PART II._Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch A contribution to the study of the linguistic relations of English and Scandinavian

LOANWORDS.

AGAIT, _adv._ uniformly. R.R. 622. Sco. _ae_, one, + O.N. _gata_

literally "ae way," one way.

AGAIT, _adv._ astir, on the way. See Wall.

AGROUF, _adv._ on the stomach, grovelling. Ramsay, II, 339. O.N.

_á grúfu_, id. See _grouf_.

AIRT (ę̆rt), _vb._ urge, incite, force, guide, show. O.N. _erta_,

to taunt, to tease, _erting_, teasing. Norse _erta_, _örta_,

id. Sw. dial. _erta_, to incite some one to do a thing. Sw.

_reta_ shows metathesis. M.E. _ertin_, to provoke.

ALLGAT, _adv._ always, by all means. Bruce, XII, 36; L.L. 1996. O.N.

_allu gatu_. O. Ic. _öllu gǫtu_. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.

ALGAIT, ALGATIS, _adv._ wholly. Douglas, II, 15, 32; II, 129, 31.

See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.

ALTHING, as a _sb._ everything. Gau, 8, 30, corresponding to Dan.

_alting_. "Over al thing," Dan. _over alting_. Not to be taken

as a regular Sco. word, however. Gau has a number of other

expressions which correspond closely to those of the Dan.

original of Kristjern Pedersen, of which Gau's work is a

translation.

ANGER, _sb._ grief, misery. Bruce, I, 235. Sco. Pro. 29. O.N.

_angr_, grief, sorrow. See Bradley's Stratmann, and Kluge and

Lutz. The root _ang_ is general Gmc., cp. O.E. _angmod_,

"vexed in mind." M.L.G. _anxt_, Germ. _angst_, Dan. _anger_.

The form of the word in Eng., however, is Scand.

ANGRYLY, _adv._ painfully. Wyntoun, VI, 7, 30. Deriv., cp. Cu.

_angry_, painful, O.N. _angrligr_, M.E. _angerliche_. The

O. Dan. vb. _angre_, meant "to pain," e.g., _thet angar mek,

at thu skal omod thorn stride_ (Kalkar).

APERT, _adj._ bold. Bruce, XX, 14. _apertly_, boldly, XIV, 77.

Evidently from O.N. _apr_, sharp, cp. _en aprasta hrið_,

"sharp fighting," cited in Cl. and V. Cl. and V. compares

N.Ic. _napr_, "snappish," cp. furthermore _apirsmert_, adj.

(Douglas, II, 37, 18), meaning "crabbed," the second element

of which is probably Eng. _Apr_ in O.N. as applied to persons

means "harsh, severe" (Haldorson).

ASSIL-TOOTH, _sb._ molar tooth. Douglas, I, 2, 12. See Wall.

AT, _conj._ that. O.N. _at_, Norse, Dan. _at_, to be regarded as a

Scand. word. Might in some places be due to Celtic influence,

but its early presence, and general distribution in Scand.

settlements in England, Scotland, Shetland, etc., indicates

that it is Scand.

AWEBAND, _sb._ "a band used for tying cattle to the stake."

Jamieson, Lothian. O.N. _há-band_, "vinculum nervos poplitis

adstringens" (Haldorson). Norse _habbenda_, "to tie cattle

with a rope between the knees to keep them from running away."

Cp. O. Sw. _haband_, Sw. dial. _haband_, "a rope that unites

the oar with the oarlock."

AWKWART, _prep._ athwart, across. Wallace, III, 175; II, 109. Same

as the Eng. adj. "awkward" which was originally an adv.

Etymologically it is the O.N. _afugr_ (O. Ic. _öfugr_) + Eng.

_ward_ (Skeat), cp. the Norse vb. _afvige_, to turn off.

I have not found the prepositional use of the word in Eng. Cp.

"toward."

AWSOME, _adj._ terrible, deriv. from _awe_ (O.N. _ági_). The ending

_some_ is Eng. O.N. _ágasamr_, Norse _aggsam_, means

"turbulent, restless."

AYND (ēnd), _sb._ O.N. _andi_, breath, O. Sw. _ande_, Norse

_ande_, Dan. _aande_.

AYNDING, _sb._ breathing, deriv. See _aynd_.

AYNDLESS, _adj._ breathless. Bruce, X, 609. See _aynd_.

BAIT, _vb._ to incite. Dunbar, 21127. O.N. _bæita_, O. Ic. _beita_.

See B-S.

BAITH, BATH (bēth), _pron._ both. M.E. _bōþe_, _bāþe_, Cu.

_beatth_, Eng. _both_, O.N. _bāðir_, O. Dan. _bāðe_.

Skeat.

BAITTENIN, _pr. p._ thriving. Jamieson. O.N. _batna_, Eng. _batten_.

See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

BAITTLE (bētl), _sb._ a pasture, a lea which has thick sward of

grass. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _bæita_, "to feed," _bæiti_,

pasturage. Cp. Norse _fjellbæite_, a mountain pasture.

BAN, _vb._ to swear, curse. Dunbar, 13, 47; Rolland, II, 680. O.N.

_banna_, to swear, to curse, _banna_, a curse, Norse _banna_,

to swear, _banning_, swearing, W. Sw. dial. _bænn_ id., Dan.

_bande_, to swear, to wish one bad luck, O.S. _banna_ id.

M. Du. _bannen_ means to excommunicate. This is the L.G.

meaning. The Sco. usage is distinctly Scand. It is also a

Northern word in Eng. diall. Cp. Shetland _to ban_, to swear.

BANG, _vb._ to beat. Sat. P. 39, 150. O.N. _banga_, O. Sw. _banka_,

Norse, _banke_, to beat, to strike. Cp. Shetland _bonga_, in

"open de door dat's a bonga," somebody is knocking, literally

"it knocks" Norse _det banka_. _Bang_ is very frequently used

in the sense of rushing off, cp. Dalrymple's translation of

Leslie, I, 324, 7.

BANGSTER, _sb._ a wrangler. Sat. P. 44, 257. Evidently Norse _bang_

+ Eng. suffix _ster_. See _bang_ vb. Cp. _camstarrie_, where

the second syllable corresponds to that in Germ.

_halsstarrig_.

BARK, _vb._ to tan, to harden. Dunbar F. 202 and 239. Ramsay, I,

164, "barkit lether," tanned leather. O.N. _barka_, to tan,

Norse _barka_, to tan, to harden, M.E. _barkin_. General

Scand. both sb. and vb. In the sense "to tan" especially

W. Scand., cp. Sw. _barka_, to take the bark off. O. Sw.

_barka_, however, has the meaning "to tan."

BARKNIT, _adj._ clotted, hardened. Douglas, II, 84, 15. pp. of vb.

_barken_, to tan. See above.

BASK, _adj._ dry, withering (of wind). Jamieson, Dumfries. Dan.

_barsk_, hard, cold, _en barsk Vinter_, a cold winter. Cp.

Sco. "a bask daw," a windy day. M.L.G. _barsch_ and _basch_ do

not agree in meaning with the Sco. word; besides the _sk_ is

Scand. For loss of _r_ before _sk_ cp. _hask_ from _harsk_.

BAUCH, BAWCH, BAUGH, _adj._ awkward, stiff, jaded, disconsolate,

timid. Sat. P. 12, 58; Dunbar Twa. M.W. 143; Rolland, IV, 355;

Johnnie Gibb, 127, 2. O.N. _bagr_, awkward, clownish,

inexperienced, unskilful. _Bauchly_, poorly, in Ramsay,

II, 397.

BAYT, _vb._ to feed, graze. Bruce, XIII, 589, 591; Lyndsay, 451,

1984. O.N. _bæit_, to feed, to graze, causative from _bita_,

literally means to make to bite. Norse _bita_, to graze,

Sw. _beta_, M.E. _beyten_. In many diall. in Norway the word

means "to urge, to force." Cp. _bait_.

BECK, _sb._ a rivulet, a brook. Jamieson. O.N. _bekkr_, O. Sw.

_bäkker_, Norse _bekk_, O. Dan. _bæk_. Sw. _bäck_, a rivulet.

In place-names a test of Scand. settlements.

BEET, _vb._ to incite, inflame. Burns, 4, 8. Same as _bait_, incite,

q.v. Cp. Cu. "to beet t'yubm, to supply sticks, etc. to the

oven while heating" (Dickinson).

BIG, BEGG, _sb._ barley. Fergusson, II, 102; Jamieson, Dumfries.

O.N. _bygg_, Dan. _byg_. See Wall. Cp. Shetland _big_.

BEGRAVE, _vb._ to bury. Douglas, II, 41, 25; IV, 25, 22; IV, 17, 8.

Dan. _begrave_, Norse _begrava_, O. Sw. _begrava_, _begrafwa_,

to bury. Possibly not a loanword.

BEIN, BENE, BEIN, _adj._ liberal, open-handed, also comfortable,

pleasant. Douglas, III, 260, 23; Fergusson, 108; Sat. P. 12,

43. _Beine_, hearty, in Philotus, II, is probably the same

word. O.N. _bæinn_.

BEIR, _vb._ to roar. Douglas, II, 187, 1. See _bir_, sb.

BIG, _vb._ to build, dwell, inhabit. Dunbar T.M.W. 338; Dalr., I,

26, 19; Sco. pro. 5. O.N. _byggia_. See Wall. Sco. "to big wi'

us," to live with us, cp. Norse _ny-byddja_, to colonize.

BIGGING, BYGINE, _sb._ a building. O.N. _bygging_, a building,

habitation. Scand. diall. all have the form _bygning_, so

O. Sw. _bygning_. The word may be an independent Sco.

formation just as _erding_, "burial," from _erde_, "to bury";

_layking_, "a tournament," from _layke_, "to sport";

_casting_, "a cast-off garment," from _cast_; _flytting_,

"movable goods," from _flyt_, "to move"; _hailsing_,

"a salute," from _hailse_; and Eng. _dwelling_, "a house,"

from vb. _dwell_. Cp. however Shetland _bogin_.

BING, _sb._ a heap, a pile. Douglass, II, 216, 8. O.N. _bingr_,

a heap, O. Sw. _binge_. Norse _bing_ more frequently a heap or

quantity of grain in an enclosed space. O. Dan. _byng_,

_bing_.

BIR, BIRR, BEIR, _sb._ clamor, noise, also rush. S.S. 38; Lyndsay,

538, 4280. O.N. _byrr_, a fair wind. O. Sw. _byr_. Cp. Cu.

_bur_ and Shetland "a pirr o' wind," a gust. Also pronounced

_bur_, _bor_.

BIRRING, _pr. p._ flapping (of wings). Mansie Wauch, 159, 33. See

_bir_.

BLA, BLAE (blē), _adj._ blue, livid. Douglas, III, 130, 30;

Irving, 468. O.N. _blá_, blue, Norse _blaa, blau_, Sw. _blå_,

Dan. _blaa_. Not from O.E. _blēo_.

BLABBER, _vb._ to chatter, speak nonsense. Dunbar F., 112. O.N.

_blabbra_, lisp, speak indistinctly, Dan. _blabbre_ id., Dan.

dial. _blabre_, to talk of others more than is proper. M.E.

