hand above the trooper's hand, makes such examination as is desired,
and hands the pistol back to the trooper in the same position as that
in which the inspector took the weapon. The trooper takes the pistol
with the right hand as in =inspection pistol= and executes =return
pistol=. Should the pistols be inspected without handling, each man
executes =return pistol= as the inspector passes to the next trooper.
=266.= If no indication be given for the inspection of rifles they
_remain slung or in the scabbard_, according to the equipment carried.
If only rifles are ordered inspected, pistols are not presented for
inspection and rifles are slung or returned to the scabbard as soon as
inspected.
If only pistols are ordered inspected, they are presented by the two
troopers on the right when the inspector approaches the rank the first
time after dismounting.
=267.= During the inspection of arms the inspector, observes the
appearance of the men, horses, equipment, and clothing.
After the inspection of arms is completed he makes such further
inspection of equipment, clothing, etc., as he may consider desirable.
During this part of the inspection the troopers may be permitted to
stand =at ease=.
=268.= If an inspection of arms of a detailed character be made in
connection with a _dismounted_ formation it is conducted by the above
commands and in accordance with the above methods in so far as
applicable. Rifles are presented for inspection as described without
special indication when the inspector approaches the rank after
commanding =FRONT= (par. 258). Except when rifles are slung as
provided in the next sentence, each trooper executes =order arms= as
soon as his rifle is returned to him. Should the troopers be armed
with both rifle and pistol, each trooper slings his rifle as soon as
inspected if the equipment in use so permits; otherwise the rifles are
stacked (par. 115) by command after being inspected. The pistols are
then inspected, after which =take arms= (par. 116) is executed before
the troopers are dismissed.
PART II--ELEMENTARY COLLECTIVE INSTRUCTION.
=Section 5. Elementary collective instruction.=
GENERAL PROVISIONS.
=321.= The elementary collective instruction of the trooper includes
the instruction in the =School of the Squad= and in the mechanism of
the movements prescribed in the =School of the Platoon=. This latter
instruction is given as prescribed in par. 444.
=Section 6. Basic principles of the drill.=
=322.= The following provisions apply generally to the =School of the
Squad and to all subsequent drill=. Previous provisions of a similar
general character are to be found in pars. 43-49.
=323.= =Leading=: A commander leading his unit marches in the
direction and at the gait desired. He is followed at a specified
distance by the base (Def.), which conforms to his gait and direction.
The commander thus controls the movements of the base, and may at any
time by his indication conveyed in the most convenient way (as by his
own movements, his commands, or signals) cause the base to change its
direction or to increase or decrease the pace or gait or to halt,
according to the object in view. Elements of the same kind as the base
regulate upon the latter conforming to its gait and direction.
=324.= =Directing leader=, =directing guide=: A commander who desires
to become temporarily free in his movements may leave his position as
leader, first indicating: =DISREGARD= (_see_ Signals) for the
information of the leader of the base unit, who then becomes the
=directing leader= (Def.). The latter then ceases to follow in the
trace of the commander and temporarily conducts the march. In the
absence of other indication from the leader he maintains the existing
direction and gait.
=When necessary= the conduct of the march of a group (e.g., a platoon)
having no subordinate leader may similarly be intrusted to the guide.
The latter then becomes the =directing guide= (Def.).
=325.= Whenever a change of formation involves a break in the
continuity of the leading the leader habitually moves at once to his
new position, so as to resume leadership with the least practicable
delay. He usually starts at the command of execution for the movement.
Should he start for his new position before the command of execution
he first cautions or Signals: =DISREGARD= for the information of the
base.
=326.= =Change of directing unit (base)=: Whenever a change of
formation results in a change of the base, the base of the formation
from which the movement is executed continues, in the absence of
specific indication to the contrary, to be the base until the new base
is indicated.
In movements from line by which column is formed directly to a flank,
the element of the column on the flank toward which the column is
formed is the base upon which other similar elements regulate during
the formation of the column as well as after the column is formed.
=327.= =Changes of direction=: Any movement may be executed either
from the halt or when marching, unless otherwise prescribed. If
executed from the halt the command =forward= need not be prefixed to
any other preparatory command that indicates a direction of march;
thus, being at a halt, 1. =Column right=, 2. =MARCH=; but, 1. =Forward
trot=, 2. =MARCH.=
=328.= To insure certainty of prompt execution, commands (and signals)
must be so given that their meaning is unmistakable. The preparatory
command must be given at such an interval of time before the command
of execution as will admit of the former being properly understood,
and should be followed by a distinct pause that properly varies in
length with the size of the body of troops that is to execute the
movement. The command of execution should be given the instant the
movement is to begin.
=329.= All changes of direction are simply applications of the
principle of leading as explained in pars. 323 and 367.
(_a_) The =turn= (par. 386) and =half turn= (par. 388) are _special_
cases of the change of direction =in line= in that they involve a
change of direction of _90°_ and _45°_, respectively; _as executed by
the platoon and squad_, they differ further from the general case of
the change of direction in that the leader follows a _specially
prescribed arc_ during the turn (par. 387); in the troop and larger
units, the leader in each case regulates the arc upon which he moves
during the turn in accordance with the length of the front and the
requirements of the special case.
(_b_) For a change of direction in any column formation, the elements
of the column successively change direction _on the same ground_, the
change in each successive element being made in accordance with the
principles that regulate the change of direction in line (_a_). In
each successive element the leader (if any) and the guide move over
the _same path that is followed by the leader at the head of the
column_.
=330.= The principles and methods laid down in the =School of the
Trooper= (dismounted and mounted) are, except as may otherwise be
indicated, or where clearly applicable only to individual instruction,
to be followed in corresponding instruction in the =School of the
Squad= and in all subsequent training. The same commands apply unless
otherwise stated.
Certain modifications in the execution of some of the movements,
incident to their use in collective instruction, are noted in
appropriate places in the =School of the Squad=.
=331.= =Column of twos and of troopers=: Movements, involving the use
of column of twos or troopers, although simple in principle, are not
adapted to execution as movements of precision, and the details of
their execution will be regulated accordingly (pars. 393-400).
Familiarity with the practical use of these formations must be
insisted upon, but they will be taken in the simplest manner
consistent with efficiency in their use.
=382.= To avoid repetition the detailed descriptions and explanations
of collective movements are, as a rule, based only upon the execution
of the mounted movements.
=383.= _Gaits for mounted movements._--All mounted movements not
specially excepted may be executed at the trot or gallop (par. 239).
For the execution of a movement at the =trot or gallop= the command
=trot= or =gallop= precedes the command =march= unless marching at the
gait desired or unless it be otherwise prescribed. When the indication
for the =trot= or =gallop= is included in the command for the movement
it precedes the command =march=; thus, 1. =Forward, trot=; 2. =MARCH.=
=334.= When the troopers of any element (Def.) move at different
gaits, if the gait of such =element= be referred to, the gait of its
=base= is to be understood.
=335.= A gait is said to be =correspondingly faster or correspondingly
slower= than another gait when there is a difference of one degree
between the two (par. 239).
=336.= In the rules included in pars. 333 to 337 the expression "other
elements" (Def.) means in each case elements of the _same kind as the
base_.
=337.= (_a_) In movements from the halt the base moves at the walk
unless another gait be stated in the command or indicated by the
leader's movements.
(_b_) =In forming line to the front from column= the other elements
(par. 336) take, without command, a correspondingly faster gait than
the base. =If gallop= be _commanded_ at any time, it applies only to
the other elements (_f_). The base (leading element) habitually
preserves the gait of march (_a_). The leader controls the movements
of the base according to the object in view. He may diminish its pace
or gait or halt it to hasten the formation. A command to decrease the
gait or to halt, given during the execution of the movement, applies
only to those elements that have already completed the movement. The
leader habitually so controls the base that elements in rear need not
move faster than a maneuver gallop in order to execute the movement.
(_c_) =Column to the front is formed from line= on the base at the
gait of march (_a_) or at the gait ordered (_e_). The other elements
(par. 336) take or maintain a correspondingly slower gait (or, if
halted, remain so) until they can move at the gait of the base to take
their places in the column. If an increased gait be _commanded_ at any
time, it is taken at first only by the leader and base or by the
leader and those elements that have already moved to enter the column
(_f_)
(_d_) In cases not covered by (_b_) or (_c_), if the base and other
elements have equal distances to go they move at the gait of march or
at that indicated in the command (e.g., 1. =Platoons right turn,
trot=; 2. =MARCH=).
(_e_) In cases not covered by (_b_), (_c_), or (_d_) (e.g., assemble
from =foragers=, par. 414), or by some special provision in the
description of the corresponding movement (e.g., =echelon=, par. 702)
the base maintains the gait of march (_a_) or takes that of the
leader; the other elements move at a correspondingly faster or slower
gait as may be necessary for the execution of the movement and on
arriving at their places take the gait of the base (par. 338). If a
special gait be commanded, it is taken by the base or by the other
elements, in accordance with the principle stated in (_f_).
(_f_) When the commander indicates a special gait, whether in the
preparatory command or during the execution of the movement, the
effect is always to, _hasten the completion of the movement_. This
principle will assist in applying the rules in (_b_), (_c_), and
(_e_).
(_g_) Changes of gait made by elements, without command, in accordance
with the above rules, are, except as specially indicated in the
commands, changes of one degree.
=338.= Any exceptions to the above rules are noted where they occur.
=339.= _Gaits for movements on foot._--(_a_) The general principles of
gaits for mounted movements apply to movements on foot with the
modifications noted in (_b_) to (_g_), below, and such others as are
to be readily inferred from the application of the principles of the
=School of the Trooper, Dismounted=.
(_b_) No element moves in =double time= unless the movement be
executed when marching in =double time= or =double time= be commanded
(par. 47) or otherwise indicated by the leader. No trooper increases
the length of the step or the cadence unless specially so prescribed.
(_c_) The leader so controls the movements of the base as to
facilitate the execution of the movement in accordance with (_b_),
above. This will involve halting the base whenever certain movements
(e.g., those from column into line) are executed in =quick time=.
(_d_) If =double time= be included in the preparatory command for a
movement, the indication is obeyed in accordance with the principles
of par. 337.
(_e_) In movements from line into column, and in other similar
movements, if executed at =attention=, the troopers while waiting to
take their places in the column do not =halt= unless halt be commanded
by a platoon (or troop) commander. They =mark time= instead if
necessary for the execution of the movement.
(_f_) In applying the rules for mounted movements to movements on foot
=quick time= will be understood where =walk= is referred to and
=double time= where any faster gait is referred to.
(_g_) Any exceptions to the above rules are stated where they occur.
=Section 7. The School of the Squad.=
=340.= As soon as the troopers are sufficiently advanced in their
instruction in the =School of the Trooper= they will be grouped into
temporary squads for elementary collective instruction. This
instruction will be conducted in accordance with the general
principles indicated in par. 42; progress therein should be so
regulated that no collective movement will be taken up until the
trooper, by previous individual instruction, has been properly
prepared for its execution.
=341.= Instruction in the =School of the Squad= is intended primarily
to teach recruits the elementary movements upon which the entire drill
is based. It may be recurred to whenever necessary in cases where
troopers evidence the need of further elementary work.
=342.= For elementary collective instruction groups of not to exceed
six or eight men can be used to best advantage. The actual instruction
of each group should be conducted by a noncommissioned officer, but
the instruction must be closely supervised by a commissioned officer
(par. 37).
=343.= The system of drill contained in these regulations is based
largely upon the actual leading of units by their respective chiefs or
commanders. During the elementary instruction of recruits, both
mounted and dismounted, leading will be emphasized as indicated in
par. 344. Thereafter the application of leading will conform to pars.
448 to 456.
=344.= The first collective instruction will, therefore, be in
conforming to the march of a leader, thus confirming and extending the
instruction given in the =School of the Trooper= (pars. 295, 298);
_and reasonable proficiency in this instruction must be secured before
any attempt is made to utilize either commands or signals in the
execution of collective movements_, except, as prescribed in par. 363.
=345.= It is difficult for a leader to lead the squad properly and at
the same time to supervise the march and correct the errors of
individual troopers. For this reason it is desirable, especially in
the earlier collective drills, that the instructor have as an
assistant another noncommissioned officer or a well-instructed
trooper. The instructor then leads the squad and requires his
assistant (who takes the positions best adapted for the purpose in
view) to supervise closely the movements of the troopers and to
correct errors by means of cautions _addressed quietly by name to the
individual man or men concerned_. Later the instructor similarly
supervises the execution of the march while requiring his assistant to
lead the squad. As the troopers advance in the instruction the
instructor should give each of them such practice in leading the squad
as the progress of the individual trooper concerned may appear to
justify.
=346.= When instruction in leading (par. 367) has advanced to the
point where the guide can preserve his proper distance from the leader
and conform promptly and smoothly to the latter's movements, the other
troopers meantime preserving their interval and alignment without
undue constraint or unnecessarily abrupt changes of gait or pace, the
instruction is extended progressively to include, in accordance with
the methods prescribed in par. 347, the execution of the movements
prescribed for the squad.
=347.= Throughout the instruction prescribed by par. 346 the squad
will continue as before to be _led_. In teaching each new movement the
example and movements of the instructor as leader will be supplemented
at first by oral commands only, then by oral commands accompanied by
the corresponding arm signals for those movements for which such
signals are provided (_see_ Signals, pars. 988-996), then by signals
alone. _The commands and signals will be given by the actual leader._
When the instructor is not actually leading (par. 345) he may either
indicate to the leader the movements to be executed or else leave to
him the selection of such movements.
