One morning when I was at his house, I saw various domestics
either coming for rolls of music, or bringing them to him to
copy. He received them standing and uncovered. He said to
some, "The price is so much," and received the money; to
others, "How soon must I return my copy?" "My mistress would
like to have it back in a fortnight." "Oh, that's out of the
question: I have work, I can't do it in less than three
weeks." I inquired why he did not take his talents to better
market. "Ah," he answered, "there are two Rousseaus in the
world; one rich, or who might have been if he had chosen; a
man capricious, singular, fantastic; this is the Rousseau of
the public; the other is obliged to work for his living, the
Rousseau whom you see."[393]
They often took long rambles together, and all proceeded most
harmoniously, unless St. Pierre offered to pay for such refreshment as
they might take, when a furious explosion was sure to follow. Here is
one more picture, without explosion.
_An Easter Monday Excursion to Mont Valérien._
We made an appointment at a café in the Champs Elysées. In
the morning we took some chocolate. The wind was westerly,
and the air fresh. The sun was surrounded by white clouds,
spread in masses over an azure sky. Reaching the Bois de
Boulogne by eight o'clock, Jean Jacques set to work
botanising. As he collected his little harvest, we kept
walking along. We had gone through part of the wood, when in
the midst of the solitude we perceived two young girls, one
of whom was arranging the other's hair.--[Reminded them of
some verses of Virgil.]....
Arrived on the edge of the river, we crossed the ferry with
a number of people whom devotion was taking to Mont
Valérien. We climbed an extremely stiff slope, and were
hardly on the top before hunger overtook us and we began to
think of dining. Rousseau then led the way towards a
hermitage, where he knew we could make sure of hospitality.
The brother who opened to us, conducted us to the chapel,
where they were reciting the litanies of providence, which
are extremely beautiful.... When we had prayed, Jean Jacques
said to me with genuine feeling: "Now I feel what is said in
the gospel, 'Where several of you are gathered together in
my name, there will I be in the midst of them.' There is a
sentiment of peace and comfort here that penetrates the
soul." I replied, "If Fénelon were alive, you would be a
Catholic." "Ah," said he, the tears in his eyes, "if Fénelon
were alive, I would seek to be his lackey."
Presently we were introduced into the refectory; we seated
ourselves during the reading. The subject was the injustice
of the complainings of man: God has brought him from
nothing, he oweth him nothing. After the reading, Rousseau
said to me in a voice of deep emotion: "Ah, how happy is the
man who can believe...." We walked about for some time in
the cloister and the gardens. They command an immense
prospect. Paris in the distance reared her towers all
covered with light, and made a crown to the far-spreading
landscape. The brightness of the view contrasted with the
great leaden clouds that rolled after one another from the
west, and seemed to fill the valley.... In the afternoon
rain came on, as we approached the Porte Maillot. We took
shelter along with a crowd of other holiday folk under some
chestnut-trees whose leaves were coming out. One of the
waiters of a tavern perceiving Jean Jacques, rushed to him
full of joy, exclaiming, "What, is it you, _mon bonhomme_?
Why, it is a whole age since we have seen you." Rousseau
replied cheerfully, "'Tis because my wife has been ill, and
I myself have been out of sorts." "_Mon pauvre bonhomme_,"
replied the lad, "you must not stop here; come in, come in,
and I will find room for you." He hurried us along to a room
upstairs, where in spite of the crowd he procured for us
chairs and a table, and bread and wine. I said to Jean
Jacques, "He seems very familiar with you." He answered,
"Yes, we have known one another some years. We used to come
here in fine weather, my wife and I, to eat a cutlet of an
evening."[394]
Things did not continue to go thus smoothly. One day St. Pierre went
to see him, and was received without a word, and with stiff and gloomy
mien. He tried to talk, but only got monosyllables; he took up a book,
and this drew a sarcasm which sent him forth from the room. For more
than two months they did not meet. At length they had an accidental
encounter at a street corner. Rousseau accosted St. Pierre, and with a
gradually warming sensibility proceeded thus: "There are days when I
want to be alone and crave privacy. I come back from my solitary
expeditions so calm and contented. There I have not been wanting to
anybody, nor has anybody been wanting to me," and so on.[395] He
expressed this humour more pointedly on some other occasion, when he
said that there were times in which he fled from the eyes of men as
from Parthian arrows. As one said who knew from experience, the fate
of his most intimate friend depended on a word or a gesture.[396]
Another of them declared that he knew Rousseau's style of discarding a
friend by letter so thoroughly, that he felt confident he could supply
Rousseau's place in case of illness or absence.[397] In much of this
we suspect that the quarrel was perfectly justified. Sociality meant a
futile display before unworthy and condescending curiosity. "It is not
I whom they care for," he very truly said, "but public opinion and
talk about me, without a thought of what real worth I may have." Hence
his steadfast refusal to go out to dine or sup. The mere impertinence
of the desire to see him was illustrated by some coxcombs who insisted
with a famous actress of his acquaintance, that she should invite the
strange philosopher to meet them. She was aware that no known force
would persuade Rousseau to come, so she dressed up her tailor as
philosopher, bade him keep a silent tongue, and vanish suddenly
without a word of farewell. The tailor was long philosophically
silent, and by the time that wine had loosened his tongue, the rest of
the company were too far gone to perceive that the supposed Rousseau
was chattering vulgar nonsense.[398] We can believe that with admirers
of this stamp Rousseau was well pleased to let tailors or others stand
in his place. There were some, however, of a different sort, who
flitted across his sight and then either vanished of their own accord,
or were silently dismissed, from Madame de Genlis up to Grétry and
Gluck. With Gluck he seems to have quarrelled for setting his music to
French words, when he must have known that Italian was the only tongue
fit for music.[399] Yet it was remarked that no one ever heard him
speak ill of others. His enemies, the figures of his delusion, were
vaguely denounced in many dronings, but they remained in dark shadow
and were unnamed. When Voltaire paid his famous last visit to the
capital (1778), some one thought of paying court to Rousseau by making
a mock of the triumphal reception of the old warrior, but Rousseau
harshly checked the detractor. It is true that in 1770-71 he gave to
some few of his acquaintances one or more readings of the Confessions,
although they contained much painful matter for many people still
living, among the rest for Madame d'Epinay. She wrote justifiably
enough to the lieutenant of police, praying that all such readings
might be prohibited, and it is believed that they were so
prohibited.[400]
In 1769, when Polish anarchy was at its height, as if to show at once
how profound the anarchy was, and how profound the faith among many
minds in the power of the new French theories, an application was made
to Mably to draw up a scheme for the renovation of distracted Poland.
Mably's notions won little esteem from the persons who had sought for
them, and in 1771 a similar application was made to Rousseau in his
Parisian garret. He replied in the Considerations on the Government of
Poland, which are written with a good deal of vigour of expression,
but contain nothing that needs further discussion. He hinted to the
Poles with some shrewdness that a curtailment of their territory by
their neighbours was not far off,[401] and the prediction was rapidly
fulfilled by the first partition of Poland in the following year.
He was asked one day of what nation he had the highest opinion. He
answered, the Spanish. The Spanish nation, he said, has a character;
if it is not rich, it still preserves all its pride and self-respect
in the midst of its poverty; and it is animated by a single spirit,
for it has not been scourged by the conflicting opinions of
philosophy.[402]
He was extremely poor for these last eight years of his life. He seems
to have drawn the pension which George III. had settled on him, for
not more than one year. We do not know why he refused to receive it
afterwards. A well-meaning friend, when the arrears amounted to
between six and seven thousand francs, applied for it on his behalf,
and a draft for the money was sent. Rousseau gave the offender a
vigorous rebuke for meddling in affairs that did not concern him, and
the draft was destroyed. Other attempts to induce him to draw this
money failed equally.[403] Yet he had only about fifty pounds a year
to live on, together with the modest amount which he earned by copying
music.[404]
The sting of indigence began to make itself felt towards 1777. His
health became worse and he could not work. Theresa was waxing old, and
could no longer attend to the small cares of the household. More than
one person offered them shelter and provision, and the old
distractions as to a home in which to end his days began once again.
At length M. Girardin prevailed upon him to come and live at
Ermenonville, one of his estates some twenty miles from Paris. A dense
cloud of obscure misery hangs over the last months of this forlorn
existence.[405] No tragedy had ever a fifth act so squalid. Theresa's
character seems to have developed into something truly bestial.
Rousseau's terrors of the designs of his enemies returned with great
violence. He thought he was imprisoned, and he knew that he had no
means of escape. One day (July 2, 1778), suddenly and without a single
warning symptom, all drew to an end; the sensations which had been the
ruling part of his life were affected by pleasure and pain no more,
the dusky phantoms all vanished into space. The surgeons reported that
the cause of his death was apoplexy, but a suspicion has haunted the
world ever since, that he destroyed himself by a pistol-shot. We
cannot tell. There is no inherent improbability in the fact of his
having committed suicide. In the New Heloïsa he had thrown the
conditions which justified self-destruction into a distinct formula.
