The references are to page and line of the text.
=1=, 9. =pícaros=. This word, as a substantive here, and as an adjective
elsewhere, may fairly be said to defy translation into English. In this
place it has reference to the heroes of the so-called picaresque novels,
a singularly Spanish manifestation of the best times of letters in
Spain, whereof a belated type or imitation occasionally shows itself
even to-day. The _pícaro_ is an adventurer, a rogue, a clown; oftentimes
a thief, almost always a swindler; regularly a good fellow of his kind,
always telling his own story, and usually coming to some rather
respectable end; and all this is suggested in the word. On the
picaresque novel, see F. De Haan, _An Outline of the History of the
Picaresque Novel in Spain_, The Hague and New York, 1903, and F. W.
Chandler, _Romances of Roguery_, Part I, New York, 1899; also, David
Hannay, _The Later Renaissance_, Edinburgh, 1898.
As an adjective, the word may mean variously: low, sly, immoral,
naughty, mischievous, perverse, shameless; it may be a term of the
harshest reprobation, or of the most affectionate reproof.
=2=, 16. =tío=. The Spanish uses of the word are not unlike those of our
word _uncle_; hence some explanation is needed for its application to
the miller, in whose case there can be no question of old age, neither
of any pejorative adumbration, the two usual suggestions. I think it may
be said Tío Lucas was Tío Lucas because he needed some appelation, and
was not up to _Señor_; also because of his friendly disposition. In =29=,
10 tía Josefa is evidently pejorative.
=3=, 12. =las licencias necesarias=. The censoring and licensing of books in
Spain antedates printing by quite two hundred years. Provision was made
for it by Alfonso el Sabio in the _Siete Partidas_ (1256-1263). The
function was gradually assumed by the Inquisition, after its
establishment in 1480, first tacitly, and with the coöperation [p. 130]
of the civil authorities, later, after 1640, independently. From 1550 on
no book could be published or circulated in Spain without the
_aprobación_ and the other formalities whose sum constituted the
_licencias necesarias_. The general practice went out with the
Inquisition, though the Church maintains its Index in Spain as
elsewhere. It may be not out of place to remark that the _licencias_,
though doubtless irksome oftentimes to the author and publisher, are at
present as useful to the student of literature in the matter of
determining dates as is the baptismal certificate to the writer of
biography. For various data, see Ticknor, _History of Spanish
Literature_, vol. I, pp. 420 sqq.
=3=, 15. =gracioso=. The _gracioso_, the "droll servant," is the essentially
comic character of the Spanish classic drama, as the Clown and the Fool
of the English. The first examples of the _gracioso_ are in two plays of
Bartolomé Torres Naharro, and the type is constant from Lope de Vega on.
=3=, 18. =romances de ciego=: songs and ballads printed coarsely on loose
sheets of paper, and sold about the streets of the larger Spanish towns
by the blind beggars.
=3=, 21. =D. Agustín Durán=. A prominent Spanish man of letters, author,
editor, and critic, of lasting influence and importance. Son of a court
physician, he was born at Madrid in 1793, died 1862. His _Romancero
General_, here referred to, the standard collection of old Spanish songs
and ballads, was published in two volumes of the _Biblioteca de Autores
Españoles_ (Madrid, Rivadeneyra), in 1849 and 1851, and has been kept in
print ever since.
=4=, 21. =Estebanillo González=. The reference is to the closing words of
the _prólogo_ to the picaresque novel _Vida y Hechos de Estebanillo
González_, where the author addresses his reader: "Donde, después de
haberla leído y héchote más cruces que si hubieras visto al demonio, la
tendrás por digna y merecedora de haber salido a luz." Estebanillo
González is published in the second volume of _Novelistas Posteriores a
Cervantes_, of the _Biblioteca de Autores Españoles_; the passage quoted
is on page 286. Compare also De Haan, op. cit. p. 49; Chandler, _op.
cit._, p. 243 sqq.
=5=, 3. =después del de (180)4 y antes del de (180)8=. Compare 7, 5: [p.
131] _supongamos que el de 1805_. As a matter of fact, no one of the
years suggested (1804-1808) quite meets all the specifications, as the
depositions referred to in =5=, 8 took place in 1806 and 1807; see the
table in note to that line.
=5=, 4. =Don Carlos IV de Borbón.= Charles IV, King of Spain, born at
Naples, 1748, succeeded his father, Charles III, in 1788, abdicated
March 18th, 1808, died at Rome, 1819.
=5=, 8-9. Louis XIV (of France)
|
Louis (Dauphin)
__________________________|__________________
| |
Louis, Dauphin, Duke of Burgundy Philip, Duke of Anjou,
| Philip V of Spain
Louis XV |
| ________________|___________
Louis, Dauphin | | |
| Ferdinand VI Charles III Philip, Duke
Louis XVI (jefe de ellos) of Spain of Spain of Parma
beheaded January 21, 1793. | |
____________________________________________| Ferdinand
| | of Parma
Charles IV Ferdinand IV |
of Spain, King of Naples, Louis
deposed 1808. deposed 1806. (died 1803)
|
Charles Louis
Duke of Parma,
deposed 1807.
=5=, 13 sqq. =Rívoli=, village of Italy, near Verona, where Bonaparte
defeated the Austrians, January 14, 1797.--=Marengo=, village 3 miles
south-east of Alessandria in Piedmont. The battle of Marengo, fought
June 14, 1800, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories and narrowest
escapes.--=las Pirámides=; the battle of the Pyramids was fought July
21st, 1798.--=Corona de Carlo Magno=; Napoleon I was crowned emperor
December 2d, 1804.
=6=, 2. The Spaniard is specially fond of parenthetical interjection of
a votive kind, and rarely omits it in speaking of the dead. The phrase
used here is frequent, though rather of the elaborate: _¡Que santa
gloria haya!_ often abbreviated in writing to _¡q. s. g. h!_ is one of
the frequent simpler forms. Parentheses of another, though analogous
sort, are _C. m. b._ or _C. p. b._--_cuyas manos, cuyos pies
beso_--often inserted in letters after the name of some person; and
there are others. The Latin _absit omen!_ may be called to mind in this
connection.
=6=, 12. =Gaceta.= The Gazette, the official newspaper of Spain, was
established in 1661. By decree of 12 April, 1791, all newspapers except
this one were suppressed; and as it was not until after 1811 that the
Cortes of Cadiz restored in some measure the liberty of the press, the
_Gaceta_ was at the time of the story the only source of information
accessible to Spaniards, except perhaps in one or two of the largest
cities. Alarcón pokes a bit of fun at the _Gaceta_, in the present
passage; and Richard Ford, in the 1845 edition of his _Handbook for
Travellers in Spain_, vol. II, page 728, says of it: "Its pages for the
last fifty years, the French _Moniteur_ only excepted, are the greatest
satire ever deliberately published by any people on itself."
