;
Liverpool, 188–92;
Valleyfield, 200–1;
Stapleton, 211;
Forton, 215–19;
Millbay, 220–7, 230–4;
Dartmoor, 235, 238, 243–4, 246–7, 251–4, 280, 283;
other prisons, 263, 267, 269, 273–4, 363;
from the hulks, 51, 55–8, 64–6, 77, 81, 83, 87–8, 92–4, 102, 104–13,
247;
of prisoners on parole, 54, 57, 74, 77, 242, 278–83, 285, 289–91,
300, 302–4, 310–12, 314, 341, 352, 365–94, 399, 415, 424, 426–7,
435–6;
in Scotland, 316, 320, 341, 350, 354–5, 370, 389;
in Wales, 363;
of prisoners on the march, 136, 142, 268, 453.
Esk Mills, 197, 206.
Espinasse, M., 297–8, 349.
Evacuations of prisons, 132, 151, 153, 165, 179, 183, 201, 255, 260,
268, 270–1, 277;
of the hulks, 86, 183;
of parole places, 320–1, 332, 348, 356.
_Examiner_ (newspaper), 31, 240.
Excavations by prisoners; _see_ Tunnelling.
Exchange of prisoners, 7, 10, 11, 15, 25–36, 40, 107, 170, 171, 186,
224, 252, 265, 267, 341, 347, 367, 372, 377, 382, 384, 391, 394,
446;
at sea, 33;
turn of exchange forfeited, 20, 123, 130, 141, 143, 265;
bought and sold, 107, 123, 141, 290.
Executions, for forgery, 97, 123, 244, 263, 276, 439;
for murder or attempted murder, 92, 94, 123, 150, 167–8, 172, 179,
219;
threatened for attempted escapes, 104, 146.
Exeter, 5, 92, 97–8, 227, 252, 281–2, 284, 373–4, 376, 408.
Exmouth, 370, 373.
Falmouth, 25, 265–6, 268, 281–2, 284–5.
Fareham, 167, 170, 183.
Farnell, agent at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 288, 379–80.
Feeding of prisoners, 4–7, 14–17, 47;
in the hulks, 42, 47–8, 82;
in the prisons, 138, 191;
on the march, 136;
on the cartel-ships, 26–7;
complaints as to food, 4–7, 12, 14, 21, 47, 49, 63, 78–9, 85, 136,
151–2, 176, 191–3, 204, 209, 211, 216, 221, 258, 263, 265–6, 361.
Fines and forfeitures, 295, 322, 355, 358, 361.
Fires on the hulks, 95, 168;
in the prisons, 217;
in parole places, 290, 341, 359–60, 420.
Fishguard, 156 _n._, 208, 362–3.
Fishing-boats in time of war, 28, 40.
Fishponds Prison, 116, 207–8.
Floggings in Army and Navy, 55, 58, 82, 106, 139, 148, 197, 221, 244,
390;
of prisoners, 6–7, 139–40.
Folkestone, 57, 107, 110–11, 113, 367, 371, 374, 380–1.
Forfar, 162.
Forgery (_see also_ Coining), 123, 263, 439;
of bank-notes, 97–8, 149, 160, 162–3, 213, 233, 244, 250, 269, 273–6,
320;
documents, 291–2, 396–7;
passports, 92, 97–8, 213, 263, 274, 291–2.
Forton Prison, 5, 20, 78, 99, 115, 118, 167, 182, 215–19, 229, 238,
262, 282, 327, 379, 393, 445.
Fournier, Marie Louise, 420, 451.
Frauds on prisoners by officials (_see also_ Contractors), 2, 6, 15,
21–4, 47–9, 85, 146, 152, 216, 268, 294, 296, 312, 361–2, 406.
Freemasons among prisoners, 182–3, 300, 301, 322, 326, 339, 345, 351,
355, 363–4, 419, 423–4, 430, 433, 441, 453.
French prisoners, _passim_.
Friendly feeling towards prisoners (_see also_ Parole prisoners—insults
and injuries), 20, 150, 319, 352–3, 355–6, 387–9, 395, 411, 420,
424–5, 428–9, 432–3, 436–7, 439–40.
Frog- and snail-eating among French prisoners, 221, 319, 340–1, 419.
_Fyen_ (Chatham hospital-ship), 51, 79.
Gambling among prisoners, 19;
on hulks, 38–9, 41, 49, 59–60, 71, 83–4, 86, 90;
in shore prisons, 100, 122, 124, 130, 141, 159, 167, 176–7, 206–7,
209–12, 222, 245, 255–6.
Garneray, Louis, 54, 60–74, 183, 310–12, 396.
Garnier, Lieut., 374, 418.
Garnier, Sous-lieut. Pierre, 420, 451.
Garrison in prisons and prison-ships (_see also_ Floggings, Marines,
Militia), 61, 77, 119, 126, 136, 146, 148–9, 152–3, 169–70, 196,
248.
Gentz, Major, 178, 181.
George, Sir Rupert, 19, 117, 392, 434.