=348.= After the oral commands and arm signals are thoroughly
understood the instructor will practice the squad in passing from one
formation to another, using oral commands for some movements, signals
for some, and causing some (e.g., changes of direction) to be executed
by conforming to the movements of the leader without the additional
indication of either oral commands or signals.
=349.= The troopers must be accustomed to conforming, _without the
assistance of any command or signal given to the squad as a whole_, to
simple movements (e.g., movements =front into line=) initiated at the
head of a column formation by a command so given as to be heard by
only the leading troopers.
With reasonable practice the more essential changes of formation that
are executed toward the direction of march can readily be taken by the
squad by conforming, without other indication, to the movements of the
troopers nearest the leader. As many movements in service must be
executed under conditions of noise, dust, etc., that will render it
difficult for the commands or signals of the leader to be understood
except by those near him, _practice, in conforming promptly and
intelligently to the movements of the elements nearest the leader is
important and must be given careful attention_.
The object ultimately to be sought in the instruction is the quiet,
rapid, and effective handling of the squad with a _minimum of either
oral commands or signals_. The squad is required to pass rapidly from
one formation to another, a new movement being occasionally initiated
before the execution of the one preceding it has been completed.
TO FORM THE SQUAD, MOUNTED.
=350.= To form the squad =in line= (par. 368-_a_), the leader
(instructor) designates a trooper to act as the base of the formation,
indicates to such trooper the point where the right of the squad is to
rest and the direction in which the line is to face, takes position at
a convenient distance in front of and facing the point where the
center of the squad is to rest, and commands: =LEAD INTO LINE=. The
base trooper =leads out= (par. 188) and takes position as indicated;
the other troopers lead out so as to approach the line _successively
directly from the rear_ and in single rank form on the line
established by the base trooper, in order from right to left. The
troopers form at stand to horse (par. 187) with intervals of 18 inches
between horses.
The line having thus formed, the leader calls the roll and commands,
=COUNT FOURS= (par. 84).
Where there is an incomplete four the troopers in it are cautioned as
to the numbers finally assigned them (par. 368-_b_).
When but a single trooper is available for an incomplete four the four
is habitually broken up and a trooper is placed as an extra file
closer. This rule may, however, be modified in connection with the
instruction of recruits.
The squad having counted fours, the leader causes the squad to mount
(par. 358).
=351.= =The formation in column of fours, twos, or troopers= (par.
368-_b_, _c_, _d_) is similarly executed. The leader commands: =LEAD
INTO COLUMN (COLUMN OF TWOS, COLUMN OF TROOPERS)=. The trooper upon
whom the formation is based (par. 350) becomes No. 1 of the leading
four. The elements of the column form, in order from front to rear,
with distances of 4 feet between successive, fours, twos, or troopers.
In column of fours or twos each four or two forms on its right trooper
as in line.
When the formation is in column of _fours_ the command =COUNT FOURS=
is omitted. The leader cautions: =NOTE YOUR NUMBERS=.
=352.= =The squad may also form in similar manner after the troopers
mount.= In this case the leader causes the troopers to mount
individually after saddling and commands: =RIDE INTO LINE (COLUMN,
COLUMN OF TWOS, COLUMN OF TROOPERS).= The interval between the mounted
troopers is 6 inches from knee to knee.
TO FORM THE SQUAD, DISMOUNTED.
=353.= For the dismounted formation of the squad, =in line=, when not
armed with the rifle, the leader designates the trooper to act as the
base, indicates the latter's position, and takes his own position as
described in par. 350, above. He then commands: =FALL IN=. The
troopers form as in pars. 57 and 58. The leader then calls the roll
and causes the squad to count fours.
If armed with the rifle, the troopers fall in with rifles at the
_order_. As soon as the line or column is formed the leader commands:
1. =Inspection=, 2. =ARMS=, 3. =Right shoulder=, 4. =ARMS= (par.
91-_2d_), and calls the roll. Each man, as his name is called, answers
=here= and executes =order arms=.
The formation in column of fours, twos, or troopers is conducted in
accordance with the modifications indicated. The commands of the
leader are: =FALL IN, IN COLUMN (COLUMN OF TWOS, COLUMN OF TROOPERS)=.
The distance between successive fours is 92 inches; between successive
twos, 40 inches; between successive troopers, 14 inches.
TO MOUNT AND DISMOUNT.
=354.= The squad being =in line=, at stand to horse, the habitual
commands for mounting are: 1. =Prepare to mount=, 2. =MOUNT=; 3.
=Form=, 4. =RANK.= At the first command the odd numbers lead out 4
yards directly to the front, and all execute the movements and take
the final positions prescribed in par. 191-_a_. At the second command
all the troopers complete, simultaneously, the movements of mounting
as prescribed in par. 191-_b_. At the fourth command the even numbers
move up into their intervals in the line. If the squad has dismounted
from line and has formed rank (par. 356), the odd numbers stand fast
at the command =Prepare to mount= and all mount in place.
If the squad be mounted in column of fours; the third and fourth
commands are omitted. At the first command the troopers of each four
open out fanwise, Nos. 1 and 2 to the right, Nos. 3 and 4 to the left.
Nos. 1 and 4 open out a little more than Nos. 2 and 3, all opening
only enough to permit the troopers to mount without interfering with
each other. The troopers habitually straighten their horses in the
column as soon as they have mounted, but this requirement may be
relaxed whenever mounting in unison is not required (par. 358). The
squad in =column of twos= is mounted by commands and methods
conforming to those used for mounting from column of fours.
=355.= The preparatory oral command for mounting may be omitted. The
squad then executes at the command =MOUNT= all the movements
prescribed in par. 354 for the commands, 1. =Prepare to mount=, 2.
=MOUNT.= The troopers mount promptly, but not =in unison=.
The preparatory _signal_ for mounting, when followed _immediately_ by
the signal of execution, will be understood as equivalent to the oral
command =MOUNT=, and will be executed accordingly.
=356.= The squad being in line, the habitual commands for dismounting
are: 1. =Prepare to dismount=, 2. =DISMOUNT=; 3. =Form=, 4. =RANK.= At
the first command the odd numbers ride 4 yards directly to the front,
regulating on the right, and all the troopers execute the movements
and take the final position prescribed in par. 192-_a_. At the second
command the troopers execute, simultaneously, the movements prescribed
in par. 192-_b_. At the fourth command the even numbers lead into
their intervals in the rank. The third and fourth commands are given
only in case it is desired to form rank. The squad may be dismounted
and, without forming rank, execute =rest= or =at ease= (par. 359), or
be inspected, mounted, or dismissed. The modifications indicated for
dismounting in column of fours and column of twos correspond to those
prescribed in par. 354 for mounting from the corresponding formation,
except that the horses are not habitually straightened in the column
after dismounting unless the dismounted squad moves forward (the
troopers leading their horses).
=357.= The preparatory oral command for dismounting, may be omitted.
The squad then executes at the command =DISMOUNT= all the movements
prescribed in par. 356 for the commands: 1. =Prepare to dismount=, 2.
=DISMOUNT.= The troopers dismount promptly but not in unison.
The preparatory _signal_ for dismounting, when followed _immediately_
by the signal of execution, will be understood as equivalent to the
oral command =DISMOUNT=, and will be executed accordingly.
=358.= Until the individual instruction of recruits has advanced to a
point where they have acquired reasonable proficiency in mounting and
dismounting, these movements will be executed at collective as well as
at individual instruction by the commands and methods indicated in
pars. 355 and 357. After such proficiency has been acquired, mounting
and dismounting at close-order drills, at ceremonies, and at all
occasions of a ceremonial nature will habitually be executed in unison
by the commands and methods prescribed in pars. 354 and 356,
respectively. The commands and methods prescribed in pars. 355 and
357, respectively, may, in the discretion of the commander, continue
to be employed on all other duty.
THE RESTS AND ROUTE ORDER.
=359.= The mounted squad executes the =rests= and =route order= as
prescribed in par. 221. After dismounting from line, =rest= or =at
ease= may be given either before or after forming rank.
The dismounted squad executes the =rests= and =route order= as
prescribed in pars. 60 and 61.
TO DISMISS THE SQUAD.
=360.= The squad, in =column of troopers=, is dismissed as prescribed
for that formation in par. 222. The squad in =column of fours= is
dismissed at the same command. The trooper on the right of the leading
four leads out as indicated in par. 222 and is followed, in turn, by
the other troopers of that four, then by the troopers of the next
four, and so on successively to the rear of the column. In each four
the troopers lead out in order from right to left. The dismissal from
=column of twos= is similarly executed. The squad being =in line= is
dismissed by the commands and methods prescribed in par. 222 for a
line with intervals, except that the troopers, in order to have their
proper distance, move out successively from right to left instead of
simultaneously. At the commands: 1. =By the right and left=, 2. =FALL
OUT=, the movement is executed in a similar manner from both flanks of
the line. After having dismounted from line the squad may be dismissed
without forming rank.
Dismounted, without horses and not under arms, the command is
=DISMISSED=.
Dismounted, without horses but armed with the rifle, the squad is
dismissed as in par. 114.
ALIGNMENTS.
=361.= At the preliminary instruction (conducted without formal
command) the instructor has two troopers on the right of the rank move
forward a convenient distance and halt. He then aligns these two
troopers carefully, with the proper interval as =in line= (par.
368-_a_), and causes the other troopers to note the details of the
alignment. The other troopers are then required to move up one at a
time and align themselves, with the correct interval, on the line thus
established. The troopers move forward, in order from right to left,
at successive repetitions by the instructor of the caution =NEXT=.
Each trooper, when on or near the line, executes =eyes right= (par.
64), aligns himself accurately on the line established by the trooper
or troopers on his right, and looks to the front as soon as he thinks
himself correctly aligned. The instructor explains and corrects any
errors. Similar instruction is given the troopers in aligning
themselves to the left. As soon as reasonable proficiency is attained
but a single trooper is moved forward, and the alignment is made in
the same manner upon the single trooper established as the base.
The instruction is similarly given with the center trooper moved to
the front as a base. Two troopers, one on the right, the other on the
left of the base, then move forward at each repetition of the caution
=NEXT=.
The instructor observes in the mounted instruction: That each trooper
moves his horse promptly and halts with his horse correctly disposed;
that he sits squarely on his horse without advancing either shoulder
or leaning his body to the front or rear; that he dresses promptly as
he arrives on the line; and that he makes proper use of the aids
(pars. 200 to 208).
In the first drills the basis of the alignment is established parallel
to the front of the section; afterwards in oblique directions.
=362.= When the troopers have acquired reasonable proficiency in
aligning themselves, as above, the alignment is executed at the
command =DRESS=, given by the instructor from his position as leader.
The trooper designated as the guide (par. 371) is always the base
trooper of the alignment and places himself accurately 3 yards in rear
of the leader. All the other troopers align themselves promptly on the
base trooper, continuing to look toward him until the command,
=FRONT=. At this last command, given when the alignment is completed,
all turn the head and eyes quickly to the front and take the position
of =attention= (pars. 59, 198). Movements in the rank then cease. The
instructor then habitually faces the squad or goes to either flank to
verify the accuracy of the dressing, first cautioning the guide to
remain in place.
=363.= The troopers and their mounts must be so trained as to enable
alignment and interval to be kept with sufficient accuracy to maintain
cohesion in the mounted charge and to, present a creditable appearance
at ceremonies and at other occasions of a formal or ceremonial
character. A disproportionate amount of time and energy will not be
devoted to this detail.
=364.= The use of dressing _by command_ is ordinarily confined to
elementary instruction (as preparation for the march in line) and to
formations of a distinctly ceremonial character. At all other times
the troopers are required habitually to align themselves on the base
trooper without special command and to look to the front as soon as
aligned.
Formal dressing is employed only when the squad is at a halt.
=365.= The caution: =DRESS=, may, if necessary, be given to the squad
when marching (par. 367); but it will not be employed when it is
practicable to use instead cautions addressed by name to the
individual trooper or troopers who are at fault.
=366.= Alignments, dismounted, are executed by the same general
methods as when mounted. At the command: =DRESS=, the hand is placed
upon the hip to verify the interval (par. 57). Each trooper in
dressing so places himself that his right arm rests lightly against
the arm of the man on his right and that his eyes and shoulders are in
line with those of the man on his right. The left hand is dropped to
the side at the command =FRONT=.
LEADING THE SQUAD.
(_See also_ pars. 322-332.)
=367.= The squad being in line at a halt, the instructor directs the
guide (par. 371) to maintain a position at a distance of 3 yards
(about one horse length) in rear of him and to follow accurately in
his path, whether such path be a straight line or a curve. He explains
to the other troopers that in marching they are so to regulate on the
guide as to preserve as nearly as practicable their alignment and
interval in the rank, individually increasing and decreasing the gait
or pace (Def.) as may be necessary to do this. All are cautioned that
they must learn to keep their proper positions in the rank without
unnecessary rigidity without making sudden changes in gait or pace and
without keeping their eyes constantly fixed on the guide. They are
instructed that while riding with the head and eyes habitually
directed as in par. 198 they will keep an alert lookout over the
ground in front, cast frequent glances toward the leader so as to
observe the latter's movements, and glance occasionally toward the
guide to assure that the alignment is being correctly maintained.