_blaber_, cp. Cu. _blab_, to tell a secret. American dial.

_blab_, to inform on one, to tattle. There is a Gael.

_blabaran_, sb. a stutterer, which is undoubtedly borrowed

from the O.N. The meaning indicates that.

BLAIK, _vb._ to cleanse, to polish. Johnnie Gibb, 9, 6. O.N.

_blæikja_, to bleach, O. Sw. _blekia_, Sw. dial. _bleika_. All

these are causative verbs like the Sco. The inchoative

corresponding to them is _blæikna_ in O.N., N.N., _blekna_ in

O. Sw., _blegne_ in Dan. See _blayknit_. Cp. Shetland _bleg_,

sb. a white spot.

BLAYKNIT, _pp._ bleached. Douglas, III, 78, 15. O.N. _blæikna_, to

become pale, O. Sw. _blekna_, Norse _blæikna_ id. O.N.

_blæikr_, pale. Cp. Cu. _blake_, pale, and _bleakken_ with

_i_-fracture. O.E. _blāc, blæcan_.

BLECK, _vb._ put to shame. Johnnie Gibb, 59, 34, 256, 13. O.N.

_blekkja_, to impose upon, _blekkiliga_, delusively,

_blekking_, delusion, fraud; a little doubtful.

BLETHER, BLEDDER, _vb._ to chatter, prate. O.N. _blaðra_, to talk

indistinctly, _blaðr_, sb. nonsense. Norse _bladra_, to

stammer, to prate, Sw. dial. _bladdra_, Dan. dial. _bladre_,

to bleet. Cp. Norse _bladdra_, to act foolishly.

BLATHER, _sb._ nonsense. Burns 32, 2, 4 and 4, 2, 4. O.N. _blaðr_,

nonsense. Probably the Sco. word used substantively.

BLOME, _sb._ blossom. Bruce, V, 10; Dunbar, I, 12. Same as Eng.

_bloom_ from O.N. _blómi_.

BLOME, _vb._ to flourish, successfully resist. Douglas, IV, 58, 25.

"No wound nor wapyn mycht hym anis effeir, forgane the speris

so butuus blomyt he." Small translates "show himself

boastfully." The word _blómi_ in O.N. used metaphorically

means "prosperity, success."

BLOUT, BLOWT, _adj._ bare, naked, also forsaken. Douglas, III, 76,

11; IV, 76, 6. O.N. _blautr_, Norse _blaut_, see Cl. and V.

The corresponding vowel in O.E. is _ea_: _blēat_. The O.N.

as well as the N.N. word means "soft." The O.E. word means

"wretched." In Sco. _blout_ has coincided in meaning with

_blait_. The Dan. word _blot_ is, on account of its form, out

of the question.

BODIN, _adj._ ready, provided. Douglas, III, 22, 24; Dunbar, 118,

36; Wyntoun, VII, 9, 213. From _boðinn_, _boðja_ (E.D.D.).

BOLAX, _sb._ hatchet. Jamieson. O.N. _bolöx_, a poleaxe, Norse

_bolöks_, O. Sw. _bolöxe_, _bolyxe_, O. Dan. _bulöx_, Dano-

Norse _bulaks_. Ormulum _bulaxe_ (see further Brate).

BOLE, _sb._ the trunk of a tree. Isaiah, 44, 19. O.N. _bolr_, the

trunk of a tree, Norse _bol_, _bul_, O. Sw. _bol, bul_, Sw.

dial. _bol_ id.

BOLDIN, _vb._ to swell. Douglas, II, 52; I, II, 130, 25. Norse

_bolna_, older _bolgna_, Dan. _bolne_, M.E. _bollen_ (also

_bolnin_). The Sco. word has developed an excrescent _d_ after

_l_. In Lindsay, 127, 3885, _boildin_, adj. pp. swollen.

BOLLE, _sb._ a measure. Bruce, III, 221; Wyntoun, VII, 10, 519, 521,

523. O.N. _bolli_, a vessel, _blotbolli_, a measure, Sw.

_bulle_. Rather than from O.E. _bolla_ (Eng. _bowl_).

BOUN, _adj._ bent upon, seems to have almost the idea of "compelled

to." Gol. and Gaw. 813. O.N. _búinn_. See Wall under _bound_,

and Cl. and V. under _bua_ B. II.

BOUNE, _vb._ to prepare, to prepare to go, to go. Houlate, I, 23;

Poet. R. 107, I; Gol. and Gaw. 59, 13, 40. See _bown_.

BOWDYN, _pp. adj._ swollen. Dunbar T.M.W. 41, 345; Montg. F. 529.

See _boldin_.

BOWK, _sb._ trunk of the body, body. Dunbar, 248, 25; Rolland, II,

343. O.N. _búkr_, the trunk, the body, Norse _būk_, Dan.

_bug_, O. Sw. _buker_. Specific Scand. usage. O.E. _būc_,

like O.F. _buk_ and Germ. _bauch_, meant "belly."

BOW, _sb._ a fold for cows. Douglas, III, 11, 4. O.N. _ból_, a place

where cows are penned, also den, lair or lying-place of

beasts. Norse _bol_, Shetland _bol_, _bøl_, a fold for cattle.

In Psalms XVII, 12, _bole_ occurs in the sense of "a lion's

den."

BOWN, _adj._ ready, prepared. L.L. 1036. O.N. _búinn_. Not Eng., but

a loanword from O.N., and as Kluge P.G.(2)I, 939, has pointed

out shows also Norse influence in the Midland dial.

BOWNE, _vb._ to swell. Irving, 230. O.N. _bolgna_ to swell, Norse

_bolna_, Dan. _bolne_. Shows characteristic Sco. change of _l_

to _w_. In _boudin_, Irving, 467, an excrescent _d_ has

developed before the _l_ became _u_ (_w_). Wallace, VI, 756,

_bolnyt_, swelled. So in Wyntoun, IX, 17, 5. _Boldnit_ with

excrescent _d_ occurs in Douglas, II, 84, 16.

BRA, BRAE, BRAY (brē), a slope, declivity. O.N. _brá_, see

Bradley's Stratmann. Cp. _Jöstedalsbrä_ in Western Norway.

BRAID (brēd), _sb._ a sudden movement, an assault (Small).

Douglas, III, 251, 2. O.N. _bragð_, a sudden motion, a quick

movement, tricks or sleights in wrestling. O. Sw. _braghþ_,

a sudden motion. Norse, Sw. _bragd_, manner of execution,

exploit. The fundamental idea in the Sco. and the O. Nh. word

is sudden movement. The O.E. _brægd_ meant deceit, fraud.

BRAITH, _adj._ hasty, violent. Wallace, X, 242. O.N. _bráðr_,

sudden, hasty, O. Dan. _braadh_, Norse _braad_. Cp. _braahast_

(E. Norse), great hurry, O. Sw. _brader_, _brodher_, hasty,

violent, Orm. _bra_, angry. _Brothfall_ (Orm), a fit, _broth_

(Eng. dial.), in Skeat's list. _Braithful_, violent, sharp.

BRAITHLY, _adv._ violently, suddenly. O.N. _bráðliga_, hastily. Cp.

E. Norse _braaleg_ adj., and M. Dan. _bradelig_. O.N.

_bráðorðr_ means "hasty of speech."

BROKIT, BRUKIT, _adj._ streaked, spotted. Burns, 569. O. Sw.

_brokoter_, Norse _brokut_, Dan. _broget_, variegated,

striped. Cp. _dannebrog_, the Danish flag. Same as Cu.

_breukt_. Probably the same with Shetland _brogi_, in "a brogi

sky," cloudy. May possibly be Eng. Exists in M.L.G.

BROD, _sb._ a sharp point. Wyntoun, VI, 14, 70. O.N. _broddr_,

Norse, Sw. _brodd_, Orm. _brodd_. (See Brate.)

BROD, _vb._ to prick, spur on, incite. C.S. 123; Douglas, III, 3,

20; Dunbar T.M.W. 330. O.N. _brodda_, to prick, to urge. Dan.

_brodde_ means "to equip with points," a vb. later developed

out of the sb.

BRONT, _sb._ force, rush, shock. Douglas, I, 90, 20; II, 161, 28.

"At the first bront we swept by." See Skeat _brunt_.

BUD, _sb._ a bribe, an offer. Lyndsay, 436, 1616; Dunbar T.M.W. 142.

O.N. _bod_, an offer, Norse _bod_, Sw. _bud_, Dan. dial.

_bud_, an offer at an auction. Cp. O.E. _friðbote_, a peace-

offering, O.N. _frið_ + _boð_.

BUGHT, _sb._ a corner or stall where cows are milked. Ramsay, II,

539. O.N. _bugt_, a bowing, a bight, Norse _bugt_, Dan.

_bugt_.

BULLER, _vb._ to trickle, bubble. Winyet, II, 62. O.N. _buldra_,

Norse _bulrdra_. See E.D.D. cp. Sw. _bullra_, to make an

indistinct noise. O. Fr. _bulder_, L.G. _bullern_ (see

Koolman), Germ. _poltern_ all have more the idea of loud

noise, clamor, as the Norse word sometimes has. Lyndsay, 226,

95, uses the word in this sense. It may be genuine Eng.

BUSK, _vb._ to prepare, dress, adorn, ornament. O.N. _búask_ from

_búa sik_, to make ready, to ornament. See Wall. Exhibits

W. Scand. reflexive ending _sk_. The Gael. _busgainnich_, to

dress, to adorn, is a loanword from O.N.

BUSKIE, _adj._ fond of dress, Jamieson, _busk_ sb. dress,

decoration. See _busk_ vb.

BUITH (ū), _sb._ booth, shop. Winyet, 1, 23, 2. O.N. _búð_, shop,

O. Dan. _both, bodh_. O. Sw. _boð_, Norse _bud_, Sw. _bod_,

Dan. dial. _bod_. M.E. _bōþe_, cp. M.L.G. _bode_.

BYNG, _vb._ to heap up. Douglas, III, 144, 5. See _bing_ sb.

BYRD, _vb._ impers., it behoved. Bruce, VI, 316. O.N. _byrja_, to

behove, beseem, pret. _burði_, Norse _byrja_ id., pret.

_burde_, O. Dan. _böræ_, Sw. _böra_.

BYSNING, _adj._ strange, monstrous, terrible, Douglas, I, 29, 7;

I, 37, 5; II, 70, 17. M.E. _biseninge_, ill-boding, monstrous,

from O.N. _býsna_, to portend, Norse _bisna_, to marvel over.

BYSNING, _sb._ a strange person, an unusually unfortunate person.

Douglas, I, 2544; I, 339. O.N. _býsna_, to portend, _býsn_,

a strange and portentous thing. Norse _bysn_, a prodigy,

_bysning_, curiosity. See the adj. Cp. Shetland _sóni-bosni_,

O.N. _sjonar-býsn_, a marvel.

CADYE, _adj._ wanton. Lyndsay, LXXXVII, 2567. Also written _cady_,

_caidgy_, _caigie_; sometimes means "sportive, cheerful." Dan.

_kaad_, merry, lusty, lustful. So Sw. _kåt_, O.N. _katr_,

merry, cheerful, Norse _kaat_. Cp. Philotus 5, "the carle

caiges," where the same word is used as a vb. to wanton, be

wanton.