German prisoners, 220, 339, 342, 351, 355–7.
Ghent, Treaty of, 254–5.
Gibb, Henry, 317–18.
Gibbs, Vicary, 241.
Gicquel des Touches, Lieut., 299–300.
Gille, Philippe, at Portchester, 175, 179–83, 185.
Gillingham, 44, 46, 52, 84, 87, 94.
_Glory_ (Chatham hulk), 79, 283.
Gosport, 65, 102, 104, 115, 156 _n._, 262, 327, 427.
Goudhurst, 284, 408–10.
Grades among prisoners, 59, 245.
Gramont, Comte de, 408.
Grand pré (_see also_ Parc, Pré), 176.
‘Greenhorn,’ an American prisoner (quoted), 255–6.
Greenlaw, 196–206, 352.
Grenville, Lord, 19, 289.
Guernsey, 264, 284.
Guildford, 281, 302–3, 365.
Half-rations, and other short allowances, as punishments, 7, 8, 20, 21,
55, 63, 93, 122–3, 128–30, 139, 141, 151, 193, 221, 223, 254, 263,
283, 399.
Hambledon, 7, 294, 298.
Hanoverian army, 32, 35.
‘Harman, Captain Richard’ (_see_ Herbert, Feast Moore,) escape agent,
281, 367–71.
Hastings, 110, 367–8, 375.
d’Hautpol, Marquis, 312–15, 418.
Havas, Captain (privateer), 107–11.
Haverfordwest, 156 _n._, 362.
Havre, 25, 40, 93.
Havre de Grâce, 102.
Hawick, 298, 317, 324, 350–4, 356.
_Hector_ (Plymouth hulk), 248–9.
Helston, 8, 284, 404.
d’Henin, General, 305, 416.
Herbert, Charles, American prisoner, 220–4.
Herbert, _alias_ of Feast Moore (q. v.), 367, 370.
Hesse-Darmstadt Infantry, 354, 356–7.
Hole-boring by prisoners (_see also_ Tunnelling), on the hulks, 56, 59,
60, 64, 66–7, 87, 92, 105, 107–8, 112;
in shore-prisons, 143, 147, 162, 177, 189, 215, 225, 259, 273–4.
Hospitals, 6, 18, 20, 27, 29, 51, 122, 144, 155, 167, 183, 191, 193,
198, 208, 210, 220, 224, 227, 263–6, 272, 288–9, 361, 450;
hospital ships, 51–2, 72–3, 79, 86, 98–9, 262.
Howard, John, 116, 191–3, 208, 216, 224, 262–3, 271–2, 360–1.
l’Huille, Jean de, 420, 451.
Hulks (_see also_ Chatham, Portsmouth, _and_ Plymouth hulks), 1, 24,
37–114, 135, 185, 225, 276, 284, 313, 327, 384–5, 395, 398.
Hunter, James, 388–9.
Huntingdon, 149–51.
Hutchison, Captain, 82, 88.
Hythe, 380–81.
Ilfracombe, 362, 393.
Illegitimate children of prisoners on parole, 279, 301, 308–9, 325,
339, 358–9, 426.
Immorality among prisoners, 59, 76, 81, 87, 91, 161, 229.
Impressment of prisoners (_see also_ Recruiting), 11, 84, 89, 96.
Inchbonny, 346–7.
Independence Day (American) celebrated in prisons, 89, 222, 249, 252.
_Independent Whig_ (newspaper), 31, 239.
Indian (American) prisoner, 88.
Informers, 92, 160, 230, 253, 263–5, 279, 283, 302, 388.
Inquests on prisoners, 142, 171, 212, 241, 427, 438.
Inquiries, Official, into prisoners’ complaints, 14, 15, 19, 71, 88,
129–30, 138, 209, 252, 260.
Insubordination and mutiny among prisoners, 34, 93, 115, 136, 141, 146,
164, 171, 192, 208, 215–7, 262, 314, 362.
Invalided prisoners, 25, 28–9, 31, 52, 55–6, 81.
Invasion of England, Rumoured, 117–18, 144–5, 182, 392.
_Irresistible_ (Chatham hulk), 79, 88.
Italian prisoners, 34, 203, 333, 335, 339, 342, 413, 422, 425.
Ivan, privateer captain, 231–3.
Jedburgh, 298, 316–17, 345–50, 356, 371, 388–9.
Jew traders in the prisons, 257–8.
Johns, escape-agent, 383.
Jones, Charles (Admiralty solicitor), 282–3, 366, 368–9.
Jones, Paul, privateer, 192.
Kelso, 298, 316–7, 319–24, 332, 341, 345–356, 370, 426.
Kemble, John, 448.
Kergilliack, 115, 264–5.
King’s Lynn, 25, 136, 139–41, 151, 153, 268–9.
Kinsale, 285.
Kirkcaldy, 156–7.
Knight and Jones, Admiralty solicitors (_see also_ Jones, Charles),
282.
Knowle, near Bristol, 116, 207, 208.