=6=, 21. =Inquisición.= The Inquisition in Spain was suspended by a decree
of Napoleon, December 4th, 1808. Ferdinand VII made various efforts to
restore it, and it did not disappear finally until 1834. It had been
established by a decree promulgated at Toledo in December, 1480, to
commissioners appointed in September of that year, and its first court
was held at Seville in 1481. See H. C. Lea, _A History of the
Inquisition in Spain_, Vol. I, New York, 1906, pp. 160 sqq.; Ch. V.
Langlois, _L'inquisition d'après des travaux récents_.
=6=, 23. =fueros.= The _fuero_ was a special privilege or concession granted
by the king to any particular province, town, or individual. Celebrated
examples in Spanish national history are those granted to Aragon and to
the Basque provinces. On the _fuero_ see Rafael Altamira y Crevea,
_Historia de España y de la Civilización Española_, Barcelona, 1900 and
1902, vol. I, pp. 502 sqq. The word _fuero_ is also used to denote the
body of municipal law, and as title of a collection of statutes, as in
Fuero Juzgo, Fuero Real, etc.
=6=, 26. =Corregidor.= In the cities of Spain in which there was neither
royal governor nor court, the _corregidor_ was, under the old régime,
the most important personage, filling at once the offices of judge,
financial administrator, head of the council, and prosecutor. His
authority, especially in the remote towns, was practically unlimited.
He was appointed directly by the king. With constitutional government,
he has lost importance, and when found is simply an _alcalde_, or mayor.
=6=, 28. The unabridged text here is: "y pagando diezmos, primicias,
alcabalas, subsidios, mandas, y limosnas forzosas, rentas, rentillas,
capitaciones, tercias reales, gabelas, frutos-civiles, y hasta cincuenta
tributos más, cuya nomenclatura no viene a cuento ahora." The best
account of all these taxes is to be found under the appropriate headings
in Marcelino Martínez Alcubilla, _Diccionario de la Administración
española_, fifth edition, Madrid, 1892. They were nearly all abolished
by the reforms introduced by Mon in 1846.
=7=, 2. =la=; _sc. historia_.
=8=, 2. =ciudad.= On the subject of the locality, Alarcón tells us in the
omitted portions of the preface already referred to, that the different
ballads assign different places to the action; the one published in
Durán's _Romancero_ bears the title _El Molinero de Arcos_, and the
scene is laid at Arcos de la Frontera; another, a _romance de ciego_
this, puts it at Jerez de la Frontera, as does also a third, repeated to
Alarcón by Hartzenbusch; and he says that the peasant folk of
Estremadura, among whom also the story is current, locate the action at
Plasencia, Cáceres, and other towns of that province. He concludes,
after having told us that Repela's version mentions no names: "En tal
situación, y considerando que Repela nació, vivió y murió en la
provincia de Granada; que su versión parece la auténtica y fidedigna, y
que aquella es la tierra que mejor conocemos nosotros, nos hemos tomado
la licencia de figurar que sucedió el caso en una ciudad, que no
nombremos, del antiguo reino granadino."
Bonilla, in the article referred to in the introduction to this book,
publishes still another ballad which begins "En cierto lugar de España,"
and makes no nearer reference to the place.
Enough has been said to make it clear that the story is widely known in
various parts of Spain, as part of local rhyme; and, indeed, we have
Alarcón's word in his preface, that this is so; we may properly make an
effort towards a nearer identification of the place he had in his mind
when he wrote. To this end, compare with what has just been said the
paragraph beginning with line 18 of page 24, [p. 134] remembering that
Alarcón was born in Guadix; and, read in connection with this last-named
passage, the following, taken from page 273 of _De Madrid a Nápoles_:
"Guadix fue una de las más importantes colonias de los romanos; después,
en poder de los moros, llegó a ser hasta capital de un reino; verificada
su reconquista por los Reyes Católicos, aún conservó durante tres siglos
sus aires señoriles, y allá por el año de 8, cuando la invasión
francesa, los graves señores que eran regidores perpetuos vestían sendas
capas de grana, ceñían espadín y se cubrían con sombrero de tres
picos.--¡Yo he alcanzado a conocer esta vestimenta de mi abuelo, que se
conservaba en mi casa como una reliquia, y que nosotros, los hijos de
1833, irreverentes a fuer de despreocupados, dedicamos a mil
profanaciones en nuestros juegos infantiles!" Wherefrom we may safely
conclude, without pushing matters at all to extremes, that it was Guadix
that surely furnished most of the local coloring for our story.
=8=, 5. =día de precepto.= Holy days of obligation are certain days
independent of Sundays and feasts that may fall on them, on which it is
required to hear mass, and to abstain from servile work. Those
universally observed are: The Circumcision of Our Lord (January 1st);
Ascension Day (forty days after Easter); the Assumption of the Blessed
Virgin (15th August); All Saints' Day (1st November); the Nativity of
our Lord (Christmas Day); and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception
(8th December); in Spain there are numerous others.
=8=, 5. The meals of the Spanish household order as indicated here are the
_almuerzo_, breakfast; _comida_, dinner; _cena_, supper. The _chocolate_
of line 11 is the irregular luncheon more generally called _merienda_.
The more usual arrangement in the household economy of the larger cities
of Spain to-day includes the _desayuno_ at rising, usually simply a cup
of chocolate; _almuerzo_, the second breakfast, or luncheon, at from ten
o'clock to one; the _merienda_, if taken, after the siesta, at four or
five o'clock; and the _comida_ at eight or after in the evening. This
late _comida_ is also sometimes called _cena_; though often the real
_cena_ is served, a very late supper. In view of this rather formidable
list, it should be said that the Spaniard generally is not a heavy
eater, and that he is usually more than common sober in the matter of
drinking. [p. 135]
=8=, 10. =Rosario.= The saying of the prayers of the Rosary is an entirely
private devotion, and as such may be done at any hour (compare =117=, 14);
the present passage would indicate that twilight was the usual season
chosen to this use by the people of the Ciudad.
=8=, 12. =tertulia.= This word is almost as difficult to translate as
_pícaro_, though quite in another way. A _tertulia_ is a social
gathering, of regular recurrence, for conversation or other amusement,
very informal in its character, and laying the very smallest amount of
social responsibility on the host. There is usually also a large measure
of uniformity in the personnel of the attendance. In short, the word
covers the ground from the afternoon meeting of friends for gossip in a
Madrid bookshop, to the reception day of an embassador. Party,
reception, gathering, club, conversazione, levee, are some of the words
used frequently in translation; but no one of them quite covers the
whole ground, which is perhaps not surprising, as the thing in itself is
peculiarly Spanish.