Having given these instructions, the leader places himself, facing to
the front, 3 yards in front of the guide, commands: =FOLLOW ME=, and
moves forward. The leader must be, careful to march steadily, so
regulating his direction and gait at first as to enable the guide to
conform without difficulty.
Each trooper keeps his horse straight in the rank, maintaining his
alignment with the guide and his proper interval (par. 368-_a_) from
the man next him on the side of the guide. The troopers yield to
pressure from the side of the guide and resist pressure from the
opposite direction. All adjustments are made gradually without
crowding or confusion.
In the beginning the leader moves at a walk and makes only slight
changes of direction. As the instructor completes each change of
direction he indicates the _new_ direction of march by extending his
arm as in signal =forward= (par. 990), dropping the hand to the side
when the guide's horse is _straightened in the new direction_. When
the troopers have become sufficiently practiced in adjusting
themselves to the movements of the instructor, the latter makes the
changes of direction more marked, and moves, during such changes, on
the arcs of smaller circles. Finally, he requires the squad to apply
the principles of leading in the manner indicated in pars. 346-349. As
each movement is taken up the principles of leading that apply are
explained in detail, so that all may understand clearly the identity
and position of the base. The base trooper (guide) must clearly
understand his duties. (Fig. 31.)
[Illustration: FIG. 37, par. 367.]
SQUAD FORMATIONS.
The formations of the squad for drill, march, or combat are as
follows:
CLOSE ORDER.
=368.= (_a_) =Line=: The troopers are abreast of each other with
intervals (Def.) of 6 inches (mounted) or 4 inches (dismounted)
between troopers.
(_b_) =Column of fours=: The troopers of each four are arranged as =in
line=. The fours follow successively one behind another with distances
(Def.) between Successive fours of 4 feet, mounted, or 92 inches,
dismounted. When a four includes less than four troopers it is an
=incomplete four=. Places in an incomplete four are habitually filled
in the following order: No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 1 (par. 374).
(_c_) =Column of twos=: The troopers of each two are arranged as =in
line=, the twos following successively, one behind another, with
distances between successive twos of 4 feet, mounted, or 40 inches,
dismounted. If any two have but a single trooper the latter takes the
position corresponding to the right trooper of the incomplete two
(par. 374).
(_d_) =Column of troopers=: The troopers of each four follow
successively, one behind another, with distances between consecutive
troopers of 4 feet when mounted, or 14 inches when dismounted.
EXTENDED ORDER.
(_e_) =Foragers=: The troopers are abreast of each other, with
intervals of 3 yards between troopers, unless some other interval be
specially designated.
The dismounted formation corresponding to =foragers= is =skirmishers=.
The interval between troopers in line of skirmishers is one-half pace
unless some other interval be designated.
_In the employment of a squad or other small detachment the
designation of a greater interval than one-half pace is habitual
rather than exceptional (par. 408)._
In a line of skirmishers at one-half pace interval each man may be
considered as occupying, including his interval, about 1 yard of
front.
The squad may also be extended in depth as prescribed in par. 413.
ORDER IN THE SQUAD.
=369.= When it is said that a unit is =in order= in any formation it
is meant that the arrangement and condition of the component elements
is such that the unit is ready to execute, in the accustomed manner,
any movement that is intended to be executed from the formation in
question. The conditions essential to =order= in each formation of the
squad are stated in paragraph 370. The squad, =in line=, for example,
would not be =in order= if the troopers did not know their numbers,
for it could then execute no movement based upon the division into
fours, twos, or troopers.
=370.= The squad =in line=, =column of fours=, or =foragers= is =in
order= when the troopers of each four are arranged, from right to left
in the four, in the order of their respective numbers, and each knows
his number.
The squad =in column of twos= is =in order= when the twos of each four
are next to each other in the column, odd numbers on the right, and
each trooper knows his number.
When the two composed of 1 and 2 is in front, the column is said to be
=right in front=; when the two composed of 3 and 4 is in front, the
column is said to be =left in front=.
The squad =in column of troopers= is =in order= when the troopers of
each four are next to one another in the column, are arranged from
front to rear in the order 1, 2, 3, 4, or 4, 3, 2, 1, and each trooper
knows his number. When the order is 1, 2, 3, 4, the column is said to
be =right in front=; when the order is 4, 3, 2, 1, =left in front=.
It is not necessary to order in the squad, in any of the above
formations, that a particular trooper or troopers be in any designated
four, nor that the fours have any special relative order from right to
left or front to rear.
GUIDE OF THE SQUAD.
(_see also_ Def. =Base=, and par. 326.)
=371.= At the original formation of the squad =in line=, the leader
designates a trooper by name as =guide= of the squad. The guide of the
squad =in line= and =foragers= is habitually a trooper at or near the
center of the squad; any trooper may, however, be designated as guide.
=372.= A trooper having once been designated as guide of the squad in
line continues to act as such, =in line= or =foragers=, until another
trooper be specifically designated as guide. With a view, however, to
avoiding possible doubt as to the identity of the guide, the leader at
each change of formation that terminates in line or foragers
habitually indicates the guide of the new formation.
=373.= To designate the guide the leader cautions: (So-and-so) =THE
GUIDE=, and habitually places himself 3 yards in front of the trooper
named if not already in that position. A trooper designated as guide
will, at the time of the designation, raise his hand or weapon to a
position vertically above his head, hold the position for a moment,
and then lower his arm to his side without further command. The leader
or his assistant may at any time cause the guide thus to indicate his
identity to the other troopers by cautioning: =GUIDE=. The leader may
change the guide of the squad in line at any time by indicating
=disregard= (par. 990), placing himself in front of another trooper
and designating the latter as guide in the manner prescribed above.
=374.= The base of the squad in each of the column formations is the
leading element (four, two, or trooper, respectively).
The guide of the leading (base) element is also the guide of the
squad. In each four No. 2 is the guide; in each two the right trooper
(No. 1 or No. 3). In an incomplete four or two the position of the
guide is always filled. The guide of each element in rear of the base
follows in the trace of the guide of the base (leading) element at the
prescribed distance.
=375.= Whenever in the execution of any movement a four or two moves
to its new position by an oblique (or movement approximating an
oblique) the trooper on the side toward which the oblique is made acts
as guide of the element during the oblique. At all other times the
guide in a four or two is as indicated in par. 374 unless specially
otherwise stated.
=376.= The guide of the squad habitually follows the leader at 3 yards
distance, but the leader may designate a greater distance, in which
case the guide marches accordingly.
=377.= When a guide temporarily is =directing guide= (par. 324), it is
necessary that he continue accurately in the direction of march or in
the direction indicated for him by the leader. This is an application
of the marching upon fixed points prescribed in the =School of the
Trooper= (par. 232).
MOVEMENTS EXECUTED BY THE SQUAD.
=378.= Any formation (close or extended order) prescribed for the
squad may be taken directly from any other _close-order_ formation.
Being in extended order the squad, to pass directly to close order,
must execute the assembly or rally.
=379.= Subject to such modifications as are indicated under the
respective paragraphs describing the movements, the =dismounted squad=
executes, at the same commands as prescribed for the mounted squad,
such movements as are not obviously inapplicable to dismounted duty.
The execution of the dismounted movements will, where differences in
the mounted and dismounted methods necessarily exist, be in accord
with the principles explained in the =School of the Trooper,
Dismounted=, corresponding changes in the details of execution being
made.
=380.= The general principles regulating gait and pace for both
mounted and dismounted movements are stated in pars. 333-339.
Modifications of those principles, if any, are stated under the
corresponding paragraphs in the =School of the Squad=.
COMMANDS AND CORRESPONDING ARM SIGNALS.
=381.= Following is a list of the principal commands employed in the
=School of the Squad=, together with the corresponding arm signals, if
any. The list includes only a few of the commands also found in the
=School of the Trooper= (mounted or dismounted.) The commands are
arranged alphabetically for convenient reference. The description of
the signals will be found in par. 990.
-------------------------------+-------+---------------------------
COMMANDS. | PARS. | ARM SIGNALS.
-------------------------------+-------+---------------------------
=1. Assemble, 2. MARCH= | 414 | =Assemble.=[7]
| |
=1. Backward, 2. MARCH= | 384 | None.
| |
=1. By the right (left) flank, | |
2. MARCH= | 411 | =March to the flank.=[7]
| |
=CIRCLE HORSES= | 428 | None.
| |
=1. Column, 2. MARCH= | 399 | =Column.=[7]
| |
=1. Column half right (left), | |
2. MARCH= | 396 | Change direction.[7]
| | (_See_ par. 386.)
| |
=1. Column of twos, 2. MARCH= | 399 | =Column--twos.=[8]
| |
=1. Column right (left), | |
2. MARCH= | 396 | =Change direction.=[7]
| | (_See_ par. 386.)
| |
=COUPLE HEAD AND TAIL= | 427 | None.
| |
=DISMOUNT= | 357 | =Prepare to dismount.=[7]
| | (Given as explained in par.
| | 357.)
| |
=1. Foragers, 2. MARCH= { 408 } =Foragers.=[7]
{ 410 }
| |
=1. Forward, 2. MARCH= { 382 } =Forward.=[7]
{ 412 }
| |
=1. Fours right (left), { 391 } =March to the flank.=[7]
2. MARCH= { 400 }
| |
=1. Fours right (left) about, { 401 } =To the rear[7] (left about
2. MARCH= { 402 } only).=
| |
=1. Fours right (left), |403-_c_| None.
column left (right)=; | |
=2 MARCH.= | |
| |
=1. Fours (twos or troopers) | 413 | None.
at so many yards distance, | |
2. MARCH.= | |
| |
=1. Gallop, 2. MARCH= | 382 | From the trot only:
| | =Increase the gait.=[7][9]
| |
=HORSES BACK= | 432 | None
| |
=INCLINE TO THE RIGHT= { 390 } None
{ 396 }
| |
=1. Nos. 1, 2, and 4; | 436 | None.
2. FORM ON FOOT MOUNT= | 355 | =Prepare to mount.= (Given
| | as explained in par. 355.)
| |
=1. Prepare to dismount, { 356 } =Prepare to dismount.=[7]
2. DISMOUNT= { 358 }
| |
=1. Prepare to mount, { 354 } =Prepare to mount.=[7]
2. MOUNT= { 358 }
| |
=RALLY= | 416 | =Rally= (no preparatory signal).
| | Oral command habitually
| | accompanies signal.
| |
=1. Right (left) by fours, |403-_a_| None.
2. MARCH= | |
| |
=1. Right (left) by troopers, {393-_b_} None.
2. MARCH= {403-_b_}
| |
=1. Right (left) by twos, |393-_a_| None
2. MARCH= |403-_b_|
| |
=1. Right (left) forward, |403-_d_| None.
fours right (left)=; | |
=2. MARCH.= | |
| |
=1. Right (left) half turn, | 388 | =Change direction.=[7] The
2. MARCH; 3. Forward, | | signal of execution for the
4. MARCH=; or 3. =Squad=, | | change of direction is
4. =HALT.= | | followed by =forward or
| | halt=[7] (par. 386).
| |
=1. Right (left) front into | 409 | None.
foragers= | |
(or =skirmishers=), | |
2. MARCH.= | |
| |
=1. Right (left) front into | 397 | None.
line, 2. MARCH= | |
| |
=1. Right (left) turn, | 386 | Change direction.[7] The
2. MARCH; 3. Forward | | signal of execution for the
4. MARCH; or 3. Squad, | | change of direction is
4. HALT= | | followed by =forward=[7] or
| | =halt=.[7]
| |
=1. Skirmishers, 2. MARCH= { 408 } =Skirmishers.=[7]
{ 410 }
| |
=1. Squad, 2. HALT= | 383 | =Halt.=[7]
| |
=TO FIGHT ON FOOT.= When given | 430 | =To fight on foot.= (No
orally the indication =ACTION| | preparatory signal.)
RIGHT= (=LEFT, FRONT=) is | |
habitually added to the above| |
command. =FIRE AT WILL= may | |
also immediately follow the | |
above command (par. 430). | |
| |
=1. To the rear, 2. MARCH= | 412 | =To the rear.=[7]
| |
=1. Troopers right (left) | 402 | To the rear[7] (left about
about, 2. MARCH.= (Given | | only).
only from column of troopers.) |
| |
=1. Troopers right (left) | 385 | None.
oblique, 2. MARCH.= | |
| |
=1. Trot, 2. MARCH= | 239 | From the =walk=: =Increase
| | the gait.=[7][9]
| | From the =gallop=: =Decrease
| | the gait.=[7][9]
| |
=1. Twos right (left), | 400 | =March to the flank.=[7]
2. MARCH.= (Given only from | |
column of twos and as an | |
exceptional movement.) | |
| |
=1. Twos right (left) about, | 402 | To the =rear=[7] (left about
2. MARCH.= (Given only from | | only).
column of twos.) | |
| |
=1. Walk, 2. MARCH= | 239 | From the trot only: =Decrease=
| | =the gait.=[7][9]
-------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------
[Footnote 7: Signals marked thus are preparatory signals; the
signal of execution in each case is made as prescribed in
par. 990.]
[Footnote 8: In signals marked thus (combination signals) the
preparatory signal consists of more than one element; the
signal of execution follows the last element of the
preparatory signal.]