Fifteen years before, he declared that his own case fell within the
conditions which he had prescribed, and that he was meditating
action.[406] Only seven years before, he had implied that a man had
the right to deliver himself of the burden of his own life, if its
miseries were intolerable and irremediable.[407] This, however, counts
for nothing in the absence of some kind of positive evidence, and of
that there is just enough to leave the manner of his end a little
doubtful.[408] Once more, we cannot tell.
By the serene moonrise of a summer night, his body was put under the
ground on an island in the midst of a small lake, where poplars throw
shadows over the still water, silently figuring the destiny of
mortals. Here it remained for sixteen years. Then amid the roar of
cannon, the crash of trumpet and drum, and the wild acclamations of a
populace gone mad in exultation, terror, fury, it was ordered that the
poor dust should be transported to the national temple of great men.
FOOTNOTES:
[385] Streckeisen, ii. 315-328.
[386] Streckeisen, ii. 337.
[387] June 19, 1767. _Corr._, v. 172.
[388] _Corr._, v. 267, 375.
[389] _Corr._, v. 330-381, 408, etc.
[390] Bourgoin, Aug. 1768, to March, 1769. Monquin, to July 1770.
[391] See above, vol. i. chap. iv.
[392] The life of Bernardin de St. Pierre (1737-1814) was nearly as
irregular as that of his friend and master. But his character was
essentially crafty and selfish, like that of many other
sentimentalists of the first order.
[393] _Oeuv._, xii. 69, 73.
[394] _Oeuv._, xii. 104, etc.; and also the _Préambule de l'Arcadie_,
_Oeuv._, vii. 64, 65.
[395] St. Pierre, xii. 81-83.
[396] Dusaulx, p. 81. For his quarrel with Rousseau, see pp. 130, etc.
[397] Rulhières in Dusaulx, p. 179. For a strange interview between
Rulhières and Rousseau, see pp. 185-186.
[398] Musset-Pathay, i. 181.
[399] _Ib._
[400] Musset-Pathay, i. 209. Rousseau gave a copy of the Confessions
to Moultou, but forbade the publication before the year 1800.
Notwithstanding this, printers procured copies surreptitiously,
perhaps through Theresa, ever in need of money; the first part was
published four years, and the second part with many suppressions
eleven years, after his death, in 1782 and 1789 respectively. See
Musset-Pathay, ii. 464.
[401] Ch. v. Such a curtailment, he says, "would no doubt be a great
evil for the parts dismembered, but it would be a great advantage for
the body of the nation." He urged federation as the condition of any
solid improvement in their affairs.
[402] Bernardin de St. Pierre, xii. 37. Comte had a similar admiration
for Spain and for the same reason.
[403] Corancez, quoted in Musset-Pathay, i. 239. Also _Corr._, vi.
295.
[404] _Corr._, vi. 303.
[405] Robespierre, then a youth, is said to have invited him here. See
Hamel's _Robespierre_, i. 22.
[406] See above, vol. i. pp. 16, 17.
[407] _Corr._, vi. 264.
[408] The case stands thus:--(1) There was the certificate of five
doctors, attesting that Rousseau had died of apoplexy. (2) The
assertion of M. Girardin, in whose house he died, that there was no
hole in his head, nor poison in the stomach or viscera, nor other sign
of self-destruction. (3) The assertion of Theresa to the same effect.
On the other hand, we have the assertion of Corancez, that on his
journey to Ermenonville on the day of Rousseau's burial a horse-master
on the road had said, "Who would have supposed that M. Rousseau would
have destroyed himself!"--and a variety of inferences from the wording
of the certificate, and of Theresa's letter. Musset-Pathay believes in
the suicide, and argued very ingeniously against M. Girardin. But his
arguments do not go far beyond verbal ingenuity, showing that suicide
was possible, and was consistent with the language of the documents,
rather than adducing positive testimony. See vol. i. of his _History_,
pp. 268, etc. The controversy was resumed as late as 1861, between the
_Figaro_ and the _Monde Illustré_. See also M. Jal's _Dict. Crit. de
Biog. et d'Hist._, p. 1091.
INDEX.
ACADEMIES (French) local, i. 132.
Academy, of Dijon, Rousseau writes essays for, i. 133;
French, prize essay against Rousseau's Discourse, i. 150, _n._
Actors, how regarded in France in Rousseau's time, i. 322.
Althusen, teaches doctrine of sovereignty of the people, ii. 147.
America (U.S.), effects in, of the doctrine of the equality of men,
i. 182.
American colonists indebted in eighteenth century to Rousseau's
writings, i. 3.
Anchorite, distinction between the old and the new, i. 234.
Annecy, i. 34, 50;
Rousseau's room at, i. 54;
Rousseau's teachers at, i. 56;
seminary at, i. 82.
Aquinas, protest against juristical doctrine of law being the
pleasure of the prince, ii. 144, 145.
Aristotle on Origin of Society, i. 174.
Atheism, Rousseau's protest against, i. 208;
St. Lambert on, i. 209, _n._;
Robespierre's protest against, ii. 178;
Chaumette put to death for endeavouring to base the government of
France on, ii. 180.
Augustine (of Hippo), ii. 272, 303.
Austin, John, ii. 151, _n._;
on Sovereignty, ii. 162.
Authors, difficulties of, in France in the eighteenth century, ii.
55-61.
BABOEUF, on the Revolution, ii. 123, _n._
Barbier, ii. 26.
Basedow, his enthusiasm for Rousseau's educational theories, ii. 251.
Beaumont, De, Archbishop of Paris, mandate against Rousseau issued
by, ii. 83;
argument from, ii. 86.
Bernard, maiden name of Rousseau's mother, i. 10.
Bienne, Rousseau driven to take refuge in island in lake of, ii.
108;
his account of, ii. 109-115.
Bodin, on Government, ii. 147;
his definition of an aristocratic state, ii. 168, _n._
Bonaparte, Napoleon, ii. 102, _n._
Bossuet, on Stage Plays, i. 321.
Boswell, James, ii. 98;
visits Rousseau, ii. 98, also _ib._ _n._;
urged by Rousseau to visit Corsica, ii. 100;
his letter to Rousseau, ii. 101.
Boufflers, Madame de, ii. 5, _ib._ _n._
Bougainville (brother of the navigator), i. 184, _n._
Brutus, how Rousseau came to be panegyrist of, i. 187.
Buffon, ii. 205.
Burke, ii. 140, 192.
Burnet, Bishop, on Genevese, i. 225.
Burton, John Hill, his _Life of Hume_ (on Rousseau), ii. 283,
_n._
Byron, Lord, antecedents of highest creative efforts, ii. 1;
effect of nature upon, ii. 40;
difference between and Rousseau, ii. 41.
CALAS, i. 312.
Calvin, i. 4, 189;
Rousseau on, as a legislator, ii. 131;
and Servetus, ii. 180;
mentioned, ii. 181.
_Candide_, thought by Rousseau to be meant as a reply to him,
i. 319.
Cardan, ii. 303.
Cato, how Rousseau came to be his panegyrist, i. 187.
Chambéri, probable date of Rousseau's return to, i. 62, _n._;
takes up his residence there, i. 69;
effect on his mind of a French column of troops passing through,
i. 72, 73;
his illness at, i. 73, _n._
Charmettes, Les, Madame de Warens's residence, i. 73;
present condition of, i. 74, 75, _n._;
time spent there by Rousseau, i. 94.
Charron, ii. 203.
Chateaubriand, influenced by Rousseau, i. 3.
Chatham, Lord, ii. 92.
Chaumette, ii. 178;
guillotined on charge of endeavouring to establish atheism in
France, ii. 179.
Chesterfield, Lord, ii. 15.
Choiseul, ii. 57, 64, 72.
Citizen, revolutionary use of word, derived from Rousseau, ii. 161.
Civilisation, variety of the origin and process of, i. 176;
defects of, i. 176;
one of the worst trials of, ii. 102.
Cobbett, ii. 42.
Collier, Jeremy, on the English Stage, i. 323.
Condillac, i. 95.
Condorcet, i. 89;
on Social Position of Women, i. 335;
human perfectibility, ii. 119;
inspiration of, drawn from the school of Voltaire and Rousseau,
ii. 194;
belief of, in the improvement of humanity, ii. 246;
grievous mistake of, ii. 247.
Confessions, the, not to be trusted for minute accuracy, i. 86,
_n._;
or for dates, i. 93;
first part written 1766, ii. 301;
their character, ii. 303;
published surreptitiously, ii. 324, _n._;
readings from, prohibited by police, ii. 324.
Conti, Prince of, ii. 4-7;
receives Rousseau at Trye, ii. 118.