=8=, 14. =Ánimas.= Seven o'clock in the evening, when the _De profundis_ is
recited for the souls of the dead.
=8=, 16. =guisado=, "cooked," _pp._ of _guisar_, used as substantive, and by
antonomasia for stew, fricassee.
=9=, 4. =entremés, sainete, auto sacramental.= The _entremés_ is a very
short dramatic interlude of very light character, rarely more than a few
minutes in the acting, which was performed between the acts of the
heavier plays: the _sainete_ (_dim._ of saín: the tit-bit--bit of brain
or flesh from the quarry, given the hawk by the falconer) was a similar
postlude. The latter name has been generalized in Spanish and French
literature (French _la saynète_), to mean a very short comedy or farce,
with two or at most three or four characters. The _auto sacramental_ was
a religious play often of allegorical or mystical character, written for
the feast of Corpus Christi, and performed under the auspices of the
church on that day or the days immediately following. See Ticknor, II,
pp. 449-450, and on the _auto sacramental_, II, pp. 348 sqq.; Casiano
Pellicer, _Tratado histórico sobre el origen y progresos del
histrionismo en España_, Madrid, 1804, pp. 18 sqq., 189 sqq., and for a
good account of the performance of the _auto_, 257 sqq. [p. 136]
=9=, 10. =volver á las andadas=, _going back over our traces_.
=10=, _tit._ III. =Do ut des=: _One good turn deserves another_, or _Turn
about is fair play_.
=10=, 15. =parral= has two meanings, either one of which would be in place
here. It is (1) a very large untrimmed grape-vine, or (2) a number of
_parras_, i. e. of grape-vines, trained over trellises to form an arbor.
=10=, 24. =macarros=, _macaroon_, differing from those we know by not being
necessarily of almond meal, being rather larger and rather darker in
color.
=11=, 3. =rosetas=, a Spanish popcorn, so called from the shapes taken by
the kernels at bursting. "Son granos de maíz, tostados al fuego. Suelen
colocarse, para ello, sobre una plancha cualquiera de metal, y, así que
se calientan, saltan, adoptando la forma de masas blancas, con estrías
algo semejantes a las de la rosa" (_Bonilla_).
=11=, 6. =vino de pulso=, _home-made wine_, i. e. wine pressed by hand.
=11=, 7. =al amor de la lumbre=, taken exactly, means just near enough to
the fire to be well warmed, but not scorched; trans., _in the glow of
the fire_.
=por Pascuas=, _on feast-days_, _on special occasions_. The word Pascua
primarily is the name of four greater feasts of the church: Easter
(Pascua de Resurrección, de Flores, or Florida); Pentecost (Pascua de
Espíritu Santo); Christmas (Pascua de Navidad); and Epiphany (Pascua de
Reyes). The plural stands first for the days between Christmas and
Epiphany. Secondarily, _Pascua_ has come to mean any three-day feast of
the church; and in the plural, as here, any season of more than usual
rejoicing.
=11=, 9. =rosco=: _pretzel_: the more usual form is _rosca_.
=11=, 19. =personas de campanillas=. The usual positive form of the
expression is "personas de muchas campanillas."
=11=, 23 sqq. =Vuestra Merced=, here _Your Honor_, is the courteous form of
address to one who has no special title, or whose title is unknown to
the speaker; =Vuestra Señoría=, here _Your Worship_: these two titles in
this book belong exclusively to the laity. =Vuestra Reverencia=, _Your
Reverence_, is addressed indiscriminately to the more distinguished
clergy; =Vuestra Ilustrísima=, _Your Lordship_, belongs specially to
bishops; =Vuestra Paternidad= was originally the address [p. 137] of the
humbler members of religious orders to their priors and abbots and other
superiors. Translate, _Your Reverence_.
=11=, 26. =subsidio, alcabala, frutos-civiles.= Three of the very numerous
taxes exacted in Spain at the time: _cf._ note to =6=, 28.--The _subsidio_
was a tax on commerce or manufactures, here on the output of the mill;
the _alcabala_ was a tax on sales, fixed at the time of the story at 14
per cent. of the amount involved; the _frutos-civiles_ were the tax
levied on income from real estate, royal grants, and privileges of
jurisdiction.
=11=, 28 sqq. =una poca hoja, una poca leña, una poca madera=: this use of
_poco_ is not literary. The meaning is perfectly clear.
=13=, 8. =Ser Supremo=, the _Supreme Being_, the usual denomination of God
in the philosophic writing of the time of the French Revolution.
=Jovellanos.= Gaspar Melchior de Jovellanos or Jove-Llanos, was born in
1744, and died in 1811. He has been called the most eminent Spaniard of
his time; was distinguished as a writer in economics and politics, and
on education; and as a poet. He took prominent part in public life, was
twice exiled for his political views and his mode of expressing them;
and was minister of Justice, 1797. For a good appreciation of his value
in literature, see E. Mérimée, _Etudes sur la Littérature Espagnole au
XIXe Siècle--Jovellanos. Revue Hispanique_, vol. I, 1894, pp. 34-67.
=13=, 10. =la señá Frasquita.= _Señá_ is a popular corruption of the word
_señora_, used as in the present case to qualify one rather above the
level of the common, yet unable to claim the conventional _doña_ of the
gentlewoman. Compare the use of _señor_ in the case of Juan López in
Chapters XVII and XXIV, and the note on _tío_, =2=, 16 above. _Frasquita_
is one of several diminutives of Francisca (_Paca_, _Paquita_,
_Frascuela_, _Francisquita_); so _la señá Frasquita_ is about equivalent
to "Mrs. Fanny" or "Mistress Fanny," the discounting quality of the
_señá_ being in English in the use of the given name. It may be
suggested, however, that it is rarely profitable to force the
translation of ordinary proper names.
=13=, 19. =golilla=, _f._, a diminutive of _gola_, _throat_, is a high,
stiff collar of cardboard, covered with black silk, over or on which is
worn a stiffstarched [p. 138] ruff of white gauze or tulle. The
_golilla_ was a very characteristic part of the dress of Spanish
officers of the civil government, and is, as here, used by metonymy,
with change of gender, to stand for their persons. It is still to be
seen in a very few ceremonial official costumes. A few hints of its
place and significance may be found in A. Morel-Fatio, _Etudes sur
l'Espagne_, III, Paris, 1904, pp. 229-278: "La golille et l'habit
militaire."
=14=, 1. The Royal Academy of History was founded under Philip V in 1738.
It has in its building in the Calle de León at Madrid a museum of
antiquities and a valuable library. Since 1865 it has been in charge of
the national monuments of Spain.
=14=, 2. =Franciscanos=: the Franciscans, Gray Friars, Minorite Friars, a
mendicant order of preaching friars founded by St. Francis of Assisi in
1210.