La Tour d’Auvergne, 442–5.
Lace-manufacture at Portchester, 176–7.
Lamy, Germain, 217–18, 327.
Lanark, 298.
Lane, Captain, inspector of prisons, 227–8.
Language difficulties, 348, 355, 422.
Larpent, Commissioner, 260.
Lauder, 297–8, 317, 354–6, 370.
Launceston, 278, 280–4, 290, 294, 297–8, 352, 376, 411, 439.
Lavau, Ciprian, 420, 451.
Lavender, Bow Street officer, 390, 436.
Lawson, Dr. George, 325–6, 345.
Lebertre, Colonel, 51, 75, 100, 101.
Leek (Staffs.), 294, 298, 308, 392, 419, 437, 439, 444, 451–2.
Lefebvre, General, 295–6, 378.
Lefebvre-Desnouettes, General, 371, 373, 382.
Leicester, 306, 413, 436–7.
Le Jeune, Baron, 378–82.
Le Jeune, Captain, 430–1.
Lessons given by prisoners, on the hulks, 60, 63–5, 86, 104, 108;
in shore prisons, 176, 181, 229, 234;
in Dartmoor, 242, 251, 255, 257;
on parole, 290–1, 299, 312, 416, 418, 432–3, 435;
in Scotland, 319–20, 342, 350;
after release, 297–8, 300, 342, 349, 440.
L’Huille, Jean de, 420, 451.
Lichfield, 60, 290, 297–8, 303–4, 382, 384, 387, 393, 395, 439.
‘Light Dragoon, The’, 173–5.
Linlithgow, 116, 273.
Linois, Captain (afterwards Admiral Count), 103, 448.
Liverpool, 5, 15, 19, 115, 117–8, 186–95, 269.
Liverpool, Lord, 142, 403.
Llanfyllin, 298, 357–8.
Lochmaben, 298, 341, 356.
Lockerbie, 298, 356.
Lodgings of parole prisoners, 328, 334, 338, 340, 400–1, 404–5, 418,
432–3.
Louis XVIII, 182, 312, 314, 342–3, 353, 449.
Lowestoft, 269.
Lucas, Captain, of the _Redoutable_, 446.
Ludlow, 358, 448.
Lynn; _see_ King’s Lynn.
Mackenzie, representative of Great Britain, 34–5.
Magrath, prison doctor at Dartmoor, 252, 254–6, 260.
Maidstone, 94, 131, 371, 374, 400, 401, 409.
Majendie, Captain, French prisoner on parole, 446.
Malingering, 81, 105, 144.
Manchester, 117–18.
Mantell, agent at Dover, 369–70.
Marines on prison-ships, 77, 85, 88, 90, 91, 94.
Markets in the prisons, 155, 161, 163, 175, 201, 205, 213, 238–9, 245,
250, 327–8;
daily markets, 200, 208, 242, 280, 363;
for foodstuffs, &c., 158–9, 173, 239, 251, 256–7;
for prisoners’ manufactures, 135, 158–9, 165, 173, 193, 203, 212–13,
221, 242–3, 252, 270–1, 363;
Sunday markets, 220;
markets stopped (or prisoners debarred from market) as punishment, 7,
88, 122, 141, 164, 249, 257;
market boats, 78, 88.
Marriages of prisoners, 97, 132, 150, 170–1, 191, 266, 305, 307–9, 317,
320, 338, 343–4, 349, 357, 360, 363, 374, 414, 416–17, 424–5,
429–30, 434.
Maurer, Lieut., 354, 356.
Maurin, General, 295–6, 383.
Maxwell, Dr., Admiralty Commissioner, 129, 131.
Meadow (_see also_ Grand pré, Parc, Pré), 9.
Medical attendance (_see also_ Doctors, Epidemics, Hospitals,
Surgeons), 12, 14–15, 39;
in the prisons, 5, 122, 152, 161, 176, 191, 210, 222, 249;
on the hulks, 39, 41, 43, 50–2, 72–3, 98–9, 104;
on cartel ships, 26;
for parole prisoners, 288, 352.
Melrose, 298, 317, 326, 345.
Memorials to prisoners (_see also_ Epitaphs), 46, 134, 198–9, 261.
Merchant sailors as prisoners, 5, 29, 84, 285–6, 373, 383, 400.
‘Merchants’ in the prisons, 63, 143.
Mere, Wilts., 156 _n._, 426–7.
Midshipmen, French and English, 286, 320, 333, 335, 338, 373, 444, 451.
Milestone stories, 329, 346, 350, 415, 434.
Military and Naval authority in prisons, Relations of, 119, 132, 138,
145, 148.
Militia, 95, 192, 215, 316, 333–4, 337, 362, 388;
as prison-garrison, at Dartmoor, 235, 243–5, 248, 251, 258–60;
at Greenlaw and Valleyfield, 196–7, 200, 204, 206;
at Norman Cross, 134, 146–7, 149, 151;
at Perth, 155, 158, 160;
at Portchester, 169, 182;
at other prisons, 129–30, 208, 217, 223, 273–5, 350, 361, 391.