CALLER, _adj._ cool. Fergusson, 73. Very common in modern Sco.

diall. O.N. _kaldr_, Norse _kall_, cold. Seems to be a case

of the Norse inflexional _r_ not disappearing in Sco.

CANGLER, a wrangler. Ramsay, II, 482. Norse _kengla_, _kæingla_,

_kjæingla_, to quarrel. A Sco. vb. _cangle_, to quarrel, also

exists. Cp. O.N. _kangin-yrði_, jeering words, Yorkshire

_caingy_, cross, ill-tempered.

CAPPIT, _vb. pret._ strove. Douglas, II, 154, 21. O.N. _kapp_,

contest, zeal, _deila kappi við_, strive with. Norse _kapp_

id. _kappa_, reflexive, to race. Dan. _kamp_, O.E. _camp_,

_cempam_. The Sco. word exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of

_mp_ to _pp_, the form _kapp_, however, also existed in O. Sw.

and exists in N.Dan. In Cu. a _capper_ is one who excels. This

is probably the same word. See, however, E.D.

CAREING (kēr), _pr. p._ driving, from _care_, _caire_, to drive.

Douglas, III, 166, 10; Wallace, IX, 1240. O.N. _köyra_, O. Ic.

_keyra_, Norse _køyra_, to drive, ride, O. Ic. _keyrsla_,

a driving, Norse _kjørsel_, id. Cp. Shetland _care_, id.

Monophthongation in O. Sw. _köra_, Dan. _köre_.

CARL, _sb._ a man, an old man, very frequently with an idea of

disrespect. C.S., 144. O.N. _karl_, Norse _kar_, a man,

fellow, but _kall_, an old man, with assimilation of _rl_ to

_ll_. W.Norse _kadl_ exhibits the change of _ll_ to _dl_. In

Dan. and in Sw. dial _karl_. Cu. _carl_ means a coarse fellow.

Dunbar has the word _wifcarl_, man.

CARLAGE, _adj._ oldish, decrepit. Irving, 172. O.N. _karl_ +

_leikr_.

CARLING, KARLING, CARLINE, _sb._ an old woman, a slatternly woman.

O.N. _kerling_, an old woman, _karlinna_, a woman. O. Dan.

_kærlingh_, O. Sw. _kärling_, Norse _kjæring_, Dan. _kiærling_

(pronounced _kælling_), id. Dan. dial. _kerling_. Cp. Gael.

_cailliach_. Does not seem to exist in Eng. diall. south of

the border.

CARP, KARP, _vb._ to talk, converse. Wyntoun, VI, 18, 313. O.N.

_karpa_. See Skeat Et.D.

CASTINGS, _sb. pl._ cast off clothes. Dunbar's Complaynt, 43. Deriv.

from _cast_. O.N. _kasta_.

CHAFT, _sb._ the jaw, also used vulgarly for the mouth. O.N.

_kjaptr_, the jaw. Norse _kjæft_, vulgar name for the mouth.

O. Sw. _kiäpter_, M. Sw. _käft_, Dan. _kjæft_, M.E. _chaft_.

CHAFT-BLADE, CHAFF-BLADE, _sb._ jaw. Mansie Wauch, 41, 20; 76, 23;

147, 28. Cp. Norse _kjæfte-blad_, id. See _chaft_.

CHOWK, _sb._ jawbone. Dalr., VIII, 112, 14; Isaiah, L, 6. O.N.

_kjálki_, the jawbone, Norse _kjāke_.

CHYNGIEL, _sb._ gravel. Douglas, III, 302, 30. Norse _singl_, see

Skeat, and Wall.

CLED, _pp._ clad, clothed. Wallace, I, 382. O.N. _klæddr_, dressed,

from _klæða_. O.E. _clæðan_, from which N. Eng. _clothe_, was

borrowed from the Scand. in late O.E. See Kluge P.G.(2)I,

932.

CLAG, _sb._ a stain, a flaw. Dalr., VIII, 97, 17. The vowel in O.N.

_kleggi_ does not correspond. It is rather Dan. _klag_, see

_claggit_.

CLAGGIT, _adj._ clagged, literally adhering, sticking, vb. _clag_,

to stick. Lindsay, LXXXVII, 2667. Dan. _klæg_, mud, sticky

clay, as adj. sticky, cp. Cu. _claggy_, adhesive, _clog_, to

stick to, O.E. _clæg_, from which N. Eng. _clay_. Possibly

from an unpalatalized O. Nhb. _clæg_.

Cleading, _sb._ dress, clothing, A.P.B. 110 cp. Norse _klædning_,

Sco. formation, same as clothing in Eng. The Sco. vb. is

_cleed_.

CLECKIN, _sb._ brood of chickens. Burns, 99, 4. Cp. O.N. _klekking_,

chicken, but probably Sco. formation from _cleck_, to hatch,

q.v.

CLEG, _sb._ the gadfly, horsefly. Burns, 88, I. O.N. _kleggi_,

horsefly, Dan. _kleg_. See Wall.

CLEK, _vb._ to hatch. Dunbar, 105; Douglas, II, 198, 3. O.N.

_klekja_, O. Sw. _kläkkia_, Norse _klökkja_, _klöttja_, Dan.

_klække_, Sw. _kläcka_, id.

CLOFF, _sb._ fork, fissure. Montg. F., 60. O.N. _klof_, bifurcation,

O. Dan. _klov_, a rift in a tree, O. Sw. _klovi_, id. Norse

_klov_, a cleft opening. Cp. Sco. _long-cloved_ and Ic.

_klof-langr_.

CLOUR, _vb._ to beat, strike; always used with reference to personal

encounters. O.N. _klóra_, to scratch, Norse _klōra_ id.,

_klōr_ sb. used with reference to the scratch one gets as

the result of a blow. In Sco. _clour_ may also mean the blow

itself.

CLOUR, CLOWRE, _sb._ a scratch or swelling after a blow. Fergusson,

120; Philotus, 153; Douglas, I, 6, 4. O.N. _klór_,

a scratching. Norse _klōr._ Probably Sco. formation.

CLUBBIT, _adj._ clubfooted, clumsy. Montg. S., XXVIII; M.P., 13, 30.

O.N. _klubba_ and _klumba_, Norse _klubba_, Dan., Norse

_klump_. Cp. Eng. _clump_. Söderwall gives _klubba, klobba_,

probably M. Sw. Cp. N.Dan. _klubbe_. Exhibits assimilation of

_mb_ to _bb_ which is general in W. Scand. Also appears to

some extent later in E. Scand. Eng. _club_ is Scand. See

Skeat.

CLUNK, _vb._ to emit a hollow and uninterrupted sound. Jamieson,

Ayr. O.N. _klunka_, Norse _klunka_, to emit a gurgling sound.

O. Sw. _klunka_, Eng. _clink_ shows umlaut.

CLYFFT, _sb._ a cleft, a fissure. Wallace, VII, 859. Norse _klyft_,

_kluft_, Ic. _kluft_, Sw. _klyfta_, Dan. _kloft_. See also

Skeat under _cleft_, and B.S. _cluft_. The Sco. word like the

M.E. exhibits the umlaut which has taken place in some places

in Norway and Sweden.

COG, KOG, COGGIE, _sb._ a keg, a wooden vessel of any kind.

Ferguson, 13; Burns, 195, 51, 2; 195, 50, 6. O.N. _kaggi_,

Norse _kagge_, Dan. Sw. _kagge_, a cask, a barrel. Skeat cites

the form _cag_ for Eng. diall. The Sco. word preserves more

closely the Norse sound, which is not _o_, but _a_. On L.G.

cognates see Skeat Et.D.

COSTLYK, _adj._ costly, magnificent. Wyntoun, VIII, 28, 76; IX, 18,

66, costlike. O.N. _kostligr_, costly, choice, desirable.

O. Sw. _kosteliker_, O. Dan. _kostælic_, N. Dan. _kostelig_,

Norse _kosteleg_, costly, magnificent. Deriv. _costlykly_.

Wyntoun, VII, 5, 96.

COUR, _vb._ to bow, to croutch. O.N. _kúra_, O. Dan. _kuræ_, O. Sw.

_kura_, Norse _kura_, _kurra_, bend down, become quiet, go to

rest. Norse _kurr_, adj. silent, _kurrende still_, perfectly

quiet, cowered to silence. The fundamental idea in the O.N.

word was probably that of "lying quiet." Cp. Shetland _to

cur_, to sit down. Isaiah, LVIII, 5: "His head till cower like

a seggan flouir."

COW, _vb._ to overcome, surpass, "beat." O.N. _kúga_, to compel to

something, to tyrannize over. Dan _kue_, _underkue_, suppress,

oppress, Norse _kua_, press down, also put into subjection.

The more general meaning in the modern diall. is "to beat."

"To cow a'," in Barrie, to beat everything; _cow'd_, Fergusson

117, terrified.

CRAIK, _sb._ crow. Burns, 226, 119, 3, and 121, 1. O.N. _kráka_,

Norse _kraake_, _krauka_, Dan. _krage_, Shetland _kraga_,

crow. See also Wall.

CRAVE, _vb._ to demand payment of a debt, to dun. A regular Sco. use

of the word. O.E. _crafian_ is a loanword from Scand. See

Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. Cp. Norse _kreva_, to dun.

CROVE, _sb._ hut, cottage. Ramsay, I, 158. O.N. _kró_, a hut,

a little cottage (Haldorson), Norse, _kro_, specialized to

"wine or ale house." So in Dan.

CUNNAND, _adj._ knowing, skilful, dexterous. Wyntoun, VII, 3, 28;

_connand_, V, 12, 1243; Douglas, II, 18, 22. O.N. _kunnandi_,

knowing, learned, Norse _kunnande_, skilled. Deriv.

_cunnandly_, _conandly_ (Wallace, I, 248).

CUNNANDNESS, _sb._ skill, knowledge, wisdom. Wyntoun, V, 12, 280;

VII, 8, 667. Sb. formation from _cunnand_.

DAGGIT, _adj. pp._ soaked. Montg. S., 68, 11. O.N. _döggva_, to

bedew, _döggottr_, covered with dew, Norse _dogga_, id., Sw.

_dagg_, thin, drizzling rain, O. Sw. _dag_, dew, Shetland

_dag_, dew, "he's dagen," it is misting. Cp. Cu. _daggy_,

misty.

DAPILL, _adj._ gray. Douglas, II, 257, 19; Scott 72, 126, "till hair

and berd grow dapill." O.N. _depill_. See Skeat.

DAPPLET, _adj._ spotted, flecked. Burns, VII, 11. See _dapple_ in

Skeat Et.D.

DASH, _vb._ to strike. Burns, 210, 872, 8, 7. O.N. _daska_, to

strike, sb. _dask_, a strike, Norse _daska_, Dan., Sw.

_daska_, M.E. _daschen_. See Bradley's Stratmann.

DE, DEE, _vb._ to die, M.E. _deyen_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word.