[Footnote 9: See pars. 239, 333. When a gait signal is added
to the preparatory command the resulting signal is given as a
combination signal.]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MOVEMENTS, CLOSE ORDER.
=382.= =Being in line at a halt, to march to the front:= 1. =Forward=,
2. =MARCH.=
The leader moves forward, followed at a distance of 3 yards by the
guide (par. 371). The other troopers conform to the march of the guide
as explained in par. 367.
=Being at a halt, to move forward at a trot or gallop=, the commands
are (par. 333): 1. =Forward, trot=, or 1. =Forward, gallop=; 2.
=MARCH.=
Increases of gait are habitually made progressively (par. 239).
The march of the squad in line, dismounted, is conducted in accordance
with the provisions of pars. 68-74.
=383.= =Marching in line, to halt=: 1. =Squad=, 2. =HALT.=
All halt at the second command.
The troopers, if not already aligned, align themselves without command
on the guide as they halt (par. 364). Movement in the rank then
ceases.
If marching at the trot or gallop, the gait is ordinarily decreased
progressively, the halt being executed from the walk (par. 239).
=384.= =Being in line at a halt, to march backward=: 1. =Backward=, 2.
=MARCH.=
All the troopers rein back (par. 280), regulating on the guide, who
maintains his distance from the leader. The execution of the march
backward as a _collective movement_ is habitually limited to cases
where the movement may be necessary; it is then executed for short
distances only. It is not executed at an increased gait.
=385.= =Being in line, to oblique and resume the original direction=:
1. =Troopers right (left) oblique=, 2. =MARCH.=
Executed by each trooper as in par. 230. During the oblique march the
right knee of each trooper should be just in rear of the left knee of
the trooper on his fight; the trooper on the flank toward which the
oblique is made acts temporarily without special indication as
directing guide (Def.) of the squad. The line during the oblique
march should be parallel to its original direction. The leader does
not take position in front of the flank trooper during the oblique.
Halting the mounted squad while at the oblique should be avoided. If
the squad has to be halted thus, the troopers upon halting turn their
horses to the original front in so far as practicable.
To resume the original direction by similar means, the commands are:
1. =Forward=, 2. =MARCH.=
In executing the oblique by trooper, dismounted, each trooper
preserves his relative position, keeping his shoulders parallel to
those of the directing guide and so regulating his step that the rank
may remain parallel to its original front. In resuming the original
direction, the troopers half face to the left in marching, then move
straight to the front. If at =half step= or =mark time= while
obliquing, the oblique march is resumed by the commands: 1 =Oblique=,
2. =MARCH.= Should the halt be commanded while the squad is obliquing,
the troopers halt faced to the front (fig. 32).
[Illustration: FIG. 38, par. 385.]
=386.= =Being in line, to turn to the right or left=: 1. =Right (left)
turn=, 2. =MARCH=; 3. =Forward=, 4. =MARCH=; or 3. =Squad=, 4. =HALT.=
The principle of the movement is explained in par. 329-a.
The form of the third and fourth commands is determined by whether the
turn is to terminate with the advance in line or with the halt.
In the turn the squad is led by its leader (par. 367) through a change
of direction of 90°. The leader (and, therefore, the guide) are
restricted not only to this particular change of direction but also to
a particular arc or path during the turn (par. 387).
There is no special arm signal for the _turn_ as such; but, as the
turn is a change of direction, the signal for the latter movement is
applicable. The signal for the change of direction does not in itself
indicate the degree of the turn, but the leader's subsequent signal
forward or halt indicates when the change of direction is to cease.
In the turn, as in any case of the march in line, the leader, subject
to the restrictions just indicated, regulates the direction and gait
of march, the guide conforms to the movements of the leader, and all
the other troopers regulate their alignment and interval on the guide.
The rate of march of the leader and the guide should not be so rapid
as to make it impracticable for the troopers on the marching flank of
the squad to preserve their alignment on the guide during the turn.
The guide moves in the _trace of the leader during the turn_, as well
as before and after the turn. When the turn is executed by the
_marching squad_ the leader gives the command after he has begun to
change direction and at the moment when the guide arrives at the
_point where the leader straightened his horse in the new direction_
(par. 471). When executed from a _halt_ the second command can not be
given as above indicated. The leader in that case begins to turn at
the command of execution, while the guide, instead of beginning the
actual turn at once, moves forward so as to move, during the turn, _in
the trace of the leader_ (par. 367).
In executing the turn dismounted the leader so regulates the length of
step of the guide that the _trooper on the marching flank_ can keep
the regular step corresponding to the gait at which the turn is made.
The other troopers lengthen or shorten the step accordingly,
maintaining the cadence and their alignment and interval with respect
to the guide. If the turn be terminated by the commands: 3. =Forward=,
4. =MARCH=, all the troopers resume the regular step at the fourth
command.
=387.= In executing the turn in a _squad_ or _platoon_, the leader,
followed by the guide, so turns on the arc of a circle that the pivot
trooper, in _conforming to the guide's movements_, marches on the arc
of a circle whose radius varies with the gait of the guide, this
radius being 2 yards at a walk, 4 yards at a trot, and 6 yards at a
gallop. When the turn is executed dismounted the corresponding radius,
in either quick or double time, is 1 yard.
=388.= At the command: 1. =Right (left) half turn=, 2. =MARCH=; 3.
=Forward=, 4. =MARCH=; or 3. =Squad=, 4. =HALT=, a change of direction
of 45° may be made in accordance with the principles explained in
pars. 386 and 387. The arm signal for the half turn follows the rule
indicated for the full turn (par. 386).
=389.= In all movements in these regulations in the course of which
=fours=, =twos=, or =troopers= execute a turn or half turn this last
movement is made by each element in accordance with the principles
explained in pars. 386 and 387, except that the commands 3. =Forward=,
4. =MARCH=, are omitted and each element continues the march in the
new direction, upon completion of the turn, unless the commands: 3.
=Squad=, 4. =HALT=, are given. The guide of a four in the turn is
always No. 2; the guide of a two the right trooper.
=390.= Where only a slight change in the direction of march is
desired; it is habitually accomplished by leading without any special
command or signal therefor. The leader may caution: =INCLINE TO THE
RIGHT (LEFT)=. The execution of this movement, like that of the turn,
is a special case of leading applied to the march in line. The leader
slightly alters the direction of march, the guide conforms to the
leader's movements, and the other troopers conform to the movements of
the guide.
=391.= =Being in line, to form column of fours to a flank=: 1. =Fours
right (left)=, 2. =MARCH.=
The fours move simultaneously, each executing right turn and taking up
the march in the new direction (par. 389). No. 2 of the four on the
flank toward which the movement is executed is the guide upon whom the
other Nos. 2 regulate during the movement (par. 326), as well as the
guide of the resulting column (par. 374). The leader promptly takes
position in front of the guide (par. 325). Gaits are regulated as in
par. 337-_d_.
=The movement dismounted= is executed on the same principles except
that No. 2 of each four regulates his step and path as indicated for
the dismounted turn (pars. 386, 387). (Fig. 33.)
[Illustration: FIG. 39, par. 391.]
=392.= =Column of twos= is not formed directly to a flank from line.
Column of twos may be formed to the _front_ as explained in pars. 393
and 403, and the head of the column be at once marched in any desired
direction. The same principle regulates the formation of =column of
troopers= to a flank.
=393.= =Being in column of fours, to form column of twos or troopers=:
(_a_) To form column of twos: 1. =Right (left) by twos=, 2. =MARCH.=
The right two of the leading four is the base. The other twos enter
the column successively, the right two of each four being followed
immediately by the left two of the same four, the left two obliquing
to enter the column (par. 331). All distances are 4 feet (par. 368).
Gaits are regulated as in movements from line into column (par. 337-a,
c).
(_b_) =Column of troopers= is formed on the same principles at the
commands: 1. =Right (left) by trooper=, 2. =MARCH.= The right trooper
of the leading four is the base.
Column of troopers from column of twos is formed by the same commands
as from column of fours and in accordance with the same principles.
_The movements described in this paragraph are among those referred to
in par. 468-b._
=394.= In executing any movement by which a column; of twos or
troopers is formed, a four composed of less than three troopers (par.
368-b) acts temporarily as a two--on the right of the four if the
column of twos is formed =right in front= (par. 370); on the left of
the four if the column of twos is formed =left in front=. When the
column of fours is re-formed the troopers take their proper places in
column as indicated in par. _368-b_.
=395.= The squad in column of =fours=, =twos=, or =troopers= is
marched to the front, halted, marched backward, marched in an oblique
direction, and marched again to the original front by the same
commands as the squad in line, each element of the column conforming
to the principles indicated for the squad in line (pars. 329, 374).
=396.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers=, to change
direction.
The movement is executed as explained in par. 329, the fours (twos,
troopers) successively changing on the same ground, the guide of each
element moving in the trace of the leader.
In changing direction in column of fours, _mounted_, the guide of
each rear four slightly diminishes the _pace_ when 4 feet from the
turning point, correspondingly increasing the pace during the actual
change of direction so as to have the proper distance of 4 feet from
the four =next= in front when the turn is completed. This provision
does not apply to the corresponding dismounted movement, nor to the
column of twos, or troopers.
To indicate, for any column, a change of direction of 90° or 45°, the
leader may command, respectively: 1. =Column, right (left)=, or 1.
=Column half right (left)=; 2. =MARCH.=
The leader may indicate a slight change of direction by the caution:
=INCLINE TO THE RIGHT=.
The dismounted execution of the change of direction conforms in each
element of the column to the modifications noted in pars. 386 and 387
for the execution of the turn dismounted. The leader regulates the
length of his own step accordingly during his actual change of
direction, and the guide of each successive element does the same when
he reaches the turning point.
=397.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to form line to
the front=: 1. =Right (left) front into line=, 2. =MARCH.=
The leading element (four, two, or trooper) of the column is the base
of the movement and moves forward.
Each element in rear of the base, leaves the column by a movement
approximating a right oblique and proceeds (par. 375) to a place
abreast of the leading element, the elements taking successively, from
left to right in the new line, positions in the same order as that in
which they previously appeared from head to rear in the column.
The guide of the leading element, when the movement begins, acts as
directing guide (Def.) of the squad from the moment the leader starts
to his new position until he indicates the guide of the new line
(pars. 326, 373) when all regulate on the latter guide.
Gaits are regulated as in pars. 337-_a_, _b_. (Fig. 34.)
_This is one of the movements referred to in par. 468-b._
In the dismounted execution of the movement at quick time the leader
commands: 1. =Squad=, 2. =HALT=, as soon as the leading element has
advanced to the point where it is desired that the line shall form
(par. 339-_a_, _b_, _c_). Only the leading (base) element halts at the
command, each rear element halting as it arrives on the line (par.
337-_f_). If executed while marching in double time, the leader
similarly commands: 1. =Quick time=, 2. =MARCH=, the reduced gait
being taken successively by the elements as they reach their positions
(par. 337-_f_). If marching in quick time, and =double time= be
included in the command, the command for the increased gait applies
only to the rear elements (par. 337-_f_).
[Illustration: FIG. 40, par. 397.]
=398.= To prevent the inversion of twos or troopers in their
respective fours the squad in =column of twos or column of troopers=
should form line to the left front when the squad is right in front
(par. 370), and vice versa.
=399.= =Being in column of twos or troopers, to form column of fours=:
1. =Column=, 2. =MARCH.= (_See_ Def. =Column=.)
The leading element is the base and follows the leader.
=If in column of twos= the rear two of the leading four obliques at a
correspondingly faster gait (par. 335) and takes its proper place
abreast of, and to the _right or left_ of, the leading two of that
four, so that the troopers of the four shall appear from right to
left, in the order of their respective numbers. All the other twos
take up a correspondingly faster gait than the leading two, and the
fours form successively from head to rear in the column in the manner
indicated above (par. 331). The leading two of each four, other than
the leading four, takes the gait of the head of the column (or halts)
when at 4 feet from the corresponding two of the four next in front.
In each four the rear two begins to oblique as the leading two of that
four approaches the position where it decreases the gait (or halts).
The leader takes position in front of the guide of the column (No. 2).
Gaits are further regulated as in movements from column into line
(par. 337-_a_, _b_).
=Column of fours, from column of troopers= is formed by the same
commands and in accordance with the same principles.
=Column of twos from column of troopers= is formed in a similar manner
at the commands: 1. =Column of twos=, 2. =MARCH.= The column of twos
will be right in front or left in front (par. 370), according as the
column of troopers was right in front or left in front prior to the
movement.
In the dismounted execution of the above movements in quick time the
leader habitually commands: 1. =Squad=, 2. =HALT=, immediately
following the command of execution (par. 339-_b_, _c_). Only the
leading element halts (par. 339-_f_), each of the rear elements
halting when it reaches its prescribed position in the column. If
executed in =double time= the leader similarly follows the command of
execution by the command for =quick time= (par. 339-_b_, _c_), which
is successively taken by the elements, as above. If marching in =quick
time=, and =double time= be commanded, only the rear elements take the
increased gait, each taking =quick time= on arriving in its place.
(Fig. 41.)
[Illustration: FIG. 41, par. 399.]
=400.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to form line to a
flank=: 1. =Fours right (left)=, 2. =MARCH.=
Each, four turns to the right (par. 389). Each rear four regulates on
the leading four until the fours unite in line (par. 326), when,
unless the leader halts the squad, all take up the march in the new
direction _without further command_, regulating on the new guide
(pars. 325, 372). If the squad is to form line without advancing in
the new direction, the leader gives the preparatory indication for the
halt immediately following the second command, so as to add the
command halt as the four unite in line.
