$632.8 million (2001)
Namibia
ODA $160 million (2000 est.)
Nauru
$2.25 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.) (2000 est.)
Nepal
$424 million (FY00/01)
Netherlands Antilles
IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the
Netherlands continued its support with $40 million (2000)
New Caledonia
$880 million annual subsidy from France (1998)
Nicaragua
Substantial foreign support (2001)
Niger
$341 million (1997)
Nigeria
IMF $250 million (1998)
Niue
$2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)
Norfolk Island
NA
Northern Mariana Islands
extensive funding from US
Oman
$76.4 million (1995)
Pakistan
$2.4 billion (FY01/02)
Palau
$155.8 million ; note - the Compact of Free Association with
the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1
October 1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over
15 years in return for furnishing military facilities
Panama
$197.1 million (1995)
Papua New Guinea
$400 million (1999 est.)
Paraguay
NA (2001)
Peru
$895.1 million (1995)
Philippines
ODA commitments, $1.2 billion (2002)
Pitcairn Islands
from UK'S DFID
Poland
EU structural adjustment funds (2000)
Puerto Rico
NA (2001)
Qatar
NA
Reunion
$NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001
est.)
Russia
in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in
non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000
est.)
Rwanda
$372.9 million (1999)
Saint Helena
$12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
$8 million (2001)
Saint Lucia
$51.8 million (1995)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
approximately $60 million in annual grants
from France
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$47.5 million (1995); note - EU
$34.5 million (1998)
Samoa
$42.9 million (1995)
San Marino
NA
Sao Tome and Principe
$200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC
program
Senegal
$362.6 million (2002 est.)
Serbia and Montenegro
$2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to
follow for several years)
Seychelles
$16.4 million (1995)
Sierra Leone
$103 million (2001 est.)
Singapore
NA
Slovakia
ODA $113 million (2000),; $92 million EU structural
adjustment funds (2000 est.)
Slovenia
ODA, $62 million (2000 est.)
Solomon Islands
$28 million annually, mainly from Australia (2001
est.)
Somalia
$60 million (1999 est.)
South Africa
$487.5 million (2000)
Sri Lanka
$577 million (1998)
Sudan
$172 million (2001)
Suriname
Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program
assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million
(1998)
Svalbard
$8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Swaziland
$104 million (2001)
Syria
$199 million (1997 est.)
Tajikistan
$60.7 million from US (2001)
Tanzania
$1.2 billion (2001)
Thailand
$131.5 million (1998 est.)
Togo
ODA $80 million (2000 est.)
Tokelau
from New Zealand about $4 million annually
Tonga
Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)
Trinidad and Tobago
$24 million (1999 est.)
Tunisia
$378 million (2001)
Turkey
ODA, $300 million (2000)
Turkmenistan
$16 million from the US (2001)
Turks and Caicos Islands
$4.1 million (1997)
Tuvalu
$13 million ; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and
the US (1999 est.)
Uganda
$1.4 billion (2000)
Ukraine
$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2
billion (1998)
Uruguay
NA
Uzbekistan
$87.4 million from the US (2003)
Vanuatu
$45.8 million (1995)
Venezuela
$74 million (2000)
Vietnam
$2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international
donors for 2000 (2004)
Virgin Islands
NA
Wallis and Futuna
assistance from France
West Bank
$2 billion (includes Gaza Strip) (2001-02 est.)
Western Sahara
NA
World
official development assistance (ODA) $50 billion
Yemen
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)
Zambia
$651 million (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@2065 Currency
Afghanistan
afghani (AFA)
Albania
lek (ALL)
Algeria
Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa
US dollar (USD)
Andorra
euro (EUR)
Angola
kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina
Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia
dram (AMD)
Aruba
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia
Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; as of 1 January 2002, the euro became the only
legal tender in EMU member countries, including Austria
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat (AZM)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh
taka (BDT)
Barbados
Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Belize
Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia
boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka (BAM)
Botswana
pula (BWP)
Brazil
real (BRL)
British Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Brunei
Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria
lev (BGL)
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma
kyat (MMK)
Burundi
Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia
riel (KHR)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada
Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile
Chilean peso (CLP)
China
yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)
Christmas Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia
Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros
Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF);
note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African
States
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia
kuna (HRK)
Cuba
Cuban peso (CUP)
Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot pound (CYP); north Cyprus:
Turkish lira (TRL)
Czech Republic
Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark
Danish krone (DKK)
Djibouti
Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic
Dominican peso (DOP)
East Timor
US dollar (USD)
Ecuador
US dollar (USD)
Egypt
Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador
US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note
- responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN)
Estonia
Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia
birr (ETB)
European Union
euro; pound (Cyprus), koruna (Czech Republic), krone
(Denmark), kroon (Estonia), forint (Hungary), lat (Latvia), litas
(Lithuania), lira (Malta), zloty (Poland), koruna (Slovakia), tolar
(Slovenia), krona (Sweden), pound (UK)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands
Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji
Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
France
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
French Guiana
euro (EUR)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The
dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia
lari (GEL)
Germany
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Ghana
cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Greenland
Danish krone (DKK) is the official legal tender.