Millbay Prison, 5, 115, 118, 208, 214, 220–35, 238, 395, 399, 445.
Milne, Captain, of the _Bahama_, 56, 58–9.
Money-allowances to prisoners, 4–6, 16, 96, 116, 143, 173, 251, 256,
270, 361;
on parole, 5, 21, 288, 292, 299, 312, 322, 328, 335, 352, 355, 358,
360–1, 372, 413, 415, 428, 433;
on the march, 136, 390.
Money earned or saved by prisoners, 14, 65, 123–4, 130, 153, 165, 176,
181, 193, 203, 205, 218–20, 229, 242, 245, 250–1, 256;
on parole, 350;
on the hulks, 65.
Monopoly of sales to prisoners, 78, 127, 152, 222, 249.
Montgomery, 32, 298, 305, 308, 358–9, 414.
Montrose, 156, 161.
Moore, Thomas Feast (escape agent), _alias_ Harman, Herbert, q. v.,
281, 281 _n._, 367–71.
Moras, De, French Administrator, 5–7, 27.
More, Hannah, 411.
Moreton-Hampstead, 282, 297–8, 371, 373, 453.
Moriarty, Captain, 163–5, 292.
Morlaix, 25, 27, 30, 34–5, 81, 150, 281, 309, 314, 394.
Mortality among prisoners, 12, 19, 32, 43–4, 143, 151, 172, 184, 193,
198, 207, 209, 217, 240–1, 246, 263, 450;
on parole, 450;
on the hulks, 12, 38, 41, 43–4, 86, 90, 450.
Motte, Alexander de la, 300, 440.
Murders and other crimes of violence by prisoners, 7, 39, 56, 71, 92–4,
123, 129, 149, 160, 167–8, 172, 178–9, 198, 210, 218–19, 231, 241,
252, 314.
Nakedness among prisoners, 9, 10, 18, 21, 49, 66, 77, 99, 156, 172,
201, 209, 247, 270, 378;
due to gambling, 19, 38, 122, 130, 205–7, 209–10, 245;
due to improvidence, 76, 143, 177, 229.
Napoleon; _see_ Bonaparte.
Negro prisoners, 75, 221–2, 251, 257–8, 267, 334, 447.
Newburgh, 158, 165.
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 285, 388.
Newtown, 298, 358–60.
Niou, French agent, 18, 141.
Nivernois, Duc de, 292.
Nixon, Agent at Hawick, 298, 352–3.
Norman Cross, 31, 36, 38, 77, 79, 108, 117–18, 121, 133–54, 144, 166,
176, 201, 209, 213, 238, 243, 268–9, 276, 368, 390, 417, 450.
North Tawton, 281, 298.
Northampton, 298.
Norwegian prisoners, 90, 267.
Obscene toys and pictures made by prisoners, 140, 142, 243.
Odiham, 54, 56–8, 298, 301–3, 307, 328, 372, 385, 395, 403, 405, 420,
435–6, 453–4.
Officers and privates imprisoned together, 12, 62–3, 75–7, 140, 150,
193, 229–30, 264, 398–9.
Okehampton, 97, 281–2, 284–5, 298, 374, 383, 387–8, 393, 399, 434–5,
452.
Oratory of American prisoners, 83, 86, 89.
Ormskirk, 191–2.
Osmore, Commodore, 85, 87–90.
Osten, General, 368, 382.
Oswestry, 298, 307–8, 314, 374, 393, 396, 401, 417–19, 440.
Otto, French agent in England, 19, 20, 143, 170.
Overcrowding in prison-ships, 51, 63, 77, 115, 135, 235, 379;
in prisons, 136, 173, 250, 252, 361.
Pageot, General, 291, 414.
Paintings by prisoners, 126, 181, 183, 278, 319, 334, 336, 347, 350,
354, 357, 360, 414, 424, 427.
Paolucci, 77, 367–9.
Parc (_see also_ Grand pré, Meadow, Pré), 9, 59, 75.
Paris, 382;
Peace of, 132, 271;
Treaty of, 74, 151, 213, 312.
Parole, 58, 60, 74, 125–7, 150, 274, 278, 284–454;
abuse of parole, 119, 372;
breaches of parole (_see also Escapes_), 7, 25–7, 29, 33, 54, 57,
74–7, 98, 201, 212, 229, 242, 250–1, 285, 289–90, 301, 304, 310,
350, 365–94, 398–9, 413–14, 435–6;
in Scotland, 271, 316–56;
in Wales, 357–60, 363–4;
insults and injuries offered to prisoners on parole, 12, 40, 287,
299–301, 311, 313, 348–9, 359, 390, 400–10, 421, 437–8, 442–4;
numbers on parole, 117, 118, 293, 297, 310, 312, 314, 321, 325, 334,
343, 350, 352, 354, 356–7, 359, 379, 388, 404, 413, 415, 421, 428;
parole-limits (_see also_ Milestone-stories, Rewards), 126, 150,
286–7, 291, 295, 310, 317, 324, 328–9, 331, 334, 346, 349, 355,
366, 396, 400, 412–3, 415, 421, 423, 428–9, 432, 434–5, 445;
parole relaxations, 289–91, 383, 400;
parole obligations refused by prisoners, 103, 105, 112, 302;
parole withdrawn, 13, 320, 333, 392;
prisoners allowed abroad on parole, 25, 377–8, 391;
ranks admitted to parole, 5, 37, 256, 285–6, 271, 447.