Contract, Social, i. 136.
Corsica, struggles for independence of, ii. 99;
Rousseau invited to legislate for, ii. 99-102;
bought by France, ii. 102.
Cowper, i. 20;
ii. 41;
on Rousseau, ii. 41 _n._;
lines in the Task, ii. 253;
his delusions, ii. 301.
Cynicism, Rousseau's assumption of, i. 206.
D'AIGUILLON, ii. 72.
D'Alembert, i. 89;
Voltaire's staunchest henchman, i. 321;
his article on Geneva, i. 321;
on Stage Plays, i. 326, _n._;
on Position of Women in Society, i. 335;
on Rousseau's letter on the Theatre, i. 336;
suspected by Rousseau of having written the pretended letter from
Frederick of Prussia, ii. 288;
advises Hume to publish account of Rousseau's quarrel with him,
ii. 294.
D'Argenson, ii. 180.
Dates of Rousseau's letters to be relied on, not those of the
Confessions, i. 93.
Davenport, Mr., provides Rousseau with a home at Wootton, ii. 286;
his kindness to Rousseau, ii. 306.
Deism, Rousseau's, ii. 260-275;
that of others, ii. 262-265;
shortcomings of Rousseau's, ii. 270.
Democracy defined, ii. 168;
rejected by Rousseau, as too perfect for men, ii. 171.
D'Epinay, Madame, i. 194, 195, 205;
gives the Hermitage to Rousseau, i. 229, _n._;
his quarrels with, i. 271;
his relations with, i. 273, 276;
journey to Geneva of, i. 284;
squabbles arising out of, between, and Rousseau, Diderot, and
Grimm, i. 285-290;
mentioned, ii. 7, 26, 197;
wrote on education, ii. 199;
applies to secretary of police to prohibit Rousseau's readings
from his Confessions, ii. 324.
D'Epinay, Monsieur, i. 254; ii. 26.
Descartes, i. 87, 225; ii. 267.
Deux Ponts, Duc de, Rousseau's rude reply to, i. 207.
D'Holbach, i. 192;
Rousseau's dislike of his materialistic friends, i. 223;
ii. 37, 256.
D'Houdetot, Madame, i. 255-270;
Madame d'Epinay's jealousy of, i. 278;
mentioned, ii. 7;
offers Rousseau a home in Normandy, ii. 117.
Diderot, i. 64, 89, 133;
tries to manage Rousseau, i. 213;
his domestic misconduct, i. 215;
leader of the materialistic party, i. 223;
on Solitary Life, i. 232;
his active life, i. 233;
without moral sensitiveness, i. 262;
mentioned, i. 262, 269, 271;
ii. 8;
his relations with Rousseau, i. 271;
accused of pilfering Goldoni's new play, i. 275;
his relations and contentions with Rousseau, i. 275, 276;
lectures Rousseau about Madame d'Epinay, i. 284;
visits Rousseau after his leaving the Hermitage, i. 289;
Rousseau's final breach with, i. 336;
his criticism, and plays, ii. 34;
his defects, ii. 34;
thrown into prison, ii. 57;
his difficulties with the Encyclopædists, ii. 57;
his papers saved from the police by Malesherbes, ii. 62.
Dijon, academy of, i. 132.
Discourses, The, Circumstances of the composition of the first
Discourse, i. 133-136;
summary of it, i. 138-145
disastrous effect of the progress of sciences and arts, i.
140, 141;
error more dangerous than truth useful, i. 141;
uselessness of learning and art, i. 141, 142;
terrible disorders caused in Europe by the art of printing, i.
143;
two kinds of ignorance, i. 144;
the relation of this Discourse to Montaigne, i. 145;
its one-sidedness and hollowness, i. 148;
shown by Voltaire, i. 148;
its positive side, i. 149, 150;
second Discourse, origin of the Inequality of Man, i. 154;
summary of it, i. 159, 170;
state of nature, i. 150, 162;
Hobbes's mistake, i. 161;
what broke up the "state of nature," i. 164;
its preferableness, i. 166, 167;
origin of society and laws, i. 168;
"new state of nature," i. 169;
main position of the Discourse, i. 169;
its utter inclusiveness, i. 170;
criticism on its method, i. 170;
on its matter, i. 172;
wanting in evidence, i. 172;
further objections to it, i. 173;
assumes uniformity of process, i. 176;
its unscientific character, i. 177;
its real importance, i. 178;
its protest against the mockery of civilisation, i. 178;
equality of man, i. 181;
different effects of this doctrine in France and the United States
explained, i. 182, 183;
discovers a reaction against the historical method of Montesquieu,
i. 183, 184;
pecuniary results of, i. 196;
Diderot's praise of first Discourse, i. 200;
Voltaire's acknowledgement of gift of second Discourse, i. 308;
the, an attack on the general ordering of society, ii. 22;
referred to, ii. 41.
Drama, its proper effect, i. 326;
what would be that of its introduction into Geneva, i. 327;
true answer to Rousseau's contentions, i. 329.
Dramatic morality, i. 326.
Drinkers, Rousseau's estimate of, i. 330.
Drunkenness, how esteemed in Switzerland and Naples, i. 331.
Duclos, i. 206;
ii. 62.
Duni, i. 292.
Dupin, Madame de, Rousseau secretary to, i. 120;
her position in society, i. 195;
Rousseau's country life with, i. 196;
friend of the Abbé de Saint Pierre, i. 244.
EDUCATION, interest taken in, in France in Rousseau's time, ii. 193,
194;
its new direction ii. 195;
Locke, the pioneer of, ii. 202, 203;
Rousseau's special merit in connection with, ii. 203;
his views on (see Emilius, _passim_, as well as for general
consideration of) what it is, ii. 219;
plans of, of Locke and others, designed for the higher class, ii.
254;
Rousseau's for all, ii. 254.
_Emile_, i. 136, 196.
Emilius, character of, ii. 2, 3;
particulars of the publication of, ii. 59, 60;
effect of, on Rousseau's fortunes, ii. 62-64;
ordered to be burnt by public executioner at Paris, ii. 65;
at Geneva, ii. 72;
condemned by the Sorbonne, ii. 82;
supplied (as also did the Social Contract) dialect for the longing
in France and Germany to return to nature, ii. 193;
substance of, furnished by Locke, ii. 202;
examination of, ii. 197-280;
mischief produced by its good advice, ii. 206, 207;
training of young children, ii. 207, 208;
constantly reasoning with them a mistake of Locke's, ii. 209;
Rousseau's central idea, disparagement of the reasoning faculty,
ii. 209, 210;
theories of education, practice better than precept, ii. 211;
the idea of property, the first that Rousseau would have given to
a child, ii. 212;
modes of teaching, ii. 214, 215;
futility of such methods, ii. 215, 216;
where Rousseau is right, and where wrong, ii. 219, 220;
effect of his own want of parental love, ii. 220;
teaches that everybody should learn a trade, ii. 223;
no special foresight, ii. 224, 225;
supremacy of the common people insisted upon, ii. 226, 227;
three dominant states of mind to be established by the instructor,
ii. 229, 230;
Rousseau's incomplete notion of justice, ii. 231;
ideal of Emilius, ii. 232, 233;
forbids early teaching of history, ii. 237, 238;
disparages modern history, ii. 239;
criticism on the old historians, ii. 240;
education of women, ii. 241;
Rousseau's failure here, ii. 242, 243;
inconsistent with himself, ii. 244, 245;
worthlessness of his views, ii. 249;
real merits of the work, ii. 249;
its effect in Germany, ii. 251, 252;
not much effect on education in England, ii. 252;
Emilius the first expression of democratic teaching in education,
ii. 254;
Rousseau's deism, ii. 258, 260, 264-267, 269, 270, 276;
its inadequacy for the wants of men, ii. 267-270;
his position towards Christianity, ii. 270-276;
real satisfaction of the religious emotions, ii. 275-280.
Encyclopædia, The, D'Alembert's article on Geneva in, i. 321.
Encyclopædists, the society of, confirms Rousseau's religious
faith, i. 221;
referred to, ii. 257.
Evil, discussions on Rousseau's, Voltaire's, and De Maistre's
teachings concerning, i. 313, _n._, 318;
different effect of existence of, on Rousseau and Voltaire, i. 319.
FÉNELON, ii. 37, 248;
Rousseau's veneration for, ii. 321.
Ferguson, Adam, ii. 253.
Filmer contends that a man is not naturally free, ii. 126.
Foundling Hospital, Rousseau sends his children to the, i. 120.
