The most striking feature of Africa consists of the immense deserts
which pervade its surface, and which are supposed to comprise the
one-half of its whole extent. The chief of these is, by way of eminence,
called Sahara, or the Desert. It stretches from the shores of the
Atlantic, with few interruptions, to the confines of Egypt, a space of
more than forty-five degrees, or about three thousand miles, by a
breadth of twelve degrees, or about nine hundred miles; its whole extent
being two-thirds as large as that of the United States. It is one
prodigious expanse of red sand, and sandstone rock, of the granulations
of which the red sand consists. It is, in truth, an empire of sand which
seems to defy every exertion of human power or industry, although it is
interspersed with various islands, and fertile and cultivated spots of
different sizes, where water collects in springs or pools, around which
vegetation springs up. These places, which present a delightful contrast
to the surrounding sterility, and cheer the eye of the weary traveler,
are called _oases_. Fezzan, or Fessan, is the chief of those which have
been hitherto explored.
Nearly in the center of the southern line of this sandy ocean, and about
midway between the Mediterranean sea and the coast of Guinea, rise the
walls of Timbuctoo, a city which constitutes the great mart for the
commerce of all the interior of Africa. To maintain this commerce is the
laborious work of the _akkabaars_, or caravans, which cross this
enormous desert from almost every part of the African coast. The mode in
which it is traversed is highly curious. The caravans consist of several
hundred loaded camels, accompanied by the Arabs who let them out to the
merchants for the transportation of their goods. During their route,
they are often exposed to the attacks of the roving Arabs of Sahara, who
generally commit their depredations on the approach to the confines of
the desert. In this tiresome journey, the caravans do not proceed to the
place of their destination, in a direct line across the trackless
desert, but turn occasionally eastward or westward, according to the
situation of the oases of which we have spoken, which are interspersed
in various parts of the Sahara, like islands in the ocean. These serve
as watering-places to the men, as well as to feed, refresh and replenish
the hardy and patient camel. At each of these cultivated spots, the
caravan sojourns several days, and then proceeds on its journey, until
it reaches another spot of the same description. In the intermediate
journeys, the hot winds, denominated shume, or simoom, are often so
violent and penetrating, as considerably, if not entirely, to exhale the
water carried in skins by the camels for the use of the passengers and
drivers. On these occasions, it is affirmed by the Arabs, five hundred
dollars have been frequently given for a draught of water, and that ten
or twenty dollars are often paid, when a partial exhalation has
occurred. These scorching winds are sometimes called the _samiel_, and
are supposed by some, to be pestilential in their nature.
In 1805, a caravan proceeding from Timbuctoo to Tafilet, was
disappointed in not finding water at one of the usual watering-places,
when, horrible to relate, the whole of the persons belonging to it, two
thousand in number, besides one thousand eight hundred camels, perished
of thirst! Accidents of this nature, account for the vast quantities of
human and other bones which are found heaped together in various parts
of the desert.
The following is the general route of the caravans, in crossing the
great desert. Having left the city of Fez, they proceed at the rate of
three miles and a half an hour, and travel seven hours each day. In the
space of eighteen days they reach Akka, where they remain a month, as
this is the place of rendezvous at which they are formed into one grand
accumulated caravan. In proceeding from Akka to Tagassa, sixteen days
are employed; and here again, the caravan sojourns fifteen days to
refresh the camels. It then directs its course to the oasis and well of
Taudeny, which is reached in seven days; and, after another stay of
fifteen days, it proceeds to Arawan, a watering-place, situated at a
like distance. After having sojourned there fifteen days, it sets out,
and reaches Timbuctoo on the sixth day, after having performed a journey
of fifty-four days of actual traveling, and seventy-five of repose;
making, altogether, from Fez to Timbuctoo, one hundred and twenty-nine
days, or four lunar months and nine days. Another caravan sets out from
Wedinoon and Sok Assa, traversing the desert between the Black mountains
of Cape Bojador and Gualata: it touches at Tagassa and El Garbie, or
West Tagassa, where having staid to collect salt, it proceeds to
Timbuctoo. The time occupied by this caravan is five or six months, as
it proceeds as far as Gibbelel-bied, or the White mountains, near Cape
Blanco, through the deserts of Mograffa and Woled Abusebah, to a place
named Agadeen, where it sojourns twenty days.