Grenada
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guadeloupe
euro (EUR); French franc (FRF)
Guam
US dollar (USD)
Guatemala
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound
Guinea
Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African
States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used
Guyana
Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti
gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euro (EUR)
Honduras
lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary
forint (HUF)
Iceland
Icelandic krona (ISK)
India
Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran
Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq
New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004
Ireland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Israel
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency
abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for
Standarization (ISO) code for the NIS
Italy
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Jamaica
Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan
yen (JPY)
Jersey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT)
Kenya
Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati
Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinar (KWD)
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstani som (KGS)
Laos
kip (LAK)
Latvia
Latvian lat (LVL)
Lebanon
Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia
Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya
Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein
Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania
litas (LTL)
Luxembourg
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Macau
pataca (MOP)
Macedonia
Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar
Malagasy franc (MGF)
Malawi
Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia
ringgit (MYR)
Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta
Maltese lira (MTL)
Man, Isle of
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound
Marshall Islands
US dollar (USD)
Martinique
euro (EUR)
Mauritania
ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte
euro (EUR)
Mexico
Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US dollar (USD)
Moldova
Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco
euro (EUR)
Mongolia
togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique
metical (MZM)
Namibia
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru
Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal
Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF); note -
may adopt the euro in 2003
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua
gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Nigeria
naira (NGN)
Niue
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands
US dollar (USD)
Norway
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Oman
Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau
US dollar (USD)
Panama
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK)
Paraguay
guarani (PYG)
Peru
nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines
Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Poland
zloty (PLN)
Portugal
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Puerto Rico
US dollar (USD)
Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)
Reunion
euro (EUR)
Romania
leu (ROL)
Russia
Russian ruble (RUR)
Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa
tala (SAT)
San Marino
euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Serbia and Montenegro
in Serbia the Serbian dinar (CSD) is legal
tender, but the euro (EUR) is the de facto currency; in Montenegro
and Kosovo the euro is legal tender. (2004)
Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)
Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia
tolar (SIT)
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)
South Africa
rand (ZAR)
Spain
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan
Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Suriname
Surinamese guilder (SRG)
Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)
Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)
Taiwan
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Tajikistan
somoni
Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand
baht (THB)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey
Turkish lira (TRL)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar
Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)
United States
US dollar (USD)
Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)
Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam
dong (VND)
Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
Afghanistan
21.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Albania
5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Algeria
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
American Samoa
3.39 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Andorra
5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Angola
25.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Anguilla
5.46 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Argentina
7.57 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Armenia
8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Aruba
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Australia
7.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Austria
9.56 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Azerbaijan
9.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bahamas, The
8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bahrain
4.03 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bangladesh
8.52 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Barbados
9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Belarus
14.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Belgium
10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Belize
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Benin
13.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bermuda
7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bhutan
13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bolivia
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Botswana
33.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Brazil
6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
British Virgin Islands
4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Brunei
3.4 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bulgaria
14.25 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Burkina Faso
18.79 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Burma
12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Burundi
17.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cambodia
9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cameroon
15.34 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Canada
7.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cape Verde
6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cayman Islands
4.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Central African Republic
19.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Chad
16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Chile
5.71 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
China
6.92 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Christmas Island
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Colombia
5.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Comoros
8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
14.64 deaths/1,000 population
(2004 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
14.49 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cook Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Costa Rica
4.32 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
18.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Croatia
11.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cuba
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cyprus
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Czech Republic
10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Denmark
10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Djibouti
19.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Dominica
6.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Dominican Republic
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
East Timor
6.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ecuador
4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Egypt
5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
El Salvador
5.93 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
12.27 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Eritrea
13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Estonia
13.27 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ethiopia
20.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
European Union
10 deaths/1,000 population (July 2004 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004
est.)
Faroe Islands
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Fiji
5.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Finland
9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
France
9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
French Guiana
4.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
French Polynesia
4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gabon
11.43 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gambia, The
12.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gaza Strip
3.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Georgia
8.98 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Germany
10.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ghana
10.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gibraltar
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Greece
10.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Greenland
7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Grenada
7.31 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guadeloupe
6.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guam
4.35 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guatemala
6.79 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guernsey
9.87 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guinea
15.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
16.57 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guyana
9.71 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Haiti
13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Honduras
6.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Hong Kong
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Hungary
13.16 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Iceland
6.57 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
India
8.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Indonesia
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Iran
5.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Iraq
5.66 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ireland
7.91 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Israel
6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Italy
10.21 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Jamaica
5.4 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Japan
8.75 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Jersey
9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Jordan
2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kazakhstan
9.59 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kenya
16.31 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kiribati
8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Korea, North
6.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Korea, South
6.13 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kuwait
2.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Laos
12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Latvia
13.73 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Lebanon
6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Lesotho
24.79 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Liberia
17.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Libya
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Liechtenstein
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Lithuania
11.03 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Luxembourg
8.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Macau
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Macedonia
7.83 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Madagascar
11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Malawi
23.01 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Malaysia
5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Maldives
7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mali
19.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Malta
7.93 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Man, Isle of
11.35 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Marshall Islands
4.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Martinique
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mauritania
12.74 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mauritius
6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mayotte
8.11 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mexico
4.73 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of
4.97 deaths/1,000 population (2004
est.)
Moldova
12.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Monaco
12.74 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mongolia
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Montserrat
7.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Morocco
5.71 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mozambique
23.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Namibia
21.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nauru
6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nepal
9.66 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Netherlands
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
New Caledonia
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
New Zealand
7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nicaragua
4.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Niger
21.51 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nigeria
13.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Norfolk Island
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Northern Mariana Islands
2.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Norway
9.51 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Oman
3.91 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pakistan
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Palau
6.89 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Panama
6.39 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Papua New Guinea
7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Paraguay
4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Peru
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Philippines
5.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pitcairn Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Poland
9.97 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Portugal
10.37 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Puerto Rico
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Qatar
4.52 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Reunion
5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Romania
11.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Russia
15.17 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Rwanda
21.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Helena
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.65 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Lucia
5.18 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2004
est.)
Samoa
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
San Marino
7.96 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe
6.89 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saudi Arabia
2.66 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Senegal
10.74 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Serbia and Montenegro
10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Seychelles
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sierra Leone
20.62 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Singapore
4.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Slovakia
9.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Slovenia
10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Solomon Islands
4.04 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Somalia
17.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
South Africa
20.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Spain
9.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sri Lanka
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sudan
9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Suriname
6.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population
Swaziland
23.06 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sweden
10.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Switzerland
8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Syria
4.96 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Taiwan
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tajikistan
8.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tanzania
17.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Thailand
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Togo
11.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tokelau
NA deaths/1,000 population
Tonga
5.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago
9.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tunisia
5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turkey
5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turkmenistan
8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands
4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tuvalu
7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uganda
16.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ukraine
16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United Arab Emirates
4.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United Kingdom
10.19 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United States
8.34 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uruguay
9.07 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uzbekistan
7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Vanuatu
8.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Venezuela
4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Vietnam
6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Virgin Islands
6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population
West Bank
4.07 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population
World
8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Yemen
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Zambia
24.35 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Zimbabwe
23.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure
Afghanistan
$61 million (2003)
Albania
$56.5 million (FY02)
Algeria
$2,196.6 million (2003)
Angola
$265.1 million (2003)
Antigua and Barbuda
NA
Argentina
$4.3 billion (FY99)
Armenia
$135 million (FY01)
Australia
$14,120.1 million (2003)
Austria
$1.497 billion (FY01/02)
Azerbaijan
$121 million (FY99)
Bahamas, The
NA
Bahrain
$618.1 million (2003)
Bangladesh
$606.8 million (2003)
Barbados
NA
Belarus
$176.1 million (FY02)
Belgium
$3.999 billion (2003)
Belize
$18 million (2003)
Benin
$98.3 million (2003)
Bermuda
$4.03 million (2001)
Bhutan
$11.2 million (2003)
Bolivia
$127 million (2003)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$234.3 million (FY02)
Botswana
$298.9 million (2003)
Brazil
$10,439.4 million (2003)
Brunei
$339.5 million (2003)
Bulgaria
$356 million (FY02)
Burkina Faso
$52.7 million (2003)
Burma
$39 million (FY97)
Burundi
$33.3 million (2003)
Cambodia
$112 million (FY01 est.)
Cameroon
$189.2 million (2003)
Canada
$9,801.7 million (2003)
Cape Verde
$12.3 million (2003)
Central African Republic
$14.5 million (2003)
Chad
$55.4 million (2003)
Chile
$2,839.6 million (2003)
China
$60 billion (2003 est.)
Colombia
$3.3 billion (FY01)
Comoros
$6 million (2003)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$115.5 million (2003)
Congo, Republic of the
$68.6 million (2003)
Costa Rica
$64 million (2003)
Cote d'Ivoire
$173.6 million (2003)
Croatia
$520 million (2002 est.)
Cuba
$572.3 million (2003)
Cyprus
$384 million (FY02)
Czech Republic
$1,190.2 million (FY01)
Denmark
$3,271.6 million (2003)
Djibouti
$26.5 million (2003)
Dominica
NA
Dominican Republic
$180 million (1998)
East Timor
$4.4 million (FY03)
Ecuador
$650 million (2003)
Egypt
$2,443.2 million (2003)
El Salvador
$157 million (2003)
Equatorial Guinea
$75.1 million (2003)
Eritrea
$77.9 million (2003)
Estonia
$155 million (2002 est.)
Ethiopia
$345 million (2003)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA
Faroe Islands
NA
Fiji
$34 million (2003)
Finland
$1.8 billion (FY98/99)
France
$45,238.1 million (2003)
French Guiana
NA
Gabon
$149.3 million (2003)
Gambia, The
$900,000 (2003)
Gaza Strip
NA
Georgia
$23 million (FY00)
Germany
$35.063 billion (2003)
Ghana
$44 million (2003)
Greece
$7,288.9 million (2003)
Grenada
NA
Guatemala
$202.6 million (2003)
Guinea
$58.5 million (2003)
Guinea-Bissau
$8.4 million (2003)
Guyana
$6.5 million (2003)
Haiti
$25.8 million (2003)
Honduras
$99.8 million (2003)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA
Hungary
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
Iceland
0
India
$14,018.8 million (2003)
Indonesia
$1 billion (FY98)
Iran
$4.3 billion (2003 est.)
Iraq
$1.3 billion (FY00)
Ireland
$700 million (FY00/01)
Israel
$9.11 billion (FY03)
Italy
$28,182.8 million (2003)
Jamaica
$31 million (2003)
Japan
$42,488.1 million (2003)
Jordan
$2,043.2 million (2003)
Kazakhstan
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Kenya
$231 million (2003)
Kiribati
NA
Korea, North
$5,217.4 million (FY02)
Korea, South
$14.522 billion (FY03)
Kuwait
$2,500.4 million (2003)
Kyrgyzstan
$19.2 million (FY01)
Laos
$10.9 million (2003)
Latvia
$87 million (FY01)
Lebanon
$541 million (2002)
Lesotho
$32.5 million (2003)
Liberia
$10 million (2003)
Libya
$1.3 billion (FY99)
Lithuania
$230.8 million (FY01)
Luxembourg
$231.6 million (2003)
Macedonia
$200 million (FY01/02 est.)
Madagascar
$69.8 million (2003)
Malawi
$11.5 million (2003)
Malaysia
$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)
Maldives
$43.1 million (2003)
Mali
$51.1 million (2003)
Malta
$33.3 million (2003)
Marshall Islands
NA
Mauritania
$40.8 million (2003)
Mauritius
$11.2 million (2003)
Mexico
$5,168.3 million (2003)
Moldova
$9.5 million (FY03)
Mongolia
$23.1 million (FY02)
Morocco
$2,297.2 million (2003)
Mozambique
$101.3 million (2003)
Namibia
$111.6 million (2003)
Nauru
NA
Nepal
$295 million (FY03)
Netherlands
$8,044.4 million (2003)
New Caledonia
NA
New Zealand
$1.147 billion (FY03/04)
Nicaragua
$30.8 million (2003)
Niger
$21.7 million (2003)
Nigeria
$469.8 million (2003)
Norway
$4,033.5 million (2003)
Oman
$242.07 million (2003)
Pakistan
$2.7 billion (FY02/03)
Palau
NA
Panama
$145 million (2003)
Papua New Guinea
$16.9 million (2003)
Paraguay
$52.7 million (2003)
Peru
$829.4 million (2003)
Philippines
$995 million (FY98)
Poland
$3.5 billion (2002)
Portugal
$3,497.8 million (2003)
Qatar
$723 million (FY00)
Romania
$985 million (2002)
Russia
NA
Rwanda
$47.7 million (2003)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA
Saint Lucia
NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA
Samoa
NA
San Marino
$700,000 (FY00/01)
Sao Tome and Principe
$500,000 (2003)
Saudi Arabia
$18 billion (2002)
Senegal
$95.8 million (2003)
Serbia and Montenegro
$654 million (2002)
Seychelles
$11.6 million (2003)
Sierra Leone
$11.7 million (2003)
Singapore
$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)
Slovakia
$406 million (2002)
Slovenia
$370 million (FY00)
Solomon Islands
NA
Somalia
$18.9 million (2003)
South Africa
$2,653.4 million (2003)
Spain
$9,906.5 million (2003)
Sri Lanka
$518 million (2003)
Sudan
$581 million (2001 est.)
Suriname
$7.5 million (2003)
Swaziland
$29 million (2003)
Sweden
$4.395 billion (FY01)
Switzerland
$2.548 billion (FY01)
Syria
$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data
that may understate actual spending
Taiwan
$7,611.7 million (2003)
Tajikistan
$35.4 million (FY01)
Tanzania
$20.3 million (2003)
Thailand
$1.775 billion (FY00)
Togo
$32.6 million (2003)
Tonga
NA
Trinidad and Tobago
$66.7 million (2003)
Tunisia
$356 million (FY99)
Turkey
$12.155 billion (2003)
Turkmenistan
$90 million (FY99)
Tuvalu
NA
Uganda
$128.2 million (2003)
Ukraine
$617.9 million (FY02)
United Arab Emirates
$1.6 billion (FY00)
United Kingdom
$42,836.5 million (2003)
United States
$370.7 billion (FY04 est.) (March 2003)
Uruguay
$217.9 million (2003)
Uzbekistan
$200 million (FY97)
Vanuatu
NA
Venezuela
$1,125.6 million (2003)
Vietnam
$650 million (FY98)
West Bank
NA
Western Sahara
NA
World
aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained
at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion
dollars (1999 est.)
Yemen
$885.6 million (2003)
Zambia
$42.6 million (2003)
Zimbabwe
$105 million (2003)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@2068 Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island
France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint
Helena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. It entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free
Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994); the Federated
States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the
US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistan
despite largely successful UN efforts at voluntary
repatriation, 2-3 million Afghan refugees continue to reside in Iran
and Pakistan, many at their own choosing; Pakistan has sent troops
into remote tribal areas to control the border and stem organized
terrorist and other illegal cross-border activites; regular meetings
between Pakistani and coalition allies aim to resolve periodic
claims of boundary encroachments; occasional conflicts over
water-sharing arrangements with Amu Darya and Helmand River states
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals
Algeria
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and
rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border
with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations; each nation
has accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in
an attempt to improve relations afer unilaterally imposing a visa
requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the
requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria;
Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout
the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant
disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected
on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a
claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco
American Samoa
none
Andorra
none
Angola
continues to give shelter to refugees from the Democratic
Republic of the Congo while many Angolan refugees and Cabinda
exclave secessionists reside in neighboring states
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in Government type entry); sections (some overlapping)
claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK;
the US and most other states do not recognize the territorial claims
of other states and have made no claims themselves (the US and
Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in the
sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states
with land claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to
submit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental
Shelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea
ridges
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Argentina
UK continues to reject sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina, whose constitution still claims UK-administered Falkland
Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich
Islands, but in 1995 ceded the right to settle the dispute by force;
Beagle Channel islands dispute resolved through Papal mediation in
1984, but armed incidents persist since 1992 oil discovery;
territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean
claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence of
Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,
smuggling, arms and drug trafficking, and fundraising for extremist
organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over
Braziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint
with Argentina in question
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies 16% of Azerbaijan -
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues
to mediate dispute; border with Turkey remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; traditional demands regarding former
Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the new
Georgian Government
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Indonesian groups challenge Australia's
claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding waters
to Indonesian traditional fishing and has created a national park in
the region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the
vicinity
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
the 1999 maritime delimitation established partial
maritime boundaries with East Timor over part of the Timor Gap but
temporary resource-sharing agreements over an unreconciled area
grant Australia 90% share of exploited gas reserves and hamper
creation of a southern maritime boundary with Indonesia (see Ashmore
and Cartier Islands disputes); Australia asserts a territorial claim
to Antarctica and to its continental shelf (see Antarctica)
Austria
minor disputes with the Czech Republic over the Temelin
Nuclear Power Plant
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies about one-sixth of
Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and
Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; talks resume with Turkmenistan on dividing the
seabed in 2004 as both sides await an ICJ decision on contested
oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan protests Georgian
constructions at the Red Bridge crossing and several other small
segments of boundary, which remain unresolved until delimitation
Bahamas, The
concerned about migrants fleeing Haiti's deteriorated
economic and political conditions
Bahrain
none
Baker Island
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both
countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, and violence; Bangladesh protests India's attempts
to fence off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; dispute
with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay
of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim
refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources
Barbados
Barbados intends to take its claim before UNCLOS
arbitration that the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's
maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into its waters; joins
other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island
sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits
Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion
of the Caribbean Sea
Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar
Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; boundaries with Latvia and Lithuania remain
undemarcated despite European Union financial support
Belgium
none
Belize
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle along the border
region; an OAS brokered Differendum in 2002 created a small
adjustment to the land boundary, a large Guatemalan maritime
corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for disputed
Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package, but
agreement was not brought to popular referendum leaving Guatemala to
continue to claim the southern half of Belize
Benin
two villages remain in dispute along the border with Burkina
Faso; accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; much of
Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains
undemarcated, and ICJ ad hoc judges have been selected to rule on
disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; several villages along the
Okpara River are in dispute with Nigeria; a joint boundary
commission continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to verify
Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary stones
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90%
of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for
Refugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal
Bolivia
has reactivated its claim to restore the Atacama corridor,
ceded to Chile in 1884, to secure sovereign maritime access for
Bolivian natural gas
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along
the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia
on problem sections around Kostajnica on the Una River and villages
at the base of Mount Pljesevica
Botswana
established a commission with Namibia to resolve small
residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residents
protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric
dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe boundary convergence is not clearly defined or delimited
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drug
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina
British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in
Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation since eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians'
demand for an immediate return to the islands; repatriation is
complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that
restricted access to the largest island in the chain
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in
their offshore and deepwater seabeds until negotiations progress to
an agreement over allocation of disputed areas; Malaysia's land
boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; Brunei
established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa
Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but makes no public
territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in
the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgaria
none
Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;
Burkina Faso border regions have become a staging area for Liberia
and Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in
regional fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of
supporting Ivoirian rebels
Burma
despite continuing border committee talks, significant
differences remain with Thailand over boundary alignment and the
handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border
activities; groups in Burma and Thailand express concern over
China's construction of 13 hydroelectric dams on the Salween River
in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep out
Indian Nagaland insurgents
Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda to gain control over populated and natural resource areas;
government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence
continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Cambodia
land boundary disputes persist among Cambodian claims that
Thailand and Vietnam moved or destroyed boundary markers; maritime
boundary with Vietnam is hampered by dispute over offshore islands;
Cambodia periodically accuses Thailand of obstructing access to
Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in
1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resulted in the destruction
of the Thai Embassy, damage to 17 Thai-owned businesses, and
disputes over full payment of compensation
Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission
to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with
demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in
Lake Chad in the north; the ICF ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, however, implementation of the decision is delayed due to
imprecisely defined coordinates, the unresolved Bakasi allocation,
and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon
over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initially
rejected cession of the Bakasi Peninsula; Lake Chad Commission
continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to
ratify delimitation treaty over the lake region, which remains the
site of armed clashes among local populations and militias
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; uncontested dispute
with Denmark over Hans Island sovereignty in the Kennedy Channel
between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
internal political instabilities with
fighting and violence overlap into Chad and CAR, leaving refugees
and rebel groups in both countries; Sudan has pledged to work with
CAR to stem violent skirmishes over water and grazing rights among
related pastoral populations along the border
Chad
civil war in Sudan overlaps into Chad as both states step up
border patrols, leaving refugees and rebel groups in both countries;
Chad serves as an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict;
Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; Lake Chad Commission
continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to
ratify delimitation treaty over lake region; Chad rejects Nigerian
request to redemarcate boundary, the site of periodic cross-border
incidents
Chile
Bolivia has reactivated its claim to the Atacama corridor
ceded to Chile in 1884 to secure sovereign maritime access for
Bolivian natural gas; dispute with Peru over the economic zone
delimited by the maritime boundary; Beagle Channel islands dispute
resolved through Papal mediation in 1984, but armed incidents
persist since 1992 oil discovery; territorial claim in Antarctica
(Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and
British claims
China
involved in complex dispute with Malaysia, Philippines,
Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the
2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants; most of the rugged,
militarized boundary with India is in dispute, but the two sides are
committed to begin resolution with discussions on the least disputed
Middle Sector; Kashmir remains the world's largest and highly
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas), but recent discussion
and confidence-building measures among parties are beginning to
defuse tensions, India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to
China in a 1964 boundary agreement; China and Taiwan continue to
assert their claims to the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands
(Diaoyu Tai) with increased media coverage and protest actions;
certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested
dispute with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount
Paektu is indefinite - China has been attempting to manage illegal
migration of North Koreans into northern China; China and Russia in
2004 resolved their last border dispute over islands in the Amur and
Argun Rivers, but details on demarcation have not yet been
worked-out; boundary delimitation agreements signed in 2002 with
Tajikistan cedes 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in
return for China's relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km, but
demarcation has not commenced; agreements with Vietnam demarcating
maritime boundaries and fisheries cooperation in the Gulf of Tonkin
were ratified in June, and demarcation of the land boundary
continues; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed
by Vietnam and Taiwan; in response to groups in Burma and Thailand
expressing concern over China's plans to construct 13 hydroelectric
dams on the Nu River in Yunnan Province (Salween River in Burma),
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao suspended the project to conduct an
environmental impact assessment, a smaller scale version of only 4
dams is now scheduled to move forward
Christmas Island
none
Clipperton Island
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none
Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;
Colombian drug activities penetrate Peruvian border area; the
continuing civil disorder in Colombia has created a serious refugee
crisis in neighboring states, especially Ecuador
Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
is in the grip of a civil war, tribal conflict, and rebel gang
fighting that has drawn in neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and
Uganda; in the Great Lakes region and Sudan, heads of the Great
Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict, but unchecked localized
violence continues unabated; the location of the boundary in the
broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite
except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Congo, Republic of the
the location of the boundary in the broad
Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite
except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islands
none
Coral Sea Islands
none
Costa Rica
legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on
the border with Nicaragua remains unsolved
Cote d'Ivoire
continuing rebel fighting extends to neighboring
states and has kept out foreign workers from nearby countries; the
Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of supporting
Ivorian rebels
Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
disputed territory around Kostajnica on the Una River and villages
at the base of Mount Pljesevica; the Croatia-Slovenia land and
maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin
Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia,
remains controversial, has not been ratified, and has been
complicated by Croatia's declaration of an ecological-fisheries zone
in the Adriatic Sea
Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous areas, a Greek Cypriot area controlled by the
internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish Cypriot
area, separated by a UN buffer zone; March 2003 reunification talks
failed, but Turkish Cypriots later opened their borders to temporary
visits by Greek Cypriots
Czech Republic
Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for
1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918;
individual Sudeten Germans seek restitution for property confiscated
in connection with their expulsion after World War II; Austria has
minor dispute with Czech Republic over the Temelin Nuclear Power
Plant
Denmark
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,
Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary
agreement in the Rockall area) remains dormant; dispute with Iceland
over the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200
nm; disputes with Iceland, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm; Faroese continue
to study proposals for full independence; uncontested dispute with
Canada over Hans Island sovereignty in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia including the Somali Transitional
National Government in Mogadishu
Dominica
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim
that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republic
despite efforts to control illegal migration,
destitute Haitians fleeing poverty and violence continue to cross
into the Dominican Republic; illegal migration of Dominicans and
other nationals across the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico has increased
in the last year
East Timor
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to
meet, survey, and delimit the land boundary, but several sections of
the boundary especially around the Oekussi enclave remain
unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the
uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which may delay
decision on the northern maritime boundaries; numbers of East Timor
refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; East Timor and Australia
continue to disagree over the delimitation of a permanent maritime
boundary and over the sharing of petroleum resources that fall
outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002
Timor Sea Treaty
Ecuador
the continuing civil disorder in Colombia has created a
serious refugee crisis in neighboring states, especially Ecuador
Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is economically developing and effectively administers the "Hala'ib
Triangle" north of the Treaty line
El Salvador
in 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, and the
OAS is assisting with a technical resolution of undemarcated
bolsones; in 2003, the ICJ rejected El Salvador's request to revise
its decision on one part of the bolsones; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El
Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned by the
ICJ, off Honduras in the Gulf de Fonseca
Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined
coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; creation of a
maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay with Gabon is
hampered by dispute over Mbane Island, administered and occupied by
Gabon since the 1970s
Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but demarcation has been delayed, despite intense international
intervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored
"human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, and
incorrectly awarded Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war, and other
areas to Eritrea and Eritrea's insistence on not deviating from the
commission's decision; UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and
Eritrea (UNMEE) continues to monitor a 25km-wide Temporary Security
Zone in Eritrea until the demarcation; Sudan accuses Eritrea of
supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Eritrea protests Yemeni fishing
around the Hanish Islands awarded to Eritrea by the ICJ in 1999
Estonia
Russia continues to reject signing and ratifying the joint
December 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia
Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
independent boundary commission's delimitation decision, but
demarcation has been delayed, despite intense international
intervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored
"human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, and
incorrectly awarded Badme - the focus of the 1998-2000 war - and
other areas to Eritrea and Eritrea's insistence on not deviating
from the commission's decision; Ethiopia maintains only an
administrative line and no international border with the Oromo
region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances with local clans
in opposition to the Transitional National Government, which lost
its mandate in August 2003, in Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists
provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia;
efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have been
delayed by civil war
Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
claimed by Argentina whose forces
briefly occupied it in 1982, but now declares it will no longer seek
settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for
sovereignty talks
Faroe Islands
Faroese are considering proposals for full
independence; Denmark dispute with Iceland over the Faroe Islands
fisheries median line boundary of 200 nm; Denmark disputes with
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland the Faroe Islands claim extending its
continental shelf boundary beyond 200 nm
Fiji
none
Finland
none
France
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso
Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius
claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and
French Guiana; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land);
Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia, claimed by France
and Vanuatu
French Guiana
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
French Polynesia
none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the US
Gabon
creation of a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco
Bay with Equatorial Guinea is hampered by dispute over Mbane Island,
administered and occupied by Gabon since the 1970s
Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, other illegal activities, and political instability from
separatist movement in southern Senegal's Casamance region
Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Georgia
about a third of the boundary with Russia remains
undelimited, and none of it demarcated, with several small,
strategic segments remaining in dispute; OSCE observers monitor
volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and
the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout
the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with
Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti
region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian
government; Azerbaijan protests Georgian construction at the Red
Bridge crossing and several other small segments of boundary, which
remain unresolved until delimitation
Germany
none
Ghana
Ghana must still deal with refugees and returning nationals
escaping rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltar
since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement,
talks between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year-old UK
colony have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy
Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar
Greece
Greece and Turkey have resumed discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with the Republic
of Macedonia over its name
Greenland
uncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland
Grenada
none
Guadeloupe
none
Guam
none
Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in Belize border
region; OAS brokered Differendum in 2002 creating small adjustment
to land boundary, large Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean,
joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and substantial
US-UK financial package, but agreement was not brought to popular
referendum leaving Guatemala to continue to claim the southern half
of Belize intact; numbers of Guatemalans enter Mexico seeking work
or transit to the US
Guernsey
none
Guinea
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups in Guinea,
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords, and youth
gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have created
insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, ethnic
conflicts skirmishes, deaths, and refugees in border areas; in 2003,
Guinea and Sierra Leone established a boundary commission to resolve
a dispute over the town of Yenga
Guinea-Bissau
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in
Senegal's Casamance region
Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOS
arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over
the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich
waters
Haiti
despite efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing
economic privation and civil unrest continue to cross into Dominican
Republic and to sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
in 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, and the OAS
is assisting with a technical resolution of bolsones; in 2003, the
ICJ rejected El Salvador's request to revise its decision on one
bolsone; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a
maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with consideration of
Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny
Conejo Island, not mentioned by the ICJ, off Honduras in the Gulf of
Fonseca; Honduras claims Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize but
agreed to creation of a joint ecological park and Guatemalan
corridor in the Caribbean in the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala
Differendum; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex maritime dispute
in the Caribbean Sea
Hong Kong
none
Howland Island
none
Hungary
Hungary amended the status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in neighboring states, who
had objected to the law; Slovakia and Hungary have renewed
discussions on ways to resolve differences over the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam on the Danube, with possible
resort again to the ICJ for final resolution
Iceland
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,
Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary
agreement in the Rockall area) remains dormant; dispute with Denmark
over the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200
nm; disputes with Denmark, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
India
Kashmir remains the world's most highly militarized
territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration
of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad
Kashmir and Northern Areas), but recent discussions and
confidence-building measures among parties are beginning to defuse
tensions; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to China
in the 1965 boundary agreement; disputes with Pakistan over Indus
River water sharing and the terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at the
mouth of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary
delimitation; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim in
Indian Gujarat State; most of the rugged, militarized boundary with
China is in dispute, but sides have committed to begin resolution
with discussions on the least disputed Middle Sector; Joint Border
Committee with Nepal continues to work on resolution of minor
disputed boundary sections; discussions with Bangladesh remain
stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange
162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to allocate divided
villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, and
violence; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off
high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; dispute with
Bangladesh over volcanic New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in
the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks
cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep out Indian Nagaland
insurgents; joint border commission continues to work on small
disputed sections of boundary with Nepal; India has instituted a
stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and
illegal cross-border activities from Nepal
Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the
boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the
sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu
Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary;
numbers of East Timor refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; a
1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of
their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award
of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 prompted
Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its
smaller outer islands; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and
illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea
Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters on
Helmand River tributaries in periods of drought; thousands of Afghan
refugees still reside in Iran; creation of a maritime boundary with
Iraq remains in hiatus until full sovereignty is restored in Iraq;
Iran and UAE engage in direct talks and solicit Arab League support
to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu
Musa Island; Iran stands alone among littoral states in insisting
upon a division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security,
but resolution of disputes and creation of maritime boundaries with
neighboring states will remain in hiatus until full sovereignty is
restored in Iraq; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq
Ireland
disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and the UK over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Golan
Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of
Golan Heights)
Italy
none
Jamaica
none
Jan Mayen
none
Japan
The sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as
the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril
Islands", occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to
signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
intensified media coverage and protests highlight dispute over the
fishing-rich Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima) also claimed by
South Korea; China and Taiwan have intensified their claims to the
Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) administered by Japan
Jarvis Island
none
Jersey
none
Johnston Atoll
none
Jordan
border dispute settled with Syria in 2004
Juan de Nova Island
claimed by Madagascar
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan and China have resolved their border dispute
and are working to demarcate their borders to control population
migration, illegal activities, and trade; delimitation of boundary
with Russia is almost complete - delimitations with Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan are complete with demarcations underway - delimitation
with Kyrgyzstan is largely complete; creation of a seabed boundary
with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea is under discussion;
equidistant seabed treaties have been signed with Azerbaijan and
Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on
dividing the water column among any of the littoral states
Kenya
Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,
creating the "Ilemi Triangle"; Kenya has acted as an important
mediator in Sudan's north-south civil war; Kenya and Uganda are
working together to stem cattle rustling and violence by Lord's
Resistance Army along the border
Kingman Reef
none
Kiribati
none
Korea, North
with China, certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers
are in uncontested dispute; a section of boundary around Paektu-san
(mountain) is indefinite; China has been attempting to stop mass
illegal migration of North Koreans escaping famine, economic
privation, and oppression into northern China; Military Demarcation
Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North
from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with South
Korea
Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit
Line; unresolved dispute with Japan over Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima) and occasional protests over fishing rights in
grounds also claimed by Japan
Kuwait
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf
Kyrgyzstan
boundary with China is fully demarcated; delimitation
with Kazakhstan is largely complete with only minor disputed areas;
disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with
Tajikistan; delimitation is underway with Uzbekistan but serious
disputes around enclaves and elsewhere continue to mar progress for
some 130 km of border
Laos
demarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam
is largely complete, but with Thailand several areas including
Mekong River islets remain in dispute; ongoing disputes with
Thailand and Vietnam over squatters; concern among Mekong Commission
members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River will
affect water levels
Latvia
the Russian Duma refuses to ratify boundary delimitation
treaty with Latvia; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998
maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns
over oil exploration rights
Lebanon
Syrian troops in central and eastern Lebanon since October
1976; Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area of
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
Lesotho
none
Liberia
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords,
and youth gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have created
insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, and ethnic
conflicts and refugees in border areas; the Cote d'Ivoire Government
accuses Liberia of supporting Ivorian rebels
Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant
disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in
southern Libya
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for
1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918
Lithuania
in May 2003, the Russian Parliament ratified the 1997 land
and maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which ratified the
treaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republic borders;
both states also implement a simplified transit regime for Russian
nationals transiting Lithuania to and from the Russian Kaliningrad
coastal enclave; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998
maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns
over oil exploration rights
Luxembourg
none
Macau
none
Macedonia
the Albanian government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in Macedonia while continuing to seek
regional cooperation; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo resist demarcation
of a small section of the Macedonia-Kosovo boundary in accordance
with the 2000 delimitation treaty, which transferred a small amount
of land to Macedonia; dispute with Greece over country's name
persists
Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawi
dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysia
involved in complex dispute with China, Philippines,
Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the
2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants; disputes over
deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land
reclamation, bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra
Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih persist - parties agree to ICJ
arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ awarded
Ligitan and Sipadan islands off the coast of Sabah, also claimed by
Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia; a 1 kilometer segment at the
mouth of the Golok River remains in dispute with Thailand;
Philippines retains a now dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in
northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the
Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue the Sultanate's
sovereignty claim; in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil
exploration in their offshore and deepwater seabeds until
negotiations progress to an agreement over allocation of disputed
areas; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in
dispute
Maldives
none
Mali
none
Malta
none
Man, Isle of
none
Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island
Martinique
none
Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in
recent years
Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the
right to repatriation in 2001; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island
Mayotte
claimed by Comoros
Mexico
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices
and infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing
arrangements with the US; nationals from Central America slip into
Mexico seeking work or transit into the US; undocumented Mexican
nationals continue to enter the United States
Micronesia, Federated States of
none
Midway Islands
none
Moldova
difficulties with the Transnistria region complicate
controlling border crossing and customs regimes with Ukraine,
despite concordance on 2003 delimitation and customs protocols and
OSCE assistance
Monaco
none
Mongolia
none
Montserrat
none
Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco also
rejected Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the
Canary Islands in 2002 to set limits to undersea resource
exploration and refugee interdiction, but agreed in 2003 to discuss
a comprehensive maritime delimitation; Morocco serves as one of the
primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North
Africa
Mozambique
none
Namibia
commission established with Botswana to resolve small
residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest
Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on
Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of
the boundary in the Orange River; Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe boundary convergence is not clearly defined or delimited;
Angolan rebels and refugees still reside in Namibia
Nauru
none
Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on small disputed
sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter
border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal
cross-border activities
Netherlands
none
Netherlands Antilles
none
New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand
territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
Nicaragua
territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de
San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank region; the 1992 ICJ
ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution
to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which
considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over
navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica
Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant
dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated, and ICJ ad hoc judges have been
selected to rule on disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; Lake
Chad Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger,
and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over the lake region,
which remains the site of armed clashes among local populations and
militias
Nigeria
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission
to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with
demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in
Lake Chad in the north; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the
Bakasi Peninsula; the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of
Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Guinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision, the
unresolved Bakasi allocation, and a sovereignty dispute between
Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the
Ntem River all contribute to the delay in implementation; several
villages along the Okpara River are in dispute with Benin; Lake Chad
Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and
Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over lake region, which
remains the site of armed clashes among local populations and
militias
Niue
none
Norfolk Island
none
Northern Mariana Islands
none
Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia
and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents
Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Oman
boundary agreement signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for
entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah
enclaves
Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan
Kashmir remains the world's largest and most highly
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, and Northern Areas), but recent discussions
and confidence-building measures among the parties are beginning to
defuse tensions; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to
China in 1965 boundary agreement; disputes with Pakistan over Indus
River water sharing and the terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at the
mouth of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary
delimitation; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim in
India's Gujarat State; despite largely successful UN efforts at
voluntary repatriation, 2-3 million Afghan refugees continue to
reside in Pakistan, many at their own choosing; Pakistan has sent
troops into remote tribal areas to control the border with
Afghanistan to stem organized terrorist and other illegal
cross-border activities; regular meetings with Afghan and coalition
allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments
Palau
border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines,
Indonesia
Palmyra Atoll
none
Panama
none
Papua New Guinea
seeks assistance from Australia to control illegal
cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including
smuggling, drug trafficking, and Indonesian squatters and
secessionists
Paracel Islands
occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drug
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
Peru
Bolivia has reanimated its claim to restore the Atacama
corridor ceded to Chile and adjoining Peru in 1884 to secure
sovereign maritime assess for Bolivian natural gas
Philippines
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands, known
locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, the 2002 "Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensions
but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by
several of the disputants; Philippines retains a dormant claim to
Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of
Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to
pursue a sovereignty claim
Pitcairn Islands
none
Poland
none
Portugal
some Portuguese groups assert dormant claims to territories
ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza
Puerto Rico
none
Qatar
none
Reunion
none
Romania
has not resolved claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmyinyy
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks
based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;
Hungary amended status law extending special social and cultural
benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, who had objected to the law
Russia
China and Russia in 2004 resolved their last border dispute
over islands in the Amur and Argun Rivers, but details on
demarcation have not yet been worked-out; the sovereignty dispute
over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai
group known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as
the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary
sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War
II hostilities; about a third of the boundary with Georgia remains
undelimited and none of it demarcated with several small, strategic
segments remaining in dispute; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas
such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge
in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed treaties have been signed with
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the Caspian Sea but no consensus on
dividing the water column among the littoral states; Russia and
Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's
fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the
Svalbard Treaty zone; Russia continues to reject signing and
ratifying the joint 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia;
the Russian Parliament refuses to consider ratification of the
boundary treaties with Estonia and Latvia, but in May 2003, ratified
land and maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which ratified the
1997 treaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republic
borders; a simplified transit regime was adopted in July 2003 for
residents of the Kaliningrad coastal exclave to travel through
Lithuania to Russia; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine is
complete, but demarcation remains unresolved; Ukraine protests
Russia's construction of a causeway in the direction of
Ukrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait; Kazakhstan
and Russia will complete delimitation of their interstate border in
2004 and demarcation is underway; Russian Duma has not yet ratified
1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea
Rwanda
Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic
groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various
government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region,
transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and
natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but
localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Saint Helena
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis
joins other Caribbean states to counter
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a
criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its
EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Lucia
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's
claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
joins other Caribbean states to
counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human
habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to
extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea
Samoa
none
San Marino
none
Sao Tome and Principe
none
Saudi Arabia
nomadic groups on border region with Yemen resist
demarcation of boundary; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal
cross-border activities in sections of the boundary; Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran;
because the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment
of the boundary with the UAE is still unknown and labeled approximate
Senegal
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem refugees, cross
border raids, arms smuggling, and political instability from a
separatist movement in Senegal's Casamance region
Serbia and Montenegro
the future status of Kosovo remains an
unresolved issue in South Central Europe with Kosovo Albanians
overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo
independence; the international community has agreed to begin a
process to determine final status only after significant progress
has been made in solidifying multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo as
outlined in the policy of "standards before status"; the Contact
group (including the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia)
will review progress on the UNMIK standard around mid-2005; ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo resist demarcation of the F.Y.R.O.M. boundary in
accordance with the 2000 delimitation treaty, which transfers on net
a small amount of land to F.Y.R.O.M.; Serbia and Montenegro have
delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina,
but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
Seychelles
together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,
warlords, and youth gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have
created insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking,
ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; in 2003, Guinea and
Sierra Leone established a boundary commission to resolve a dispute
over the town of Yenga
Singapore
disputes with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water to
Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation works, bridge construction,
maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih
persist - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within
three years
Slovakia
Hungary amended its status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, many of whom had
protested the law; Slovakia and Hungary have renewed discussions on
ways to resolve differences over the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros
hydroelectric dam on the Danube, with possible resort again to the
ICJ for final resolution
Slovenia
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,
which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to
Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains controversial, has
not been ratified, and has been complicated by Croatia's declaration
of an ecological-fisheries zone in the Adriatic Sea
Solomon Islands
Australian defense personnel are dispatched at the
invitation of the Solomon Islands' Government to restore law and
order on the islands and reinforce regional security
Somalia
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to
land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional
states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland"
secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties,
each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintains
only an administrative line with the Oromo region of southern
Somalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed to
the unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
South Africa
managed dispute with Namibia over the location of the
boundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
briefly occupied by
military force in 1982 - claimed by Argentina in constitution but
declares it will no longer seek settlement by force
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150
degrees west
Spain
since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum
in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement, talks
between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old UK colony
have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar
greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal
enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la
Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding
waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching area of illegal
migration into Spain from North Africa; Morocco rejected Spain's
unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands in
2002 to set limits to undersea resource exploration and refugee
interdiction, but agreed in 2003 to discuss a comprehensive maritime
delimitation; some Portuguese groups assert dormant claims to
territories ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza
Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"
Sri Lanka
none
Sudan
the north-south civil war has affected Sudan's neighbors by
drawing them into the fighting and by forcing them to provide
shelter to refugees, to contend with infiltration by rebel groups,
and to serve as mediators; Sudan has provided shelter to Ugandan
refugees and cover to Lord's Resistance Army soldiers; Sudan accuses
Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate
the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by fighting in
Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,
creating the "Ilemi Triangle"; Egypt and Sudan retain claims to
administer the triangular areas that extend north and south of the
1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn
their military presence; Egypt is economically developing and
currently effectively administers the "Hala'ib Triangle" north of
the Treaty Line; Sudan has pledged to work with the Central African
Republic to stem violent skirmishes over water and grazing among
related pastoral populations along the border
Suriname
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a
triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari Rivers in a
historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks
UNCLOS arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with
Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in
potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swaziland
none
Sweden
none
Switzerland
none
Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied; Lebanon claims Shaba'a
farms in Golan Heights; Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon
since October 1976; Syria protests Turkish hydrological projects
regulating upper Euphrates waters; settled border dispute with
Jordan in 2004
Taiwan
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands
are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,
China and Taiwan asserted claims to the Japanese-administered
Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) with increased media coverage and
protest actions
Tajikistan
prolonged regional drought created water-sharing
difficulties for Amu Darya river states; boundary agreements signed
in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in return
for China relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands
but demarcation has not yet commenced; talks continue with
Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in
Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan
Tanzania
disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailand
a 1 kilometer segment at the mouth of the Golok River
remains in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos complete
except for certain Mekong River islets and complaints of Thai
squatters; despite continuing border committee talks, significant
differences remain with Burma over boundary alignment and the
handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border
activities; Cambodia accuses Thailand of moving boundary markers and
obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia
by ICJ decision in 1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resulted
in the destruction of the Thai Embassy and damage to 17 Thai-owned
businesses and disputes over payments of full compensation persist;
groups in Burma and Thailand express concern over China's
construction of 13 hydroelectric dams on the Salween River in Yunnan
Province
Togo
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission continues to resurvey the boundary
Tokelau
none
Tonga
none
Trinidad and Tobago
Barbados will assert its claim before UNCLOS
that the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary
with Venezuela extends into its waters; Guyana has also expressed
its intention to challenge this boundary as it may extend into its
waters as well
Tromelin Island
claimed by Mauritius
Tunisia
none
Turkey
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece
in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question remains with Greece; Syria and
Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper
Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistan
prolonged regional drought created water-sharing
difficulties for Amu Darya river states; Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
reached an agreement on improving water usage along the Amu Darya in
2004; delimitation of Caspian seabed remains unresolved
Turks and Caicos Islands
have received Haitians fleeing economic
collapse and civil unrest
Tuvalu
none
Uganda
Tutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema, and other ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government
forces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources;
government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence
continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; civil conflict in Sudan
has extended Sudanese rebel forces and refugees into Uganda and
given shelter to Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army soldiers in Sudan;
Kenya and Uganda are working together to stem cattle rustling and
violence by Lord's Resistance Army along the border
Ukraine
1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains unratified due to
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and reducing
border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is
complete but boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait
remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and
on-going expert-level discussions; Ukraine protests Russia's
construction of a causeway in the direction of
Ukrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait;
difficulties with Moldova's Transnistria region complicate
controlling border crossing and customs regimes despite concordance
on the 2003 delimitation and customs protocols and OSCE assistance;
has not resolved Romanian claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks
based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;
ongoing dispute between Ukraine and Romania over the Danube River
delta
United Arab Emirates
because the treaties have not been made public,
the exact alignment of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is still
unknown and labeled approximate; boundary agreement signed and
ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's
Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves; UAE engage in direct
talks and solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes over
Iran's occupation of Lesser and Greater Tunb Islands and Abu Musa
Island
United Kingdom
since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement,
talks between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old UK
colony have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former
inhabitants since their eviction in 1965; most reside chiefly in
Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation; UK continues to reject sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Rockall
continental shelf dispute involving Denmark and Iceland remains
dormant; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic
Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean
claim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
United States
Prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded
practices and infrastructure in the border region has strained
water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; undocumented nationals from
Mexico and Central America continue to enter the United States
illegally; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still
awaits Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes
with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca,
and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; The
Bahamas have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary; US Naval
Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement
or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in
Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not
recognize the claims of any other state; Marshall Islands claims
Wake Island
Uruguay
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina
Uzbekistan
prolonged drought and cotton monoculture creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation
with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; delimitation is
underway with Kyrgyzstan but serious disputes around enclaves and
elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talks
continue with Tajikistan to determine and delimit border
Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France
Venezuela
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River,
preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
UNCLOS that the Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; maritime boundary dispute with
Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and the Caribbean Sea; US, France
and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect
to Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
protest Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation
and other states' recognition of it
Vietnam
demarcation of the land boundary with China continues, but
maritime boundary and joint fishing zone agreement remains
unimplemented; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and
armed encroachments along border; China occupies Paracel Islands
also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Virgin Islands
none
Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futuna
none
West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose
sovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991 but attempts to hold a
referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all
brokered proposals
World
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international land
boundaries separate the 192 independent states and 72 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic clashes continue
to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation around
the world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently form
the source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources of
contention include access to water and mineral (especially
petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, most
nations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and to
resolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regional
discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, often leaving the world community to cope with
resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, deforestation,
and desertification
Yemen
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands
awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; nomadic groups in border region
with Saudi Arabia resist demarcation of boundary in accordance wih
2000 Jeddah Treaty; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal
cross-border activities in sections of the boundary
Zambia
the Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundary
convergence is not clearly defined or delimited
Zimbabwe
the Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundary
convergence is not clearly defined or delimited
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
Afghanistan
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,
Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
and Macedonian or Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algeirs; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American Samoa
Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,
other 5%
Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)
Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguilla
black (predominant), mulatto, white
Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,
Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%
Armenia
Armenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi
Kurds) 4% (2002)
note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from
Armenia
Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Austria
German 88.5%, indigenous minorities 1.5% (includes
Croatians, Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma), recent
immigrant groups 10% (includes Turks, Bosnians, Serbians, Croatians)
(2001)
Azerbaijan
Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,
other 2.3% (1998 est.)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region
Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
Bahrain
Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and
other 7.4%
Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%
Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermuda
black 58%, white 36%, other 6%
Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazil
white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish)
55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese,
Arab, Amerindian) 1%
British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001)
Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani
Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%
Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%
Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad
Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays
Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population
Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997
Cook Islands
Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European
7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%