Patterson, Commander William, 178, 180, 183.
Peebles, 196–7, 298, 317, 332–40.
Pembroke, 116, 271, 360–3.
Pendennis Castle, 266.
Penicuik, 118, 149, 164, 196–7, 199, 201–2, 206, 273–4, 328, 350.
Penryn, 264, 398, 404, 445.
Perrot, James, agent at Norman Cross, 136, 139–40.
Perth, 44, 118, 121, 155–66, 176, 238, 271, 276, 292.
Peterborough, 117, 133, 135–6, 139, 142, 146–7, 150–1, 154, 268–9, 298.
Petersfield, 7, 110, 281, 284, 406.
Petitions from prisoners, for change of residence, 289–90, 297, 341,
397, 403, 405, 410.
Phillipon, General, 99, 374, 418.
Phillpotts, Mr. Eden, 238–9, 249.
Pillet, General, 20, 22–4, 35, 76–8, 151–2, 183, 291, 367–8.
Pillory, 135, 374.
Plymouth (_see also_ Millbay), 15, 25, 27, 49, 91–2, 98, 115, 118, 156,
180, 220, 223–7, 230–3, 243, 247, 258, 283, 292;
hulks at, 51, 92, 95, 97–9, 118, 235, 246–9, 283, 314, 397, 399, 445,
447.
Poerio, Colonel, 386.
Polish prisoners, 194, 321, 333, 335–6, 339, 395, 423, 452.
Portchester Castle, 5–7, 18, 32, 34, 78, 109, 115, 117–8, 120, 126,
136, 154, 162, 166–85, 200, 215, 229, 262, 276, 363, 445.
Portchester River, 66.
Portsmouth (_see also_ Forton, Gosport, Portchester), 6, 25, 40, 60,
74, 78, 82, 98, 103–4, 117–18, 162, 168, 172, 174–5, 179, 181,
217–18, 247, 288–9, 294, 302, 311–12, 327, 396, 440, 445, 447;
hulks at, 12, 24, 43–4, 51, 60, 75, 78, 92–5, 97–8, 103, 118, 175,
180, 182–3, 247, 294, 302–3, 310, 312, 314, 378–9, 445, 449–50.
Portuguese prisoners, 34, 36, 422.
Pré (_see also_ Grand pré, Meadow, Parc), 229.
Pressland, Captain, 119, 144–6, 148, 151–2.
Princetown, 249, 261, 434.
Prison-hunting, 115–17, 125, 135.
Privateersmen, on the hulks, 54, 56, 64, 81, 107, 327, 397–8;
in shore prisons, 142, 170, 192, 231, 245, 256, 264–6, 269–71;
on parole, 29, 60, 278, 285–6, 303, 314, 320, 354, 373, 383, 395,
397–8, 400, 439;
American, 11, 186, 188;
English, 29, 226;
French, 10, 12, 93, 98, 106–7, 110–13, 186, 188, 229, 233, 252, 269;
money allowances to, 5.
Privé, General, 372, 421.
_Prothée_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 61, 64–6.
Public works by prisoners, 252, 261, 268, 413.
Pugilism, 64, 68–70, 242, 255.
Puppet shows in the prisons, 159, 173, 176.
Quanti, on parole at Moreton-Hampstead, 453.
Quantin, prisoner at Portchester, 185.
Quiller-Couch, Sir A., 264, 427.
Raffalés, Les, 59, 63, 71, 76, 177, 229.
Reading, special parole town, 290, 294, 298, 375, 390, 396, 437, 445.
Recruiting among prisoners, 85–6, 224, 267.
Redruth, 284, 291, 410.
Regilliack, 264–5.
Regulations, Prison-, to be hung in sight of prisoners, 191, 224,
271–2, 360–1.
Releases of prisoners, 86, 95, 98, 157, 191, 201, 251, 255, 303, 347,
355, 356, 402, 416, 439–40.
Religious ministrations among prisoners, 96–7, 120–1, 140–1, 145, 167,
179, 214, 224, 229, 257, 267, 411, 417, 424, 430–1, 439.
Remittances to prisoners, 176, 288, 293, 312–13, 335, 352.
Residence of prisoners in England after release, 297–8, 300, 307, 339,
342–3, 349, 358, 360, 411, 417, 424–5, 440.
Rewards offered, for information as to breaches of parole, 287, 310,
329, 346–7, 387, 404–5, 428;
as to escape-aiders, 363, 424;
as to escaped prisoners, 7, 263, 376, 389, 390, 435;
as to forgeries, 274–6;
by French Government, 387.