=In an emergency= a similar movement may be executed from =columns of
twos= at the commands: 1. =Twos right (left)=, 2. =MARCH.= Loss of
=order= may result. In the absence of other indication, intervals are
closed toward the guide (par. 372). A similar movement executed from
column of troopers results in a line of foragers, which may be
assembled or rallied to form line (pars. 414, 416).
Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d._ (Fig. 36.)
[Illustration: FIG. 42, par. 400.]
=401.= =Being in line, to face or march the line to the rear=: 1.
=Fours right (left) about=, 2. =MARCH.=
When the movement is executed by =signal= the elements of the column
always turn to the _left_ about. The oral command =fours right about=
is not accompanied by an arm signal.
Each four turns 180 degrees in the direction indicated (par. 389). The
leader, passing around a flank of the squad, promptly takes position
in front of the guide so as to lead the squad in the new direction
(pars. 325, 372).
To face to the rear, the squad is halted as the fours unite in line.
The modifications incident to the execution of the dismounted movement
are indicated in par. 391.
Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.
A dismounted squad may also be marched a short distance to the rear by
the _oral_ command and methods indicated in par. 82.
=402.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to face or march
the column to the rear=: 1. =Fours (twos, troopers), right (left)
about=, 2. =MARCH.=
The provision in the preceding paragraph regarding the execution of
the movement by signal applies equally to this paragraph. Each four
(two, trooper) turns 180 degrees in the direction indicated (par.
389). The leader promptly takes position in front of the guide of the
column (par. 325). (Fig. 37.)
[Illustration: FIG. 43, par. 402.]
=403.= =Being in line to form column of fours, twos, or troopers to
the front=: 1. =Right (left) by fours (twos, troopers)=, 2. =MARCH.=
The formation is a successive one. The right element (four, two, or
trooper, according to the command) is the base; it moves forward and
follows the leader, becoming the leading element of the column.
(_a_) In forming column of fours each four to the left of the base
successively obliques to the right (par. 385) at the gait of the base
as soon as it has sufficient space, and resumes the direct march so as
to enter the column at 4 feet distance. To avoid losing distance the
oblique must be begun in each four when the heads of its horses are
opposite the croups of the horses of the four on its right. Gaits are
regulated as in pars. 387-_a_, _c_. (Fig. 44.)
(_b_) In forming column of twos or troopers only the elements of the
right four move in the manner indicated above. Each of the other
elements successively turns to the right (par. 389) and then, after
advancing in the new direction, turns to the left so as to enter the
column at 4 feet distance (par. 331). Gaits are regulated as in pars.
337-_a_, _c_. The movements described in (_a_) and (_b_) are among
those referred to in par. 468-_b_. (Fig. 45.)
(_c_) =Right (left) by fours= is ordinarily unsuited to execution in
groups of any size. Should it be necessary to break to the front from
the _flank_ of such a unit, column of fours to the front may be formed
by executing =fours right (left)= and then changing the direction of
march of the head of the column. The oral commands: 1. =Fours right
(left), column left (right)=, 2. =MARCH=, and 1. =Fours right (left),
column half left (right)=, 2. =MARCH=, are authorized for this
purpose. Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.
(_d_) For cases that are _not suitably met by (a) or (c) of this
paragraph_ the commands: 1. =Right (left) forward, fours right
(left)=, 2. =MARCH=, are authorized. The right four is the base and
moves forward following the leader, who promptly takes position in
front of the guide of the column (pars. 325, 374). The second four
from the right starts to move as in fours right (par. 391), its guide
decreasing the pace until the right four has partly cleared the second
four, when the latter four, by a movement approximating an oblique,
enters the column so as to follow in the trace of the leading
(original right) four at 4 feet distance. The other fours execute
=fours right= (each slightly decreasing the pace during the turn), and
then =column left=, so as to follow the second four at the proper
distance. The fours move simultaneously and, except as noted above,
all at the same gait (par. 337-_d_).
In the execution of the movement dismounted the right four moves
forward; the remainder of the squad executes =fours right, column
left=, and follows the right (leading) four at 92 inches distance. The
right four takes four short steps just after it, clears the four next
on its left, then resumes the full step. (Fig. 46.)
[Illustration: FIG. 44, par. 403 (_a_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 45, par. 403 (_b_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 46, par. 403 (_d_).]
EXTENDED ORDER.
=404.= In extended-order drills the troopers habitually march =at
ease=, but keep on the alert so as promptly to conform to the
indications of the leader and the movements of the guide.
The rifles of dismounted troopers in extended order are carried as in
par. 61.
=405.= Foragers may be formed when the squad is in any authorized
formation (par. 468) or in disorder, when it is moving at any gait or
is halted. The extension is effected toward the direction of march.
When possible the deployment should be made upon ground protected from
hostile view and fire. Whatever the method employed for the extension,
the leader controls the movements of the base (par. 323). The other
troopers, moving at a _gallop_, form =foragers= in accordance with the
methods indicated.
The squad, deployed as =foragers=, is marched to the front and halted,
obliques, resumes the original direction, executes changes in gait and
changes of direction, by the commands and methods prescribed for the
squad in =line=.
=406.= The appropriate substitution of =skirmishers= for =foragers=,
is made in the commands for movements in extended order, dismounted
(par. 368-_c_). The skirmishers move at a run to their positions on
the line of foragers.
=407.= A greater or less interval than 3 yards between foragers may be
ordered, the words =at (so many) yards= being added to the preparatory
command so as immediately to follow the word =foragers= or
=skirmishers=.
=408.= =Being in line, to form foragers=: 1. =Foragers=, 2. =MARCH.=
The guide continues to be the base and advances (par. 405) at the
gait of march unless the leader indicates otherwise (pars. 337-_f_,
405). The troopers to the right of the guide move at a gallop
obliquely to the right front; those to the left obliquely to the left
front. The troopers take position abreast of the base in the same
order as in line and at intervals of 3 yards measured from the side of
the base. Should the right trooper be the guide, all oblique to the
left; should the left trooper be the guide, all oblique to the right.
In the execution of the corresponding dismounted movement (commands:
1. =Skirmishers=, 2. =MARCH=--par. 406) the troopers move to their
places at a run, taking intervals of one-half pace, unless some other
interval be indicated (pars. 368-_e_, 407.) (Fig. 37.)
=409.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to form
foragers=: 1. =Right (left) front into foragers=, 2. =MARCH.=
The _left trooper_ of the leading element of the column as the base of
the deployment advances at the gait of march (par. 337-_a_) unless the
leader indicates otherwise (pars. 337-_f_, 405), the other troopers of
the leading element deploying as indicated in par. 408. The remaining
troopers move obliquely to the right front at a gallop and extend the
line in similar, manner, the order of the successive elements being
the same, from left to right in line, as it formerly was from head to
rear in the column.
The possibility of the inversion of troopers in the fours as a result
of forming foragers from column of _twos_ or _troopers_ should be kept
in mind. No such inversion can occur in movements executed from column
of fours. The movement described in this paragraph is one of those
referred to in par. 468-_b_. (Fig. 41.)
[Illustration: FIG. 47, par. 409.]
=410.= =Being in disorder, to form foragers=:
Foragers may be formed from any condition of dispersion or disorder by
methods similar to those indicated in pars. 408 and 409. At the
command: 1. =Foragers=, 2. =MARCH=, the troopers nearest the leader
ride toward him at a gallop. The leader indicates the guide (par.
373), who follows the leader; the other troopers, moving at a gallop,
take position, with the proper interval, on the right and left of the
guide, without regard to order.
Line of foragers from a condition of disorder may also be formed by
first rallying the squad (par. 416) and then forming foragers.
Dismounted, skirmishers may similarly be formed.
=411.= =Being deployed as foragers, to march to a flank=: 1. =By the
right (left) flank=, 2. =MARCH.=
Each trooper turns 90° to the right and marches in the new direction
(par. 389). A column of troopers at 4 feet distance results. The line
of foragers may be resumed by again marching to the flank by the use
of corresponding commands and methods.
Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.
Dismounted, each trooper moves as in par. 81. If at a halt, the
movement of the foragers by the flank is executed by the same commands
as when marching.
=412.= =Being deployed as foragers, to march to the rear=: 1. =To the
rear=, 2. =MARCH.=
Each trooper executes an about to the _left_ (pars. 389, 486). To march
again to the front the commands: 1. =Forward=, 2. =MARCH=, are given.
Each trooper executes another about to the _left_. If a line of
foragers be halted while marching to the rear, each trooper turns to
the left about and halts, faced to the front (par. 474).
Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.
Dismounted, each trooper executes =to the rear= (par. 82). If at a
halt, the movement of the foragers to the rear is executed by the same
commands as when marching.
=413.= The squad may be extended in depth as well as in front. The
commands are: 1. =Fours (twos, or troopers) at so many yards
distance=, 2. =MARCH.= This movement may be used to cross a fire-swept
area when such a course is necessary. The leader indicates the point
where the squad is to be reassembled. The fours (twos or troopers)
move out successively from head to rear in column or right to left in
line. Each element may extend laterally on its guide. The gait is the
gallop.
=414.= =Being deployed as foragers and in order (par. 470) to
assemble=: 1. =Assemble=, 2. =MARCH.= The guide advances and follows
the leader. The other troopers close in on the guide and form in
=line= upon him in the same relative order in which they were at the
moment the assembly was commanded. The leader halts the guide at any
time if it is desired to assemble without gaining further ground in
the direction of march. The leader, by moving in any desired
direction, may regulate the direction toward which the assembly is
executed. Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_e_, the elements other
than the base taking a correspondingly faster =gait=. The assembly in
each unit is explained for that unit (par. 468-_b_).
The leader may, by prior designation of any trooper (e.g., a flank
trooper) as guide (par. 373), cause the assembly to be executed on
that trooper by the commands and methods just indicated.
The troopers always start to assemble in line, but when an assembly in
column is desired it may virtually be accomplished, by the leader's
designation of a flank trooper as the guide before ordering the
assembly and cautioning: =COLUMN= as soon as the assembly begins. The
fours, as they successively assemble toward the base, then take their
places in column of fours instead of in line; the leader takes post in
front of No. 2 (par. 325).
If there be not space to advance in column of fours, the assembly in
=column of twos or troopers= may be accomplished by corresponding
commands and methods.
The _squad_ executes =assemble= only when deployed as foragers and =in
order=. Under other conditions the rally (par. 416), followed, by
=count fours=, more easily accomplishes the purposes of the =assembly=
(Def.).
In executing the assembly dismounted the troopers close in on the
guide in double time _without special command_ if the guide and leader
continue to advance (par. 339-_g_); otherwise they close in at quick
time unless double time be commanded (par. 339-_b_). (Fig. 42.)
[Illustration: FIG. 48, par. 414.]
=415.= If =to the rear= (par. 412) be executed by the squad, a
temporary loss of =order= occurs. If it be desired to pass to close
order without resuming the march to the front and assembling (par.
414), the squad may rally (par. 416) and count fours.
=416.= =Being in any formation, or not formed, or in disorder, to
rally=; =RALLY=. _When the rally is ordered the signal is habitually
accompanied by the oral command, both the signal and the oral command,
being repeated until understood and obeyed. The signal is obeyed at
once, there being no preparatory command for this movement._
The leader takes position at any point or moves in any desired
direction, and at any gait that will permit the movement to be
executed. The troopers ride toward the leader at an extended gallop
and, in the absence of other indication, form in rear of the leader in
line. The leader promptly designates the guide (pars. 371, 373), who
follows the leader. The other troopers form, as they come up, on the
right and left of the guide extending the line. The leader may
caution: =COLUMN=, as the leading troopers approach. The troopers then
form in =column of fours= instead of in =line=. The leading element
forms first; the other troopers, as they arrive, successively form
fours, extending the column to the rear. The leader designates the
guide (pars. 373, 374) and cautions: =NOTE YOUR NUMBERS=. The rally in
column is exceptional and is intended for use only on occasions when a
narrow road or other circumstances of the terrain prevent the rally in
line.
Should the route along which the leader is moving when the rally is
ordered be too narrow to permit the formation of column of fours, the
leader may caution: =COLUMN OF TWOS (COLUMN OF TROOPERS)= as the
leading troopers approach. The movement is executed as explained for
the rally in column of fours. =Fours= should be counted at once. The
rally in columns of twos or troopers is to be regarded as very
exceptional.
The squad being rallied in line, though ordinarily not =in order=
until fours are counted (par. 470), is available at once to charge or
to execute any movement that does not involve a knowledge of their
respective numbers on the part of the individual troopers. Unless the
charge is to be executed at once, fours should be counted without
delay after rallying, so that the squad, may be =in order= and ready
to execute any movements whatever that conditions may demand.
The rally dismounted, is always executed at a run. (Fig. 49.)
[Illustration: FIG. 49, par. 416.]
THE MOUNTED ATTACK.
=417.= The mounted attack is made with the pistol or saber in
accordance with the principles indicated in pars. 562-565. The typical
saber charge is executed in =line=. Under some circumstances, as in
the attack of a dispersed enemy, etc., a saber charge may be made by
troopers deployed as =foragers=. The pistol attack is usually made in
foragers. In exceptional circumstances (as in breaking out from an
ambush, attacking in a narrow road, etc.) it may be made =in line= or
=in column of fours, twos, or troopers=.