The caravans which cross the desert, may be compared to fleets of
merchant vessels under convoy; the _stata_, or convoy of the desert,
consisting of a certain number of Arabs, belonging to the tribe through
whose territory the caravan passes. Thus, in crossing the territory of
Woled Abusebah, it is accompanied by Sebayhees, or people of that
country, who, on reaching the confines of the territory of Woled Deleim,
deliver their charge to the protection of the chiefs of that country.
These, again, conduct it to the confines of the territory of the
Mograffa Arabs, under whose care it at length reaches Timbuctoo. Any
assault on the caravan during this journey, is considered as an insult
to the whole tribe to which the convoy belongs; and for such an outrage
they never fail to take ample revenge. Besides these grand caravans,
others cross the desert, on an emergency, without a convoy or guard.
This is, however, a perilous expedition, as they are too often plundered
near the northern confines of the desert, by two notorious tribes, named
Dikna and Emjot. In the year 1798, a caravan consisting of two thousand
camels, laden with the produce of the Soudan territory, together with
seven hundred slaves, was plundered and dispersed, with great slaughter.
These desperate attacks are conducted in the following manner. The tribe
being assembled, the horses are picketed at the entrance of the tents,
and scouts sent out, to give notice when a caravan is likely to pass.
These scouts being mounted on the fleet horses of the desert, quickly
communicate the intelligence, and the whole tribe mount their horses,
taking with them a sufficient number of female camels, on whose milk
they entirely subsist. Having placed themselves in ambush near an oasis,
or watering-place, they issue thence on the arrival of the caravan,
which they plunder without mercy, leaving the unfortunate merchants
entirely destitute.
The food, dress and accommodations of the people who compose the
caravans, are simple and natural. Being prohibited by their religion the
use of wine and intoxicating liquors, and exhorted by its principles to
temperance in all things, they are commonly satisfied with a few
nourishing dates, and a draught of water, traveling for weeks
successively without any other food. At other times, when they undertake
a journey of a few weeks across the desert, a little barley meal, mixed
with water, constitutes their only nourishment. In following up this
abstemious mode of life, they never complain, but solace themselves with
the hope of reaching their native country, singing occasionally during
the journey, whenever they approach a habitation, or when the camels are
fatigued. Their songs are usually sung _in trio_; and those of the
camel-drivers who have musical voices, join in the chorus. These songs
have a surprising effect in renovating the camels; while the symphony
and time maintained by the singers, surpass what any one would conceive
who has not heard them. The day’s journey is terminated early in the
afternoon, when the tents are pitched, prayers said, and the supper
prepared by sunset. The guests now arrange themselves in a circle, and,
the sober meal being terminated, converse till they are overcome by
sleep. At day-break next morning, they again proceed on their journey.
It might seem that these inhabitants of the desert would lead a
miserable life, and especially that they would often be swallowed up in
the terrific sand storms, which sometimes sweep over these wastes. The
sand, being loose and dry, is borne upward by the whirling tempest, and
is seen driving over the plain, like a terrific thunder-cloud. The
experienced traveler sees the coming danger, and prepares himself for
it. He throws himself upon the ground, and covers his face so as not to
be choked with the dust. The horses and camels, guided by instinct, also
put their noses to the earth to prevent being suffocated. If the storm
is slight, the party escapes; but sometimes, such immense waves of sand
are drifted upon the wind, as to bury the traveler deeply beneath it,
and make it his winding-sheet forever. Sometimes whole caravans, with
their horses and camels, have been in this manner overwhelmed; thus
making the waves of the desert as fatal as the waves of the sea. Yet,
despite the terrors of the desert, the Arabs are a lively and cheerful
race. On their march, they stop at night; and in their tents, spread
beneath the starry canopy, the laugh, the jest and the song go round.
There are among them professed story-tellers, who delight the listeners
with fanciful tales of enchantment, adventure, and love, or perhaps they
repeat, in an animated manner, some fine specimens of Arabic poetry.
Thus it is, that mankind, occupying the gloomiest parts of the earth,
have amusements. As the steel is made to yield its spark, so the Arab
finds pleasure in the desert.