Richmond, Surrey, 393, 435.
Riotous proceedings of prisoners on parole, 321–2, 330–1.
Riouffe, a French prisoner, 420, 451.
Rochambeau, General, 144–5, 242, 413, 416, 425–7.
Rochester, 79, 94, 212.
Rohan, Prince de, 400.
Roll-call on prison-ships, 41, 62, 65–6;
roll-call tricks, 66–7, 87, 94, 104, 139, 225, 243;
in the prisons, 163, 175, 251, 257;
of parole prisoners, 292, 388, 416, 426.
Romanes, agent at Lauder, 297–8.
‘Romans’, 52, 99, 229, 245–50, 255.
Romsey, 284, 400.
Roscoff, 30, 105.
Roscrow, 115, 264–6.
Ross, Captain, of _Crown_ hulk, Portsmouth, 108, 111–12.
‘Rough Alleys’ in Dartmoor, 255–8.
Round-robins, 220, 399, 404.
Rousseau, a French prisoner, 56, 59, 302–3.
Roxburgh, 316; Duchess of, 320.
Royal Bounty (French), 4, 6–7, 167.
_Royal Oak_ (Plymouth hulk), 92, 397.
Royalists among the French prisoners, 165, 179, 182, 342, 353, 418–9.
Rufin, General, 440.
Russian prisoners, 423, 452.
Rye, 110, 304, 374–5.
St. Aubin, on parole at Alresford, 420;
prisoner at Portchester, 175–9, 181.
St. Budock, Falmouth, 264, 266.
St. Malo, 25, 183, 233, 314, 363, 453.
St. Valéry, 28, 355.
Salaries of parole agents, 293;
prison agents, 146;
prison-ship commanders, 39.
Sale and purchase (or loss by gambling) of clothes and bedding, 8, 19,
20, 38, 41, 60, 63, 76, 78, 122, 128, 130, 143–4, 159, 167, 177,
206, 210, 221, 270;
of rations, 14, 16, 20, 39, 41, 60, 63, 122, 143, 167, 177, 209–10,
250, 256–7;
of rights to exchange and transference, 56, 107, 123, 141, 290;
of sleeping accommodation, 63, 76, 78.
_Sampson_ (Gillingham hulk), 52, 79, 80, 93, 98.
_San Antonio_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 67, 108, 111, 379.
_San Damaso_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 94.
_San Rafael_ (Plymouth hulk), 92, 98.
Sands, Mr. W. H., 134.
Sanquhar, 298, 317, 333, 337–9, 395.
Savoy prison, London, 58, 115.
Scott, Sir Walter, 116, 199, 316, 329–30, 335.
Self-government among prisoners (_see also_ Courts and codes of
justice), 15, 16, 60, 63, 76, 83, 86, 229, 231, 245–6, 256.
Selkirk, 298, 316–17, 324–32, 345.
Seven Years’ War, 4, 29, 115, 167, 186, 188, 215, 264, 268–9, 284, 365,
398, 403, 412–3, 449.
Sevenoaks, 284, 305–6, 367, 390, 406.
Sheerness, 54, 205.
Ship-model making, 176, 211, 218, 255, 334, 416.
Shooting and stabbing of prisoners, 61, 205;
a cautionary measure, 56;
a coercive measure, 59, 171, 250, 259–60, 267;
a punitive measure, 80, 204;
by jailors and sentries, 12–13, 130–2, 208, 361;
of escaping prisoners, 56, 64, 88, 94, 107, 128–9, 142, 163, 174,
198, 200, 201, 216–7, 254, 453;
threatened, 71.
Shortland, Captain, agent at Dartmoor, 253–4, 257–60.
Shrewsbury, 117–8, 266–8.
‘Sick and Hurt’ Office, 3, 4, 16, 28, 30–1, 117, 131, 138, 167, 216,
268, 387–8, 400, 401, 406–7.
Simon, General, 116, 372, 435–6.
Sissinghurst Castle, 5, 8, 115, 125–32, 306, 398–9, 401, 403–4, 406.
Sleeping accommodation of prisoners, on the hulks, 62–3, 76–8, 90,
100–1;
in the prisons, 5, 12, 15, 19, 27, 138, 173, 180, 183, 188, 191, 193,
212, 216–8, 238, 264–5, 268, 271, 361;
on ships of war, 82;
in French prisons, 9, 27;
in the hospitals, 216, 263, 266, 272.
Smith, J., agent at Kelso, 298, 321–4.
Smith, agent at Thame, 294–5, 297, 301, 378.
Smith, agent at Winchester, 263.
Smugglers, 26;
as escape-aiders, 74, 110–11, 233, 273, 304, 312, 366, 368–9, 371,
373, 381–3, 385, 424, 426–8.
Sodbury, Glos., 284, 407.
South Molton, a parole town, 298.
Southampton, 115, 172, 400.
Southampton Water, 111, 262.
Souville, _maître d’armes_, 242.
Souville, Tom, 103–114.