Luik (91-93), agreeing with Napier, thinks the word is native

from primitive Gmc. *_daujan_. I think, however, with Kluge,

that if the word had existed in O.E. it would have appeared

earlier. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. O.N. _döyja_, Norse _döi_,

O. Dan. _döia_, Dan, _dö_. On M.E. _deyen_ see Brate.

DEGRAITHIT, _pp._ deprived of. Lyndsay, 523, 3935. Formed from the

sb. _graith_, possessions, hence _degraith_, to dispossess.

Cp. the Eng. parallel. See _graith_.

DEY, DEE, _sb._ maid, woman. A.P.B., 151; Ramsay 399. O.N. _dæigja_,

a dairy maid, Norse _deigja_, servant, _budeie_, dairy maid,

O. Sw. _deghia_, _deijha_, maid, girl, sweetheart, O. Dan.

_deije_, mistress, _deijepige_, servant. The Sco. word has

nearly always the general sense of "woman."

DING, _vb._ to drive, strike, beat, overcome. O.N. _dengja_, to

hammer, Norse _dengja_, _denge_, to whip, beat, O. Sw.

_dängia_ id., Sw. _dänge_, O. Dan. _dænge_, M.E. _dingen_.

A very common word in Sco., used quite generally as Eng.

"beat," in the sense of "surpassing." "To ding a'" = to beat

everything. Cp. "to cow a'."

DIRDUM, _sb._ tumult, uproar. Douglas, I, 117, 9. O.N. _dýra-dómr_,

"doordoom, an ancient tribunal held at the door of the house

of the suspected person, which often was followed by uproar

and bloodshed" (Small). The word appears in Gael. as _durdan_.

DOIF, _adj._ deaf, dull. Irving, 214. See _douff_. For similar

parallel forms cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_; _nowt_ and _nolt_;

_howk_ and _holk_; _lowp_ and _loip_; _bowdyn_ and _boildin_,

etc.

DONK, _adj._ damp, moist. Douglas, II, 196, 32; Dunbar, G.T., 97.

Cu. _donky_. See Skeat under _dank_. Cp. _donk_ sb.

DONK, _sb._ a moist place. Rolland, I, 2. Sw. dial. _dank_, a moist

marshy place, small valley. O.N. _dökk_, a pool, Norse _dok_,

a valley, Shetland _dek_. Exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation

of _nk_ to _kk_.

DONK, _vb._ to moisten. Dunbar, T.M.W., 10, 512. M.E. _donken_, to

moisten. See _donk_, adj.

DONNART, _adj._ stupid, stupefied. Mansie Wauch, 96, 29. Norse

_daana_, Sw. _dåna_, to faint. For the _r_ cp. dumbfoundered,

M.W., p. 210, 25. An excrescent _r_ appears in a number of

words, so in _dynnart_, a variant of the word above, Dunbar,

T.M.W. 10. Cp. _daunert_, in stupor, Johnnie Gibb, 56, 44,

and _dauner_, to wander aimlessly, Psalms CVII, 40.

DOOCK, DUCK. _sb._ a kind of coarse cloth. Jamieson. Probably in

this case, as the form of the word indicates, from O.N.

_dúkr_, O. Sw. _dūker_, cloth. Cp. Norse _dūk_, Dan.

_dug_, Sw. dial. _duk_. Skeat derives the Eng. _duck_ from Du.

_dock_, but the Sco. word agrees more closely with the Norse.

DOSEN, _adj._ stupefied. Burns 220, 107, 2. Cp. Cu. _dozent_,

stupefied, and Mansie Wauch, 207, 24, _dozing_, whirling,

sprawling. The Norse work _dusen_ has the same meaning as

_dosen_ above. The form _dosynt_, pp. dazed, stunned (Burns),

is to be explained from a Sco. vb. _dosen_ (not necessarily

_dosnen_ in Scotland), corresponding to M.E. _dasin_, O.N.

_dasa_. See Skeat under _doze_.

DOWFF, DOUF, DOLF, _adj._ deaf, dull, melancholy, miserable.

Douglas, II, 63, 11; Burns, 44, 4. O.N. _daufr_, deaf, Norse

_dauv_, drowsy, dull, _dauva_, make drowsy. See _dowie_.

DOWIE, DOWY, _adj/_ melancholy, dismal. O.N. _doufr_, dead, drowsy.

Norse _dauv_, _dau_, id. Cp. Sco. _doolie_ and Ir. _doiligh_,

mournful, O.N. _daufligr_, dismal.

DOWLESS, _adj._ careless, worthless. Isaiah, 32, 11. O.N.

_duglauss_, Norse _duglaus_, good for nothing, said of a person

who has lost all courage or strength, as opposed to _duglegr_,

capable. Norse _dugløysa_, weakness, inability. Cp. Dan.

_due_, to be able. Germ. _taugen_.

DRAIK, _vb._ to drown, drench. Lyndsay, 247, 714; _draikit_, Isaiah,

I, 22. Apparently from O.N. _drekkja_, to drown, to swamp. The

vowel is difficult to explain. The Cu. form _drakt_, drenched,

wet, indicates a verb, _drak_. The change in vowel would then

be similar to that in _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_, Eng.

_dwell_. Uncertain.

DRAM, _sb._ a drink. Fergusson, 40; Mansie Wauch, 9, 9; 90, 2. Norse

_dram_, a drink, always used with reference to a strong drink,

so in Sco. Dan. _dram_, as much of a strong drink as is taken

at one time (Molbeck). O. Sw. _dramb_, drinking in general,

carousing. This usage of _dram_ is distinctively Scand. and

Sco. Cp. Eng. _dram_, Sco. vb. _dram_, to furnish with drinks.

DRAWKIT, _adj._ drenched. Dunbar 142, 102; Douglas, I, 56, 12; III,

303, 8. See _draik_. The vowel is difficult to explain.

Absence of _n_ before the _k_ proves that it is either a

Scand. loanword direct, or a Sco. formation from one. There is

no Scand. word from which _drawkit_ could come. It may be a

Sco. formation from _draik_. For change of _ai_ to _aw_ cp.

_agent_ and _awgent_; _various_ and _vawrious_, in Aberdeen

dial. The M. Dan. _drockne_, N. Norse _drokna_, would hardly

account for _aw_ in _drawkit_.

DROOK, to drench, to drown. Isaiah, XVI, 9; LV, 10; Psalms, VI, 6.

Cannot come from O.N. _drekkja_. Probably from O.N. _drukna_,

to drown, Norse _drukna_, O. Dan. _dronkne_, by lengthening of

the vowel. Cp. Cu. _drookt_, severely wet. The following

infinitive forms also occur, _draik_, _drowk_, _drawk_.

DROUKIT, _adj._ drenched. Fergusson, 40. See _drook_.

DRUCKEN, DRUKEN, _adj._ drunken, addicted to drink. O.N., Norse

_drukken_, pp. of _drikka_, to drink. Early E. Scand. has the

unassimilated form. Cp. O. Dan. _dronkne_, _drone_. Later Dan.

_drougne_, _drocken_. Early Sw. _drokken_.

DUDDY, _adj._ ragged. Fergusson, 146; Burns, 68, 48. See _duds_.

Cp. Cu. _duddy fuddiel_, a ragged fellow.

DUDS, _sb. pl._ rags, clothes, O.N. _dudi_, "vestes plumatae"

(Haldorson), _duda_ (_duða_), to wrap up heavily, to swaddle.

Gael. _dud_, rag, is a loan-word from O.N. It is possible that

the word may have come into Lowland Sco. by way of Gael.

EGG, _vb._ to urge on, to incite. O.N. _eggja_, goad, incite, Norse

_egga_, Dan. _egge_, id. The word is general Gmc., but this

specific sense is Scand. Cp. O. Fr. _eggia_, to quarrel, to

fight. M.L.G. _eggen_, to cut, to sharpen a sword.

EGGING, _sb._ excitement, urging. Bruce, IV, 539. See _egg_.

EIDENT, YDAN, YTHAND, _adj._ diligent. Dalr., I, 233, 35; Fergusson,

94; Douglas, I, 86, 17. O.N. _iðinn_, assiduous, diligent,

_iðja_, to be active. Norse _idn_, activity, industry. Cp.

Dan. _id_, _idelig_.

ELDING, _sb._ fuel. Dalr., I, 10, 8. O.N. _elding_, firing, fuel.

Norse _elding_, id. Cu. _eldin_. From O.N. _eldr_, fire.

Cp. Shetland _eld_, fire. See N.E.D.

ELDNYNG, _sb._ passion, also jealousy. Dunbar, 36, 204; 119, 126,

literally "firing up." O.N. _eldr_, fire. Cp. Sw. _elding_.

ENCRELY, YNKIRLY, _adv._ especially, particularly. Bruce, I, 92;

I, 301; X, 287. O.N. _einkarlegr_, O. Dan. _enkorlig_, O. Sw.

_enkorlika_, adj. adv. special, especially. Cp. Norse

_einkeleg_, unusual, extraordinary. See B-S and Skeat's

glossary to Barbour's Bruce.

END, _sb._ breath. Sat. P., 42, 63. See _aynd_.

END, _vb._ to breathe upon. Dalr., I, 29, 6. O.N. _anda_, Norse

_anda_, breathe, M.E. _anden_.

ERD, _vb._ to bury. Dunbar, F., 372; Douglas, II, 266, 10; Bruce,

XX, 291. O.N. _jarða_, to bury, O. Sw. _iorþa_. O.E. _eardian_

meant "to dwell, inhabit." See further Wall. A case of

borrowed meaning, the form is Eng.

ERDING, _sb._ burial. Bruce, IV, 255; XIX, 86. See _erd_ vb.

ESPYNE, _sb._ a long boat. Bruce, XVII, 719. O.N. _espingr_,

a ship's boat, Sw. _esping_.

ETTIL, ETIL, _sb._ aim, design. Douglas, II, 249, 13; II, 254. See

_ettil_ vb.

ETLYNG, _sb._ aim, endeavor, intention. Bruce, II, 22; I, 587; R.R.,

1906. Probably a deriv. from _ettle_, see below, but cp. O.N.

_etlun_, design, plan, intention.

ETTLE, ETTIL, _vb._ to intend, aim at, attempt. O.N. _ætla_, intend,

O. Dan. _ætlæ_, ponder over, Norse _etla_, intend, determine,

or get ready to do a thing. Cu. _ettle_, York, _attle_. In

Isaiah, LIX, colophon, _ettle_ signifies "means, have the

meaning."

FALOW, _vb._ to match, compare. R. R., 3510. Also the regular form

of the sb. in Sco., O.N. _félagr._ See Skeat, B-S under

_fēlaȝe._ The Sco. vowel is long as in O.N. and M.E. The

tendency in Sco. is toward _a_ in a great many words that have

_e_ in Eng. Cp. Aberdeen _wast_ for _west_; _laft_ for _left_;

_stap _ for _step_; _sattlit_ for _settled_, S. Sco. _wat_ for

_wet_. Similar unfronting of the vowel is seen in _prenciple_,

_reddance_, _enterdick_.

FANG, _vb._ to catch, seize. O.N. _fanga_, to fetch, capture. Norse

_fanga_, Dan. _fange_. This word in Northern England and

Scotland is to be regarded as a Scand. loan-word. The word

_fangast_, a marriageable maid, cited by Wall, proves this.