=418.= Cohesion in the line and vigor in the shock are essential to
the success of the _saber charge_. High speed is necessary for the
desired shock; and in the saber charge, as executed in combat, the
horses are, at the culmination of the charge, habitually "turned
loose" and urged to the highest speed. This, except with men and
horses that are highly trained, necessarily involves _loss of control_
over the horse on the part of the trooper. The saber charge, executed
with poorly trained horsemen, especially if on imperfectly trained or
excitable house's, is apt to be futile as regards the instruction of
the trooper and to result in more or less permanent loss of control
over the horses. _Control of the mount_ by the trooper is essential
during the execution of the _pistol attack_ (ordinarily made in line
of foragers), and is, of course, necessary during march and maneuver.
For these reasons it is considered advisable that the first
instruction of the recruit in the actual saber charge be deferred
until after platoon instruction and that it be given then only after
the troop commander is satisfied that the recruit's progress in
horsemanship and in the use of his weapon has advanced to a point when
the exercise will be of value.
=419.= The work in the squad, with a view to _preparing the recruit
for the mounted attack with the saber and pistol_, will therefore be
limited to those exercises in which the horse is _controlled_. It
should consist, in substance, of an extension to collective work of
the individual instruction described in par. 297, and should include
occasional practice in advancing as rapidly as can be done while
maintaining a close formation and control of the mount. The increase
in speed should be made quietly and progressively, be continued but a
short distance, and _invariably be terminated by the quiet resuming of
a slow gait_. As the recruit gets more skill and confidence the
exercise will be conducted with sabers drawn, the troopers taking the
charging position (par. 251) when the instructor does so and returning
to the _carry_ with him. Similar exercises will be conducted with the
pistol, with especial attention to directing the horses through lines
of silhouette targets and to drawing, returning, and manipulating the
pistol. The exercises with the pistol will usually be conducted in
=foragers= and may be extended to include the actual execution of the
pistol attack as described in the =School of the Platoon=.
In campaign any small group executes the mounted attack as explained
for the platoon.
=420.= In combat of every kind skill on the part of the individual
trooper in the use of the weapon or weapons employed is essential. So
important is this part of the training that where time for the
training of the troopers is limited all but the most essential
portions of close-order drill should be deferred or omitted in order
that the training of the trooper in the use of his weapons may be
thorough and efficient.
=Section 8. Tent pitching.=
TO PITCH ALL TYPES OF ARMY TENTS, EXCEPT SHELTER AND CONICAL WALL
TENTS.
To pitch all types of Army tents, except shelter and conical wall
tents: Mark line of tents by driving, a wall pin on the spot to be
occupied by the right (or left) corner of each tent. For pyramidal
tents the interval between adjacent pins should be about 30 feet,
which will give a passage of 2 feet between tents. Spread tripod on
the ground where the center of tent is to be, if tripod is used.
Spread the tent on the ground to be occupied, door to the front, and
place the right (or left) front wall loop over the pin. The door (or
doors, if more than one) being fastened and held together at the
bottom, the left (or right) corner wall loop is carried to the left
(or right) as far as it will go and a wall pin driven through it, the
pin being placed in line with the right (or left) corner pins already
driven. At the same time the rear corner wall loops are pulled to the
rear and outward so that the rear wall of the tent is stretched to
complete the rectangle. Wall pins are then driven through these loops.
Each corner pin should be directly in rear of the corresponding front
corner pin, making a rectangle. Unless the canvas be wet, a small
amount of slack should be allowed before the corner pins are driven.
According to the size of the tent, one or two men, crawling under the
tent if necessary, fit each pole or ridge or upright into the ring or
ridge-pole holes, and such accessories as hood, fly, and brace ropes
are adjusted. If a tripod be used an additional man will go under the
tent to adjust it. The tent, steadied by the remaining men, one at
each corner guy rope, will then be raised. If the tent is a ward or
storage type, corner poles will now be placed at the four corners. The
four corner guy ropes are then placed over the lower notches of the
large pins driven in prolongation of the diagonals at such distance as
to hold the walls and ends of the tent vertical and smooth when the
guy ropes are drawn taut. A wall pin is then driven through each
remaining wall loop and a large pin for each guy rope is driven in
line with the corner guy pins already driven. The guy ropes of the
tent are placed over the lower notches, while the guy ropes of the fly
are placed over the upper notches, and are then drawn taut. Brace
ropes, when used, are then secured to stakes or pins suitably placed.
CONICAL WALL TENT.
Drive the door pin and center pin 8 feet 3 inches apart. Using the
hood lines, with center pin as center, describe two concentric
circles with radii 8 feet 3 inches and 11 feet 3 inches. In the outer
circle drive two door guy pins 3 feet apart. At intervals of about 3
feet drive the other guy pins.
In other respects conical tents are erected practically as in the case
of pyramidal tents.
TO STRIKE COMMON, WALL, PYRAMIDAL, AND CONICAL WALL TENTS.
=STRIKE TENTS.=
The men first remove all pins except those of the four corner guy
ropes, or the four quadrant guy ropes in the case of the conical wall
tent. The pins are neatly piled or placed in their receptacle.
One man holds each guy, and when the ground is clear the tent is
lowered, folded, or rolled and tied, the poles or tripod and pole
fastened together, and the remaining pins collected.
TO FOLD TENTS.
For folding common, wall, hospital, and storage tents: Spread the tent
flat on the ground, folded at the ridge so that bottoms of side walls
are even, ends of tent forming triangles to the right and left; fold
the triangular ends of the tent in toward the middle, making it
rectangular in shape; fold the top over about 9 inches; fold the tent
in two by carrying the top fold over clear to the foot; fold again in
two from the top to the foot; throw all guys on tent except the second
from each end; fold the ends in so as to cover about two-thirds of the
second cloths; fold the left end over to meet the turned-in edge of
the right end, then fold the right end over the top, completing the
bundle; tie with the two exposed guys.
METHOD OF FOLDING PYRAMIDAL TENT.
The tent is thrown toward the rear and the back wall and roof canvas
pulled out smooth. This may be most easily accomplished by leaving the
rear-corner wall pins, in the ground with the wall loops attached, one
man at each rear-corner guy, and one holding the square iron in a
perpendicular position and pulling the canvas to its limit away from
the former front of the tent. This leaves the three remaining sides of
the tent on top of the rear side, with the door side in the middle.
Now carry the right-front corner over and lay it on the left-rear
corner. Pull all canvas smooth, throw guys toward square iron, and
pull bottom edges even. Then take the right-front corner and return to
the right, covering the right-rear corner. This folds the right side
of the tent on itself, with the crease in the middle and under the
front side of tent.
Next carry the left-front corner to the right and back as described,
above; this when completed will leave the front and rear sides of the
tent lying smooth and flat and the two side walls folded inward, each
on itself.
Place the hood in the square iron which has been folded downward
toward the bottom of the tent, and continue to fold around the square
iron as a core, pressing all folds down flat and smooth and parallel
with the bottom of the tent. If each fold is compactly made and the
canvas kept smooth, the last fold will exactly cover the lower edge of
the canvas. Lay all exposed guys along the folded canvas except the
two on the center width, which should be pulled out and away from
bottom edge to their extreme length for tying. Now, beginning at one
end, fold toward the center on the first seam (that joining the first
and second widths) and fold again toward the center, so that the
already folded canvas will come to within about 3 inches of the middle
width. Then fold over to the opposite edge of middle width of canvas.
Then begin folding from opposite end, folding the first width in half,
then making a second fold to come within about 4 or 5 inches of that
already folded; turn this fold entirely over that already folded. Take
the exposed guys and draw them taut across each other, turn bundle
over on the under guy, cross guys on top of bundle, drawing tight.
Turn bundle over on the crossed guys and tie lengthwise.
When properly tied and pressed together this will make a package 11 by
23 by 34 inches, requiring about 8,855 cubic inches to store or pack.
Stencil the organization designation on the lower half of the middle
width of canvas in the back wall.
CHAPTER VI.
FIELD SERVICE.
=Section 1. Principles of training.=
Inaction gives every advantage to the enemy.
The offensive alone gives decisive results.
A quick and energetic offensive minimizes losses.
An advance against the enemy's position once entered upon must be
continued. To go back under fire is to die.
The best way to hold down the fire of the enemy and to diminish his
power to inflict losses is to bring the position he occupies under
well-conducted and continued fire.
Present as small a target as possible to the enemy by utilizing every
bit of cover the ground affords.
Individual skill in marksmanship is an advantage in battle only when
united with fire discipline and control.
Constant movement to the front lessens the effect of the enemy's fire.
Modern battles fought in the open show that the heaviest losses are in
the mid and long ranges. When close range is reached the losses
diminish rapidly.
The best protection against artillery fire is a constant but irregular
movement to the front. When close to the enemy's position his fire is
least effective.
A knowledge of how to use the bayonet and the will to use it must
often be the deciding factors in battle.
Finally:
In training we can not go far wrong or fail to accomplish the best
results if we keep before our minds the spirit as well as the wording
of paragraph 352 of the Infantry Drill Regulations: "The duties of
infantry are many and difficult. All infantry must be fit to cope with
all conditions that may arise. Modern war requires but one kind of
infantry--good infantry." Cavalry, dismounted, should be as efficient
as infantry under all conditions of service.
=Section 2. Combat.=
The field of battle is the final test of the instruction, discipline,
and efficiency of the fighting force of any army.
The squadron is the =attack unit= or the =defense unit=, whether
operating alone or as part of a regiment. The troops constitute the
=firing line= and the =support=.
An individual soldier is concerned only with the enemy in his
immediate front, in obeying orders, and instinctively doing what he
has been trained to do.
=The one requisite necessary to win the battle is intelligent team
work.= The army is handled just like a football team. A part is on the
first line facing the enemy. Another part, like the half backs, is
held back as supports. Another part, like the full backs, is held as a
reserve. Each unit, like each player, has a certain duty to perform.
When the signal is given, all work together--all play the game--team
work. The players consist of all branches of the service.
The same rule holds true down to the smallest unit and even to the
individual enlisted man. Each regiment, is a team composed of three
players--each a squadron. Each squadron is a team of four
players--each a troop. In the same manner each troop is a team of two
or more platoons; each platoon a team of two sections; and last, but
not least, each section is a team of from 6 to 14 players.
The one question that always presents itself on the battle field every
minute of the time to every person, whether he be a general or a
private, is, "=What play has my team captain ordered, and how best may
I act so as to work in conjunction with the other players to bring
about the desired result?"--team play.=
To the trooper this means--
First. =Prompt and loyal obedience to the section leader.= Every
section always has a team captain. If the section leader and corporal
are killed or disabled, other players previously designated take their
places. If no one was designated, then the private with the longest
service takes command. When the section leader gives the command for a
certain play, don't stop to think if the play is a good one, but do
your very best to carry out the play as ordered. A poor play in which
every player enters with his whole heart (team work) will often win,
while, on the other hand, the best play in which some of the players
are skulkers and shirkers will probably fail.
Second. =Never lose touch with your section.= Every individual, as
well as every unit, should always be acting under the control of some
higher commander. This is necessary if there is to be any unity of
action. Therefore if you lose your section or it becomes broken up,
join the first section you can find and obey your new section leader
as loyally and as cheerfully as you did your own.
While yet several miles from the enemy's position the troops may come
under artillery fire. On green men entering upon their fight, the
sound of the projectile whistling through the air, the noise, flash,
and smoke on the burst of the shrapnel, and the hum of the various
pieces thereafter, all produce a very terrifying effect, but old
soldiers soon learn to pay little attention to this, as the danger is
not great.
THE MOUNTED ATTACK.
THE TROOP ACTING ALONE.
=639.= When the troop acting alone charges it is ordinarily divided
into two parts, viz, the =attacking line= and the =reserve=, but a
platoon is never kept in rear except when the captain so directs.
If the attacking line, or reserve, consists of only one platoon, it is
led by its chief; if it consists of two or more platoons, it is led by
the senior chief of platoon or by the captain.
When a chief of platoon takes post as leader of two or more platoons,
his place as platoon leader is taken by the corresponding file closer.
Whenever the =rally= or =assembly= is ordered, the captain may cause
the guidon to be displayed at the rallying or assembly point
indicated.
=640.= In instruction exercises the enemy must always be outlined or
represented by troopers, who may carry flags, under command of an
officer or noncommissioned officer. In the beginning of this
instruction these men will occupy fixed positions; later they will be
instructed to ride so as to represent the movements of an aggressive
enemy. The captain will explain to the commander the object of the
exercise and tell him what to do.
=641.= The platoons of the =attacking line= may attack in one line or
successively, as from column of platoons with extended distances. The
captain, in addition to designating a reserve, may direct one or more
platoons to execute any special mission. In the absence of special
instructions from the captain the leader of each platoon, or
combination of platoons, that is acting separately uses his
discretion, endeavoring so to employ his command as best to assist in
carrying out the general plan indicated by the captain's orders.
=642.= The reserve, in the absence of special instructions, follows
the attacking line at from 100 to 150 yards in readiness to support
the attacking line, meet a counter attack, or press the pursuit, as
occasion may require.
A platoon designated for a =flank attack= is so conducted by its
leader as to fall opportunely upon the enemy's flank.
If a flank platoon be so designated, it attacks from that flank unless
otherwise directed.