Spanish prisoners, 2, 34, 36, 94, 166, 171, 191–2, 203, 208, 228, 286,
342, 390, 420, 422, 445.
Spettigue, agent at Launceston, 279, 281, 294.
Spies among the prisoners, 76, 96, 358.
‘Spoon-fashion’, Sleeping in, 59–60, 155, 229, 245.
Stapleton Prison, 19, 20, 32, 98, 116–18, 120–1, 166, 176, 207–14, 229,
238, 241, 252, 276, 385, 398, 401–2, 447.
_Statesman_ (newspaper), 21–3, 31, 35, 85.
Stevenson, escape-agent, 304, 371.
Stilton, 118, 121, 133, 139, 145–9, 153.
Stoffel, Colonel, 380–2.
Straw-plaiting by prisoners, 43, 65, 158, 176, 190, 203, 205, 229, 255,
319, 416;
a contraband trade, 43, 121, 142, 147–9, 158–9, 169, 203–4, 211–12,
218, 243, 251.
Subscriptions in aid of prisoners, 7–11, 20, 32, 48, 99, 122, 128, 192,
206–7, 216, 221–3, 267–70.
_Suffolk_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 108.
Suicides among prisoners, 210, 212, 241, 251, 254, 320–1, 421, 423,
427, 437–8.
Support of prisoners by their own country, 8, 10, 14, 16–19, 31–2,
116–17, 209.
Surgeons as prisoners of war, 29–30.
Surveillance of contractors and officials, 2, 8, 15, 136, 227, 263,
293, 362.
Swedish prisoners, 41, 90, 267.
Swiss prisoners, 335, 343.
Tallien, 447–8.
Talma, 448.
Tate, General, his invasion of England, 208, 362–3.
Tavistock, 247, 279–80, 283–4, 297–8, 387–8, 395, 398, 410, 434, 436.
Tawton, 281, 298.
Tenterden, 95, 284–5, 305, 400–2, 410, 452.
Thame, 54, 294–5, 297–8, 300, 301, 308–9, 378, 395–6, 421.
Theatrical performances by prisoners, on the hulks, 104, 185;
in Dartmoor, 246–7, 251, 255, 257–8;
at Liverpool, 15, 193;
at Millbay, 229;
at Portchester, 108–9, 178, 180–1, 183–5;
on parole, 301, 310, 423;
in Scotland, 318–21, 326, 328, 331, 333, 335–7, 350–1.
Tiverton, 33, 144, 292, 294, 298–300, 369, 374, 391, 393, 398, 403,
439–40, 446–7.
Tonbridge, 284, 404.
Topsham, 370, 373.
Torrington, 284, 405.
Tothill-fields prison, 372.
Trades and professions among the prisoners (_see also_ Articles made by
prisoners, Lessons given, Money earned), on the hulks, 63, 103–4;
in the prisons, 123–4, 144, 173, 176, 218, 251–2, 255, 271;
on parole, 333–4, 349, 396, 416.
Transferences of prisoners, 38, 52, 79, 89, 90–1, 164, 192, 213, 215,
289, 314, 318, 337, 392–3, 395, 398, 417, 425–8.
Transport Office, _passim_.
_Trusty_ (Chatham hospital ship), 52, 79.
Tunnelling, &c., as a means to escape (_see also_ Hole-boring), at
Dartmoor, 252–3, 257;
Millbay, 220–3, 230;
Perth, 160–4;
at other prisons, 126, 147, 171, 173–4, 200, 215–16, 264–5, 269, 363.
Unfair trading by prisoners, Complaints of, 43, 142, 147–8, 177–8, 181,
185, 203–4, 211–12, 218, 228, 396.
Valleyfield, 79, 118, 149, 157, 197–206, 238, 271, 273, 275, 292, 320,
333, 341.
Vanhille, Louis, 243, 278–83.
Veitch, James, 346–7.
_Vengeance_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 71–4, 108, 312.
Ventilation, on the hulks, 41–2, 51, 61–2, 76–8, 104;
on ships of war, 82;
in the prisons, 12, 143–4.
Verdun, 23, 36, 333 _n._
_Veteran_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 109.
_Vigilant_ (Portsmouth hulk), 43, 92–3, 99.
Villaret-Joyeuse, General, 378, 421.
Villeneuve, Admiral, 445–6.
Virion, General, 23, 36.
Vochez, French official, 12, 227–8.
Waddell, smuggler and escape-agent, 371, 382–3.
Wales, Prisoners of War in, 357–64.
Wansford, 147, 150.
Wantage, 212, 291, 295–8, 308, 383.
Waterhouse, Benjamin, 82–91, 256.
Weapons, wearing of, by prisoners, 442, 445–6.
Weir, Dr., of the Transport Board, 210, 294.
Wellington, Duke of, 34, 184, 373, 427.
Welshpool, 291, 298, 360, 383, 396.
Wesley, John, 116, 207.
Whitbread, Samuel, M.P., 211, 240.
Whitchurch, 285, 298, 396.