France, debt of, to Rousseau, i. 3;
Rousseau the one great religious writer of, in the eighteenth
century, i. 26;
his wanderings in the east of, i. 61;
his fondness for, i. 62-72;
establishment of local academies in, i. 132;
decay in, of Greek literary studies, i. 146;
effects in, of doctrine of equality of man, i. 182;
effects in, of Montesquieu's "Spirit of Laws," i. 183;
amiability of, in the eighteenth century, i. 187;
effect of Rousseau's writings in, i. 187;
collective organisation in, i. 222;
St. Pierre's strictures on government of, i. 244;
Rousseau on government of, i. 246;
effect of Rousseau's spiritual element on, i. 306;
patriotism wanting in, i. 332;
difficulties of authorship in, ii. 55-64;
buys Corsica from the Genoese, ii. 102;
state of, after 1792, apparently favourable to the carrying out of
Rousseau's political views, ii. 131, 132;
in 1793, ii. 135;
haunted by narrow and fervid minds, ii. 142.
Francueil, Rousseau's patron, i. 99;
grandfather of Madame George Sand, i. 99, _n._;
Rousseau's salary from, i. 120;
country-house of, i. 196.
Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 42.
Frederick of Prussia, relations between, and Rousseau, ii. 73-78;
"famous bull" of, ii. 90.
Freeman on Growth of English Constitution, ii. 164.
French, principles of, revolution, i. 1, 2, 3;
process and ideas of, i. 4;
Rousseau of old, stock, i. 8;
poetry, Rousseau on, i. 90, _ib. n._;
melody, i. 105;
academy, thesis for prize, i. 150, _n._;
philosophers, i. 202,
music, i. 291;
music, its pretensions demolished by Rousseau, i. 294;
ecclesiastics opposed to the theatre, ii. 322;
stage, Rousseau on, i. 325;
morals, depravity of, ii. 26, 27;
Barbier on, ii. 26;
thought, benefit, or otherwise of revolution on, ii. 54;
history, evil side of, in Rousseau's time, ii. 56;
indebted to Holland for freedom of the press, ii. 59;
catholic and monarchic absolutism sunk deep into the character of
the, ii. 167.
French Convention, story of member of the, ii. 134, _n._
GALUPPI, effect of his music, i. 105.
Geneva, i. 8;
characteristics of its people, i. 9;
Rousseau's visit to, i. 93;
influence of, on Rousseau, i. 94;
he revisits it in 1754, i. 186-190, 218;
turns Protestant again there, i. 220;
religious opinion in, i. 223 (also i. 224, _n._);
Rousseau thinks of taking up his abode in, i. 228;
Voltaire at, i. 308;
D'Alembert's article on, in Encyclopædia, i. 321;
Rousseau's notions of effect of
introducing the drama at, i. 327;
council of, order public burning of Emilius and the Social
Contract, and arrest of the author if he came there, ii. 72;
the only place where the Social Contract was actually burnt, ii. 73,
_n._;
Voltaire suspected to have had a hand in the matter, ii. 81;
council of, divided into two camps by Rousseau's condemnation, in
1762, ii. 102;
Rousseau renounces his citizenship in, ii. 104;
working of the republic, ii. 104.
Genevese, Bishop Burnet on, i. 225;
Rousseau's distrust of, i. 228;
his panegyric on, i. 328;
manners of, according to Rousseau, i. 330;
their complaint of it, i. 331.
Genlis, Madame de, ii. 323.
Genoa, Rousseau in quarantine at, i. 103;
Corsica sold to France by, ii. 102.
Germany, sentimental movements in, ii. 33.
Gibbon, Edward, at Lausanne, ii. 96.
Girardin, St. Marc, on Rousseau, i. 111, _n._;
on Rousseau's discussions, ii. 11, _n._;
offers Rousseau a home, ii. 326.
Gluck, i. 291, 296;
Rousseau quarrels with, for setting his music to French words, ii.
323.
Goethe, i. 20.
Goguet on Society, ii. 127, _n._;
on tacit conventions, ii. 148, _n._;
on law, ii. 153, _n._
Goldoni, Diderot accused of pilfering his new play, i. 275.
Gothic architecture denounced by Voltaire and Turgot, i. 294.
Gouvon, Count, Rousseau servant to, i. 42.
Government, disquisitions on, ii. 131-206;
remarks on, ii. 131-141;
early democratic ideas of, ii. 144-148;
Hobbes' philosophy of, ii. 151;
Rousseau's science of, ii. 155, 156;
De la Rivière's science of, ii. 156, _n._;
federation recommended by Rousseau to the Poles, ii. 166;
three forms of government defined, ii. 169;
definition inadequate, ii. 169;
Montesquieu's definition, ii. 169;
Rousseau's distinction between _tyrant_ and _despot_, ii.
169, _n._;
his objection to democracy, ii. 172;
to monarchy, ii. 173;
consideration of aristocracy, ii. 174;
his own scheme, ii. 175;
Hobbes's "Passive Obedience," ii. 181, 182;
social conscience theory, ii. 183-187;
government made impossible by Rousseau's doctrine of social
contract, ii. 188-192;
Burke on expediency in, ii. 192;
what a civilised nation is, ii. 194;
Jefferson on, ii. 227, 228, _n._
Governments, earliest, how composed, i. 169.
Graffigny, Madame de, ii. 199.
Gratitude, Rousseau on, ii. 14, 15;
explanation of his want of, ii. 70.
Greece, importance of history of, i. 184, and _ib._ _n._
Greek ideas, influence of, in France in the eighteenth century, i.
146.
Grenoble, i. 93.
Grétry, i. 292, 296; ii. 323.
Grimm,
description of Rousseau by, i. 206;
Rousseau's quarrels with, i. 279;
letter of, about Rousseau and Diderot, i. 275;
relations of, with Rousseau, i. 279;
some account of his life, i. 279;
his conversation with Madame d'Epinay, i. 281;
criticism on Rousseau, i. 281;
natural want of sympathy between the two, i. 282;
Rousseau's quarrel with, i. 285-290; ii. 65, 199.
Grotius, on Government, ii. 148.
HÉBERT, ii. 178;
prevents publication of a book in which the author professed his
belief in a god, ii. 179.
Helmholtz, i. 299.
Helvétius, i. 191; ii. 65, 199.
Herder, ii. 251;
Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.
Hermitage, the, given to Rousseau by Madame d'Epinay, i. 229 (also
_ib._ _n._);
what his friends thought of it, i. 231;
sale of, after the Revolution, i. 237, _n._;
reasons for Rousseau's leaving, i. 286.
Hildebrand, i. 4.
Hobbes, i. 143, 161;
his "Philosophy of Government," ii. 151;
singular influence of, upon Rousseau, ii. 151, 183;
essential difference between his views and those of Rousseau, ii.
159;
on Sovereignty, ii. 162;
Rousseau's definition of the three forms of government adopted
by, inadequate, ii. 168;
would reduce spiritual and temporal jurisdiction to one political
unity, ii. 183.
Holbachians, i. 337; ii. 2.
Hooker, on Civil Government, ii. 148.
Hôtel St. Quentin, Rousseau at, i. 106.
Hume, David, i. 64, 89;
his deep-set sagacity, i. 156, ii. 6, 75;
suspected of tampering with Boswell's letter, ii. 98, _n._;
on Boswell, ii. 101, _n._;
his eagerness to find Rousseau a refuge in England, ii. 282, 283;
his account of Rousseau, ii. 284;
finds him a home at Wootton, ii. 286;
Rousseau's quarrel with, ii. 286-291 (also ii. 290, _n._);
his innocence of Walpole's letter, ii. 292;
his conduct in the quarrel, ii. 293;
saves Rousseau from arrest of French Government, ii. 295;
on Rousseau's sensitiveness, ii. 299.
IMAGINATION, Rousseau's, i. 247.
JACOBINS, the, Rousseau's Social Contract, their gospel, ii. 132,
133;
their mistake, ii. 136;
convenience to them of some of the maxims of the Social Contract,
ii. 142;
Jacobin supremacy and Hobbism, ii. 152;
how they might have saved France, ii. 167.
Jansen, his propositions, i. 81.
Jansenists, Rousseau's suspicions of, ii. 63;
mentioned, ii. 89.
Jean Paul, ii. 216, 252.
Jefferson, ii. 227, _n._
Jesuits, Rousseau's suspicions of the, ii. 64;
the, and parliaments, ii. 65;
movement against, ii. 65;
suppression of the, leads to increased thought about education,
ii. 199.
Johnson, ii. 15, 98.
KAMES, Lord, ii. 253.
LAMENNAIS, influenced by Rousseau, ii. 228.
Language, origin of, i. 161.
Latour, Madame, ii. 19, _ib. n._
Lavater favourable to education on Rousseau's plan, ii. 251 (also
_ib._ _n._)
Lavoisier, reply to his request for a fortnight's respite, ii. 227,
_n._
Law, not a contract, ii. 153.
Lecouvreur, Adrienne, refused Christian burial on account of her
being an actress, i. 323.
Leibnitz, i. 87;
his optimism, i. 309;
on the constitution of the universe, i. 312.