=14=, 14. =Niobe=, Queen of Thebes, it will be remembered, had seven sons
and seven daughters.
=14=, 16. =de las que.= The force of the preposition goes with the _que_,
although _las_ precedes; that is the present state of the matter; the
construction in reality goes a little deeper, being equivalent to "de
las (aquellas) de que hay"; i. e. _one of those Roman matrons of which
we still find_, or _a Roman matron, one of those of which_, etc., the
stress being on the characteristics, and their implied disappearance
except in the Trastevere; not merely a _Roman matron, whereof, etc._
=14=, 17. =Trastévere= (from _trans Tiberim_): the quarter of Rome lying on
the north bank of the Tiber west and southwest of St. Peter's, at the
foot of the Janiculum hill. It is of all the districts of Rome the one
least invaded by the stranger, and has preserved more than other parts
of the city a certain pure-blooded Roman individuality. It has a dialect
of its own.
=15=, 8. =congrua= here is the temporal income that must be possessed by
candidates for holy orders. The amount varies, and is fixed by the
synods of the respective dioceses.
=15=, 10. =menores.= The minor orders are those below the subdiaconate:
_ostiariatus_, _lectoratus_, _acolythatus_; the major orders are
_subdiaconatus_, _diaconatus_, _presbyteratus_. On the functions and
privileges of each, see S. B. Smith, _Compendium Juris Canonici_, New
York, etc., 1890. [p. 139]
=15=, 15. =Don Ventura Caro=, born about 1742, died 1808. Commanded Spanish
army of the West Pyrenees in 1793-94. In 1801 became Captain General of
Valencia, and did valuable service in restoring and maintaining order in
the province. In 1808 he repulsed an attack of Marshal Moncey on the
city of Valencia, forcing a French retreat.
=Castillo Piñón=, in French, _Château Pignon_, a strongly fortified
position in the French Pyrenees at the northern end of the valley of
Roncesvaux. It was stormed by the Spaniards under Caro, June 6, 1793.
See Jomini, _Histoire Critique et militaire des guerres de la
Révolution_, Paris, 1819, etc., vol. III. pp. 331 sqq.
=15=, 18. =Estella=, town of Navarre, about 25 miles southwest of Pamplona.
=16=, 1. =Goya.= Francisco Goya y Lucientes, Spanish painter, the greatest
name in Spanish art after Velázquez, Ribera, and Murillo. He was born
near Saragossa in 1746, and died at Bordeaux in 1828. He is best known
for his portraits, his cartoons of popular life and customs and of the
events of the Peninsular war, and for his etchings. His work may be seen
to advantage at the Prado and the Academy, in Madrid, and at the
Escorial. Among his paintings at the Prado is a large portrait of the
family of King Charles IV, including the king himself and Queen Maria
Louisa, and illustrating admirably the costume of the time--and, it may
be said, writing clear in the faces the causes of the decay of Spain.
=María Luisa=. Maria Louisa Theresa, daughter of Philip of Bourbon, Duke
of Parma, wife of King Charles IV of Spain, born 1754, married 1767,
died 1819. She is notorious in history for her evil part in the downfall
of Spain, and especially for her relations with Manuel Godoy, Prince of
the Peace. See M. A. S. Hume, _Modern Spain_, New York, 1900; chapters
1-3.
=16=, 2. =falda de medio paso=, a very scant skirt, fashionable at about the
time of the story, and for some years later. The name came from the fact
that the wearer, in dancing especially, was confined to the taking of a
very short step--a half-step. _Falda de un paso solo_ explains itself in
view of the foregoing.
=16=, 14. =Sábado de Gloria.= Holy Saturday, the day before Easter, [p.
140] when music reappears in the Mass after its omission during Holy
Week, and bells are rung at the singing of the _Gloria in Excelsis_,
resumed after its suspension during Lent.
=17=, 1. =Más feo que Picio= is the most common Spanish colloquialism for
extreme absence of personal beauty in men. The origin of the phrase I
have not been able to find. There is a story of a cobbler of the name,
who was more than ugly, and so lives; but the obvious resemblance of
Picio to _pez_, pitch, and to the adjective _píceo_, suggest that the
man was invented after the fact, and named from his wax. For other
expressions of the same kind, see Ramón Caballero, _Diccionario de
modismos, frases y metáforas_, Madrid, 1898-1900.
=18=, 20. =Quevedo.= Francisco Gómez de Quevedo Villegas, born 1580, died
1645; one of the greatest names of Spanish Literature--essayist,
satirist, poet, wit, politician. His life and personality are not less
interesting than his very varied literary work. Consult E. Mérimée,
_Essai sur la vie et les oeuvres de Francisco de Quevedo_, Paris,
1886.
=19=, 9. =broma.= For a similar use, recall Hamlet's speech: "a fellow of
infinite jest," etc. (Act V, Scene I).
=20=, 4. =palillos=, originally _drum-sticks_, here and familiarly in
Andalusia, _castagnets_ (_castañuelas_, _postizas_). =Brisca= and =tute= are
two-handed games of cards popular in Spain; in _brisca_ three cards are
dealt to each player, a trump is turned, and as the play goes on the
hands are kept full by drawing from the pack; _tute_ is a rather more
developed game of the same kind, similar in essentials to sixty-six.
=20=, 6. =el que=; _sc. resultado_ in its secondary meaning, _fact_.
=20=, 16. =tenía algo de ingeniero=: _had some of the qualities of an
engineer, was something of an engineer_.
=21=, 4. =jaraiz, lagar.= _jaraiz_ is primarily the wine-press, _lagar_ the
wine-pit, where the must is preserved before the drawing off into the
skin or cask.
=21=, 8. =reales.= The _real_ at par was worth about five cents. It is no
longer coined, but is still a favorite unit for reckoning in many parts
of Spain, as the _sou_ is here and there in France. The coinage at the
time of our story was the system renewed and simplified by King Charles
III, about 1770. It comprised copper coins: _maravedi_ [p. 141] (34 to
the _real_); _ochavo_, _cuarto_, _dos cuartos_, worth respectively two,
four, and eight _maravedis_; silver coins: _real_, _dos reales_,
_peseta_ (four _reales_); _medio duro_ (ten _reales_); _duro_ (twenty
_reales_); and gold coins: _duro_, _dos duros_, _doblón_ (four _duros_);
_media onza_ and _onza_, (eight and sixteen _duros_ respectively). The
present decimal system, with the unit one _peseta_ = 100 _centimos_ was
introduced in 1868. It is modeled on the system of the Latin union.