Whitstable, 367, 369, 371.
Wigan, 192.
Wincanton, 156 _n._, 295, 298, 308, 338, 351–2, 391, 393, 398, 403,
421–8, 445, 452.
Winchester, 97, 115, 167–8, 172, 179, 219, 262–3, 281, 289, 367, 390,
406, 410.
Winter, Admiral De, 449.
Wives of paroled prisoners, 194, 373–4, 382, 417, 434, 448, 451–3.
Women prisoners, 13, 99, 104, 156, 170–1.
Woodriff, Captain Daniel, R.N., 36, 78, 108, 136, 139–41, 143–4.
Worcester, 391, 448.
Wye, in Kent, 284, 397, 404.
Yarmouth, 31, 268–9.
Yaxley, 133–6, 150, 153.
-----
Footnote 1:
Vol. iii. (1790 ed.), pp. 66–7.
Footnote 2:
_Quarterly Review_, vol. xxvi, No. 51, Art. I (December 1821).
Footnote 3:
‘Prepare to tack!’
Footnote 4:
See _Lavengro_, chap. iv.
Footnote 5:
_Historical Sketch of the old Dépôt or Prison for French Prisoners of
War at Perth._ By William Sievwright. Perth: 1894.
Footnote 6:
This is not the only instance of a church being used as a dormitory
for prisoners on the march. When the officers at Wincanton were
marched to Gosport _en route_ for Scotland in 1812 they slept in the
church at Mere, Wiltshire, and the prisoners taken at Fishguard in
1797 were lodged in the church at Haverfordwest.
Footnote 7:
In addition to other sources of information, the foregoing notes on
the war-prisoners in Liverpool are taken from Picton’s _Memorials of
Liverpool_; the Histories of Muir and Barnes; Stonehouse’s
_Recollections of Old Liverpool_; Gomer Williams’s _Liverpool
Privateers_; and Richard Brooke’s _Liverpool from 1775 to 1800_.
Footnote 8:
I quote this between inverted commas, as I cannot help questioning its
accuracy.
Footnote 9:
In Glencorse churchyard is a cross upon which is engraved: ‘Ici repose
Charles Cotier de Dunquerque, mort 8 Janv., 1807.’
Footnote 10:
Other authorities give the height of the outer wall as eight feet,
which was raised in 1812 to twelve feet, and of the inner wall as
twelve feet.
Footnote 11:
A recent visit to Kergilliack revealed nothing more than a large field
behind Kergilliack upper farm, bounded by an unusually massive wall,
and said to have been the prison exercising ground, and outside it a
tumulus locally reputed to mark the prison burial-place, and held to
be haunted.
An elaborately moulded plaster ceiling at Meudon Farm in Mawnan, five
miles from Kergilliack, is said to have been the work of foreign
prisoners of war.
Footnote 12:
To account for this extraordinary, and apparently quite unnecessary
journey, during which Vanhille seems always to have had plenty of
money, M. Pariset thinks it possible that he was really an emissary of
the committee which was at this time earnestly considering the plan of
a general rising of all the prisoners of war in England.
Footnote 13:
I give this as in M. Pariset’s original. I have not been able to find
that Moore ever was thus employed. He made the offer at his trial, but
the Government declined it.
Footnote 14:
For much pertaining to Kelso, as for other matters associated with
prisoners of war on parole in Scotland, I have to thank Mr. J. John
Vernon, Hon. Secretary of the Hawick Archaeological Society.
Footnote 15:
The above, and other Masonic notes which follow, are from the _History
of Freemasonry in the Province of Roxburgh, Peebles, and
Selkirkshire_, by Mr. W. Fred Vernon.
Footnote 16:
The rank of garde-marine in the French Navy corresponded with that of
sub-lieutenant in the British Navy; there was no rank actually
equivalent to our midshipmen.
The British midshipmen were sources of continued anxiety and annoyance
to their custodians in their French prisons. They defied all rules and
regulations, they refused to give their parole, and were ceaseless in
their attempts to escape. ‘I wish to goodness’, said a French officer
at Bitche one evening at dinner, ‘I knew what to do to keep those
English middies within bounds!’
‘There is only one way, Sir,’ said a lady at the table.
‘What is that?’ asked the officer eagerly.
‘Put them on their honour,’ replied the lady.
General Courcelles, at Verdun, shut up 140 middies in the monastery at
St. Vannes, and made them pay for maintenance.
Footnote 17:
I failed to find a single grave-stone of a French prisoner of war at
Wincanton.
Footnote 18:
For a letter from a former Leicester prisoner of this date, the reader
may be referred to p. 306.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. P. 297, changed “trés sincèrement attachés, tant par les doux façons
qu’il a scu toujours avoir pour nous, même en executant” to “très
sincèrement attachés, tant par les doux façons qu’il a scu
toujours avoir pour nous, même en exécutant”.
2. P. 405, changed “netant” to “n’etant”.
3. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
4. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as
printed.
5. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together
at the end of the last chapter.
6. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.