Literally the word means something caught (cp. Norse

_fangst_). This meaning could not possibly have arisen out of

the O.E. word, but is explained by the Norse use of it and the

peculiar Norse custom, cp. _fanga kǫnu_, to wed a woman,

_kvan-fang_, marriage, _fangs-tið_, wedding-season, Norse

_bryllöp_ < _brudlaup_, the "bride-run." Wall suggests that it

may come from the root of O.E. pp. _gefangen_. Its presence in

S.Eng. diall. in the meaning "to struggle, to bind," may be

explained in this way.

FARANDNESS, _sb._ comeliness, handsomeness. R.R., 1931. See

_farrand_. Cp. _cunnandness_, from pr. p. _cunnand_.

FARRAND, _adj._ appearing, generally well-appearing, handsome, e.g.,

_a seemly farrand person_. The word frequently means "fitting,

proper," O.N. _fara_, to suit, to fit, a secondary sense of

_fara_, to go.

FEIR, FER, _adj._ sound, unharmed. O.N. _færr_, safe, well, in

proper condition, originally applied to a way that was in

proper condition or a sea that was safe, e.g., _Petlandsfjörðr

var eigi færr_, the Pentland Firth was not safe, could not be

crossed. Norse _før_ also has this same meaning, also means

"handy, skillful," finally "strong, well-built." Dan., Sw.

_för_, able. So in Dunbar, 258, 51. Sometimes spelled _fier_.

FELL, _sb._ mountain. O.N. _fjald_, Norse _fjell_. See Wall.

FILLOK, _sb._ a giddy young woman. Douglas, III, 143, 10; Lyndsay,

87, 2654. Diminutive of _filly_, q.v.

FILLY, _sb._ a chattering, gossipy young woman. Ramsay, II, 328.

Sco. usage. See Skeat under _filly_, O.N. _fylja_.

FIRTH, _sb._ a bay, arm of the sea. O.N. _fjörðr_, O. Sw.

_fjördher_. See Skeat.

FLAKE, _sb._ a hurdle. Douglas, IV, 14, 10. O.N. _flaki_, a hurdle,

or shield wicker-work. Norse _flake_, Sw. _flake_ and O. Sw.

_flaki_. Cu. _flaks_, pieces of turf, is probably the same.

Cp. Norse _flake_, in _kote-flake_.

FLAT, _adj._ dull, spiritless. Rolland, Prol. 16. O.N. _flat_, Norse

_flat_, ashamed, disappointed, _fara flatt fyrir einem_, to

fare ill, be worsted, O. Dan. _flad_, weak.

FLECKERIT, _pp. adj._ spotted. Gol. and Gaw., 475. O.N. _flekkr_,

a spot, _flekkóttr_, spotted. The _r_ in the Sco. word is

frequentative, not the inflexional ending of the O.N. See also

Skeat under _fleck_.

FLEGGER, _sb._ a flatterer. Dunbar, F., 242. Dan. dial. _flægger_,

false, _flægre_, to flatter.

FLINGIN TREE, _sb._ a piece of timber hung by way of partition

between two horses in a stable (Wagner), Burns, 32, 23. O.N.

_flengja_, Norse _flenga_, _flengja_, to fling, to sling. Sw.

_flänga_, O. Ic. _flengja_, to whip up, to cause to hurry, to

ride furiously. The Norse and the Dan., like the English, do

not have the primary meaning seen in O. Ic. and N.Sw. See

further Skeat.

FLIT, _vb._ to move, change abode. O.N. _flyttja_, Norse _flytta_,

O. Dan. _flyttæ_, O. Sw. _flyttia_, to move, M.E. _flytten_

. The O.N. _flyttja_ meant "to migrate," as also the M.E. word,

otherwise the usage is the same in all the Scand. languages.

Sco. _flit_ is to be derived from O.N. not from Sw.

FLYRE, _vb._ to grin, leer, whimper, look surly. Montg. F., 188.

Dunbar, T.M.W., 114. O.N., _flira_, Norse _flira_, smile at,

leer, laugh, Dan. _flire_ to leer, M.E. _fliren_. The three

words _flina_, _flira_ and _flisa_ in Scand. mean the same.

Cu. _fliar_, to laugh heartily. See also Wall.

FLYTTING, _sb._ furniture, moveable goods. Wyntoun, VIII, 38, 50. In

Wallace simply in the sense of removal. O.N. _flutning_,

transport, carriage of goods. The Sco. word is probably a

deriv. from _flyt_, as indicated also by the umlauted vowel.

FORELDERS, _sb. pl._ parents. Gau. 15, 2. Dan. _forældre_, Sw.

_föräldrar_, Norse _foreldre_, parents. In the sense

"ancestors" the word is general Gmc, but the above use is

specifically Scand. In Sco. the word usually has the general

sense. Gau has Dan. elements that are not to be found in other

Sco. works.

FORJESKIT, _adj._ jaded, fatigued. Burns, 44, 29. Dan. _jask_ adj.,

_jaske_ vb. to rumple, put in disorder, _jask_, a rag,

_jasket_, _hjasket_ left in disordered condition. Dan. dial.

_jasked_, clumsy, homely. Sw. dial. _jaska_, to walk slovenly

and as if tired, _jasked_, adj. in bad condition. R.L.

Stevenson in "The Blast" uses _forjaskit_ in the sense of

"jaded." The prefix _for_ may be either Eng. or Dan.

FORLOPPIN, _adj._ renegade. Sat., p. 44, 243. The pp. of _loup_, to

leap, to run, with intensive prefix _for_. See _loup_. Cp. the

Norse _forloppen_ from _læupa_, used precisely in the same

way, and the Dan. dial. _loben_. _Forloppin_ as sb., Dunbar,

139. See also _loppert_.

FORS, _sb._ a stream. O.N. _fors_, N.Ic. and Norse _foss_, Dan., Sw.

_foss_, stream, waterfall, O.N. _forsa_, to foam, spout. The

word is very common in Norway, not so common in Sweden and

Denmark.

FORTH, _sb._ Dunbar, 316, 63. Same as _firth_.

FRA, FRAE, _prep._ and _conj._ from, since. Aberdeen form _fae_.

O.N. _frá_, from, Dan. _fra_, Norse _fra_, Sw. _frå_. Deriv.

from "from," according to Wall, by analogy of _o'_, etc. I do

not believe so. It is first found in Scand. settlements and is

confined to them. Besides _m_ would not be likely to fall out.

The case is quite different with _f_ and _n_ in "of" and "in"

when before "the." Furthermore, the conjunctive use of _fra_

as in Sco. is Norse.

FRECKLIT, FRECKLED, _adj._ flecked, spotted, differing slightly from

the Eng. use. Douglas, II, 216, 5; Mansie Wauch, 18, 5,

"freckled corn." O.N. _freknur_. See Kluge and Lutz, and

Skeat. In M.W. above: "The horn-spoons green and black

freckled."

FREND, _sb._ relation, relative. Wyntoun, VII, 10, 354. O.N.

_frændi_, kinsman, O. Dan. _frændi_, Norse _frænde_, Sw.

_frände_, id. O.E. _frēond_, O.H.G. _friunt_, O. Fr.

_friond_, _friund_, M.L.G. _vrint_, "friend." Cp. the Sco.

proverb: "Friends agree best at a distance," relations agree

best when there is no interference of interests, Jamieson.

FRESTIN, _vb._ to tempt, taunt, also to try. Gol. and Gaw., 902,

911; Ramsay, I, 271. O.N. _fræista_, to tempt, Norse

_freista_, _frista_, to tempt, try, O. Sw. _fresta_, Dan.

_friste_, Sw. dial. _freista_, to attempt, O.E. _frāsian_.

GANAND, _adj._ fitting, proper. Dunbar, 294; Douglas, II, 24, 19.

Pr. p. of _gane_. Cp. Eng. fitting. See _gane_.

GANE, _vb._ to be suitable. L.L., 991; Rolland, II, 135. O.N.

_gegna_, to suit, to satisfy, from _gegn_. O. Sw. _gen_, same

root in Germ. _begegnen_. See further Kluge. Entirely

different from _gane_, to profit.

GANE, _vb._ to profit. L.L., 131; R.R., 1873. O.N. _gagne_, to help,

be of use, _gagn_, use, profit, Norse _gagna_, id., O. Sw.

_gaghna_, to profit, Dan. _gavne_.

GANE, _sb._ the mouth and throat. Douglas, III, 168, 26. Cannot come

from O.E. _gin_, O.N. _gin_, mouth, because of the quality of

the vowel, is, however, Norse _gan_, _gane_, the throat, the

mouth and throat, Sw. _gan_, gap, the inside of the mouth.

GAIT, GATE, GAT, _sb._ road, way, manner. O.N. _gata_, O. Dan.

_gatæ_, M.E. _gāte_. See Wall. Cp. Northern Eng. "to gang

i' that rwoad," to continue in that manner.

GARTH, GAIRTH, _sb._ the yard, the house with the enclosure,

dwelling. O.N. _garðr_, a yard, the court and premises, O. Sw.

_garþer_, _gardh_, the homeplace, Dan. _gaard_, M.E. _garth_,

and _yeard_ from O.E. _geard_, Cu. _garth_, Shetland _gard_.

Is in form more specifically Norse than Dan. Occurs in a

number of place-names in South Scotland, especially Dumfries.

See I, §3.

GATEFARRIN, _adj._ wayfaring, in the sense of fit to travel, in

suitable apparel for travel. Johnnie Gibb, 12, 35. Wall

distinguishes rightly between the O.N. and the Eng. use of the

word _fare_. This Scand. use of the word is confined to Norway

and Iceland, and is, at any rate in the later period, more

characteristic of Icelandic than Norse. Cp. a similar use of

the word _sitta_, in Norse, to look well, said of clothes that

look well on a person. Not quite the same.

GAWKY, _adj._ foolish. Burns, 78, 60. From _gowk_. Cp. _gawkish_.

GEDDE, _sb._ a pike (fish). Bruce, II, 576; Sat. P. I, 53, 9. O.N.

_gedda_, the pike, Dan. _gjedde_, Sw. _gädda_. Not in M.E.,

except in Sco. works, and does not seem to exist in Eng.

diall.

GEMSAL, YEMSEILL, YHEMSALE, _sb._ concealment, secrecy. Bruce, XX,

231; Wyntoun, VIII, 19, 206; VIII, 36, 84. O.N. _göymsla_,

O. Ic. _geymsla_, Norse _gøymsla_, _gøymsel_, concealment.

Dano-Norse _gjemsel_. The ending _sal_ is distinctively Scand.

Cp. _trængsel_, misery; _længsel_, longing; _hørsel_, hearing;

_pinsel_, torture; _trudsel_, threat; _opførsel_, conduct;

Sco. _tynsell, hansell_, etc.

GENȝELD, _sb._ reward, recompense. Douglas, II, 100, 12; II,

111, 17; Scott, 59, 62. O.N. _gegn-gjald_, reward, O. Dan.

_gengæld_, _giengiald_ id., _giengielde_, to reward, Norse

_gjengjæld_. _Gen_ is the same as the _gegn_ in _gegna_, to

suit, _-ȝeld_ can be either Scand. or Eng. The palatal _g_

is also Scand. in this word. The compound _genȝeld_ is

Scand. In Sco. also spelled _ganȝeld_, _gaynȝeild_.