Lessing, on Pope, i. 310, _n._
"Letters from the Mountain," ii. 104;
burned, by command, at Paris and the Hague, ii. 105.
Liberty, English, Rousseau's notion of, ii. 163, _n._
Life, Rousseau's condemnation of the contemplative, i. 10;
his idea of household, i. 41;
easier for him to preach than for others to practise, i. 43.
Lisbon, earthquake of, Voltaire on, i. 310;
Rousseau's letter to Voltaire on, i. 310, 311.
Locke, his Essay, i. 87;
his notions, i. 87;
his influence upon Rousseau, ii. 121-126;
on Marriage, ii. 126;
on Civil Government, ii. 149, 150, _n._;
indefiniteness of his views, ii. 160;
the pioneer of French thought on education, ii. 202, 203;
Rousseau's indebtedness to, ii. 203;
his mistake in education, ii. 209;
subjects of his theories, ii. 254.
Lulli (music), i. 291.
Luther, i. 4.
Luxembourg, the Duke of, gives Rousseau a home, ii. 2-7, 9.
Luxembourg, the Maréchale de, in vain seeks Rousseau's children,
i. 128;
helps to get Emilius published, ii. 63-64, 67.
Lycurgus, ii. 129, 131;
influence of, upon Saint Just, ii. 133.
Lyons, Rousseau a tutor at, i. 95-97.
MABLY, De, i. 95;
his socialism, i. 184;
applied to for scheme for the government of Poland, ii. 324.
Maistre, De, i. 145;
on Optimism, i. 314.
Maitre, Le, teaches Rousseau music, i. 58.
Malebranche, i. 87.
Malesherbes, Rousseau confesses his ungrateful nature to, ii. 14;
his dishonest advice to Rousseau, ii. 60;
helps Diderot, ii. 62;
and Rousseau in the publishing of Emilius, ii. 62, 63;
endangered by it, ii. 67;
asks Rousseau to collect plants for him, ii. 76.
Man, his specific distinction from other animals, i. 161;
his state of nature, i. 161;
Hobbes wrong concerning this, i. 161;
equality of, i. 180;
effects of this doctrine in France and in the United States, i.
182;
not naturally free, ii. 126.
Mandeville, i. 162.
Manners, Rousseau's, Marmontel, and Grimm on, i. 205, 206;
Rousseau on Swiss, i. 329, 330;
depravity of French, in the eighteenth century, ii. 25, 26.
Marischal, Lord, friendship between, and Rousseau, ii. 79-81;
account of, ii. 80;
on Boswell, ii. 98
Marmontel, on Rousseau's manners, i. 206;
on his success, ii. 2.
Marriage, design of the New Heloïsa to exalt, ii. 46-48, _ib._
_n._
Marsilio, of Padua, on Law, ii. 145.
Men, inequality of, Rousseau's second Discourse (see Discourses),
dedicated to the republic of Geneva, i. 190;
how received there, i. 228.
Mirabeau the elder, Rousseau's letter to, from Wootton, ii. 305, 306;
his character, ii. 309-312;
receives Rousseau at Fleury, ii. 311.
Mirabeau, Gabriel, Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.
Molière (Misanthrope of), Rousseau's criticism on, i. 329;
D'Alembert on, i. 329.
Monarchy, Rousseau's objection to, ii. 171.
Montaigu, Count de, avarice of, i. 101, 102.
Montaigne, Rousseau's obligations to, i. 145;
influence of, on Rousseau, ii. 203.
Montesquieu, "incomplete positivity" of, i. 156;
on Government, i. 157;
effect of his Spirit of Laws on Rousseau, i. 183;
confused definition of laws, ii. 153;
balanced parliamentary system of, ii. 163;
his definition of forms of government, ii. 169.
Montmorency, Rousseau goes to live there, i. 229;
his life at, ii. 2-9.
Montpellier, i. 92.
Morals, state of, in France in the eighteenth century, ii. 26.
Morellet, thrown into the Bastile, ii. 57.
Morelly, his indirect influence on Rousseau, i. 156;
his socialistic theory, i. 157, 158;
his rules for organising a model community, i. 158, _n._;
his terse exposition of inequality contrasted with that of Rousseau,
i. 170;
on primitive human nature, i. 175;
his socialism, ii. 52;
influence of his "model community" upon St. Just, ii. 133,
_n._;
advice to mothers, ii. 205.
Motiers, Rousseau's home there, ii. 77;
attends divine service at, ii. 91;
life at, ii. 91, 93.
Moultou (pastor of Motiers), his enthusiasm for Rousseau, ii. 82.
Music, Rousseau undertakes to teach, i. 60;
Rousseau's opinion concerning Italian, i. 105;
effect of Galuppi's, i. 105;
Rousseau earns his living by copying, i. 196; ii. 315;
Rameau's criticism on Rousseau's _Muses Galantes_, i. 211;
French, i. 291;
Rousseau's letter on, i. 292;
Italian, denounced at Paris, i. 292;
Rousseau utterly condemns French, i. 294;
quarrels with Gluck for setting his, to French words, ii. 323.
Musical notation, Rousseau's, i. 291;
his Musical Dictionary, i. 296;
his notation explained, i. 296-301;
his system inapplicable to instruments, i. 301.
NAPLES, drunkenness, how regarded in, i. 331.
_Narcisse_, Rousseau's condemnation of his own comedy of, i.
215.
Nature, Rousseau's love of, i. 234-241; ii. 39;
state of, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Hume on, i. 156-158;
Rousseau's, in Second Discourse, i. 171-180;
his starting-point of right, and normal constitution of civil
society, ii. 124. See State of Nature.
Necker, ii. 54, 98, _n._
Neuchâtel, flight to principality of, by Rousseau, ii. 73;
history of, ii. 73, _n._;
outbreak at, arising from religious controversy, ii. 90;
preparations for driving Rousseau out of, defeated by Frederick of
Prussia, ii. 90;
clergy of, against Rousseau, ii. 106.
New Heloïsa, first conception of, i. 250;
monument of Rousseau's fall, ii. 1;
when completed and published, ii. 2;
read aloud to the Duchess de Luxembourg, ii. 3;
letter on suicide in, ii. 16;
effects upon Parisian ladies of reading the, ii. 18, 19;
criticism on, ii. 20-55;
his scheme proposed in it, ii. 21;
its story, ii. 24;
its purity, contrasted with contemporary and later French
romances, ii. 24;
its general effect, ii. 27;
Rousseau absolutely without humour, ii. 27;
utter selfishness of hero of, ii. 30;
its heroine, ii. 30;
its popularity, ii. 231, 232;
burlesque on it, ii. 31, _n._;
its vital defect, ii. 35;
difference between Rousseau, Byron, and others, ii. 42;
sumptuary details of the story, ii. 44, 45;
its democratic tendency, ii. 49, 50;
the bearing of its teaching, ii. 54;
hindrances to its circulation in France, ii. 57;
Malesherbes's low morality as to publishing, ii. 61.
OPTIMISM of Pope and Leibnitz, i. 309-310;
discussed, ii. 128-130.
Origin of inequality among men, i. 156. See also Discourses.
PALEY, ii. 191, _n._
Palissot, ii. 56.
Paris, Rousseau's first visit to, i. 61;
his second, i. 63, 97, 102;
third visit, i. 106;
effect in, of his first Discourse, i. 139, _n._;
opinions in, on religion, laws, etc., i. 185;
"mimic philosophy" there, i. 193;
society in, in Rousseau's time, i. 202-211;
his view of it, i. 210;
composes there his _Muses Galantes_, i. 211;
returns to, from Geneva, i. 228;
his belief of the unfitness of its people for political affairs,
i. 246;
goes to, in 1741, with his scheme of musical notation, i. 291;
effect there of his letter on music, i. 295;
Rousseau's imaginary contrast between, and Geneva, i. 329;
Emilius ordered to be publicly burnt in, ii. 65;
parliament of, orders "Letters from the Mountain" to be burnt,
ii. 295;
also Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary, ii. 295;
Danton's scheme for municipal administration of, ii. 168,
_n._;
two parties (those of Voltaire and of Rousseau) in, in 1793, ii.
178;
excitement in, at Rousseau's appearance in 1765, ii. 283;
he goes to live there in 1770, ii. 314;
Voltaire's last visit to, ii. 323, 324.
Pâris, Abbé, miracles at his tomb, ii. 88.
Parisian frivolity, i. 193, 220, 329.
Parliament and Jesuits, ii. 64.
Pascal, ii. 37.
Passy, Rousseau composes the "Village Soothsayer" at, i. 212.
Paul, St., effect of, on western society, i. 4.
Peasantry, French, oppression of, i. 67, 68.
Pedigree of Rousseau, i. 8, _n._
Pelagius, ii. 272.
Peoples, sovereignty of, Rousseau not the inventor of doctrine of,
ii. 144-148;
taught by Althusen, i. 147;
constitution of Helvetic Republic in 1798, a blow at, ii. 165.