To guard against a flank attack or an enveloping attack the captain
may detach a platoon to move to the threatened flank so as to take an
enveloping attack in flank or meet a flank attack. If a flank platoon
be so designated, it acts on the corresponding flank unless otherwise
directed. When no platoon is specially designated for flank guard, the
corresponding duties fall upon the reserve.
=643.= The captain's commands should include an indication of the
objective, unless the latter is obvious, designate the elements of the
attack, and state any special mission that is assigned to any element.
The captain's orders also usually include an indication of the weapon
to be used by the several elements of the attack and may prescribe the
formations to be employed. All details not prescribed by the captain
are left to the discretion of the commanders of the several elements
into which the attack is divided.
Where the same weapon is to be used by all it is ordinarily drawn at
the captain's orders before the instructions for the attack are given.
Otherwise, each commander gives the proper orders for drawing saber
or raising pistol.
=644.= The troop being, for example, =in line=, marching at a gallop
with sabers drawn, the captain may command: =Objective, Cavalry in
front; Second and Third platoons, to the charge; First platoon, flank
attack; Fourth platoon, reserve.= Each element of the attack proceeds
at once to carry out its orders. The leader of the attacking line
(whether the captain or a lieutenant) directs the leader of the base
platoon to close on him before charge is ordered (par. 563). In other
respects, the charge is conducted as explained for the platoon (pars.
562-564).
The troop being, for example, in column of platoons, marching at a
gallop, no weapon drawn, the captain may command (the objective being
obvious): =First and Second platoons, pistol attack; Third platoon,
reserve; Fourth platoon, left flank guard.= The leader of the
attacking line commands: 1. =As foragers=, 2. =MARCH=, and attacks
with the pistol according to the principles explained for the platoon
(pars. 566-568) as soon as the second platoon completes its deployment
on the left of the first platoon. The commanders of the third and
fourth platoons move to their positions, drawing saber or raising
pistol in their discretion.
Should the captain command, for example: =First and Second platoons,
pistol attack in two lines; Third platoon, charge enemy's right flank;
Fourth platoon, reserve=, the third platoon may charge with the saber.
Should the captain cause pistols to be raised before ordering the
attack all use the pistol.
The above are only examples to indicate the character of the captain's
commands. The actual orders must meet the situation presented.
=645.= At the first indication for the charge the ground scouts move
out from the flanks of the attacking line (par. 569) unless otherwise
specially directed. The captain usually sends out any necessary combat
patrols; but each leader of a separate group is responsible that any
further steps necessary for the immediate protection of his own flanks
are taken.
THE TROOP IN THE SQUADRON.
=646.= The troop in squadron, in mounted attack, has no reserve, but
may have a support in the discretion of the major. If on the flank of
the squadron, its own flank defense must be provided by the captain in
the absence of instructions.
PASSING FROM MOUNTED ACTION TO DISMOUNTED ACTION.
=647.= The movements are executed by commands and methods
corresponding to those already explained for the squad and platoon,
with the following modifications and additions thereto:
The horses of the captain and of one bugler who accompanies the
captain are held by the other bugler or by a man specially designated
_in advance_ for that duty.
The horses of the first sergeant and other men out of ranks, and not
otherwise specially provided for, are secured in the same manner
indicated in the corresponding provisions for the squad and platoon.
=648.= The guidon, in the absence of instructions to the contrary,
takes general charge of the led horses and performs the duties
prescribed for the trooper in charge of the horse-holders and horses
(par. 431). Should one of the platoon file closers be senior to the
guidon, the first sergeant cautions such file closer and the guidon
_in advance_ that the senior will have general charge of the led
horses of the troop while such senior remains with the horses. In the
absence of other special instructions, the file closer of each platoon
reports the additional troopers of his platoon to the troop commander
after Nos. 2 dismount. The guidon remains in general charge of the
other horse-holders and the horses, a designated trooper having, under
the guidon, immediate charge of the horse-holders and horses of each
platoon.
=649.= The captain gives any desired special instructions to the
guidon and sees that proper measures for security are taken. On
dismounting, the first sergeant remains near the horses long enough to
see that the designated noncommissioned officer is in charge and is
making proper provision as regards the horses; he then joins the
captain. Any sergeants who may be extra file closers without special
assignment of duties join the captain; other extra file closers not
specially assigned join the platoons with which they were riding. The
captain, on dismounting, takes position at the point where he desires
the base platoon to form or otherwise indicates that position to the
leader of the base platoon. The platoon that was the base when the
troop dismounted remains the base of the dismounted formation in the
absence of other indication. Its leader takes position at once in rear
of the captain, or as indicated by the latter, and the dismounted
platoon forms in =double column= or as directed. The other platoons
form so as to extend the formation =in line of double columns=, or as
the captain orders, in accordance with the principles governing the
assembly of the troop. The captain may direct the platoon leaders to
proceed at once to designated positions without forming the troop as a
unit. _In all cases the measures taken must be such as to prevent
unnecessary exposure of men or horses to hostile view or fire._
DISMOUNTED COMBAT (THE TROOP).
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
=650.= When the troop, acting alone, dismounts to engage in deliberate
fire action the captain makes provisions for the led horses (par. 649)
and at once sends out scouts (usually two experienced men detailed and
trained as such) to the front to reconnoiter. The captain reconnoiters
usually in rear of, but in touch with the scouts, and accompanied by
platoon commanders and the first sergeant; he explains to them the
purpose of the attack, gives them all the information he has about the
enemy and about our own troops in the vicinity, points out to them the
objective of each platoon if they are to advance, or indicates the
part of the line to be held by each if to take the defensive.
=651.= The advance of a troop after dismounting, in anticipation of
fire action either in attack or defense is made in close order,
preferably in columns of fours or twos, until the probability or the
actual encountering of hostile fire makes it advisable to deploy.
After such deployment the advance (now designated =the approach=) may
be continued in line of skirmishers or other suitable formation before
opening fire. The approach dismounted may often be facilitated, better
advantage taken of cover, and losses minimized by using formations
such as line of platoons each in column of twos or troopers, or a
succession of thin lines at varying distances, one directly behind the
other or echeloned. The choice of a formation would depend upon
conditions, such as the effectiveness of the enemy's fire, cover
afforded by folds of the ground, or by natural obstacles. If the
deployment is found to be premature, it will generally be better to
assemble the troop and resume the advance in close order.
The formations mentioned as facilitating the advance, viz, line of
platoons in column of twos or troopers, or a succession of thin lines
find application most frequently in the approach when the ground is so
difficult or the cover so limited as to make it desirable to take
advantage of the few favorable routes on which to move forward.
=652.= The approach in a succession of thin lines is, if possible,
made by sections under the immediate direction of platoon commanders
with wide intervals between skirmishers. By so advancing continuous
control of the line is assured. If that method is not practicable,
then the successive lines are made up of one or more men from each
four of a platoon on the skirmish line, the command being: 1. =Numbers
1 (or such number or numbers), first (or such) platoon, forward=; 2.
=MARCH.=
The captain having pointed out in advance the selected position in
front of the lines which are to be occupied, the designated numbers
move to the front. The line thus formed preserves the original
intervals as nearly as practicable; when this line has advanced to the
indicated position, a second line is sent forward by similar commands,
and so on at irregular distances until the whole line has advanced.
Upon arriving at the indicated position the first line is halted.
Successive lines upon arriving halt on line with the first, and the
men take their proper places in the skirmish line.
Ordinarily each line is made up of one man or more from each four of a
platoon, and the men of a four are sent forward in order from right to
left. The first line is led by the platoon leader of that platoon, the
second by its file closer, and so on. Under favorable conditions the
successive lines may be made up from all of the platoons which are
deployed as skirmishers.
The movement is conducted in quick time unless conditions make double
time necessary.
After the entire troop has reached the line a further advance in the
same manner may be found advisable.
The movement in a succession of thin lines is used to cross a wide
stretch swept or likely to be swept by artillery fire or heavy
long-range rifle fire which can not profitably be returned. Its
purpose is the building up of a strong skirmish line preparatory to
engaging in a fire fight. This method of advancing by thin lines
results in serious, though temporary, loss of control over the
successive platoons of the troop. Its advantages lie in the fact that
it offers a less definite target, hence is less likely to draw fire.
=653.= These are merely suggested methods of advancing preliminary to
opening the fire attack; other formations better adapted to particular
occasions or terrain may be devised. The best formation is that which
advances the line the farthest without drawing the enemy's fire, or,
if he does open fire, then with the least loss of men, time, and
control.
THE FIRE ATTACK.
=654.= The principles involved in the fire attack are discussed under
=Dismounted Fire Action, the Squadron= (par. 716), and necessary
modifications as to details made under =Dismounted Action, the
Regiment= (par. 760).
When the enemy's fire makes it impracticable for the troop to move
forward in one of the above-mentioned formations, it may advance by
rushes.
Being in skirmish line: 1. =By platoon (section) from the right
(left)=, 2. =RUSH.=
The platoon leader on the indicated flank arranges the details for a
prompt and vigorous execution of the rush and puts it into effect as
soon as practicable. If necessary he designates the leader for the
indicated unit. When about to rush he causes the men of the indicated
unit to suspend firing and to hold themselves flat on the ground but
in readiness to spring forward instantly. The leader of the rush (at
the signal of the platoon leader if the latter is not the leader of
the rush) commands, =Follow me=, and, running at top speed, leads the
fraction to the new line, where he halts it and causes it to open
fire. The leader of the rush selects the new line if it has not been
previously designated.
The first fraction having established itself on the new line, the next
like fraction is sent forward by its platoon leader without further
command from the captain, and so on, successively, until the entire
troop is on the line established by the first rush.
The men must be trained to lie perfectly still until the command
(since any movement might warn the enemy of the rush to follow), then
at command to spring instantly and together to their feet, run at top
speed, and drop together at command.
=655.= In an advance by rushes, leaders of platoons in firing
positions are responsible for the delivery of an effective fire to
cover the advance of each rushing fraction. Troops are cautioned so to
fire as not to endanger the flanks of advanced portions of the firing
line. The husbanding of ammunition for the final stages of the fire
attack must be constantly impressed on the men.
The rush of a troop as a whole is conducted by the captain on the same
principle as described for the platoon. The captain leads the rush,
platoon leaders lead their respective platoons, and file closers
follow the line to insure prompt and orderly execution of the advance.
When the foregoing method of rushing, by running, becomes
impracticable, any method of advance that carries the attack closer to
the enemy, such as =crawling=, should be employed.
The charge corresponds to that described =in the squadron=.
When a leader in command of a platoon or section receives an order or
signal to rush, he should cause his men to suspend firing and to hold
themselves flat but ready for a sprinter's start. He selects the
point, as far as possible with reference to cover, to which he intends
to carry his unit forward. He then gives the command "=RUSH=," springs
forward, and running at full speed about three paces ahead of his men,
leads them in the rush. Arriving at the position he has selected, he
throws himself prone, and the men drop on either side of him. All
crawl forward to good firing positions, considering the cover also,
and the leader gives the necessary orders for resuming the fire. The
latter will include giving the range again, the length of the rush
being subtracted from the sight setting ordered at the last position.
The original platoon and section divisions of the troop in the firing
line should be maintained, if possible, and should only be broken up
if the mingling of reinforcements renders it unavoidable.
Upon joining the firing line, officers and noncommissioned officers
accompanying a reinforcement take over the duties of others of like
grade who have been disabled, or they distribute themselves so as best
to exercise their normal functions. Conditions vary and no exact rules
can be prescribed. It is essential that all assist in mastering the
increased difficulties of control.
FIRE.
=657.= Ordinarily rifles are loaded and extra ammunition in bandoliers
is distributed before the troop deploys for combat. In close order the
troop executes the firings at the command of the captain, who posts
himself in rear of the center.
Firings in close order are exceptional.
=658.= =Signals during fire action=: The voice is generally inadequate
for giving commands during firing, and must be replaced by signals of
such character that proper fire direction and control are assured
(par. 989). To attract attention signals must usually be preceded by
the whistle signal (short blast). A fraction of the firing line about
to rush should avoid using the long blast signal as an indication to
=suspend firing=. Officers and men behind the firing line can not
ordinarily move freely along the line, but each must depend on the
other's watchfulness, in addition to his own, and make use of
prescribed signals (par. 997, Cav. Drill Reg., 1916). All should place
themselves so as to see their immediate superiors and subordinates.
The bugler with the captain assists by observing the enemy, the
target, and the fire effect, and by watching for and transmitting
commands.
The effect of fire and the influence of the ground in relation
thereto, and the individual and collective instruction in marksmanship
are treated in the =Small-Arms Firing Manual=.
=659.= =Volley fire= has limited application. It has a moral effect
both on the troops employing it and on those subjected to it. It may
be employed to restore control. In defense it may be used in the early
stages of the action if the enemy presents a large compact target. It
may be used by troops especially posted on the flank or in a dominant
position in rear of an attacking force for the purpose of aiding the
advance by so-called _fire of position_. When the ground near the
target is such that the strike of bullets can be seen from the firing
line, ranging volleys may be used to correct the sight setting.
In combat, volley firing, if used, is executed habitually by platoon.
=660.= =Fire at will= is the class of fire normally employed in attack
or defense.
=661.= =Clip fire= has limited application. It is principally used
(_a_) in the early stages of combat to steady the men by habituating
them to brief pauses in firing; (_b_) to produce a short burst of
fire.