GER, GAR, _vb._ to make, cause, force. O.N. _gera_ (Cl. and V.).

O. Dan. _göræ_, Sw. _göra_, Norse _gjera_, to do, to make.

O. Nh. _görva_. _Gar_ is the modern form which exhibits

regular Sco. change of _er_ to _ar_. Cp. _serk_, _sark_;

_werk_, _wark_.

GESTNYNG, _sb._ hospitality. Douglas, III, 315, 8. O.N. _gistning_,

a passing the night as a guest at a place, _gista_, vb. to

spend the night with one, _gestr_, guest. O. Dan. _gæstning_,

O. Sw. _gästning_, _gistning_.

GLETE, GLEIT, _vb._ to glitter. Douglas, I, 33; II, 88, 16; Montg.

C. and S., 1288; Dunbar, G.T., 66. O.N. _glita_, to glitter,

Dan. _glitte_. Cp. Shetland _glid_, a glittering object. O.E.

_glitnian_ > M.E. _glitenien_, as O.E. _glisnian_ > M.E.

_glistnian_, N. Eng. _glisten_. The M.E. _glitenian_ (N.Eng.

*_glitten_) was replaced by the Scand. _glitter_.

GLEIT, _sb._ literally "anything shining," used in Palace of Honour,

II, 8, for polish of speech. See the vb.

GLEY, _sb._ a look, glance, stare. Mansie Wauch, 85, 10; 117, 37.

See Wall, _gley_, to squint, B-S. _glien_. Cp. Sw. dial.

_glia_.

GLEG, _adj._ sharp. See Wall, deriv. _glegly_, quickly.

GLITTERIT, _adj._ full of glitter. Dunbar, T.M.W., 30. See _glitter_

in Skeat.

GOWK, _sb._ a fool. O.N. _gaukr_, Norse _gæuk_, O. Sw. _göker_, Dan.

_gjög_. In Sco. very frequently spelled _goilk_, _golk_. Cu.

_April-gowk_, April fool.

GOWL, _vb._ to scream, yell. O.N. _gaula_, Norse _gæula_, to yell,

to scream. Shetland _gjol_, _gol_, to howl, seems to be the

same word, but the palatal before _o_ is strange. Cp. Sco.

_gowle_.

GOWLYNGE, _sb._ screaming, howling. R.R. 823, pr. p. of _gowl_.

Cp. O.N. _gaulan_, Norse _gæuling_, sb. screaming.

GRAIP, _sb._ a dung-fork. Burns, 38, 1, 2. Johnnie Gibb, 102, 18;

214, 21. Norse _græip_, id., Dan. _greb_, a three-pronged

fork.

GRAITH, _adj._ ready, direct. Bruce, IV, 759; Wallace, V, 76. O.N.

_græiðr_, ready, Norse _greid_, simple, clear, ready. Deriv.

_graithly_, directly, Gol. and Gau. 54. Cp. Yorkshire

_graidly_, proper.

GRAITH, _vb._ make ready, dress, furnish, equip. C.S., 39; R.R.,

424; Psalms XVIII, 32. O.N. _græiða_, to disentangle, set in

order, make ready. Norse _greide_, to dress (the hair). Cu.

_graitht_, dressed.

GRANE, _sb._ twig, branch. Douglas, II, 10, 27; Dunbar, 76. O.N.

_græin_, Norse _grein_, Dan. _gren_, O. Sw. _gren_, branch.

The Dan. and Sw. forms show monophthongation. The Sco. word

agrees best with the Norse.

GRANIT, _adj._ forked. Douglas, II, 133, 4. O.N. _græina_, to

branch, divide into branches, separate. Norse _græina_, Sw.,

Dan. _grena_, id., O. Sw. _grenadh_, adj. forked, Cu.

_grainet_.

GRAYTH, GRAITH, _sb._ equipment, possessions. Dunbar, 229; Lyndsay,

154, 4753; Burns, 23, 18. O.N. _græiða_, means "tools,

possessions," originally "order." Cp. the vb. In Douglas,

III, 3, 25, _graith_ means "preparation."

GRAITHLY, _adv._ directly, speedily. Bruce, XIX, 708; X, 205. O.N.

_græiðliga_, readily, promptly.

GRITH, _sb._ peace, truce. Wallace, X, 884. O.N., O. Dan. _grið_,

truce, protection, peace. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_. Occurs very

often in the parts of the A-S. Chronicle dealing with the wars

with the Danes, for the first time in 1002. "_Frið and grið_,"

meant "truce," or "peace and protection." See Steenstrup's

discussion of these words, pp. 245-250.

GROUF, on growfe, _adj._ prone, on one's face. Douglas, IV, 20, 24;

Dunbar, 136, 12. O.N. _á grúfu_, grovelling. Norse _aa gruva_,

id., O. Sw. _a gruvo_. Sw. diall. _gruva, å gruv_, Dan. _paa

gru_.

GRYS, GRYCE, _sb._ a pig. Douglas, II, 143, 14; Lyndsay, 218, 300;

Montg., F., 88. O.N. _griss_, a young pig, swine, O. Dan.

_gris_, Norse _gris_.

GUKK, _vb._ to act the fool. Dunbar, F., 497. Probably to be derived

from _gowk_, sb. a fool. It cannot very well come from _geck_,

to jest, the vowels do not correspond. In Poet. R., 108, 5,

_gukit_ means "foolish, giddy."

GYLL, _sb._ cleft, glen, ravine. Douglas, III, 148, 2; Sat. P., 12,

71. O.N. _gil_, a narrow glen with a stream at the bottom,

Norse _gil_, _gyl_, a mountain ravine. Cp. Cu. _gill_,

_ghyll_.

GYLMYR, _sb._ a ewe in her second year. C.S., 66. O.N. _gymbr_,

a ewe lamb a year old, also _gymbr-lamb_, Norse _gymber_,

Dan. _gimber_, M.E. _gimbir_, _gimbyr_, Cu. _gimmer_. In

northwestern England and Scotland assimilation of _mb_ to

_mm_ took place. Our word has excrescent _l_, cp. _chalmer_,

not uncommon.

GYRTH, _sb._ a sanctuary, protection. Bruce, IV, 47; II, 44; C.S.,

115. O.N. _grið_, a sanctuary, a truce. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_,

M.Norse _gred_, protection. Cu. _gurth_, cp. _grith_.

GYRTH _sb._ a hoop for a barrel, the barrel. R.R., 27, 81. O.N.

_gjörð_, a girdle, a hoop, Dan. _gjord_, Norse _gjord_,

_gjaar_, _gjoir_, hoop, girdle, O.E. form _gyrd_. Cp. O.N.

_girða_, to gird, and _girði_, wood for making hoops.

GYRTHYN, _sb._ saddle-strap, saddle-band. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 64.

O.N. _gjörð_. See Skeat, _girth_. Our word is not nominative

pl. as the editor of Wyntoun takes it, but is the singular

originally pr. p. of _girth_, to gird, to strap. In Poet. R.

113, occurs the form _girthing_. Cp. Cu. _girting_,

_girtings_.

HAILSE, _vb._ to greet, salute. Bruce, II, 153; C.S., 141. O.N.

_helsa_, older _hæilsa_, to hailsay one, to greet, O. Sw.

_helsa_, Dan. _hilse_, Norse _helsa_, id., M.E. _hailsen_.

This word is entirely different from O.E. _healsian_, which is

_heals_ + _ian_ and meant "beseech, implore," literally

"embrace." The form of this was _halsian_ in O. Nhb., from

which Sco. _hawse_, to embrace.

HAILSING, HALSING, _sb._ a salute, greeting. Douglas, II, 243, 31;

Dunbar "Freires of Berwick" 57; Rosw. and Lill. 589. O.N.,

O. Sw., Norse _helsa_, see above; Norse _helsing_, Dan.

_hilsning_, a greeting. _Hailsing_ formed direct from the vb.

_hailse_.

HAINE, _vb._ to protect, save. Fergusson, 171; Psalms LXXVIII, 50;

LXXX, 19; _we're hain'd_, we are saved. O.N. _hegna_, to hedge

in, protect, _hegnaðr_, defence, Norse _hegna_, Dan. _hegne_,

O. Sw. _häghna_, to hedge in for the sake of protecting. Cu.

_hain_.

HAINED, _pp. adj._ sheltered, secluded, cp. _a hained rig_, Burns,

8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up,

hoarded," so _hained gear_, hoarded money. See _haine_ above.

HAININ' TOWER, _sb._ fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; XXXI, 2; LXII, 7.

See _hain_.

HALING (hēling), _pr. p._ pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O.N.

_hella_, to pour out water, _helling_, sb. pouring. See Wall

under _hell_. We should expect a short vowel as generally in

Eng. diall. The form _hale_, however, occurs in Yorkshire too.

Both are from O.N. _hella_. There is no Scand. or L.G. word

with original _a_ to explain _hale_, but cp. the two words

_dwell_ and _wail_, to choose. _Dwell_ from O.N. _dvelja_,

preserves both quality and quantity of the original vowel. The

Sco. form is, however, _dwall_. Here the vowel has been opened

according to Sco. tendency of changing _e_ to _a_ before

liquids, cp. _félag_ > _falow_, also frequently before other

consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in

America, so _tăll_ or even _tǣl_ for _tell, băll_ for

_bell_, _wăll_ for _well_, etc. If _e_ before _l_ in

_hell_, to pour, was changed to _a_, as _e_ in _dwell_, and

later lengthened, we would have the form _hǣl_ out of which

_hale_ would be regularly developed, and so a double

development from the same word, _hell_ and _hale_. _Wail_, to

choose, might be explained in the same way from O.N. vb.

_velja_. _Well_ would be the regular form, but this is not

found. The O.N. _val_, choice, is, however, sufficient to

explain _wail_.

HAME-SUCKEN, _sb._ the crime of assaulting a person within his own

house. O.N. _hæim-sókn_, O. Dan. _hem-sokn_, an attack on

one's house. O. Sw. _hem-sokn_, O.E. _hamsocn_, E. _ham-

socne_. See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have

come into Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though

both elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 933.

HAMMALD, _adj._ domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O.N. _heimoll_,

_heimill_, domestic, O. Sw. _hemoll_, Norse _heimholt_.

Excrescent _d_ after _l_ quite common in Scand. and appears

in Sco. in a few words. See _fald_.

HANK, _sb._ thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of

thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. _hankle_, to entangle, is

probably the same word.

HANSEL, _sb._ gift. O.N. _handsal_. Bruce, V, 120, _hansell_ used

ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.

HARN, _sb._ brain. O.N. _hjarni_, brain, O. Dan. _hiærnę_, Norse

_hjarne_, Dan. _hjerne_, O. Sw. _hiärne, härne_.

HARSK, _adj._ harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208,

17. O.N. *_harsk_, bitter, as proved by Shetland, _ask_,

_hask_, _hosk_, and Norse _hersk_. Cp. Dan. _harsk_. O. Ic.