=22=, 24. The reference throughout this passage is to Othello, though
there is no one passage in the play where the qualities here suggested
are enumerated or directly ascribed to the Moor; see, however,
specially, Act II, Scene 3, Act III, Scenes 3 and 4, and the Acts IV and
V. It has been suggested, in view especially of line 25, that Alarcón
may have had in mind Hamlet's characterization of his father (_Hamlet_,
Act I, Scene 2): "He was a man, take him for all in all," etc. This
seems to me to come of erroneous reading both of the lines of the play
and the passage here in the text.
=23=, 6. =alpargatas= are rough shoes or slippers of canvas, with hempen
soles; the =montera= is a woolen peasant's cap used in many provinces of
Spain, and varying in form and color with the locality.
=24=, 16. =grana= is the English _grain_, familiar in English literature as
late as Milton; e. g. Moryson, _Itinerary_, III, 1, IV, 96 (1617): "The
Spaniards and Portugals bought _Graine_ for Scarlet Dye." Cf. the
present English _ingrain_ and _ingrained_.
=24=, 18. _Cf._ note to =8=, 2.
=24=, 22. =Fernando VII=, King of Spain, son of Charles IV and Maria Louisa
of Parma. He was born in 1784, became king on the abdication of his
father in 1808, was prisoner in France until 1813, was restored to the
throne on the expulsion from Spain of Joseph Bonaparte, and reigned
until his death in 1833. He was succeeded by his daughter, Isabella II.
=25=, 8. =Constitucionales de la de 1837.= Constitutions were decreed in
Spain in 1812, 1834, 1837, 1854 and 1869. The Constitution of 1837 was
accepted by Queen Isabel on June 17th of that year; on its provisions,
and on the events that led to its promulgation, see M. A. S. Hume, op.
cit., pp. 338-340. It was an essentially radical programme, though much
less broad than the Cadiz Constitution [p. 142] of 1812, and thus while
it appeared reactionary and insufficient to the older Radicals, it
pleased the younger Liberals with whom Alarcón cast in his lot when he
first went into politics.
=25=, 9. =la=, sc. _constitución_.
=25=, 14. =deshollinador=, a long-handled scraper used by chimney sweeps to
dislodge the soot.
=25=, 16, 17. The reference in these lines is to Alarcón's own public
career, and to his changes of political faith. He began as a
revolutionary, and with growing years and discretion found himself in
the ranks of the moderate conservatives, and a devoted royalist.
=25=, 30. =las Castillas=: the Castiles, Old and New Castile. Madrid is in
New Castile, the central part of Spain, reconquered from the Moors after
the formation of the kingdoms of Castile, Leon and Navarre.
=26=, 9. =D. Eugenio de Zúñiga y Ponce de León.= Spanish proper names when
written in full regularly include the family name on both father's and
mother's side. Thus D. Eugenio's father was a Zúñiga, his mother a Ponce
de León. Women, when they marry, usually retain their own family name,
adding the husband's with the copulative _de_; widows sign their own
names, usually with the addition _viuda de_.... Thus Juana Suárez on her
marriage to a Fernández becomes Suárez de Fernández; as a widow, she is
Juana Suárez viuda de Fernández.
=26=, 19. =desembozarse.= The Spaniard usually wears his _capa_ (cape or
cloak) wrapped closely about the neck and the lower part of the face;
this is _embozarse_ (=59=, 13). _Desembozarse_ is to throw back the cloak
and leave the face exposed. Compare _embozo_, =46=, 28.
=26=, 19. =vídose=; from _ver_. "Han escrito buenos autores, y aun suele
decir el vulgo, en el pretérito perfecto, yo vide, él vido, formas
desterradas ya del buen lenguaje" (_Gramática de la Lengua Castellana_,
por La Real Academia Española, ed. 1890, p. 139, note).
=26=, 25. =quirotecas.= The word _quiroteca_--etymologically
_hand-case_,--[Greek: cheir thêkê]--is a jocular, almost a slang term,
for misshapen gloves or gauntlets. Similar but more ephemeral
expressions for gloves and especially for shoes and stockings are not
uncommon in English. [p. 143]
=28=, 2. =se descubrían hasta los pies=: _bowed to the ground, hat in hand;
uncovered and bowed to the ground._
=30=, 6. =estaba subido=. _Subido_ is here an adjective in connection with
_estar_,--the nearest approach possible in Spanish to the common Romance
construction of verbs of motion with the substantive auxiliary. The idea
is that Uncle Lucas has climbed up and is still up. We have the same
construction in =30=, 14, _estoy agarrado_, and =32=, =26=, _estoy subido_.
=31=, 3. Note the pun on _mono_ "monkey," and _mono_ "pretty."
=32=, 9. =puede [ser] que=: Cf. French _peut-être que_, _il se peut que_.
=32=, 15. =pedazo de bárbaro=: _you wild man_. Compare with this use of
_pedazo_ the French use of _espèce_: _espèce de vaurien_, _espèce de
barbare_, etc., and _espèce de type_.
=33=, 5. =ramblilla=, diminutive of _rambla_, originally the washed-out,
sandy bed of a stream, left dry after freshets. The secondary meaning,
"hollow way," "low path," comes from the use frequently made of the beds
of streams in the dry season.
=33=, 10. =fandango.= An Andalusian dance, very old and very lively. Compare
Ford, op. cit., ed. 1845, p. 187; Pellicer, op. cit. I, beginning p.
121.
=34=, 4. =tanto bueno=, sc. _por aquí_, i. e., _so much honor done us_,
lit., "so great a good thing here."
=35=, 8. =donde primero le coge=: _wherever it catches him_; _primero_ is an
adverb.
=35=, 25. =Pamplona= or Pampeluna, the old capital of Navarre, señá
Frasquita's country, and a prominent border fortress, has been besieged
frequently in the course of its long history. It was taken from the
Romans by Euric in 466, sacked by the Franks under Childebert in 542,
destroyed by Charlemagne in 778; in 907 it beat off the Moors, and in
1138 the Castilians, in the war between Alfonso VII and García Ramón II,
after the dissolution of the union with Aragon; and it has been occupied
not infrequently by the French, who gained possession of it by stratagem
in 1808, and held it until October 21, 1813, General Cassan making a
fine defence against the English and Spaniards; and it has suffered
since then in the civil wars. Ignatius Loyola was one of the city's
defenders [p. 144] in its siege by the French in 1521, and it is said
that it was during convalescence from wounds in the hospital of the
citadel that he planned the Order of Jesus. The special appositeness of
Pamplona as an illustration here lay doubtless in the fact that señá
Frasquita was of Navarre.
=36=, 2. =Rubens.= Peter Paul Rubens, celebrated Flemish painter, born 1577,
died 1640.