Pergolese, i. 292.
Pestalozzi indebted to Emilius, ii. 252.
Philidor, i. 292.
Philosophers, of Rousseau's time, contradicting each other, i. 87;
Rousseau's complaint of the, i. 202;
war between the, and the priests, i. 322;
Rousseau's reactionary protest against, i. 328;
troubles of, ii. 59;
parliaments hostile to, ii. 64.
Philosophy, Rousseau's disgust at mimic, at Paris, i. 193;
drew him to the essential in religion, i. 220;
Voltaire's no perfect, i. 318.
Phlipon, Jean Marie, Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.
Plato, his republic, i. 122;
his influence on Rousseau, i. 146, 325, _n._;
Milton on his Laws, ii. 178.
Plays (stage), Rousseau's letter on, to D'Alembert, i. 321;
his views of, i. 323;
Jeremy Collier and Bossuet on, i. 323;
in Geneva, i. 333, 334, _n._;
Rousseau, Voltaire, and D'Alembert on, i. 332-337.
Plutarch, Rousseau's love for, i. 13.
Plutocracy, new, faults of, i. 195.
Pompadour, Madame de, and the Jesuits, ii. 64.
Pontverre (priest) converts Rousseau to Romanism, i. 31-35.
Pope, his Essay on Man translated by Voltaire, i. 309;
Berlin Academy and Lessing on it, i. 310, _n._;
criticism on it by Rousseau, i. 312;
its general position reproduced by Rousseau, i. 315.
Popelinière, M. de, i. 211.
Positive knowledge, i. 78.
Press, freedom of the, ii. 59.
Prévost, Abbé, i. 48.
_Projet pour l'Education_, i. 96, _n._
Property, private, evils ascribed to i. 157, 185;
Robespierre disclaimed the intention of attacking, i. 123,
_n._
Protestant principles, effect of development of, ii. 146-147.
Protestantism, his conversion to, i. 220;
its influence on Rousseau, i. 221.
RAMEAU on Rousseau's _Muses Galantes_, i. 119, 211;
mentioned, i. 291.
Rationalism, i. 224, 225;
influence of Descartes on, i. 225.
Reason, De Saint Pierre's views of, i. 244.
Reform, essential priority of social over political, ii. 43.
Religion, simplification of, i. 3;
ideas of, in Paris, i. 186, 187, 207, 208;
Rousseau's view of, i. 220;
doctrines of, in Geneva, i. 223-227, also _n._;
curious project concerning it, by Rousseau, i. 317;
separation of spiritual and temporal powers deemed mischievous by
Rousseau, ii. 173;
in its relation to the state may be considered as of three kinds,
ii. 175;
duty of the sovereign to establish a civil confession of faith,
ii. 176, 177;
positive dogmas of this, ii. 176;
Rousseau's "pure Hobbism," ii. 177.
See Savoyard Vicar (Emilius), ii. 256, 281.
Renou, Rousseau assumes name of, i. 129; ii. 312.
Revelation, Christian, Rousseau's controversy on, with Archbishop of
Paris, ii. 86-91.
_Rêveries_, Rousseau's relinquishing society, i. 199;
description of his life in the isle of St. Peter, in the, ii.
109-115;
their style ii. 314.
Revolution, French, principles of, i. 1, 2;
benefits of, or otherwise, ii. 54;
Baboeuf on, ii. 123, 124, _n._;
the starting point in the history of its ideas, ii. 160.
Revolutionary process and ideal i. 4, 5.
Revolutionists, difference among, i. 2.
Richardson (the novelist), ii. 25, 28.
Richelieu's brief patronage of Rousseau, i. 195, 302.
Rivière, de la, origin of society, ii. 156, 157;
anecdote of, ii. 156, 157, _n._
Robecq, Madame de, ii. 56.
Robespierre, ii. 123, 134, 160, 178, 179;
his "sacred right of insurrection," ii. 188, _n._;
Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.
Rousseau, Didier, i. 8.
Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, i. 61, _n._
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, influence of his writings on France and the
American colonists, i. 1, 2;
on Robespierre, Paine, and Chateaubriand, i. 3;
his place as a leader, i. 3;
starting-point, of his mental habits, i. 4;
personality of, i. 4;
influence on the common people, i. 5;
his birth and ancestry, i. 8;
pedigree, i. 8, _n._;
parents, i. 10, 11;
influence upon him of his father's character, i. 11, 12;
his reading in childhood, i. 12, 13;
love of Plutarch, i. 13;
early years, i. 13, 14;
sent to school at Bossey, i. 15;
deterioration of his moral character there, i. 17;
indignation at an unjust punishment, i. 17, 18;
leaves school, i. 20;
youthful life at Geneva, i. 21, 22;
his remarks on its character, i. 24;
anecdotes of it, i. 22, 24;
his leading error as to the education of the young, i. 25, 26;
religious training, i. 25;
apprenticeship, i. 26;
boyish doings, i. 27;
harshness of his master, i. 27;
runs away, i. 29;
received by the priest of Confignon, i. 31;
sent to Madame de Warens, i. 84;
at Turin, i. 35;
hypocritical conversion to Roman Catholicism, i. 37;
motive, i. 38;
registry of his baptism, i. 38, _n._;
his forlorn condition, i. 39;
love of music, i. 39;
becomes servant to Madame de Vercellis, i. 39;
his theft, lying, and excuses for it, i. 39, 40;
becomes servant to Count of Gouvon, i. 42;
dismissed, i. 43;
returns to Madame de Warens, i. 45;
his temperament, i. 46, 47;
in training for the priesthood, but pronounced too stupid, i. 57;
tries music, i. 57;
shamelessly abandons his companion, i. 58;
goes to Freiburg, Neuchâtel, and Paris, i. 61, 62;
conjectural chronology of his movements about this time. i. 62,
_n._;
love of vagabond life, i. 62-68;
effect upon him of his intercourse with the poor, i. 68;
becomes clerk to a land surveyor at Chambéri, i. 69;
life there, i. 69-72;
ill-health and retirement to Les Charmettes, i. 73;
his latest recollection of this time, i. 75-77;
his "form of worship," i. 77;
love of nature, i. 77, 78;
notion of deity, i. 77;
peculiar intellectual feebleness, i. 81;
criticism on himself, i. 83;
want of logic in his mental constitution, i. 85;
effect on him of Voltaire's Letters on the English, i. 85;
self-training, i. 86;
mistaken method of it, i. 86, 87;
writes a comedy, i. 89;
enjoyment of rural life at Les Charmettes, i. 91, 92;
robs Madame de Warens, i. 92;
leaves her, i. 93;
discrepancy between dates of his letters and the Confessions, i.