_herstr_, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word,

_st_ to _sk_. Cp. Cu. _hask weather_, dry weather. Shetland,

_hoski wadder_, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan.

dial. _harsk_, bitter, dry. For dropping of _r_, as in the

Shetland form, cp. _kask_, from _karsk_, in "Havelok," cited

in Skeat's list.

HARSKNESS, _sb._ harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See _harsk_.

HARTH, _adj._ hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O.N. _harðr_, Norse _har(d)_,

Dan. _haar(d)_, hard.

HAUGH, _sb._ a hill, a knoll. O.N. _haugr_, a hill, Norse _haug_,

Old Gutnic _haugr_, Cu. _howe_. The O. Sw. _högher_, O. Dan.

_hög_, _höw_, Dan. _höi_, Shetland _hjog_, _hög_, show later

monophthongation. Cp. M.E. _houȝ_, _hogh_.

HAVER-MEAL, _sb._ oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse,

_havremjöl_, O.N. _hafrmjöl_, Dan. _havre meel_. The first

element of the compound is used especially in Scand.

settlements in England and is probably due to Scand.

influence. An O.S. _hafore_ exists, but if our word is native,

it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The

second element of the compound may be Eng.

HAYND, _sb._ Douglas, III, 119, 6. See _aynd_.

HEID, _sb._ brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O.N. _hæið_, brightness of

the sky, _hæið ok sólskin_, brightness and sunshine, _hæiða_,

to brighten, _hæiðbjartr_, serene. Cp. _heiðs-há-rann_, the

high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The

Norse adj. _heid_, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of

_ð_ to _d_.

HENDIR, _adj._ past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, _This

hendir Night_. O.N. _endr_, formerly. Cp. _ender-day_ in

Skeat's list.

HETHING, _sb._ scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739;

Douglas, II, 209, 7. O.N. _hǽðing_, sb. scoffing, scorn,

_hǽða_, to scoff, to mock, Norse, _hæding_, scorn, mockery,

O. Sw. _hädha_, _hödha_.

HING, _vb._ to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms

LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. _hing_, for which see Wall.

HOOLI, HULIE, _adj._ quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149,

27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O.N., _hógligr_, easy, gentle,

_hógleiki_, meekness, _hóglifi_, a quiet life, _hóglyndr_,

good-natured.

HUGSUM, _adj._ horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See _ug_, to fear.

HUSBAND, _sb._ a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O.N. _hús-

bondi_, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this

word as well as _bonde_, see Steenstrup, 97-100.

ILL, _adj._ evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O.N. _illr_, adj. bad,

Norse _ill_, _idl_, cross, angry, Dan. _ilde_, adv. badly. As

an adv. common in M.E. The adj. use of it more specifically

Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.

IRKE, _vb._ to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L.,

2709. O.N. _yrkja_, to work, take effect, O. Sw. _yrkja_,

O. Dan. _yrki_ (Schlyter), Sw. _yrke_, to urge, enforce, Norse

_orka_, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being

able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay

uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."

IRKE, _adj._ weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See _irke_,

vb. _Irkit_, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.

IRKING, _sb._ delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from _irke_, vb.

ITHANDLY, YTHANDLY, YDANLIE, _adv._ busily, assiduously. Dalr., II,

36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O.N. _iðinn_, busy. See _eident_.

KARPING, CARPING, _sb._ speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85;

VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See _carp_.

KEIK, KEK, _vb._ to peep, to pry. O.N. _kíkja_, to pry, Norse

_kika_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, _i>ei_ as in _gleit_,

_gley_.

KENDLE, KENDILL, KENNLE, _vb._ to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol.

and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O.N. _kendill, kynda_, M.E.

_kindlen_. See Brate.

KILT, _vb._ to tuck up, O.N. _kelta_, _kjalta_, O. Dan. _kiltæ_, the

lap, Dan., Norse _kilte_, to tuck up, O. Sw. _kilta_, sb. For

discussion of this word see Skeat.

KIST, KYST, _sb._ chest, box. O.N. _kista_, Norse, Dan. _kiste_,

a chest. O.E. _cest_ would have given _kest_, or _chest_. See

also Curtis, §392. The tendency in Sco. is to change _i_ to

_e_ before _st_, not _e_ to _i_. Cp. _restit_, _gestning_.

KITTLING, KITTLEN, _sb._ kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23,

19; 210, 10. O.N. _ketlingr_, diminutive of _ketta_, she-cat,

Norse _kjetling_. Cp. Cu. _kitlin_. The same diminutive

formation appears in Dan. _kylling_, older _kykling_, Norse

_kjukling_, a chicken.

KNUSE, KNOOSE, _vb._ to bruise, to press down with the knees, to

beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for

secondary meanings. O.N. _knusa_, to bruise, to beat, Norse

_knusa_, Dan. _knuse_, crush, O. Sw. _knosa_, _knusa_, crush,

press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. _knusian_. O.E. _cnysian_, shows

umlaut.

KOW, _sb._ a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O.N. _kúga_, to

cow. See _cow_, vb.

LACK, _vb._ to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43,

17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O.N. _hlakka_, to look

down upon, O. Dan. _lakke_, to slander, O. Sw. _belacka_, id.

See _lak_, sb.

LAICHING, _sb._ sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. _laike_, to

play, O.N. _læika_. See _lak_.

LAIF, LAVE, _sb._ the rest. O.N. _læif_, a leaving, pl. _læifar_,

remnants, Norse _leiv_, id., _løyva_, to leave. Cannot come

from O.E. _lāf_. See §20.

LAIGH, _adj._ low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as

Eng. _low_, from O.N. _lágr_, O. Sw. _lagher_, O. Dan. _lagh,

lag_, low. In Eng., O.N. _ag_ > _ǫw_ > _ow_. In Scotland

_ag_ > _aw_, did not become _ow_ later. So the regular Sco.

form is _law_, or, with guttural, _lawch_. In _laigh_,

however, _a_ has developed as _a_ would when not before _g_ or

_h_. The form _logh_ also occurs. In Dunbar occur _low_,

_law_, _laich_, and _loigh_.

LAIGH, _vb._ to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See _laigh_,

adj.

LAIKE, _sb._ the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O.N.

_læikr_, a play, Norse _leik_, O. Dan. _legh_. Also means play

in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come

from O.E. _lāc_. The _e_-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S.

Scotland proves an original _æi_-diphthong. See Part I, §16.

LAIRET, _adj._ bemired. Psalms LXIX, 2. Norse _læir_, clay. Dan.

dial. _ler_, O. Sw. _leer_, _ler_, id., Eng. dial. _lair_. See

Wall. Jamieson gives _lair_, vb. to stick in the mire, _lair_,

sb. a bog, _lairy_, adj. boggy.

LAIRING, _sb._ gutter, deep mud. Burns, 10, 11. O.N. _læir_, clay.

Same as Yorkshire _lyring_, for which see Wall. _Lyring_ seems

to show original E. Scan. monophthongation of _æi_ to _e_.

LAIT, _sb._ manner, trick. R.R., 273, 25, 36. O.N., Ic. _lát_,

manners, _skipta lítum ok látum_, change shape and manners.

O. Sw. _lat_, manner, way of proceeding. Cp. O.N. _láta-læti_,

dissimulation, _látbragð_, gestures, and Dan. _lade_, to

dissimulate, pretend. Norse _lata_, id. Probably related to

O.N. _lát_.

LAYKING, _sb._ jousting, a tournament. Wyntoun, VIII, 35. See

_laik_.

LAK, _sb._ a plaything. Wallace, VIII, 1410. Norse _leik_, a game,

_leiker_ (pl.), games, toys. Sw. dial. _leika_, a doll, a play

sister. Cp. Cu. _lakin_, a child's toy.

LAK, _sb._ contempt, reproach, disgrace. Rolland, I, 455; Rosw. and

Lill., 784; R.R., 3092. O.N. _lakr_, defective, O. Dan. _lak_,

fault, deficiency. Sw. _lack_, fault, slander. O. Sw.

_lakkare_, a slanderer. Cp. Dan. _lakkeskrift_, a satirical

piece. See _lack_, vb.

LEISTER, _sb._ a three-pronged salmon spear. Burns, 16, 1. Dumfries

and Ayr., any spear for striking or spearing fish with. O.N.

_ljóstr_, a salmon spear. Norse _ljoster, ljøster_, Dan.

_lyster_, Sw. _ljuster_, vb. _Ljostra_, vb. in Norse, to spear

fish. Cu. _lister_, _leester_. See also Worsaae, p. 260. Vb.

_leister_ in Sco., to strike fish with a spear or leister.

LINK, _vb._ to walk briskly, smartly. Burns, 1291, 6, 5, 2. Norse

_linke_, to hurry along, cp. Sw., Dan. _linke_, to limp along.

Stevenson in _Ille Terrarum_ 6, 3, uses _link_ in the sense of

"walking along leisurely," which is nearer the Dan. meaning of

the word.

LIRK, _vb._ to crease, to rumple, shrivel. Ramsay, I, 307. O.N.

_lerka_, to lace tight, _lirk_, sb. a crease, a fold.

LIPIN, LIPPEN, _vb._ to trust. R.R., 3501; Psalms, XVIII, 30, etc.

O.N. _litna_ (?), very doubtful. See B-S.

LITE, _vb._ to dye, to stain. Dalr., I, 48, 24; Douglas, IV, 190,

32. O.N. _lita_, to dye, Shetland, to _litt_. See Wall.

LITLING, _sb._ dyeing. Sat. P., 48, 1. See _lit_.

LOFT, _sb._ upper room, gallery. O.N. _lopt_, Norse _loft_, Aberdeen

_laft_. See Skeat.

LOFT, _vb._ to equip with a loft. C.S., 96. See _loft_, sb.

LOKMEN, _sb. pl._ executioners. Wallace, 134. O. Dan., O. Sw.

_lagman_. O.N. _lögmaðr_, literally "the law-man," was the

speaker of the law. In Iceland, particularly, the _lögmaðr_

was the law-speaker. In Norway a _lögman_ seems also to have

meant a country sheriff or officer, which comes closer to the

use in Wallace. A little doubtful.

LOPPRIT, _pp._ clotted. Douglas, II, 157, 28; III, 306, 4. O.N.

_hlaupa_ (of milk), to curdle (of blood), to coagulate. So

Norse _lopen_, _løpen_ (from _læupa_, _løypa_), thick,

coagulated. Dan. _at löbe sammen_, to curdle, _löbe_, make

curdle, _löbe_, sb. curdled milk. O.N. _hlöypa mjolk_, id.,

literally "to make milk leap together." O. Sw. _löpa_. In Cu.

milk is said to be _loppert_ when curdled.

LOUN, LOWN, _adj._ quiet, calm, sheltered. O.N. _logn_, O. Sw.

_lughn_. See Wall under _lownd_.

LOUP, LOWP, _vb._ to leap, to jump. O.N. _hlaupa_, to leap, Norse

_læupa_, run, O. Sw. _löpa_, Dan. _löbe_. Cp. Cu. _lowpy-

dike_, a husband of unfaithful habits, and the secondary

meanings of Norse _laupa_ given in Aasen.

LOUP, LOWP, _sb._ a jump, a spring. Bruce, VI, 638; X, 414; Sco.