=36=, 19. =bestia=, really a feminine noun, appears as masculine here, in
=50=, 6, and elsewhere; so also _calavera_, =45=, 25, =111=, 11, and _espía_,
=86=, 15. The three words are grouped in this note as being good
illustrations of three stages of the same tendency: a disposition
constantly more evident in Spanish to recognize association of real and
grammatical gender in nouns that are of very common use. _Espía_, whose
masculine signification is as old as the word itself, appears in
Tolhausen's Dictionary (1891), and the thirteenth edition of the
Dictionary of the Spanish Academy (1899), as both masculine and
feminine. _Calavera_ is given as masculine in the transferred sense by
the Academy dictionary, but not by Tolhausen; _bestia_ is exclusively
feminine in both. The conclusion is clear, though it may be tempered by
the consideration that _bestia_ in the figurative sense is coarser and
of lower use than the other words, and so slower in achieving
recognition, in spite of its appearance in the more colloquial pages of
such standard authors even as Alarcón.--_un maula_, =82=, 10, is to be
accounted for as _bestia_, or perhaps better, as a careless use of _un_
by the unlettered Garduña; _un ave_, p. 60, is analogical to _el ave_, a
regular form; so also _un agua_, =40=, 16.
=38=, 20. =Ave María Purísima.= (Cf. p. 97, title to Chapter XXVIII). By
proclamation of 22d October, 1617, the Spanish Dominions in Europe and
America were declared to be under the protection of the Immaculate
Conception of the Virgin; hence the addition of the word _Purísima_ to
the _Ave Maria gratia plena_ of the prayer. Hence also, doubtless, the
frequent expletive use of the words, as here, and their crystallization
into formulæ of daily life, as in the other passage cited above. Hence
also the frequency of the appearance of the Conception in Spanish Art.
For notes of Spanish customs and rites connected with this doctrine see
Ford, op. cit., ed. [p. 145] 1845, pp. 265 sqq. The doctrine of the
Immaculate Conception was made part of the faith of the whole church by
an apostolic Letter of Pius IX, dated December 8, 1854; it had been a
matter of theological controversy since the thirteenth century.
=38=, 29. =San Miguel=. St. Michael the archangel, the first and mightiest
of created spirits, mentioned in the Bible in the books of Jude and
Revelations. In churchly tradition he is the chief, and sometimes the
sole archangel, and the one to whom was assigned the expulsion from
Heaven of Satan and the other disobedient angels. His present office is
two-fold: he is patron saint of the Church on earth, and lord of the
souls of the dead. His feast, Michaelmas, is September 29. In art he is
always young and handsome. His attributes vary with the function
symbolized: as conqueror of Satan he stands with his foot upon his foe,
who is always a monster, sometimes a dragon, sometimes part human, part
dragon.
=39=, 4. =¡Jesús, María y José!= trans.: _Mercy on us!_
=40=, 24. =derritiéndosele la gacha=. Gacha is a sort of gruel made by
boiling broken rice in a large quantity of milk. When it is about to
boil over, a very few drops of cold water stop the boiling and bring the
mass down again. This is called _derretir la gacha_. So here, _his anger
fell suddenly_.
=41=, 10. =Ticiano=, _Titian_. Tiziano Vecelli, born at Cadore in Venetia,
1477, died at Venice 1576; the greatest of Venetian painters.
=41=, 19. =Pomona=, the Italian divinity of the fruits of trees, especially
of apple-orchards. She is usually represented as a Hamadryad, young, and
beloved of many rustic gods. Her worship was very important in Rome. Cf.
Ovid, _Metamorphoses_, XIV, 623; Varro, _De Lingua Latina_, VII, 45.
=42=, 5. =quinto=, the fifth of the six commandments or precepts of the
Church, "to contribute to the support of our pastors." See _Butler's
Catechism_, lessons XX and XXI.
=42=, 7. The =diezmo= (_tithe_) was at this time paid to the civil
authority, and by it made over to the Church.
=43=, 4. =Licenciado=: _licentiate_. Primarily the title given to the
holders of the second academic degree; at the present time generally
used in Spain, as here, to designate a lawyer. [p. 146]
=43=, 12, sqq. _"Thou hast said it," replied the latter, with the kindly
severity of a saint, which they say he was indeed. "An excuse unasked
(is) a manifest accusation. As is the man, so are his words. But enough
has been said, let there be no further speech."_
=44=, 6. =cordonazo de San Francisco=, _the autumn equinox_, _the autumn
equinoctial_; in the narrower sense, the four days preceding and the
four days following St. Francis' day (October 4). It is originally a
maritime expression.
=44=, 16. =torta sobada=, a cake, perfectly solid, made of dough that has
been very much kneaded.
=44=, 17. =pan de aceite= is bread made of dough to which olive oil has been
added, giving a peculiar and much esteemed taste, when the bread is
fried. Or it may be used as here, of the dough.
=45=, _tit_. XIII. =Le dijo el grajo al cuervo=: _The pot said to the
kettle._ The full form of the proverb is: _le dijo el grajo al cuervo:
quítate allá que tiznas_; and the Spanish has also the other sayings,
nearer our own in form: _dijo la sartén a la caldera, tírate allá,
culinegra_, and _dijo la sartén al cazo, quítate allá, que me tiznas_.
=45=, 24. =pelar la pava=, _to pluck the turkey-hen_, is to stand at night
under the window of the beloved, and so to make love. In Andalusia it is
often called also _comer hierro_, from the bars that protect almost all
windows there. Cf. R. Ford, op. cit., ed. 1845, pp. 153-154, for
admirably witty remarks.
=46=, 12, 15. =penitenciario, magistral=. The Canon Penitentiary, or
diocesan confessor, has general charge of confessions and public
penance; he is, with the Dean, the Secretary, the Treasurer, the
Sacristan, and the Canon Theologian, a necessary officer of the minimum
organization of the cathedral chapter; (a _collegiate chapter_ may
consist simply of Dean, Secretary, Treasurer and Sacristan). Cf. Rev. S.
B. Smith, _Compendium Juris Canonici_, New York, etc., 1890, Caput V,
_De Adjutoribus Episcopi_, Art. VII. The Magistral, in the capitular
organization, is the Canon whose special duty is preaching. Other Canons
frequent in Spanish Chapters are the _Canónigo Doctoral_, the advocate
and man of affairs, who must always be a doctor of canon law, and the
_Canónigo lectoral_, a doctor or licentiate in theology, who expounds
the Scriptures. The [p. 147] word _magistral_ has other special
meanings which do not concern us here.
=46=, 29. =Predicador de Oficio=, the _Magistral_; =Confesor de la Catedral=;
the _Penitenciario_.
=48=, 6 sqq. Compare with this chapter the conversations of Mr. Nupkins in
chapters XXIV and XXV of _Pickwick Papers_.
=48=, 11. =velón de Lucena=. Lucena, a town of Andalusia, in the Cabra
Valley, about forty miles southeast of Cordova, is still noted for its
lamps. The old-fashioned _velón de Lucena_ was a tall brass affair, with
a number of wicks fitted into projecting beak-like receptacles for the
oil.
=48=, 22. =a lo que=. =Lo que= here = _what_; the prepositional force falls on
the _que_, though _lo_ precedes. _That is what I was coming to, what I
was getting at._ In form the construction is attracted from _es lo a que
iba_.
=48=, 25. I have not been able to find the origin or the details of the
story of the "Sargento Utrera" or "Sargento de Utrera que reventó de
feo." He belongs to Andalusia, as the town name Utrera would suggest;
and he shares his distinction with "El Sargento Cruz, a quién por feo
tuvieron que dar los Santos Oleos con una caña." For information on the
whole subject I am much indebted to Sr. Bonilla y San Martín, and to Sr.
D. Joaquín Hazañas y la Rua, of Seville. Cf. reference in note to =17, 1=.
=49=, 27. =me las compondré=: _I will fix things up._
=49=, 28. =la [batalla] de San Quintín=. St. Quentin, an important French
town, eighty-two miles north-north-east of Paris, was the scene of
several battles; the one referred to here was fought in 1557, on August
10, St. Lawrence's day, and was a great victory for the Spaniards, who,
under the command of the Duke of Savoy, and with the aid of English,
Flemish, and German auxiliaries, beat the French under Coligny and the
Constable Montmorency. The Escorial was founded as a monument of the
gratitude of Philip II for this victory, and dedicated to St. Lawrence.
=50=, 6. =cuando te tuvo=: _When he took you_, i. e., _that he took you_,
_in that he took you_. So also =84=, 18, =cuando ha ido=, _when she has
gone_ = _since she has gone_. [p. 148]
=50=, 27. =Pósito Real=, =Pósito Pío=. The _pósito_ was the public granary,
whether national or municipal, to which regular contributions were due
by law. The _pósito real_ was storehouse of forage for the army, the
royal stables, etc.; the _pósito pío_ a charitable institution from
which grain was lent without interest in kind (_creces_) or other
charges (_recargo_), or given to widows, poor farmers, hospitals,
asylums, etc. So, in the one case, the alcalde was simply behind in his
taxes; in the other he had actually taken property to which under no
circumstances had he any right.
=54=, 12. =mañana será otro día=. A very favorite Spanish expression, used
sometimes as a gently pessimistic reflection on the transitoriness of
mundane things, and more often, as here, to suggest that there is no
hurry about anything, and that to-morrow will take care of itself. Cf.
the German: _Morgen ist auch wieder ein Tag._
=56=, 5, 6. =trabuco=, =bocacha=. It is rather difficult to make a distinction
in translation; blunderbuss is the word most often used in either case;
_bocacha_ is really a bell-muzzled _trabuco_.
=56=, 25. =rúbrica=. The _rúbrica_ is the characteristic flourish that
accompanies almost every Spanish signature; it has always been regarded
as highly important as an attest of genuineness, much as the seal in
other countries. So _firma y rúbrica_ would be practically equivalent to
_hand and seal_.
=57=, 5. =con más pelos y señales=: _With more hairs and moles_; i. e., "in
greater detail."
=57=, 18. =¡Qué burra ni qué demontre!= _What the deuce do you want with a
burra!_
=60=, 6. =pajarraco=. The suffix _aco_ (more usually _ajo_ or _acho_)
suggests at once large size and ill-favoredness--hideousness.
=62=, _tit._ XVII. =Alcalde de Monterilla=. The _monterilla_ is a small
cloth cap worn by peasants. Its use here is to denote a person whose
only distinction is his office, as we speak of a beggar on horseback. A
"jay-alcalde" would be a fairly accurate rendering of the idea.
=64=, 25. =de profundis=: The first words of the vulgate version of the 129
(130th) Psalm, _De profundis clamavi ad te Domine,_ etc., used in the
Catholic Church as a prayer for the souls of the dead.
=64=, 29. =pro=. This word is now more usually masculine. [p. 149]
=66=, _tit._ XIX. =Voces clamantes in deserto.= _Voices crying in the
wilderness_; compare Matthew iii, 3, Isaiah xl, 3.
=66=, 1. =que soy de Archena=. Archena is a town of the old kingdom of
Murcia, on the Segura, about sixteen miles northwest of Murcia. Its
introduction here by Uncle Lucas has only the significance of native
local pride. Compare the expression current in the United States at the
present day: "I'm from Missouri; I want to be shown." For the rest of
the line and for a speech analogous in spirit, see Don Quijote's
outbreak in Chapter XVII of the Second part: "_¿leoncitos a mí?_ _¿a mí
leoncitos, y a tales horas?_" etc.
=69=, 7. =deliberada y voluntariamente=: note the omission of the adverbial
suffix. Cf. _despertar y vestirse_, =87=, 9.
=70=, 12. =había=, impersonal, as proved by _colgadas_ following.
_Colgadas_, adjective-participle, _hanging_.
=70=, 20. =reo en capilla=. Persons under death-sentence in Spain have the
regular attendance of priests, and are confined in a cell specially
arranged for religious services, whence the name _capilla_. The _hopa_
is a black cassock or robe worn by the criminal at execution.
=79=, 9. =¡Santos y Santas!= _Saints and Saintesses_, though effective, is
scarcely English: "male and female saints" obviously will not do. We are
constrained to twist the text a bit and translate: _Saints of heaven!_
or better, _Saints and angels of heaven!_
=79=, 12. =a mí ¿qué?= _What is it to me?_ _What is that to me?_ _What do I
care?_
=80=, 3. =cachorrillos=. The _cachorrillo_ is a very small pocket-pistol,
something on the bulldog order. The name is descriptive, being a
diminutive of _cachorro_, "puppy."
=81=, 22. =esta es la más negra=: elliptical construction; sc. _cosa_.
=82=, 10. =maula=. The word is regularly feminine. The short form of the
article here is Garduña's carelessness of speech.
=82=, 15. =talonazo= is a backward kick or dig with the heel; _puntapié_ a
forward kick with the toe.
=83=, 17. =lo que te dices=, trans.: _what you are saying_. The reflexive
pronoun is used colloquially as implying the suggestion of astonishment
and warning in the hearer, impertinence in the (first) speaker. [p.
150] Syntactically it seems simply expletive, as also in _se anda_, =57=,
19, and elsewhere (_sp_. =105=, 30). In _andarse_ the influence of _irse_
is apparent.
=86=, 5. =si será, si será=: for classification of uses of _si_, cf.
vocabulary.
=86=, 19. =un alfiler de a ochavo=. _A farthing pin._ The preposition _de_
really qualifies the distributive expression _a ochavo_ which itself
stands for "los que se venden" or "se compran a ochavo el uno," or some
equivalent phrase.
=87=, 2. =mona=. Cf. the German _Affe_, in like sense.
=87=, 14. =téngalas=; sc. _noches_.
=88=, 3. _esta su casa_. The Spanish form of courtesy. A welcome visitor
is always in _his own house_.
=89=, 4. The expletive use of the name of the Virgin, as of others in
Spanish, is well known; it may be general or with some suggestion of
personal attribute, as the _Purísima_ of =38=, 20; or it may be, as here,
with reference to some particular image or shrine. The same thing is
true of the use of Mary as a given name in baptism; and the curious
Spanish names Carmen, Dolores, Concepción, Pilar and so on, are simply
the shortened form of María del Carmen, María de los Dolores, etc.
=89=, 19. =bueno=, as in the vocabulary, or _he is in a pretty fix_. Cf. use
of _bueno_, "well," "healthy."
=89=, 21. =Pardo=, a royal country seat on the Manzanares, about six miles
from Madrid. It was built by Charles I (Charles V), increased by Charles
III, and was long a favorite shooting-box, with extensive preserves.
=89=, 24. =Pedro el Cruel=. Pedro I, King of Castile and Leon, born about
1334, succeeded his father, Alfonso XI, in 1350; killed by his
half-brother, Henry of Trastamara, in 1369; called also Pedro el
Justiciero. Intimately associated in history with the Black Prince, John
of Gaunt, and Bertrand Duguesclin.
=91=, 4. =que venga a preguntar=: _should it come to ask_. The subjunctive
may be taken as a condensed conditional construction, or as
characteristic; in either case it is a subjunctive of result: _if so be
it should come_, _in case it should come_, or _should it be of such a
kind as to come_. [p. 151]
=91=, 8, 9. =¡caza mayor!--¡mayúscula!= _big game!--game with a big G.!_
=91=, 28. =¡Guarda, Pablo!= Expression denoting at once surprise and the
recognition of need for caution. Translate, _Hold on, fellows!_ _Easy
there!_ _Go slow, Johnny!_ or something of the sort.
=95=, 17. =albarca.= The more usual form of the word is _abarca_. It is the
roughest kind of a sandal, a simple rawhide sole, with straps covering
two of the toes and fastening about the instep and ankle. The _abarca_
is very old in Spain: it is mentioned in the General Chronicle of
Alfonso the Learned, ed. 1541, folio cclxii verso, and at least one King
of Navarre, Sancho Abarca (905-927), had his surname from the use of it
among his followers.
=98=, 25. =¡Dale, bola!= A very familiar expression, denoting the irritation
or disgust experienced at hearing a thing much repeated. See vocabulary,
_bola_.
=100=, _tit._ XXIX. =Post nubila... Diana=: _After storm-clouds, moonlight_.
=100=, 5. =balcón.= The Spanish _balcón_ is not always, or indeed usually, a
balcony in the English sense of the word. What is generally to be
understood is a window with a railing upon which one may lean, either
with or without a very slight projection beyond the wall of the house.
=102=, 26. =había moros en la costa.= The expression dates from the time
when raids by the Moorish pirates of North Africa were frequent on the
eastern and southern coasts of Spain. It has been generalized to signify
the nearly impending, and is of frequent use.
=105=, 5. =mantilla=: shawl or scarf worn as a head-covering by women of
Spanish countries. There are many different kinds of _mantillas_. Those
worn in the cities are usually of lace, while in the country they are
frequently of other materials. The one here spoken of is evidently of
flannel covered with a mesh of chenille and bordered with a fringe of
balls of the same.
=107=, 17. =me= is dative of interest.
=115=, 28. =harina de otro costal=: _flour from a different sack_; i. e.,
another matter, another story, a horse of a different color, another
pair of sleeves. Note that the miller's wife went to the mill for her
figure. [p. 152]
=117=, 8. =cuarto estado=, _the Fourth Estate_, i. e., the laborers and
serving-classes, the proletariat, as distinguished from the Third
Estate, the Commons.
=119=, 10. =arrimó una bofetada=: _handed him a blow_.
=120=, 6. =San Simón y San Judas.= The feast-day of St. Simon and St. Jude,
Apostles, is October 28th. Simon Zelotes the Canaanite, and Judas, also
called Thaddeus, are mentioned among the disciples of Jesus, Matthew x,
3, Mark iii, 18, Luke vi, 16; and again, Acts i, 13. For a curious
account of their lives and martyrdom, see Jacobus a Voragine, _Legenda
aurea_, Cap. CLIX (154), ed. Graesse, Breslau, 1890, or the Temple
reprint of Caxton's translation of the same work, London, Dent, 1900
(vol. VI, pp. 72 sqq.). The night of St. Simon and St. Jude is in Spain
what St. John's Eve (June 23) is in most of the rest of Europe, the
season when ghosts, goblins and fairies are busiest. Compare =86=, 10-12.
=121=, 6. =Anteo.= Antæus, a giant, son of Poseidon and Gaia. He was
invincible as long as he was on the ground, receiving added strength
from the Earth, his mother, at every contact. He was killed by Hercules,
who held him in the air and strangled him.
=121=, 8. =énfasis.= This word, originally feminine, has become common, and
is now more often found masculine.
=122=, 19. =la pompa=, "the peacock's tail," "the cheese." The name is taken
from the puffed circle made on the floor by the performer's skirts at
the lowest point of the courtesy.
=124=, 20. =Solán de Cabras=: thermal bath at Beteta in the province of
Cuenca, about eighty miles eastward from Madrid. The Springs have been
known since the sixteenth century, when herdsmen found goats "suffering
with cutaneous complaints" bathing in the waters. Hence the name.
=126=, 5. =arroba=, in dry measure twenty-five pounds; as liquid measure,
varies in different provinces.
=126=, 10. =Guerra de la Independencia.= The Peninsular War, 1808-1814,
between England, Spain, Portugal and France. It resulted in the
expulsion of the French from the Peninsula.
=126=, 17. =mariscal francés.= In the first edition, General Sebastiani is
named. [p. 153]
=126=, 28. =Baza=: town of province of Granada, fifty-seven miles northeast
of Granada, an important Moorish city, taken by Isabella the Catholic
after a seven months' siege, December 4, 1489. The French under Marshal
Soult defeated the Spaniards here August 10, 1810.
=127=, 6 sqq. The Constitution of Cadiz was adopted in 1812, suspended at
the restoration of Ferdinand VII in 1814, accepted by him after Riego's
successful rising in 1820, and abrogated with the fall of the Liberals
after the French siege of Cadiz in 1823. Ferdinand VII, _el Rey
Absoluto_, died September 29, 1833.
=127=, 10. The first Carlist War, ended by the Treaty of Vergara, August
31, 1839. [p. 155]