93;
takes a tutorship at Lyons, i. 95;
condemns the practice of writing Latin, i. 96, _n._;
resigns his tutorship, and goes to Paris, i. 97;
reception there, i. 98-100;
appointed secretary to French Ambassador at Venice, i. 100-106;
in quarantine at Genoa, i. 104;
his estimate of French melody, i. 105;
returns to Paris, i. 106;
becomes acquainted with Theresa Le Vasseur, i. 106;
his conduct criticised, i. 107-113;
simple life, i. 113;
letter to her, i. 115-119;
his poverty, i. 119;
becomes secretary to Madame Dupin and her son-in-law, M. de
Francueil, i. 119;
sends his children to the foundling hospital, i. 120, 121;
paltry excuses for the crime, i. 121-126;
his pretended marriage under the name of Renou, i. 129;
his Discourses, i. 132-186 (see Discourses);
writes essays for academy of Dijon, i. 132;
origin of first essay, i. 133-137;
his "visions" for thirteen years, i. 138;
evil effect upon himself of the first Discourse, i. 138;
of it, the second Discourse and the Social Contract upon Europe,
i. 138;
his own opinion of it, i. 138, 139;
influence of Plato upon him, i. 146;
second Discourse, i. 154;
his "State of Nature," i. 159;
no evidence for it, i. 172;
influence of Montesquieu on him, i. 183;
inconsistency of his views, i. 124;
influence of Geneva upon him, i. 187, 188;
his disgust at Parisian philosophers, i. 191, 192;
the two sides of his character, i. 193;
associates in Paris, i. 193;
his income, i. 196, 197, _n._;
post of cashier, i. 196;
throws it up, i. 197, 198;
determines to earn his living by copying music, i. 198, 199;
change of manners, i. 201;
dislike of the manners of his time, i. 202, 203;
assumption of a seeming cynicism, i. 206;
Grimm's rebuke of it, i. 206;
Rousseau's protest against atheism, i. 208, 209;
composes a musical interlude, the Village Soothsayer, i. 212;
his nervousness loses him the chance of a pension, i. 213;
his moral simplicity, i. 214, 215;
revisits Geneva, i. 216;
re-conversion to Protestantism, i. 220;
his friends at Geneva, i. 227;
their effect upon him, i. 227;
returns to Paris, i. 227;
the Hermitage offered him by Madame d'Epinay, i. 229, 230 (and
_ib. n._);
retires to it against the protests of his friends, i. 231;
his love of nature, i. 234, 235, 236;
first days at the Hermitage, i. 237;
rural delirium, i. 237;
dislike of society, i. 242;
literary scheme, i. 242, 243;
remarks on Saint Pierre, i. 246;
violent mental crisis, i. 247;
employs his illness in writing to Voltaire on Providence, i. 250,
251;
his intolerance of vice in others, i. 254;
acquaintance with Madame de Houdetot, i. 255-269;
source of his irritability, i. 270, 271;
blind enthusiasm of his admirers, i. 273, also _ib. n._;
quarrels with Diderot, i. 275;
Grimm's account of them, i. 276;
quarrels with Madame d'Epinay, i. 276, 288;
relations with Grimm, i. 279;
want of sympathy between the two, i. 279;
declines to accompany Madame d'Epinay to Geneva, i. 285;
quarrels with Grimm, i. 285;
leaves the Hermitage, i. 289, 290;
aims in music, i. 291;
letter on French music, i. 293, 294;
writes on music in the Encyclopædia, i. 296;
his Musical Dictionary, i. 296;
scheme and principles of his new musical notation, i. 269;
explained, i. 298, 299;
its practical value, i. 299;
his mistake, i. 300;
minor objections, i. 300;
his temperament and Genevan spirit, i. 303;
compared with Voltaire, i. 304, 305;
had a more spiritual element than Voltaire, i. 306;
its influence in France, i. 307;
early relations with Voltaire, i. 308;
letter to him on his poem on the earthquake at Lisbon, i. 312,
313, 314;
reasons in a circle, i. 316;
continuation of argument against Voltaire, i. 316, 317;
curious notion about religion, i. 317;
quarrels with Voltaire, i. 318, 319;
denounces him as a "trumpet of impiety," i. 320, _n._;
letter to D'Alembert on Stage Plays, i. 321;
true answer to his theory, i. 323, 324;
contrasts Paris and Geneva, i. 327, 328;
his patriotism, i. 329, 330, 331;
censure of love as a poetic theme, i. 334, 335;
on Social Position of Women, i. 335;
Voltaire and D'Alembert's criticism on his Letter on Stage Plays,
i. 336, 337;
final break with Diderot, i. 336;
antecedents of his highest creative efforts, ii. 1;
friends at Montmorency, ii. 2;
reads the New Heloïsa to the Maréchale de Luxembourg, ii. 2;
unwillingness to receive gifts, ii. 5;
his relations with the Duke and Duchess de Luxembourg, ii. 7;
misunderstands the friendliness of Madame de Boufflers, ii. 7;
calm life at Montmorency, ii. 8;
literary jealousy, ii. 8;
last of his peaceful days, ii. 9;
advice to a young man against the contemplative life, ii. 10;
offensive form of his "good sense" concerning persecution of
Protestants, ii. 11, 12;
cause of his unwillingness to receive gifts, ii. 13, 14;
owns his ungrateful nature, ii. 15;
ill-humoured banter, ii. 15;
his constant bodily suffering, ii. 16;
thinks of suicide, ii. 16;
correspondence with the readers of the New Heloïsa, ii. 19, 20;
the New Heloïsa, criticism on, ii. 20-55 (see New Heloïsa);
his publishing difficulties, ii. 56;
no taste for martyrdom, ii. 59, 60;
curious discussion between, ii. 59;
and Malesherbes, ii. 60;
indebted to Malesherbes in the publication of Emilius, ii. 61, 62;
suspects Jesuits, Jansenists, and philosophers of plotting to
crush the book, ii. 63;
himself counted among the latter, ii. 65;
Emilius ordered to be burnt by public executioner, on the charge
of irreligious tendency, and its author to be arrested, ii. 65;
his flight, ii. 67;
literary composition on the journey to Switzerland, ii. 69;
contrast between him and Voltaire, ii. 70;
explanation of his "natural ingratitude," ii. 71;
reaches the canton of Berne, and ordered to quit it, ii. 72;
Emilius and Social Contract condemned to be publicly burnt at
Geneva, and author arrested if he came there, ii. 72, 73;
takes refuge at Motiers, in dominions of Frederick of Prussia, ii.
73;
characteristic letters to the king, ii. 74, 77;
declines pecuniary help from him, ii. 75;
his home and habits at Motiers, ii. 77, 78;
Voltaire supposed to have stirred up animosity against him at
Geneva, ii. 81;
Archbishop of Paris writes against him, ii. 83;
his reply, and character as a controversialist, ii. 83-90;
life at Val de Travers (Motiers), ii. 91-95;
his generosity, ii. 93;
corresponds with the Prince of Würtemberg on the education of the
prince's daughter, ii. 95, 96;
on Gibbon, ii. 96;
visit from Boswell, ii. 98;
invited to legislate for Corsica, ii. 99, _n._;
urges Boswell to go there, ii. 100;
denounces its sale by the Genoese, ii. 102;
renounces his citizenship of Geneva, ii. 103;
his Letters from the Mountain, ii. 104;
the letters condemned to be burned at Paris and the Hague, ii.
105;
libel upon, ii. 105;
religious difficulties with his pastor, ii. 106;
ill-treatment of, in parish, ii. 106;
obliged to leave it, ii. 108;
his next retreat, ii. 108;
account in the _Rêveries_ of his short stay there, ii. 109-115;
expelled by government of Berne, ii. 116;
makes an extraordinary request to it, ii. 116, 117;
difficulties in finding a home, ii. 117;
short stay at Strasburg, ii. 117, _n._;
decides on going to England, ii. 118;
his Social Contract, and criticism on, ii. 119, 196 (see Social
Contract);
scanty acquaintance with history, ii. 129;
its effects on his political writings, ii. 129, 136;
his object in writing Emilius, ii. 198;
his confession of faith, under the character of the Savoyard Vicar
(see Emilius), ii. 257-280;
excitement caused by his appearance in Paris in 1765, ii. 282;
leaves for England in company with Hume, ii. 283;
reception in London, ii. 283, 284;
George III. gives him a pension, ii. 284;
his love for his dog, ii. 286;
finds a home at Wootton, ii. 286;
quarrels with Hume, ii. 287;
particulars in connection with it, ii. 287-296;
his approaching insanity at this period, ii. 296;
the preparatory conditions of it, ii. 297-301;
begins writing the Confessions, ii. 301;
their character, ii. 301-304;
life at Wootton, ii. 305, 306;
sudden flight thence, ii. 306;
kindness of Mr. Davenport, ii. 306, 307;
his delusion, ii. 307;
returns to France, ii. 308;
received at Fleury by the elder Mirabeau, ii. 310, 311;
the prince of Conti next receives him at Trye, ii. 312;
composes the second part of the Confessions here, ii. 312;
delusion returns, ii. 312, 313;
leaves Trye, and wanders about the country, ii. 312, 313;
estrangement from Theresa, ii. 313;
goes to Paris, ii. 314;
writes his Dialogues there, ii. 314;
again earns his living by copying music, ii. 315;
daily life in, ii. 315, 316;
Bernardin St. Pierre's account of him, ii. 317-321;
his veneration for Fénelon, ii. 321;
his unsociality, ii. 322;
checks a detractor of Voltaire, ii. 324;
draws up his Considerations on the Government of Poland, ii. 324;
estimate of the Spanish, ii. 324;
his poverty, ii. 325;
accepts a home at Ermenonville from M. Girardin, ii. 326;
his painful condition, ii. 326;
sudden death, ii. 326;
cause of it unknown, ii. 326 (see also _ib. n._);
his interment, ii. 326;
finally removed to Paris, ii. 328.
SAINTE BEUVE on Rousseau and Madame d'Epinay, i. 279, _n._;
on Rousseau, ii. 40.
Saint Germain, M. de, Rousseau's letter to, i. 123.
Saint Just, ii. 132, 133;
his political regulations, ii. 133, _n._;
base of his system, ii. 136;
against the atheists, ii. 179.
Saint Lambert, i. 244;
offers Rousseau a home in Lorraine, ii. 117.
Saint Pierre, Abbé de, Rousseau arranges papers of, i. 244;
his views concerning reason, _ib._;
boldness of his observations, i. 245.
Saint Pierre, Bernardin de, account of his visit to Rousseau at
Paris, ii. 317-321.
Sand, Madame G., i. 81, _n._;
Savoy landscape, i. 99, _n._;
ancestry of, i. 121, _n._
Savages, code of morals of, i. 178-179, _n._
Savage state, advantages of, Rousseau's letter to Voltaire, i. 312.
Savoy, priests of, proselytisers, i. 30, 31, 33 (also _ib._ _n._)
Savoyard Vicar, the, origin of character of, ii. 257-280 (see
Emilius).