Pro. 3. See the verb.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _adj._ loose, free, unfettered. Wyntoun, IX, 2, 63;

Douglas, I, 95, 9; I, 95, 23. O.N. _lauss_, Norse _læus_,

loose. See Wall. Sco. _to be louse_, to be abroad, about. The

Norse word is similarly used. Cp. Germ. _los_, and Dan. _lös_.

Waddell has the word _godlowse_, godless.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _vb._ to make loose, release. C.S., 121; Lyndsay, 460,

232; K.Q., 34. O.N. _lauss_. The O.N. vb. was _løysa_. See

_louse_, adj.

LOW, _vb._ to humble. R.R., 148. Same as Eng. to _lower_. So in Sco.

to _hey_, to heighten.

LOW, _vb._ to flame, to flare up, kindle. Dunbar, G.T., 45; Ramsay,

II, 17; Psalms, LXXVI. O.N. _lǫga_, to burn with a flame,

Norse _lǫga_, _laaga_, to blaze, but cp. the Sco. sb.

_lowe_.

LOWE, _sb._ flame. O.N. _lǫgi_, Norse _laage_. See Skeat.

LOWNE, _vb._ to shelter. Bruce, XV, 276; M.E. _lounen_, to shelter.

See _lowne_, adj. Douglas, II, 236, 31, _lownit_, pp. serene,

tranquil.

LUCK, _vb._ to succeed. Montg., C., 643. O.N. _lukka_, reflexive, to

succeed (bene succedere, Haldorson), _lukka_, sb. luck. O. Sw.

_lukka_, _löcka_ and _lykka_. In Scand. dial. the latter

umlauted form only is found for the vb., but Norse sb.

_lukka_, Dan. sb. _lykke_. Undoubtedly Norse influence in Sco.

LUCKEN, _vb._ to give luck, cause to succeed. Sco. formation from

_luck_. Cp. _slok_ and _sloken_.

LUFE, LOOF, _sb._ the palm of the hand. O.N _lófi_, the hollow of

the hand, the palm, Norse _love_, id., Sw. dial. _love_.

LUG, _sb._ the ear. See Skeat and Wall. Cp. Norse _lugga_, to pull,

and _lug_ as a sb. originally "that which is pulled." In Cu.

_lug_ means "the handle of a pail." Compare the Eng. to _lug_,

to carry.

LYTHE, _vb._ to listen. Dunbar, 192, I. O.N. _hlyða_, to listen,

Dan. _lytte_, O. Sw. _lyÞa_, id.

MAIK, _sb._ companion, partner, consort. Dunbar, T.M.W., 32;

Philotus, 2. O.N. _maki_, partner, an equal, Norse _make_,

Dan. _mage_, O. Sw. _maki_, M.E. _make_, consort, partner.

MAIKLESS, _adj._ without peer. Wyntoun, IX, Prol. 48; Montg. "The

Lady Margaret Montgomery," 8. O.N. _maki_ + _laus_, Norse

_makalæus_, Dan. _magelös_, extraordinary.

MAUCH, _adj._ full of maggots. Dunbar, F., 241. O.N. _maðkr_,

a maggot, W.Norse, with assimilation, _makk_, E. Norse _mark_,

Dan. _madik_, Sw. dial. _mark_, O. Sw. _matk_, and _madhker_.

The _k_ is a diminutive ending, cp. Eng. _moth_ < O.E. _maða_.

In the Sco. word _ð_ fell out and _a_ was lengthened for

compensation. Cp. Cu. _mawk_, a midge, Eng. dial. _mawkish_.

Skeat cites Eng. dial. form _mad_.

MELDER, _sb._ flour, meal just ground. Burns, 127, 113. O.N.

_meldr_, flour, or corn in the mill, Norse _melder_, wheat

about to be ground, or flour that has just been ground,

_melderlas_, a load of wheat intended for the mill,

_meldersekk_, a bag of flour. Cp. Cu. _melder_, the quantity

of meal ground at one time.

MENSE, _vb._ to do grace to. Lyndsay, 529. See _mensk_, sb. The

change of _sk_ to _s_ is characteristic of Sco. See _mensk_.

MENSEDOM, _sb._ wisdom. Psalms, CV, 22. See _mensk_.

MENSK, MENSE, _sb._ proper conduct, more generally honor. Dunbar,

T.M.W., 352; Wyntoun, VIII, 42, 143; Burns, 90, 1. O.N.

_mennska_. For discussion of this word see Wall. Deriv.

_menskless_, _menskful_, _menskly_.

MIDDING, MYDDING, _sb._ a midden. C.S., 12; Lyndsay, 216, 269. Dan.

_mödding_, older _möghdyngh_, O.N. _mykidyngja_, Sw. dial.

_mödding_, Cu. _middin_.

MON, MAN, MAUN, _vb._ must, O.N. _monu_ (_munu_), will, shall, Norse

_mun_, will, but used variously. Dan. _monne_, _mon_, as an

auxiliary vb. used very much like _do_ in Eng. Sw. _mån_, Cu.

_mun_. The form of the Sco. word is the same in all persons.

So in Norse.

MYTH, _vb._ to mark, recognize. Wallace, V, 664; Douglas, I, 28, 26.

O.N. _miða_, to show, to mark a place, Norse _mida_, mark a

place, _mid_ sb. a mark by which to find a place. O.E.

_miðan_, meant "to conceal, lie concealed," same as O.H.G.

_midan_, vitare, occultare, Germ. _meiden_, _vermeiden_,

avoid.

NEIRIS, _sb. pl._ the kidneys. C.S., 67. O.N. _nyra_, a kidney,

Norse _nyra_, O. Dan. _nyre_, Sw. _niura_, Sw. dial. _nyra_,

M.E. _nere_. Cp. Sco. _eir_, _an eir_, for _a neir_, as in

Eng. _augur_, _an augur_, _a naugur_.

NEVIN, _vb._ to name. Gol. and Gaw., 506; Howlate, II, 3, 7. O.N.

_nefna_, Norse _nevna_, Dan. _nævne_, to name, O.E. _namnian_.

NIEVE, NEEFE, NEVE, _sb._ the hand, the fist. O.N. _hnefi_, Norse

_neve_, hand, fist, Shetland _nev_, Cu. _neif_, _neive_,

_neef_. Wall considers this an unrecorded Eng. word, which is

possible. Its general distribution in Scand. dial. and

elsewhere in Scand. settlements, as Northern and Central

England, Southern Scotland, Shetland, etc., as well as its

absence in all other Gmc. languages, indicates, however, that

the word is Scand. in Eng. diall.

NOUT, NOWT, _sb._ cattle. O.N. _naut_, cattle, Norse _næut_ id. Dan.

_nöd_, Sw. _noet_, Shetland _nød_. In M. Sco., also written

_nolt_.

NYK, NEK, _vb._ to shake the head in denial of anything, "to nyk

with nay." Gol. and Gaw, 115; Philotus, 32. Norse _nikka_, to

bow slightly, _nikk_, a slight bow, Sw. _neka_, to deny, say

no, M.E. _nicken_.

NYTE, _vb._ to deny. Gol. and Gaw., 889; Wyntoun, VIII, 2, 16. O.N.

_næita_, to deny, refuse, Norse _neitta_, _neikta_, _nekta_,

id., _neiting_, a denial, _neitan_, id., Dan. _nægte_.

ONDING, _sb._ terror. Psalms, LXXXVIII, 15. See _ding_.

ONFARRAND, _adj._ ill-looking. Douglas, III, 250, 26. See _farrand_.

ON LOFT, _adv._ up. Gol. and Gaw., 485; Bruce, XIII, 652. O.N.

_á loft_, up into the air. See Skeat _aloft_. Sco. Pro. 27,

_upon loft_, up.

ON LOFT, _adv._ aloud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 338. See above.

OUTWALE, _sb._ the best, the choice. Lyndsay, XX, 4. Eng. _out_ +

O.N. _val_; similar formation to Norse _udvalg_, _utval_.

PIRRYE, _sb._ whirlwind. Sat. P., I, 178. See _bir_.

POCKNET, _sb._ from O.N. _poki_, pouch and _net_, a net.

A Dumfriesshire word. Not found in any Sco. text but given by

Worsaae, p. 260, and in Jamieson, where the following

description is given of pocknet fishing.

This is performed by fixing stakes or stours, as they are

called, in the sand either in the channel of a river, or

in the sand which is dry at low water. These stours are

fixed in a line across the tideway at a distance of 46

inches from each other, about three feet high above the

sand, and between every two of these stours is fixed a

pocknet, tied by a rope to the top of each stour."

P. Dorneck, Dumr. Statist. Acc., II, 1.

QUEY, QUOY, _sb._ a young cow, a yearling. Douglas, II, 178, 19; II,

299, 8; Burns, 595. O.N. Norse _kviga_, Dan. dial. _kvie_. Cp.

Shetland _hwäi_ and _kwäi_. Cu. _why_, _wheye_ (guttural

_wh_).

QUHELM, WHELM, _vb._ to overturn, to turn upside down. Douglas, II,

64, 14; II, 264, 16. Burns, 66, 1, also written _quhelme_,

_whamle_, _whemle_. In Cu. _whemmel_, M.E. _hwēlmen_. See

Skeat under _whelm_. Cp. Norse _kvelm_ and _hvelm._ The O.N.

_hvelfa_, N. Norse _kvelva_, means "to turn upside down."

QUYOK, QUYACH, diminutive of _quey_, q. v.

RA (rē), _sb._ a sail-yard. Douglas, II, 274, 16. O.N., Ic. _rá_,

Dan. _raa_, Norse _raa_, Sw. _ra_, Shetland _roe_, a sail-

yard.

RAD, RED, _adj._ afraid. Bruce, XII, 431; Dunbar, T. M.W., 320;

Montg. C. and S., 1392. O.N. _hræddr_, timid, frightened,

Norse _rædd_, Dan. _ræd_, Sw. _rädd_, id., M.E. _rad_. Cp.

O.N. _hræða_, to frighten, Norse _rædda._

RADNESS, _sb._ timidity, fear. R. R., 1166; 1660. Deriv. from _rad_,

q.v.

RADEUR, _sb._ fear. L.L., 1489. Sco. formation from _rad_ adj.,

afraid. M.E. _reddour_, _redour_ is a different word from

O. Fr. _reidur_, later _roideur_, see B-S.

RAGGED, _adj._ full of _rag_, ragwort. Burns, 103, 85. See

_ragweed._

RAGWEED, _sb._ an herb, ragwort. Burns, 6, 5, 9. O.N. _rögg_, M.E.

_ragge_ for which see B-S. Cp. Sw. dial. _ragg_, _rogga._

RAISE, RAIZE, _vb._ to incite, stir up. Burns, 6, 5, 4; and 7, 1, 1.

Used here as Sco. _bait_ would be used, otherwise generally as

Eng. _raise_, from O.N. _ræisa_.

RAKE, RAIK (rēk), _vb._ to go, walk, wander, also depart. Dunbar,

T. M.W., 524; Gol. and Gaw., 72; Psalms, XVIII, 10. O.N.

_ræika_, to wander, Norse _ræka_, to wander about aimlessly.

Cp. Cu. _rake_, a journey, "He's teann a rake ower to Kendal."