FIRE DIRECTION.
=662.= When the troop is large enough to be divided into platoons, it
is impracticable for the captain to command it in combat. His
efficiency in managing the firing line is measured by his ability to
enforce his will through the platoon leaders. Having indicated clearly
what he desires them to do, he avoids interfering except to correct
serious errors or omissions.
The captain directs the fire of his troop or of designated platoons.
He designates the target and, when practicable, allots a part of the
target to each platoon. Before beginning the fire action he determines
the range, announces the sight setting, and indicates the class of
fire to be employed and the time to open fire. Thereafter he observes
the fire effect, corrects material errors in sight setting, prevents
exhaustion of the ammunition supply, and causes the distribution of
such extra ammunition as may be received.
FIRE CONTROL.
=663.= In combat the platoon is the _fire unit_. From 20 to 35 rifles
are as many as one leader can control effectively.
Each platoon leader puts into execution the commands or directions of
the captain, having first taken such precautions to insure correct
sight setting and clear description of the target or aiming point as
the situation permits or requires (par. 141); thereafter he gives such
additional commands or directions as are necessary to exact compliance
with the captain's will. He corrects the sight setting when necessary.
When the target can not be seen with the naked eye, he designates an
aiming point (by one of the methods described in par. 141 if
necessary) and orders fire upon it, first announcing the proper sight
setting to correct the error of aim.
In general, =platoon leaders= observe the target and the effect of the
fire and are on the alert for the captain's commands; they observe and
regulate the rate of fire. The =file closers= watch the firing line
and check every breach of fire discipline. =Chiefs of section=
transmit commands when necessary, observe the conduct of their
sections and abate excitement, assist in enforcing fire discipline,
and participate in the firing unless otherwise directed by the
=platoon commanders=.
The best troops are those that submit longest to fire control. To
avoid or delay such loss of control should be the constant aim of all.
Fire control implies the ability of the commander to stop the firing,
change the sight setting and target, and resume a well-directed fire.
FIRE DISCIPLINE.
=664.= Fire discipline implies, besides an unquestioning habit of
obedience to commands, a control of the rifle by the soldier (the
result of training), which will enable him in action to make hits
instead of misses. It embraces taking advantage of the ground; proper
understanding of orders as to target designation; care in setting the
sight and delivery of fire; constant attention to the orders of the
leaders, and careful observation of the enemy; an increase of fire
when the target is favorable, and a cessation of fire when the enemy
disappears; economy of ammunition. Orderly and regular methods on the
part of leaders aid fire discipline. Self possession and a confident
tone in giving commands and instructions are indispensable.
In combat, shots which graze the enemy's trench or position, and thus
reduce the effectiveness of his fire, have the approximate value of
hits; such shots only, or actual hits, contribute toward fire
superiority.
Fire discipline implies that, in a firing line without leaders, each
man retains his presence of mind and directs effective fire upon the
proper target.
=665.= To create a correct appreciation of the requirements of fire
discipline, men are taught that the rate of fire, having constantly in
view the available ammunition supply, should be as rapid as is
consistent with accurate aiming; that the rate will depend upon the
visibility, proximity, and size of the target; and that the proper
rate will ordinarily suggest itself to each trained man usually
rendering cautions or commands unnecessary.
=666.= In attack, ammunition must be used with extreme caution in
order that the highest rate of fire may be employed at the halt
preceding the assault and in pursuing fire.
=667.= In defense, when the target disappears behind cover, platoon
leaders suspend fire, prepare their platoons to fire upon the point
where it is expected to reappear, and greet its reappearance instantly
with a vigorous burst of fire. In defense the available ammunition
supply is not ordinarily so limited as in the attack.
=668.= For communication between the firing line and the reserve or
commander in rear certain signals are prescribed (par. 997). In
transmission their concealment from the enemy's view should be
insured. In the absence of signal flags the headdress or other
substitute may be used.
RANGES.
=669.= For convenience of reference, ranges are classified as follows:
0 to 600 yards, close range.
600 to 1,200 yards, effective range.
1,200 to 2,000 yards, long range.
Over 2,000 yards, distant range.
The distance to the target must be determined as accurately as
possible and the sights set accordingly.
Aside from training and morale, this is the most important single
factor in securing effective fire at the longer ranges.
Except in a deliberately prepared defensive position, the most
accurate and only practicable method of determining the range, in
absence of a suitable mechanical range finder, will generally be to
take the mean of several estimates made independently.
_Estimation of ranges._--Five or six officers and men, selected from
the most accurate estimators in the troop and designated as _range
estimators_, should be specially trained in estimating distances.
Whenever necessary and practicable, the captain assembles the range
estimators, points out the target to them, and adopts the mean of
their estimates. The range estimators then take their customary posts.
When a range is announced, the men at once set their sights to
correspond, and whenever practicable an examination of the pieces is
made in order to verify the sight setting.
(_C. C. D. R., No. 1, Apr. 26, 1917._)
Firing is delayed as long as possible for three reasons, viz: (_a_) At
the extreme ranges little damage can be done on the enemy, and
ineffective firing always encourages him; (_b_) halting to fire delays
the advance, and the great object to be accomplished is to close in on
the enemy where you can meet him on better terms; (_c_) plenty of
ammunition will be required at the decisive stage of the fight, and it
is very difficult to send extra ammunition up to the firing line.
=Therefore never fire until ordered to do so, and then never fire more
than the number of rounds designated. Never fire after the command
"cease firing" is given.=
Ammunition in the bandoleers will ordinarily be expended first. Thirty
rounds in the right pocket section of the belt will be held as a
reserve, to be expended only when ordered by an officer.
Soon, however, it will be necessary to halt and open fire on the enemy
in order to cause him some loss, to make his riflemen keep down in
their trenches, and to make them fire wildly. It is probable that at
this time and until you arrive much closer you will not see any of the
enemy to fire at. You may not even see any trenches nor know just
where the enemy is. Your higher officers, however, with their field
glasses and the messages they receive, will know. Each troop will be
assigned a certain front to cover with its fire. =Therefore be careful
to fix your sights at the designated range and fire only at the
designated target.= This means team work in firing, which is one of
the most important elements of success.
The firing line advances from position to position by means of rushes.
At long range the entire line may rush forward at the same time, but
as the range decreases one part of the line rushes forward while the
remainder keeps up a hot fire on the enemy. The number taking part in
each rush decreases as the fire of the enemy becomes warmer, until
perhaps only one squad, or even less, rushes or crawls forward at a
time, protected by the fire of the rest of the company. The distance
covered by each rush also becomes less and less. After any rush no
part of the line again advances until the rest of the line is up. =In
making a rush, the leader of the unit gives the signal and leads the
way. The rest follow. No attempt is made to keep a line, but each man
rushes forward at a run, seeking only to reach the new halting
position as quickly and with as little exposure as possible.= When
halted, the skirmishers need not be in a perfect line, but every
advantage should be taken of the ground for concealment and
protection. It is necessary only that no man or group of men should
interfere with the fire of other parts of the firing line.
The noise on the firing line will be great. Leaders will be disabled
and new men will take their places. Reinforcements coming up will
cause units to become mixed. To the green man everything may appear to
be in confusion, but this is not so. This is war as it really is. =If
you have lost your section or your section leader, join the leader
nearest to you.= This is the way the game is played.
As long as the fight lasts every available rifleman must be kept in
the firing line. The first and last consideration is to win the
battle. =Therefore, under no circumstances will any soldier be
permitted to go to the rear, either for ammunition or to assist the
wounded.=
If the attacking force can no longer advance, it is much safer to
throw up hasty intrenchments and await the arrival of reinforcements
or darkness than it is to retreat. Retreating troops are the ones that
suffer the greatest. This lesson is taught by every great war.
=Therefore, always remember that the safest thing to do is to stick to
the firing line.=
Troops on the firing line, when not actually engaged in firing at the
enemy, busy themselves throwing up shelter trenches. It only requires
a few minutes to construct a trench that gives great protection.
=Therefore, never get separated from your intrenching tool.=
Concealment is no less important than protection. Therefore, when
conditions permit, as is generally the case when on the defensive,
every effort should be made to hide intrenchments by the use of sod,
grass, weeds, bushes, etc.
In making an attack the infantry is always supported when possible by
its own artillery, which continues to fire over its head until the
infantry arrives very close to the enemy's trenches. This fire is
helping you a great deal by keeping down the fire of the enemy's
infantry and artillery. Therefore, don't think you are being fired
into by your own artillery because you hear their shells and shrapnel
singing through the air or bursting a short distance in your front,
but rather be thankful you are receiving their help up to the very
last minute.
In the last rush which carries the enemy's position there is always
much mixing of units. The firing line does not continue rushing madly
as individuals after the enemy, but halts and fires on him until he
gets out of good range. The pursuit is taken up by formed troops held
in reserve or by the firing line only after its units are again gotten
together.
As the fighting often lasts all day, and great suffering is caused
from thirst, =don't throw away your canteen when the fight commences=.
It may also be impossible to get rations up to the line during the
night. =Therefore, it is advisable to hold onto at least one ration.=
As the recent war has shown the possibility of hand-to-hand fighting,
especially at night, each soldier should be schooled in the use of the
bayonet.
The following has particular reference to the duties of platoon and
section leaders and to the teamwork of the platoon in combat:
Attacking troops must first gain =fire superiority= in order to reach
the hostile position. By gaining fire superiority is meant making
one's fire superior to that of the enemy in volume and accuracy, and
it depends upon the number of rifles employed, the rate of fire, the
character of the target, training and discipline, and fire direction
and control. When the fire of the attackers becomes effective and
superior to that of the defenders the latter are no longer able to
effectively and coolly aim and fire at the former, and, as a
consequence, the attackers are able to inaugurate a successful rush or
advance which carries them nearer to the enemy's position.
When a trained organization has been committed to the attack, the
gaining of fire superiority depends upon the way in which =fire
direction= and =fire control= are exercised.
The captain =directs= the fire of the troop. He indicates to the
platoon commanders the target (enemy) which the troop is to fire and
advance upon, and tells each upon which part of this target he is to
direct the fire of his platoon. When he desires the fire to be opened,
he gives the necessary commands or signals, including the range at
which the sights are to be set.
When the fire fight has once started, it becomes to a great extent a
fight of a number of platoons. The platoon is the largest organization
which can be controlled by a single leader in action. The platoon
commander (lieutenant or sergeant) =controls= its fire in order to
gain the maximum fire effect and to avoid wasting ammunition. He must
try his best to make the fire of his platoon effective, to get it
forward, and to support neighboring platoons in their effort to
advance. At the same time he must hold himself subject to his
captain's directions. He should take advantage of every chance to
carry his platoon forward unless otherwise ordered. In all this he is
assisted by his section chiefs (sergeants) and by his corporals.
At the commencement of an engagement the platoon commander will give
the objective (part of the enemy's line or aiming target) at which his
platoon is to direct its fire. Noncommissioned officers must be sure
that they see and understand the objective, and that all the men in
their squads do likewise. Fire is then directed at this objective
without further command until the platoon commander gives a new
objective.
Men should be instructed to aim at that part of the target assigned to
their platoon which corresponds with their own position in their own
platoon, so that there will be no portion of the target which is not
covered by fire. A portion of the enemy's line not covered by fire
means that that portion is able to coolly aim and fire at their
opponents.
In an engagement the voice can seldom be heard over a few feet, and
the platoon commander will generally have to convey his orders by
signals. A sergeant may be able to shout orders to his section, and
orders may be repeated along a skirmish line by shouting. Care should
be taken that orders intended for one platoon only are not thus
conveyed to another platoon.
A short blast on the whistle, given by the platoon commander, means
"Attention to Orders." All noncommissioned officers at once suspend
firing and glance toward the platoon commander to see if the latter
has any signals or orders for them. If not, they resume firing. A long
blast on the whistle means "Suspend Firing." When a noncommissioned
officer hears this signal from his platoon commander, he should at
once shout "Suspend Firing." Upon receiving a signal, the
noncommissioned officer for whom it is intended should at once repeat
it back, to be sure that it is correctly understood.
As a rule, rushes should be started by a unit on one flank and should
be followed in succession by the other units to the opposite flank.
Each succeeding unit should halt on the line established by the unit
which first rushed. When a unit is about to rush, leaders in charge of
adjacent units should caution their men to be careful not to fire into
the rushing unit as it bounds forward.
When one unit suspends fire for the purpose of rushing, adjacent
leaders should arrange to have a portion of their men turn their fire
on the target of the rushing unit, to the end that there may be no
portion of the enemy's line not under fire and able to fire coolly on
the rushing unit.
Rushes should be made for as long a distance as possible, due regard
being had for the wind of the men and not to get beyond supporting
distance of the other units. Long rushes facilitate an advance, and
quickly place a skirmish line close to the enemy's position, where
its fire will have more effect. An attacking line suffers less from
casualties at short ranges than it does at mid range.
Every advantage should be taken to utilize the cover available. The
best kind of cover is that which, while it masks the skirmishers from
the sight and fire of the enemy, affords favorable conditions for
firing and for readily advancing. In order to allow men to regain
their wind, or should the fire of the enemy be so effective as to
prevent a further advance without reinforcement, advantage may be
taken to lie close in cover, or hasty fire trenches may be thrown up
in order to allow the line to maintain its position. "=To go back
under fire is to die.="