Schiller on Rousseau, ii. 192 (also _ib._ _n._);
Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.
Servetus, ii. 180.
Simplification, the revolutionary process and ideal of, i. 4;
in reference to Rousseau's music, i. 291.
Social conscience, theory and definition of, ii. 234, 235;
the great agent in fostering, ii. 237.
Social Contract, the, ill effect of, on Europe, i. 138;
beginning of its composition, i. 177;
ideas of, i. 188;
its harmful dreams, i. 246;
influence of, ii. 1;
price of, and difficulties in publishing, ii. 59;
ordered to be burnt at Geneva, ii. 72, 73, 104;
detailed criticism of, ii. 119-196;
Rousseau diametrically opposed to the dominant belief of his day
in human perfectibility, ii. 119;
object of the work, ii. 120;
main position of the two Discourses given up in it, ii. 120;
influenced by Locke, ii. 120;
its uncritical, illogical principles, ii. 123, 124;
its impracticableness, ii. 128;
nature of his illustrations, ii. 128-133;
the "gospel of the Jacobins," ii. 132, 133;
the desperate absurdity of its assumptions gave it power in the
circumstances of the times, ii. 135-141;
some of its maxims very convenient for ruling Jacobins, ii. 142;
its central conception, the sovereignty of peoples, ii. 144;
Rousseau not its inventor, ii. 144, 145;
this to be distinguished from doctrine of right of subjects to
depose princes, ii. 146;
Social Contract idea of government, probably derived from Locke,
ii. 150;
falseness of it, ii. 153, 154;
origin of society, ii. 154;
ill effects on Rousseau's political speculation, ii. 155;
what constitutes the sovereignty, ii. 158;
Rousseau's Social Contract different from that of Hobbes, ii. 159;
Locke's indefiniteness on, ii. 160;
attributes of sovereignty, ii. 163;
confederation, ii. 164, 165;
his distinction between _tyrant_ and _despot_, ii. 169,
_n._;
distinguishes constitution of the state from that of the government,
ii. 170;
scheme of an elective aristocracy, ii. 172;
similarity to the English form of government, ii. 173;
the state in respect to religion, ii. 173;
habitually illogical form of his statements, ii. 173, 174;
duty of sovereign to establish civil profession of faith, ii. 175,
176;
infringement of it to be punished, even by death, ii. 176;
Rousseau's Hobbism, ii. 177;
denial of his social compact theory, ii. 183, 184;
futility of his disquisitions on, ii. 185, 186;
his declaration of general duty of rebellion (arising out of the
universal breach of social compact) considered, ii. 188;
it makes government impossible, ii. 188;
he urges that usurped authority is another valid reason for
rebellion, ii. 190;
practical evils of this, ii. 192;
historical effect of the Social Contract, ii. 192-195.
Social quietism of some parts of New Heloïsa, ii. 49.
Socialism: Morelly, and De Mably, ii. 52;
what it is, ii. 159.
Socialistic theory of Morelly, i. 158, 159 (also i. 158, _n._)
Society, Aristotle on, i. 174;
D'Alembert's statements on, i. 174, _n._;
Parisian, Rousseau on, i. 209;
dislike of, i. 242;
Rousseau's origin of, ii. 153;
true grounds of, ii. 155, 156.
Socrates, i. 131, 140, 232; ii. 72, 273.
Solitude, eighteenth century notions of, i. 231, 232.
Solon, ii. 133.
Sorbonne, the, condemns Emilius, ii. 82.
Spectator, the, Rousseau's liking for, i. 86.
Spinoza, dangerous speculations of, i. 143.
Staël, Madame de, i. 217, _n._
Stage players, how treated in France, i. 322.
Stage plays (see Plays).
State of Nature, Rousseau's, i. 159, 160;
Hobbes on, i. 161 (see Nature).
Suicide, Rousseau on, ii. 16;
a mistake to pronounce him incapable of, ii. 19.
Switzerland, i. 330.
TACITUS, i. 177.
Theatre, Rousseau's letter, objecting to the, i. 133;
his error in the matter, i. 134.
Theology, metaphysical, Descartes' influence on, i. 226.
Theresa (see Le Vasseur).
Thought, school of, division between rationalists and emotionalists,
i. 337.
Tonic Sol-fa notation, close correspondence of the, to Rousseau's
system, i. 299.
Tronchin on Voltaire, i. 319, _n._, 321.
Turgot, i. 89;
his discourses at the Sorbonne in 1750, i. 155;
the one sane eminent Frenchman of eighteenth century, i. 202;
his unselfish toil, i. 233; ii. 193;
mentioned, ii. 246, 294.
Turin, Rousseau at, i. 34-43;
leaves it, i. 45;
tries to learn Latin at, i. 91.
Turretini and other rationalisers, i. 226;
his works, i. 226, _n._
UNIVERSE, constitution of, discussion on, i. 311-317.
VAGABOND life, Rousseau's love of, i. 63, 68.
Val de Travers, ii. 77; Rousseau's life in, ii. 91-95.
Vasseur, Theresa Le, Rousseau's first acquaintance with, i. 106,
107, also _ib._ _n._;
their life together, i. 110-113;
well befriended, ii. 80, _n._;
her evil character, ii. 326.
Vauvenargues on emotional instinct, ii. 34.
Venice, Rousseau at, i. 100-106.
Vercellis, Madame de, Rousseau servant to, i. 39.
Verdelin, Madame de, her kindness to Theresa, ii. 80, _n._;
to Rousseau, ii. 118, _n._
Village Soothsayer, the (_Devin du Village_), composed at
Passy, performed at Fontainebleau and Paris, i. 212;
marked a revolution in French Music, i. 291.
Voltaire, i. 2, 21, 63;
effect on Rousseau of his Letters on the English, i. 86;
spreads a derogatory report about Rousseau, i. 101, _n._;
his "Princesse de Navarre," i. 119;
criticism on Rousseau's first Discourse, i. 147;
effect on his work of his common sense, i. 155;
avoids the society of Paris, i. 202;
his conversion to Romanism, i. 220, 221;
strictures on Homer and Shakespeare, i. 280;
his position in the eighteenth century, i. 301;
general difference between, and Rousseau, i. 301;
clung to the rationalistic school of his day, i. 305;
on Rousseau's second Discourse, i. 308;
his poem on the earthquake of Lisbon, i. 309, 310;
his sympathy with suffering, i. 311, 312;
entreated by Rousseau to draw up a civil profession of religious
faith, i. 317;
denounced by Rousseau as a "trumpet of impiety," i. 317, 320,
_n._;
his satire and mockery irritated Rousseau, i. 319;
what he was to his contemporaries, i. 321;
the great play-writer of the time, i. 321;
his criticism of Rousseau's Letter on the Theatre, i. 336;
his indignation at wrong, ii. 11;
ridicule of the New Heloïsa, ii. 34;
less courageous than Rousseau, ii. 65;
contrast between the two, i. 99, ii. 75;
supposed to have stirred up animosity at Geneva against Rousseau,
ii. 81;
denies it, ii. 81;
his notion of how the matter would end, ii. 81;
his fickleness, ii. 83;
on Rousseau's connection with Corsica, ii. 101;
his Philosophical Dictionary burnt by order at Paris, ii. 105;
his opinion of Emilius, ii. 257;
prime agent in introducing English deism into France, ii. 262;
suspected by Rousseau of having written the pretended letter from
the King of Prussia, ii. 288;
last visit to Paris, ii. 324.
WALKING, Rousseau's love of, i. 63.
Walpole, Horace, writer of the pretended letter from the King of
Prussia, ii. 288, _n._;
advises Hume not to publish his account of Rousseau's quarrel with
him, ii. 295.
War arising out of the succession to the crown of Poland, i. 72.
Warens, Madame de, Rousseau's introduction to, i. 34;
her personal appearance, i. 34;
receives Rousseau into her house, i. 43;
her early life, i. 48;
character of, i. 49-51;
goes to Paris, i. 59;
receives Rousseau at Chambéri, and gets him employment, i. 69;
her household, i. 70;
removes to Les Charmettes, i. 73;
cultivates Rousseau's taste for letters, i. 85;
Saint Louis, her patron saint, i. 91;
revisited by Rousseau in 1754, i. 216;
her death in poverty and wretchedness, i. 217, 218 (also i. 219,
_n._)
Wesleyanism, ii. 258.
Women, Condorcet on social position of, i. 335;
D'Alembert and Condorcet on, i. 335.
Wootton, Rousseau's home at, ii. 286.
World, divine government of, Rousseau vindicates, i. 312.
Würtemberg, correspondence between Prince of, and Rousseau, on the
education of the little princess, ii. 95;
becomes reigning duke, ii. 95, _n._;
seeks permission for Rousseau to live in Vienna, ii. 117.
THE END.
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh._