The Marchesa's face flushed. Randal resumed: "'Your fair acquaintance'

(I am still quoting Egerton) 'seeks to discover the home of a

countryman of hers. She suspects that I know it. She may try to learn

it through you. Accident may possibly give you the information she

requires. Beware how you betray it. By one such weakness I should judge

of your general character. He from whom a woman can extract a secret

will never be fit for public life.' Therefore, my dear Marchesa, even

supposing that I possess this secret, you would be no true friend of

mine to ask me to reveal what would imperil all my prospects. For as

yet," added Randal, with a gloomy shade on his brow,--"as yet I do not

stand alone and erect--I _lean_;--I am dependent."

"There may be a way," replied Madame di Negra, persisting, "to

communicate this intelligence, without the possibility of Mr. Egerton's

tracing our discovery to yourself; and, though I will not press you

further, I add this--you urge me to accept your friend's hand; you seem

interested in the success of his suit, and you plead it with a warmth

that shows how much you regard what you suppose is his happiness;

I will never accept his hand till I can do so without blush for my

penury--till my dowry is secured, and that can only be by my brother's

union with the exile's daughter. For your friend's sake, therefore,

think well how you can aid me in the first step to that alliance. The

young lady once discovered, and my brother has no fear for the success

of his suit."

"And you would marry Frank if the dower was secured?"

"Your arguments in his favor seem irresistible," replied Beatrice,

looking down.

A flash went from Randal's eyes, and he mused a few moments.

Then slowly rising, and drawing on his gloves, he said--

"Well, at least you so far reconcile my honor towards aiding your

research, that you now inform me that you mean no ill to the exile."

"Ill!--the restoration to fortune, honors, his native land."

"And you so far enlist my heart on your side, that you inspire me with

the hope to contribute to the happiness of two friends whom I dearly

love. I will therefore diligently seek to ascertain if, among the

refugees I have met with, lurk those whom you seek; and if so I will

thoughtfully consider how to give you the clue. Meanwhile, not one

incautious word to Egerton."

"Trust me--I am a woman of the world."

Randal now had gained the door. He paused, and renewed carelessly--

"This young lady must be heiress to great wealth, to induce a young man

of your brother's rank to take so much pains to discover her."

"Her wealth _will_ be vast," replied the Marchesa; "and if any thing

from wealth or influence in a foreign state could be permitted to prove

my brother's gratitude--"

"Ah, fie," interrupted Randal, and approaching Madame di Negra, he

lifted her hand to his lips, and said gallantly.

"This is reward enough to your _preux chevalier_."

With those words he took his leave.

* * * * *

It is always safe to call an assailer of morality licentious, though

many of its defenders be not virtuous.

Authors and Books.

A pendant to Professor Creasy's _Decisive Battles_ has been issued at

Stuttgart, under the title of _Grundzüge einer Einleitung zum Studium

der Kriegsgeschichte_ (Outlines of an Introduction to the History of

War). The author divides his work into two parts: the first extending

from 550 B.C. to A.D. 1350; the second, from 1350 to 1850; and each of

these parts he arranges in three periods. In the first period (550 to

250 B.C.), he finds that the controlling part in war must be attributed

to distinguished and leading individualities; in the second (250 to

50 B.C.), that the dominant element was the political and national,

especially the peculiar constitution and nationality of the Romans;

the third (50 B.C. to 1350 A.D.), is remarkable for the number and

variety of warlike events, and the gradual decline of the system used

in prosecuting wars; in the fourth (A.D. 1350 to 1650), the art of

war was greatly advanced, especially in respect to technical science,

fortifications, &c.; in the fifth (1650 to 1790), this progress

continued, and tactics were greatly improved as well as strategy; the

sixth period (1790 to 1850), is remarkable for the rapid development

of every branch of warlike art and science, both theoretical and

practical. These conclusions are arrived at after a spirited historical

review of the different periods. This introduction the author promises

to follow up with a complete work.

* * * * *

An interesting correspondence of the period of the thirty years' war

has been discovered by M. Welchoff, Councillor of State, in an old

travelling trunk in the archives of the Aulic chamber of Celle, in

Hanover, that did not appear to have been opened since the papers were

deposited. It comes down to the date of the battle of Breitenfeld, and

includes letters from Pappenheim, Gustavus Adolphus, and other leaders

of the time, with the rough draughts of the letters of Duke George of

Brunswick, Luneberg, to whom the whole collection probably belonged.

A similar discovery was lately made by M. Dudik, commissioned by the

government of Austria to search the libraries of Sweden for material of

this kind, in Stockholm and Upsal. The history of the thirty years' war

has therefore to be rewritten.

* * * * *

_Albion and Erin_, is the title of a little volume, containing the

choicest songs of Moore, Byron, Burns, Shelley, Campbell, and Thompson,

with selections from Percy's Reliques, each piece being accompanied by

a faithful and elegant translation into German, printed on the opposite

page. For American students of German, or German students of English,

nothing better could be desired. (Sold by Rudolph Garrigue, Astor

House.)

* * * * *

The thirteenth meeting of the Association of German Philologists,

Teachers and Orientalists, was opened at Erlangen on the 1st of

October, and continued four days, about one hundred and eighty

members being present. Böckh of Berlin, Thiersch, Halm and Spengel of

Munich, Gerlach of Basle, Grotefend of Hanover, Krüger of Brunswick,

were among the most distinguished _gelehrten_. There was even one

member from Russia in the person of Prof. Vater of Kasan. Austria

and Electoral Hesse were not represented. Professor Döderlein was

president, and Professor Nagelsbach vice-president. The president

opened the general session with a discourse upon the position and value

of modern philology. In the meeting of October 2d, Wocher of Ehrinegn

read an essay on phonology, or the essential significance of sounds;

and Beyer of Erlangen, another on an antique statue in the Munich

collection which had been supposed to represent Leukothea, but which he

demonstrated to be Charitas. In the exercises of the third and fourth

day were included an essay by Böckh on a Greek inscription, one by

Döderlein on an ode of Horace, one by Nagelsbach on a passage of the

Iliad, and one by Gerlach on a subject from Roman antiquities. The

whole, however interesting to advanced scholars, had little to attract

or satisfy the mass of intelligent persons.

* * * * *

The third volume of G. WEIL'S _Geschichte der Chalifen_ (History of the

Califs), has appeared in Germany, where the second was published three

years since. This volume brings the history down into the period of

the crusades, and gives us the exact life of men of such proportions

as Haroun Alrashid, and Saladin. In ordinary cases when history enters

the field where romance has achieved its most brilliant successes, it

must be written with the utmost power not to seem pale and lifeless by

contrast, but here the simplest narrative would have all the charm of

fancy. For the rest Mr. Weil is fully equal to his subject; and throws

a flood of light upon its more recondite features. His work is an

invaluable addition to our means of knowing the history and natives of

the Orient.

* * * * *

_Die Deutschen in Böhmen_ (The Germans in Bohemia), is pleasant reading

for those who like to study the manners and peculiarities of foreign

countries in some detail. It also has its value for the political

student who would make himself acquainted with the intermixtures and

relations of the different races in Central Europe. It treats the

subject in its geographical, statistical, economical and historical

bearings, as well as in respect to manners, customs, and modes of life.

(Prague, 1851.)

We are indebted to the Messrs. Westermann, of this city, for the ninth

and tenth parts of Dr. ANDREE'S admirable work, entitled, _Amerika_,

of which we have before spoken at length. These parts conclude the

first volume, of 810 octavo pages, printed with an elegance which,

among us, is not generally attributed to German books. This volume

is devoted to North America, and these two parts, are divided into

chapters upon:--the New England States; the Middle States; the Southern

Atlantic States; the South on the Gulf of Mexico; the Western Slave

States; the Non-slaveholding, West and North; the Far West, and the

Pacific Coast. Each state and territory is treated with extreme

clearness and comprehensiveness, and with a correctness that seems

astonishing, when we consider that the book was written in Germany.

This volume is dedicated to Dr. Hermann E. Ludewig, of this city, in

three or four pages, giving an account of the motives which induced

Dr. Andree to write the work; we translate the dedicatory paragraph:

"This book, honored sir, I dedicate to you. The literature of North

American history is greatly indebted to your valuable labors; for

these ten years no small part of your time has been devotedly spent

in disinterestedly aiding, by advice and assistance, our emigrating

countrymen on their arrival in New-York. In your new country, which you

understand so keenly and so profoundly, you are still a cultivator of

German science, holding your old fatherland in appropriate honor. You

are in America a worthy and most estimable representative of German

culture and German integrity. Receive friendly this inscription, and

the cordial greetings I send you beyond the sea!" We trust the other

volumes of this work may speedily appear: the second will be upon

Mexico and Central America, and the third upon South America.

* * * * *

SPINOZA'S _Tractatus Politicus_ is the subject of a work recently

published at Dessau, by J. E. HORN. The author defends Spinoza's

political ideas as of a practical nature, and not at all connected with

the analogous theories of modern German metaphysicians. The work is the

result of much thought, and of all the industry which seems to belong

to every scholar of Germany.

Another work on Spinoza, is by Professor ZIMMERMANN of Olmütz, and is

entitled, _Uber einige logische Fehler der spinozistischen Ethik_. It

attempts to prove at length that the syllogistic method of the great

Jew can only be correct on the supposition that in substance the idea

and the reality are coincident, which supposition Spinoza himself

expressly affirms. The radical fault of this method, according to the

Professor, is the application of mathematical demonstration to things

not susceptible thereof. On the whole this publication adds little to

the treasures of philosophy.

Another, and a valuable contribution, to the almost infinite Goethean

literature, has appeared in Germany, in the second volume of J. W.

SCHAFER'S life of the great poet. It begins with the year 1786, and

comes down to the death of the modern Shakespeare. Its materials are

drawn from the writings of Goethe himself, and from the published

letters and memoirs upon separate portions of his life. The Italian

Journey is the subject of a special disquisition. Goethe's political

opinions are also discussed in connection with his behavior during

the war of independence. Finally, we have the man in his old age,

when his leading feature of character is said to be universality of

mental activity. The style of the book is clear and condensed, and its

fairness and impartiality a subject of laudation.

A third volume of GOETHE'S _Correspondence with Madame von Stein_

has been published in Germany. It is no less interesting than the

preceding, whether as a collection of letters, or as a revelation

of the character and private history of the greatest man in German

literature. The assertion that Goethe was really a man of cold and

heartless nature, and that the warmth of feeling and freshness of

sentiment displayed in his poems was merely fictitious, is entirely

refuted by this correspondence.

A collection of poems, by WOLFGANG VON GOETHE, the son of the great

poet, was published by Cotta, of Stuttgart, in October last. We

have not seen the book, but the publisher's advertisement is quite

apologetic, and indicates that the name of the father has not insured

the inheritance of his genius.

* * * * *

A new work entitled _Das Brittische Reich in Europe_ (The British

Empire in Europe), has just appeared at Leipzig, in which the progress

and power of England are compared with those of the United States. The

author, Herr MEIDINGER, is an admirer of the present policy of England,

and exhibits at length the statistics of the advance made by the

country under that policy. A statistical survey of the religious and

moral condition of Ireland, which forms a part of the work, has also

been printed as a separate book.

* * * * *

Students of middle-age antiquities may find a bone to gnaw in _Dat Spil

fan der Upstandinge_ (The Play of the Resurrection), just published

with annotations by Herr ETTMULLER at Quedlinburg. This is said to

be greatly superior to the mass of the religious dramas of the time;

it has a genuine unity and is not disfigured by the admixture of

buffoonery with the awful realities of New Testament history. It is in

the Low German dialect, and dates from the fifteenth century.

* * * * *

A good history of French literature has been published in German by

Professor KREYSIG of Elbing. It is designed for a schoolbook, and

evinces both learning and fairness.

A valuable contribution to German history has been brought out at

Berlin, by KURD VON SCHÖZER, under the title of _Die Hansa und der

Deutsche Ritterorden in den Ostseeländen_ (The Hanseatic League and

the German Knighthood in the Baltic provinces). The author has not

merely exhausted the old chronicles of his subject in the archives and

libraries of Germany, but has wrought up his materials into a living

narrative, full of romantic interest as well as historical instruction.

* * * * *

A Catholic writer, Count EICHENDORFF, has published, at Leipzig, _Der

Deutsche Roman des 18ten Jahrhunderts_ (German Romance in the 18th

century), in which the subject of romance literature is treated in its

relation to Christianity, but not in a thorough or profound manner,

and with too much dogmatism, and apparent prejudice. His idea is, that

there is no Christianity outside of the Catholic Church, and that all

novels which are not Catholic are unchristian.

* * * * *

MADAME BLAZE DE BURY has just published at Bremen, in Germany, a

novel, entitled, _Falkenburg_, which was issued at the same time in

English by Colburn, in London. The German copy is the work of the

authoress herself. She resides, at Paris, as the wife of the well-known

_littérateur_, Henri Blaze. This novel is certainly a cosmopolitan

production--written as it is, in German, by an Englishwoman, married to

a Frenchman, and residing at Paris.

* * * * *

The history of religious organizations is enriched by Professor

RICHTER'S _Geschichte der Evangelischen Kirchenverfassung in

Deutschland_ (History of the Constitution of the Evangelical Church in

Germany), which has just appeared at Leipzig. The work is highly, and,

we doubt not, very justly commended.

* * * * *

An elaborate _Life of Sir Robert Peel_, with a collection of his

speeches, has been published in German, by Herr KUNZEL. It is a warm

tribute of admiration for the English statesman, and for that process

of very gradual reform by which England is distinguished. (Brunswick, 2

vols.)

* * * * *

Dr. ZIMMERMANN, whose excellent history of the Peasants' War deserves

to be better known to English readers, has just published, at

Darmstadt, a history of the English Revolution, which he dedicates to

all parties of the German people, and which we doubt not all parties

may profitably study.

* * * * *

A history of Norway has been published at Leipzig, in a neat little

volume. It brings the narrative of that country down to the present

time, dividing it into seven periods, and giving a succinct account of

each. The history of Andreas Faye serves as the basis of this work.

We gave in these pages, a few months since, an account of the labors

and sufferings of the Hungarian traveller and ethnographer REGULY, who

spent ten painful years among the Finnish tribes of Northern Europe and

Asia, with a view to ascertain the ancient of the Magyars. Reguly is

now hard at work at Pesth arranging for publication the immense mass

of materials gathered on this long expedition, and meanwhile another

savan, John Jerney, has just published in two heavy quartos the result

of a journey he made for the same purpose during 1844 and '45, in

Southern Russia. His work is interesting rather from its information

on collateral subjects than because he has cleared up the main problem

which his explorations had in view. His conclusion is that the Magyars

are of Parthian origin.

* * * * *

In the present attention to recent Magyar history, a useful aid may be

found in _Ungarn's Politische Charaktere_ (The Political Notabilities

of Hungary), just published at Mayence. It contains the biography of

forty-eight different persons. Its author is a warm admirer of Kossuth

and his policy.

* * * * *

A collection of the speeches, proclamations, &c., of that sentimental

tyrant, Frederick William IV. of Prussia, has just been published at

Berlin. It includes all the productions of his Majesty from March 6,

1848, to May 31, 1851, and will be useful to trunk-makers and future

historians.

* * * * *

In the present interest attaching to Arctic voyages, SCHUNDT'S _Bilder

aus dem Norden_ (Pictures from the North), collected in a journey

toward the North Pole, in the year 1850, is worth looking into. (Jena,

1851.)

* * * * *

Prof. J. E. KOPP has published, at Vienna, a volume of documents on the

history of the Swiss Confederation.

* * * * *

The success in Europe of General BEM'S plan of teaching history and

an exact chronology, attracted the attention of intelligent friends

of education in Massachusetts, at whose suggestion Miss E. P. PEABODY

has prepared a system of the same sort for American schools. The plan

was not one superseding the necessity of study, but guiding it, and

rendering it effective. It requires a very careful attention, which

may be slighted either by scholar or teacher. It saves time, indeed,

by rewarding labor, and by making the everlasting review of the ground

unnecessary, fostering by means of the senses what is attained. Miss

Peabody, in the appendix to the tables of chronology which form

the manual of this system, has aimed to give some general hints to

teachers, opening out before them a more generous method of studying

history than has been usual in our schools and colleges.

The French democrats and socialists bring out this year the usual

variety of Almanacs for the propagation of their doctrines among

the people. The _Almanach du Travail_ contains articles by Agricole

Perdiguier, cabinet-maker and representative in the National Assembly;

M. Perdiguier is understood to be the original hero of George Sand's

_Compagnons du Tour de France_; several other well-known literary and

political characters also contribute; the publication of the work

is the enterprise of an association of printers and engravers. The

_Almanach du Village_ is published by the _Propagande Démocratique

Européene_; its editor is M. Joigneaux, a representative, and Pierre

Dupont, the democratic poet, is among the contributors. The _Almanach

Populaire de la France_ is a more elaborate publication, and boasts

a larger circle of writers; Pascal Duprat, Alphonse Esquiros, André

Cochut, Fr. Arago, and Victor Schoelcher, are among them. The _Almanach

des Opprimés_, by Hippolyte Magen, is a Voltairian production, devoted

to ridiculing the Catholic clergy and the saints of the calender in a

style of utter irreverence for their sacred character, and even for

their integrity and respectability as individuals. The _Répubilique du

Peuple_ is simply a democratic almanac, but its ability is remarkable.

Arago, the astronomer Carnot, who possibly will be the candidate of the

democratic party for President, Colonel Charras, Michel (de Bourges),

Alphonse Karr, and others of the old moderate republican party are

contributors. It is adorned with neat engravings; among them is a

portrait of Dupont, the poet.

* * * * *

A well-known publicist, M. CROCE-SPINELLI, has just issued at Paris an

essay on popular government, under the title of _L'Arche Populaire_. It

treats principally of the French constitution, whose faults are said

to be--1st, that it confides too much in aristocracy and too little in

democracy; 2d, that the legislature may render itself independent of

the people by whom it is elected, and betray their interests: 3d, that

the authority of the President is too great, and is even dangerous to

the development of democratic ideas and forces. The author concludes

his work with the plan of a constitution which he thinks will be free

from these defects.

* * * * *

The ASIATIC SOCIETY of Paris announces the publication of a collection

of Oriental works, with French translations, without commentaries, but

with very copious indexes. The majority will be Arabic, and, with few

exceptions, hitherto unknown to Occidental students generally. The

prices will be made very low, it is hoped not higher than those of

ordinary French books. This will be accomplished by introducing them

as text-books into the schools in Algiers, Egypt, and Constantinople,

where French is taught, and thus securing a large sale.

A publication worthy of the utmost praise is the _Revue de

l'Architecture et des Travaux Publiques_, published at Paris, under

the editorial care of M. CESAR DALY, one of the most learned and

accomplished architects in Europe. This review, which is now in its

ninth year, is issued monthly, with the utmost elegance both of

typography and engravings. The number for October contains articles

on the following subjects:--the preservation and restoration of the

Cathedrals of France, the Church of St. Paul at Nismes, Stereochromy,

the Museum at St. Petersburg, Chinese Monuments discovered in Ireland,

the Public Garden and Swimming School at Bordeaux, &c., &c.; it has

four large engravings. The work treats every branch, historic and

practical, of architecture and engineering, and should be in the hands

of every architect and engineer, and in the library of every man of

taste whose leisure and meditations lead him to the study of the

beautiful and useful arts. It may be procured in Paris at the low rate

of 40 francs a-year.

* * * * *

A book well suited to the times is Dr. FIGUIER'S _Exposition et

Histoire des principales Découvertes Modernes_, which has just appeared

at Paris in two small volumes. It treats of photography, the serial

and magnetic telegraphs, etherization, galvanoplasty and chemical

gilding, aërostatics, lighting by gas, Leverrier's planet, gunpowder,

and gun-cotton. With respect to the glory of discovering photography,

Dr. Figuier restores it to M. Niepce, of Chalon-sur-Saone, proving that

he originated the conception, and that Daguerre did nothing more than

perfect the process. Singularly enough, M. Figuier omits the steamboat

and railroad from the discoveries whose history he so carefully and

conscientiously records, but even with these omissions his work is

valuable and interesting both to the savan and the ordinary reader.

* * * * *

The editors of the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, at Paris, have made up a

very useful manual of the history of the year 1850, under the title of

_Annuaire des Deux Mondes_, which is sold by Balliére, in Broadway.

It contains an account of the political events, the international

relations and diplomacy, the administration, commerce, and finances,

and the periodical press and literature of every country which

possesses those products of civilization. The constitutions and affairs

of Italy, Denmark, Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain,

Portugal, England, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Turkey, Greece, United

States, Mexico, the South American Republics, and even of the African

and Asiatic races, are discussed with moderation and an effort for

impartiality, which is laudable, if not always successful. The most

recent statistics are given with reference to every country; and, as a

book of reference, it will be found very useful.

The _Calvin Translation Society_, which for the last ten years has been

issuing, at irregular intervals, a complete and very handsome edition

of CALVIN'S works, in English--to make about fifty octavo volumes--will

have to add to them a new collection of his _Letters_. It appears that

the government of Louis Philippe committed the preparation of the

Unpublished Letters of the great Reformer to Professor BONNETT, who

had been dismissed from the College of Nismes for speaking too highly

of Luther. He travelled in France and Switzerland, at the expense of

the Government, in order to collect the letters. After the revolution,

the influence of the Catholic clergy was such that the new minister

of Public Instruction found a thousand difficulties in the way of

accepting the labor of M. Bonnett, and the subject was finally referred

to a committee, who reported in favor of the publication; yet, to

split the difference with the clergy, they, on pretence of a saving

of expenses, ordered that some of the less important letters should

be omitted, and that the Latin and French letters should be published

together in the same volume. The number of Calvin's unpublished letters

in the collection is 497; of these 190 are in French, and 307 in Latin.

* * * * *

The aged LACRETELLE, who of late years has lived in retirement near

Macon, reposing upon his fame as an historian, appeared recently at the

Academy in that city, on the day when the prizes of the Agricultural

Society were distributed, and delivered an oration, marked by the

energy and force of youth, but not by its hopefulness. He is now

eighty-five years old; and on this occasion, was particularly severe

against the communists and socialists, who, he thought, were bent on

destroying every thing good, and upsetting the world. This was uttered

with a point and bitterness that did no discredit to the censor of the

press under both the Empire and the Restoration.

* * * * *

M. ROMAIN CORUNT has commenced, in _La Presse_, a series of Critical

Studies on Socialism, which M. Girardin introduces with a special

editorial, and which promises to be valuable. It was not originally

designed for publication, but to satisfy its author's curiosity as to

the ideas and aims of the revolution of 1848. He has accordingly gone

analytically through the writings of all the socialist schools. He

commences his exposition with Auguste Comte.

* * * * *

A FRENCH publisher advertises the memoirs of the celebrated actress

Mademoiselle MARS, who died at a great age some half dozen years ago.

Like those of Pompadour, Crequi, Dubarri, Fouche, Robespierre, and many

others, they will undoubtedly turn out to be a fabrication by some

ingenious literary trickster, yet it is probable that they will be

amusing.

* * * * *

The five academies of the Institute of France held their annual meeting

on the 25th of October. M. de Tocqueville presiding. In opening the

meeting, the chairman delivered a discourse, which is praised as

possessing "a great conciseness and an exquisite sense." Its topic was

the aim of this annual reunion of the five divisions of the Institute.

The Volney prize, which had been competed for by ten different works,

was awarded to Dr. STEINTHAL, for a manuscript treatise, written

in German, called _A Comparative Exposition of a Family of Negro

Languages, in its Phonetic and Psychological Aspects_. This family of

languages is that spoken by the Yoloffs and Bambaras. This prize is

simply 1200 francs; it was established by the famous Volney, with a

view to aid in the formation of a universal language. An equal prize

was also awarded by the Institute to Dr. M. S. MUNK, for his work on

_Sundry Hebrew Grammarians of the Tenth Century_; and an honorable

mention to Dr. LORENZ DIEFFENBACH, for his _Comparative Dictionary of

the Gothic Language_. These three gentlemen are Germans, and it is not

surprising that they should thus carry off the honors where the field

of competition is philology. After the prizes had been announced, a

memoir on the Physical Constitution of the Sun and the Stars, by M.

Arago, of the Academy of Sciences, was read; then a biographical notice

of Denon, by M. de Pastoret, of the Academy of Fine Arts. M. Wallon

next read a fragment on the right of asylum awarded to runaway slaves

in antiquity, and attempted to prove that a similar disposition to help

such fugitives exists in the United States at the present day. Finally,

a poem, sent by M. Ampere, was read, and received with a great deal of

applause.

* * * * *

An interesting work on the war in the Vendée, in 1793, is now published

at Paris, by M. FRANÇOIS GRILLE, himself a native of the region, and

an eye-witness of some of the most terrible scenes of that sanguinary

struggle. He is a republican, and naturally takes a somewhat different

view from that of Madame de la Rochejaquelin's Memoirs. Indeed, he

corrects explicitly several geographical and historical errors into

which she has fallen. He writes with vivacity and clearness, and has

made a conscientious study of a great variety of materials hitherto

unused. The first volume of the book has alone appeared: the others

will follow with all possible expedition.

* * * * *

M. FRANCIS LACOMBE is the author of a newly-published _Histoire de la

Bourgeoisie de Paris_, from its origin to the present day. The subject

is one of great interest, and M. Lacombe has well employed the most

extensive materials in treating it. His work extends to three pretty

large octavo volumes. (Paris, 1851.)

* * * * *

During the autumn of 1849, the French government formed from among the

members of the Institute, a commission whose duty was to select from

the reports and communications made to the government by scientific

travellers, what should appear of value to the world at large, for

publication at the public expense, in monthly parts, under the title

of _Archives des Missions Scientifiques et Littéraires_. The work was

at once commenced and the volume for 1850 is completed; of the volume

for 1851, not more than three or four parts have yet appeared. In this

volume are reports by Emil Burnouf on the Propylae, the Pnyx and the

Copaic Lake; by M. Bendit of a Journey among the Grecian Islands; by

Lottin de Leval of an expedition to the Peninsula of Sinai to take

impressions of the inscriptions in the valleys of Sinai and Serval; by

M.H. Revier of an excursion in Algeria to collect Roman inscriptions;

M. Battier de Bourville has an interesting account of the result of an

expedition from Benghazi on the coast of Tripoli, to Cyrene, where he

made some excavations and dug up several fine statues and remarkable

inscriptions; M. Ducouret repeats at length the story of tailed men

in the interior of Africa, but his veracity is uncommonly doubtful,

and his previous travels in countries more familiar have been utterly

fruitless; Mariette's report of his journey to Egypt, in which he

discovered the Serapeum of Memphis, is particularly interesting. He is

a man of uncommon energy and persistence, and almost lost his life in

the affair. He was sick four weeks with fevers and ophthalmia, in the

desert, where the Egyptian officials refused him water and provisions,

so that the wonder is he did not die. The Assembly has voted 30,000

francs to dig out the Serapeum, which was covered with sand in Pliny's

time, and will now be found exactly in its antique condition. Mariette

is now there, and at the last advices had excavated five hundred

different objects in bronze besides twelve sphinxes in granite. Very

many travellers have been sent out to collect documents bearing upon

the history of France, and a full account of their labors is contained

in this volume. M. de Maslatire has been twice to Cyprus to obtain

materials for the history of French rule in that island, and the

result will presently appear in two quarto volumes at the cost of the

treasury. Several travellers have been sent to England for documents

on French history, where it seems they are almost inexhaustibly

abundant, especially those that relate to the middle ages. The reports

of M. Descloiseaux, who was sent to Iceland to study its geological

formation; of M. Visquenel who went to Asiatic Turkey to examine the

soil and products; of MM. Milne, Edwards and Quatrefages, who went to

Sicily to examine the molluscs and annelids of the neighboring seas;

and of Dr. Grange, who was sent throughout Europe to study cretinism

and goitre, are very valuable scientifically. Dr. Grange finds the

cause of those diseases in water containing magnesia, but no iodine.

These travels are undertaken by means of a fund provided for that

purpose by the government. The plan of each expedition is first

submitted to the Institute and approved. In case of very expensive

undertakings, like the excavation of the Serapeum, or the expedition

lately sent to Babylon, a special appropriation is obtained from the

Assembly. The _Archives_ are published neatly, with the necessary

engravings, at twelve francs a year.

* * * * *

The mystery hanging over the interior of Africa is rapidly dissipating

before the zeal of the many explorers whose efforts are now devoted to

traversing the centre of that continent, and, before many years have

passed, there is reason to suppose, this sole remaining geographical

and ethnographic problem will be fully solved. The English expeditions

from the Cape of Good Hope, the German missionaries on the eastern

coast, with their journeys into the highlands in the south of

Abyssinia, the explorations of the English on the gold coast and up

the Niger, those of the French starting from Senegal and Algiers, the

travels of Knoblecher and others on the upper Nile, with the journeys

of Richardson, Barth, and Overweg, must soon make us acquainted with

the principal facts that have so long been the object of general

curiosity, if not of exaggerated expectation. Something is also to be

anticipated from the aid of Mohammedan travellers, of whom there are a

great number scattered over the interior of the continent in search of

adventures or with a view to make fortunes. One of these has published,

in Arabic, two works containing his experiences and observations in

Darfur and Waday, both of which have been translated into French by

M. Perron. The second has just appeared at Paris under the title of

_Voyage au Ouaday par Cheykh Mohammed Ibn Omar al Tunisi_, and is

especially valuable, as Waday is a country about which we have before

had little, if any, positive information. It lies south of the great

desert between Timbuctoo and Darfur, and is an extensive country. It

is so far advanced out of the merely savage state, as to have a sort

of administration, an army, and a kind of general regulations for

commerce, which it owes to the influence of Islamism, and to a great

man called Sabun, who lived quite recently, or yet lives, as the chief

ruler of the land. The principal trade is in slaves, who are stolen

in forays among the neighboring tribes on the south, and sold to

caravans going north to Fezzan, or east to Darfur; the other articles

of commerce are ivory, skins, and ostrich feathers. The introduction of

Islamism has put an end to human sacrifices, and rendered the tyranny

of the rulers less bloody, but in other respects it has produced little

social improvement.

The Roman Catholic writers are generally, in Continental Europe,

demanding the suppression of the liberty of discussion, and a

re-establishment of the Inquisition. Mr. BLANC ST. BONNET, one of the

most conspicuous writers of his party, demands that every species of

free thought be discountenanced, and M. BARBEY D'AUREVILLY, in _Les

Prophètes du Passé_, declares that the evil corrupting society is the

pest Liberty; that the church made a fatal error in not burning Luther

in lieu of burning his books; and he concludes that the Inquisition is

a "logical necessity" in every well-constituted state.

* * * * *

The _Journal des Débats_ publishes a long review from the pen of

M. GARDIN DE TASSY, of the _Translation of two unpublished Arabic

Documents_, issued last year by our countryman EDWARD E. SALISBURY,

of Boston. M. de Tassy says: "We must not suppose that in the United

States every body is so absorbed in commerce that nothing else can

possibly be attended to. Science and letters are cultivated with

success, and there are learned men there who rival those of Europe."

The _Translation_ and its author are warmly praised.

* * * * *

M. DE SAULCY is about to publish at Paris his travels in Palestine,

with thirty large engravings of the ancient monuments about Jerusalem,

and thirty of those about the Dead Sea. The so-called Graves of the

Kings will be the subject of thorough discussion. It is also said that

one of them will be reconstructed in the Louvre upon his plan, and a

sarcophagus cover, which he brought with him, used for the purpose. He

has also a Moabitic bas-relief in black basalt: he bought it of the

Arabs on the Dead Sea. If it be indeed what he supposes, it is the only

relic of the sort existing in Europe.

* * * * *

ABBADIE, one of the Ethiopian travellers of that name, who has lately

been so much assailed by other savants as a narrator of his adventures,

is superintending the cutting of a complete font of Ethiopic letters,

at Paris, to be used in printing some two hundred and fifty Ethiopian

manuscripts. They will form four printed volumes, and are said to be

among the most beautiful specimens of chirography ever seen. The other

brother has gone back to Abyssinia again, to resume his geographical

and scientific researches.

* * * * *

There are a great number of French missionaries in Asia and Africa, but

their contributions to literature are trifling, compared with those

of the English, American, and German. Bishop PALLEGOIX, in Siam, has

lately published a Siamese grammar, in Latin, and promises a Lexicon

of the same language. This, and the Cochin-Chinese Lexicon of Bishop

Tabert, are the only works of the kind, by French missionaries, which

we can recall for several years.

* * * * *

The _Westminster Review_, as we have before intimated, has passed into

the hands of the infidel party of England, and it becomes necessary to

warn the public who subscribe for it in the series of republications

by Mr Scott, of its character, and to urge Mr. Scott to select some

other periodical in its place, if it is necessary for the completion

of his contracts to reprint a certain number of such works. There are

a considerable number of charlatans in England and in this country

who, without the natural capacities or the learning necessary to

distinction in any legitimate intellectual pursuits, clothe themselves

in the cast-off and forgotten draperies of French scepticism, and

challenge admiration for the bravery displayed in mocking God, and

ridiculing the most profoundly reasoned and firmly settled convictions

of mankind. It is becoming fashionable among our young and imperfectly

educated magazine and newspaper writers to "pity the weakness" which

receives the Christian religion as it was held by our fathers. The

drivel of which the veriest fools were made ashamed half a century ago,

is revived as if it were a new and immortal flowering of philosophy.

By the wise and thoughtful this sort of stuff is regarded with just

contempt, and with confidence that though it may exist for a while as

scum upon the surface, it will before long sink with kindred filth

to the bottom of the stream. The _Westminster Review_, failing of an

adequate support, was about to be discontinued, when John Chapman,

the infidel publisher, bought it, and John Stuart Mill was engaged

to be its editor. We hope the respectable portion of the American

journals will make haste to disclose its present character; that

Christian parents will no longer receive it into their houses; and that

the characteristic dishonesty of attempting to smuggle writings of

philosophical quacks and mountebanks under a once reputable name, will

have its appropriate reward.

* * * * *

Of ROBERT BURNS, a grandson of the great poet, who has recently

had some difficulties with the Rajah Sir James Brooke, the London

_Examiner_ says, that he is an adventurous traveller; that he has

mastered two of the languages of Borneo; that he has penetrated farther

into that great and little-known island than any other European; that

he has written by far the best and most authentic account of it in the

_Journal of the Archipelago_, that has ever been given to the public.

* * * * *

The several volumes of essays, entitled, _Companions of my Solitude,

Friends in Council, Essays Written during the Intervals of Business_,

&c., are now announced to be by a Mr. HELPS. Most of them have been

republished in this country, and much read here. They are agreeable and

sensible, but without any very original or striking qualities to give

them a permanent place in literature.

Among the English announcements made in the last month are, _Personal

Recollections of Mary Russell Mitford_ and _Anecdotes of Her Literary

Acquaintances; Memoirs of the Marquis of Rockingham_, from original

letters and documents, by the Earl of ALBEMARLE; several new books on

the war in Affghanistan; _The Convent and the Harem_, by the Countess

PISANI; _Pictures of Life in Mexico_, by R. H. MASON; _Women of Early

Christianity_, by Miss KAVANAGH; _Hippolytus and his Age, or, Doctrine

and Practice of the Church of Rome under Commodus and Alexander

Severus_, by the Chevalier BUNSEN; _China during the War and since

the Peace_, including Translations of Secret State Papers, by Sir J.

F. DAVIS; _Sketches of English Literature_, by Mrs. C. L. BALFOUR;

_Symbols and Emblems of Early and Midiæval Christian Art_, by LOUISA

TWINING; a new work by Dr. LAYARD, entitled _Fresh Discoveries at

Nineveh, and Researches at Babylon_; a new work by Sir FRANCIS HEAD,

with the facetious title, _All my Eye; Some Account of the Danes and

Northmen, in England, Scotland, and Ireland_, by J. J. A. WORSAAE, of

Copenhagen; _An Illustrated Classical Mythology and Biography_, by Dr.

WILLIAM SMITH; _Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata_,

by Sir WOODBINE PARISH; and two new volumes of GROTE'S _History of

Greece_.

* * * * *

The English Dissenters have recently established a new college. It

is the result of a union of three existing similar institutions, at

present belonging to the Independents--namely, Coward, Homerton, and

Cheshunt Colleges; and it is anticipated, from such a concentration of

Nonconformist resources and energies, that the standard of learning

among them will be raised still higher than it is at present, though it

is not now below that in the established church, which, controlling the

great universities, is pleased not to admit that a man may understand

Greek or Mathematics unless he subscribes to the thirty-nine articles.

* * * * *

SIR CHARLES LYELL, lately, in an _Address to the Geological Society_,

demolished again the paltry affair which for some time has constituted

the main artillery of the atheists, _The Vestiges of Creation_; and

_The Leader_ thereupon declares that, "In proportion as any branch of

inquiry rises out of mere _details_ into the _higher generalizations_

which alone constitute science, we find our scientific men, with rare

exceptions, _pitiably incompetent_."

* * * * *

"CHRISTOPHER NORTH" (Professor Wilson), has been compelled by ill

health to make arrangements for dispensing with the delivery of his

lectures on moral philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, at the

ensuing session. The great poet, philosopher, critic, sportsman, and

humorist, is in the sixty-third year of his age.

* * * * *

The _Evening Book_, by Mrs. KIRKLAND (Charles Scribner), is a very

tasteful volume, consisting of some of the cleverest compositions of

one of our very cleverest literary women, well known as Mrs. Mary

Clavers, the prose poetess, and pen-painter of Western life. From

our first acquaintance with Mary Clavers, in the world of print, we

have admired, almost equally, her frank independence of word and

thought, her free and fearless love of truth, her facility in vivid and

life-like portraiture, and her natural strain of good-natured humor.

But most of all we have admired her, for that she is "an 'author,' _yet

a woman too_!" a consummation indeed devoutly to be wished; inasmuch as

it seems to us, that we are fast falling upon days which will induce

the grave spectator, looking upon the ladies and gentlemen of _Young

New-York_, the former in the rostrum, the latter in the ball-room, to

exclaim with the Persian King at Salamis, "All our men have become

women, and our women _men_." This, however, can never be predicated of

our friend of "the New Home;" and yet, shall we confess it, we like

her better far in the broad west than on the Broad _pavé_; better in

the solitude of the great woods than on the society of great cities;

better in the log school-house, than in the tumultuous streets--in a

word, better as the chronicler of the doings of the west, than as the

critic of the goings-on in the east! So long as she adheres to the

former, she is ever entertaining, ever instructive, ever humorous,

ever lively, ever true; but when she comes to deal with the problems

of society, when she dives into the mysteries of _caste_, and tempts

the difficulties which lie in the way of those who would reconcile

political equality with social intercourse, we fear that she will not

only be found herself going astray, but--what is far worse--becoming

a blind guide to others. We are led to these remarks especially by a

certain article on "Streets and Servants, at home and abroad," the

tendency of which we fully believe--though we are sure it was honestly

written, and beneficently intended--to be positively dangerous and

injurious to the very class for whose advantage it is intended.

Herein we find our fair friend discoursing thus of the female servants

of America:

"Perhaps, if we could make up our minds to treat our servants

as fellow-citizens now, the time when they would be disposed to

shake off our service might be deferred."

And again--

"Would it be dangerous to recognize the soul of a chambermaid?

Would it not be apt to make her a better one, and longer

content with the broom and duster, if we consulted her

feelings, expressed an interest in her welfare, and saved

her pride as much as possible? At present, it seems to be

supposed that in the agreement as to wages, a certain amount of

contumely is bargained for," &c., &c.

Now this is quite unworthy of Mrs. Kirkland's good sense; it is very

objectionable and injurious at this moment--when tens of thousands of

American girls are daily all but starving on the wretched pittance

which they can earn at the literally starving prices of the shops;

daily falling into vice and infamy in order to avoid actual starvation;

who might be comfortably lodged, comfortably clad, comfortably fed,

and well paid, in as many kindly and Christian families, if they

could but condescend from their ruinous false pride, and brook to

become servants. Worst of all, it is not _true_. In no country on

earth are servants so well looked to, not only as to wants but as to

comforts, as in this. In no other are their labors so light, their

liberties so large, their remuneration so liberal, their feelings

so freely consulted--nay, in many cases, their whims so foolishly

indulged. To no contumely, that we can perceive, are they subjected;

but we suppose that Mrs. Kirkland regards their non-admission to

our tables, our conversational _reunions_, or our ballrooms, as the

crowning contumely--quite forgetful that the restraint of what to

refined, educated, and highly-bred persons are habits, would be to

the servant-girl bonds and fetters of intolerable restraint--that her

inability to mix in our conversation, to see with our eyes, taste with

our tastes, and understand with our cultivated intellects, would render

our society far more insufferable and annoying to her than her presence

could be to us; in a word, that, but for the false pride of being

_one of the company_, our drawing-room would be far more a place of

punishment to her, than her kitchen to us.

For the rest, in these United States, all this talk about independence

and servitude is absurd. No man on earth is, or ever will be,

independent of some other man. Every man is, in some sort or other, the

servant of some other man. The rich man is dependent on his colored

barber, or his colored _boots_, for his comfort, as the barber or the

boots is on him for his wages; and perhaps the rich man would be worse

put to it by the absence of the boots, than the boots by the absence of

the rich man. Generally, we believe, the higher we are in position, the

more masters we have to serve, and the less considerate; and we have

little doubt that even our brilliant and gentle authoress herself has

more and less amiable behests to obey, than ever fell to the lot of the

independent help, who "_thought she heard her yell_."

We have dwelt longer on this point than its weight or merit, as regards

the volume, of which it occupies but a page, would seem to justify; and

we have done so not ill-naturedly, to pick out the one tare from the

load of wheat, but merely to controvert what we consider a dangerous

social fallacy, which is growing and gaining virulence and vigor under

false treatment, and producing serious detriment to a large class

of our population. The volume itself is, as we have observed, an

entertaining, an instructive, emphatically a good one; and its getting

up and embellishment reflect as much credit on the publishers, as its

contents on the author. It is one of the most beautiful, and deserves

to be one of the most popular, gift-books of the season.

* * * * *

Among the most agreeable republications of the season we may cite

Mrs. LEE'S _Luther and his Times_, the _Life and Times of Cranmer_,

and the _Historical Sketches of the Old Painters_, recently issued in

the Family Library of Willis Hazard, of Philadelphia. _Luther and his

Times_ appears at an appropriate period, considering the great number

of works relating to the Reformer which have been written in England

and on the continent: scarce any of which, however, are superior

to this, either in accuracy or general interest. As an appropriate

companion to it we have Cranmer--a plain, straightforward, and withal

extremely attractive account of the Reformation in England. With

regard to the relative excellence of these, we incline to the Luther.

The simplicity and singleness of style which characterize Mrs. Lee's

biography of Cranmer, would render it peculiarly the property of

the young, were it not that the great amount of valuable historical

information which it contains, as well as the fact that so little

is generally known relative to the early history of the English

Reformation, commend it equally to the perusal of older and graver

students. But in the Luther, we have, in the best sense, a _literary_

work, one in which ease of style, an almost romantic interest and

accurate research, combine to invest it with that variety of excellence

which the public taste at the present day requires of the historian

and biographer. The works are neatly got up, with fair illustrations.

In the same series we also find an illustrated edition of _The Vicar

of Wakefield_. A curious proof of the exquisite simplicity and beauty

of style which characterize this work, may be found in the fact, that

throughout Germany, Scandinavia, and Italy, no English work is so well

known or so extensively used in the study of our language.

Few American works have conferred on their writers a more respectable

reputation than Mrs. LEE'S _Historical Sketches of the Old Painters_.

When we reflect on the important _rôle_ which a knowledge of Art plays

in a modern education, and that the time is evidently not distant when

the _Æsthetics_ will form as essential a portion of school courses as

French or Algebra, we cannot be too grateful to one who has prepared

such an eminently practical yet agreeable introduction to such studies.

To the general reader who lacks the time or patience to work his way

through the interminable works of Vasari, Kugler, or Lanzi, and who can

be satisfied with an account of the most eminent painters, narrated in

a concise yet highly interesting manner, this work must be invaluable.

We have looked over an edition of YOUNG'S _Night Thoughts_, edited by

JAMES ROBERT BOYD, and published by Mr. Scribner. It reminds us of

that edition of Milton, by some eastern gentleman (there is a copy in

the Harvard College library), in which "the versification is somewhat

improved, and for better effect a few new figures are put in here and

there." Except that memorable specimen of editorial silliness and

sacrilege, we must confess--nay, we gladly confess--that we have never

seen or heard of any thing worse than this very handsomely printed

edition of Young's _Night Thoughts_. As the respectable publisher of it

must have supposed Mr. Boyd possessed of some qualifications for the

task undertaken by him, we will be a little more particular than is

our wont, and convince him, and convince that part of the public which

reads this magazine, that Mr. Boyd's edition of Young is an unendurable

imposition. Dr. Young was a writer of singular naturalness of feeling

and simplicity of style. As has frequently been observed of his works,

lacking the romantic passion and fiery impulse which would commend them

most to the tastes of middle life, they are the chosen companions of

youth and age. There has scarcely ever been a poet who so little needed

annotation; his "great argument," indeed, sometimes might be more

easily apprehended if a little simplified by a clear-headed schoolman,

but his verbal transparency is such that he needs, in this respect, no

tinkering whatever. Yet Mr. Boyd makes nearly half his book of notes,

and of notes, too, in which the great purpose of the poem is never

touched--notes composed of mere platitudes, as useless, meaningless,

and ridiculous, as would be the repetition of Swift's "nonsense verses"

in the margin of every page. We copy at random a few examples:

I wake: how happy they who wake no more!

NOTE. "_I wake._" This expression suggested to the poet the

expressive contrast, "How happy they who wake no more."

A mind that fain would wander from its woe.

NOTE. _Fain_: gladly.

Teach my best reason, reason; my best will

Teach rectitude.

NOTE. _Teach_, &c. Teach my best reason what is reasonable:

cause the best actings of my intellectual powers to be more

strictly conformed to what is reasonable, true, and fit.

We take no note of Time

But from its loss: to give it then a tongue.

NOTE. _To give it then a tongue._ To cause time to speak to us!

Here teems with revolutions every hour.

NOTE. _Here_, &c. On this earth every hour teems with

revolutions!

I would not damp, but to secure, thy joys.

NOTE. _But to secure_, &c. But with a view to secure thy joys!

No moment, but in purchase of its worth.

NOTE. _Of its worth_: Of something equally valuable!

Nature, in zeal for human amity.

NOTE. _In zeal for human amity_: In the exercise of zeal for

encouraging human friendship!

And so on through all the book--scarcely any thing but these miserable

puerilities. There cannot be a child in the world to whom the poet's

meaning would not be as plain from the text, as from such notes. In

other cases, where the author is perfectly plain to nearly the meanest

apprehensions, Mr. Boyd himself cannot understand him; for instance:

While o'er my limbs sleep's soft dominion spread,

What though my soul fantastic measures trod

O'er fairy fields, or mourned along the gloom

Of pathless woods, or, down the craggy steep

Hurl'd headlong, swam with pain the mantled flood.

The obvious idea in these last lines is, that, hurled down into a

pool, battlemented, or _mantled_ about, he swam with pain, seeing no

egress up the craggy or precipitous rocks: a use of the word "mantled,"

which is justified by instances in many of the best ancient and modern

writers. But Mr. Boyd reduces the lines to the poorest stuff by the

following

NOTE. _Mantled_: Expanded, spread out, as a mantle.

An instance of his prosaic feebleness occurs on page 86.

Thought, busy thought, too busy for my peace.

Through the dark postern of long time elapsed,

Led softly, by the stillness of the night....

In quest of wretchedness perversely strays,

And finds all desert now, and meets the ghosts

Of my departed joys, a numerous train.

NOTE. _Ghosts of my departed days_: The bare recollection of

them!

This is a new exhibition of the "art of sinking." The whole commentary

suggests the idea of making a noble poem contemptible, by covering it

over with diminutive conceits and bungling impertinences.

* * * * *

"INJUSTICE TO THE SOUTH," is everywhere a fruitful subject of

discussion. In politics, in religion, in letters, our friends beyond

Washington will not believe us in the North capable of treating them

with fairness. In literature we have constantly heard it alleged that

success should never be dreamed of by an author who had the misfortune

to be born the wrong side of Mason and Dixon's line. The superstition

is not without its uses. It affords abundant consolation to a vast

number of young gentleman whose books produce no profits. Yet we are

inclined to believe it is altogether without any foundation in reason;

that _The Scarlet Letter_ would have been as popular from Charleston

as from Concord. We have an amusing illustration of the feeling on

this point, in the last _Southern Literary Messenger_. The amiable and

eminently accomplished editor of that work counts among his personal

friends as many northern gentlemen as have had ever opportunity to know

him, yet he honestly believes us incapable of appreciating the genius

of a poet from one of the tobacco, sugar, or cotton states. Introducing

some pretty verses entitled _The Marriage of the Sun and Moon_, "by the

late H. S. Ellenwood, of North Carolina," into his last number, he says:

"Had the gifted author been a native of Massachusetts, his

name would be familiar as household words; as it is, we doubt

whether one in ten of our readers has ever heard of it."

He _was_ a native of Massachusetts. His original name was Small, and he

was born in Salem, in the year of grace 1790; at sixteen apprenticed

to J. T. Buckingham, of Boston; at twenty-one had his name changed

to H. S. Ellenwood; in 1820 emigrated to North Carolina; and on the

2d of April, 1843, he died, in Wilmington, in that state, having

just established there the _Daily Advertiser_. We suspect that, in

literature at least, all charges of "injustice to the South," are as

ill founded as this.

The _American Gift Books_ for the present season surpass any hitherto

published, both as regards literature and art. The _Home Book of the

Picturesque_, published by Mr. Putnam, is the finest combination of

all needful qualities for such a work, that has ever appeared in the

English language. The late Fenimore Cooper (of whose admirable article

we publish a large portion in preceding pages), Miss Susan Fenimore

Cooper, Washington Irving, W. C. Bryant, N. P. Willis, Alfred B.

Street, Bayard Taylor, and Dr. Bethune, are among the contributors, and

Durand, Huntington, Cole, Cropsey, &c., furnish pictures, from the most

striking, beautiful, and least-known scenery in America. The publishers

of the world do not this year furnish a volume more admirable. The

_Book of Home Beauty_, containing exquisitely engraved portraits of

some of the most distinguished women in American society, by Charles

Martin, with letter-press by Mrs. Kirkland, is another fine quarto;

and _The Memorial_, an octavo, written by Nathanael Hawthorne, N. P.

Willis, G. P. R. James, R. B. Kimball, Dr. Mayo, W. G. Simms, Mrs.

Hewitt, Mrs. Oakes Smith, and others, is very much above any "Keepsake"

or "Souvenir" ever before printed in England or in America.

* * * * *

We have new volumes of Poems, by Messrs. LONGFELLOW, BAYARD TAYLOR, and

R. H. STODDARD, from the press of Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, of which

appropriate notices are deferred until the next month.

* * * * *

MESSRS. APPLETON have a series of works, equally remarkable for

typographical and pictorial magnificence and literary interest.

_Christmas with the Poets_ is admitted to be, on the whole, the most

admirably executed production of the printing press; _The Women of

Early Christianity_, written by eminent authors, and edited by the Rev.

Mr. Spencer, presents attractively the domestic romance of religious

history, with seventeen very excellent engravings, making an imperial

octavo, in the style of that remarkably popular series, the _Women of

the Bible_, the _Women of the Old and New Testament_, and _Our Saviour

with Prophets and Apostles_, all of which are now published in styles

to suit the cabinet of art, the drawing-room table, or the library.

Another very interesting and richly illustrated work from this house

is _The Land of Bondage_, by Dr. Wainwright, corresponding with the

same author's splendid volume, _The Pathways and Abiding Places of

Our Lord_. The Appletons also publish for the coming holidays Mrs.

Jameson's most successful work, the _Beauties of the Court of Charles

the Second_, with twenty-one finely engraved portraits, and _The Queens

of England_, by Agnes Strickland, with eighteen portraits--a work of

which the fame is as extensive as a love of art or an admiration of

woman; and _Lyrics of the Heart_, a very finely illustrated collection

of the poems of Alaric A. Watts. The other illustrated works from

this house are enumerated in the advertising pages at the end of this

magazine, to which we ask attention.

The Fine Arts.

A series of four compositions representing the Seasons, by CALAME,

a Swiss artist, is highly praised in the _Grenzboten_, as something

altogether original and superior to the technical traditions of the

schools. They were painted for a Russian gentleman, and were exhibited

for a short time in Berlin. Spring is an Italian or Grecian landscape

of the antique world, and the time is morning; Summer is a German scene

and the time noon; Autumn is from the lake country of Switzerland and

the time late afternoon; Winter is a late evening scene with moonlight.

* * * * *

MR. HARDING'S noble full-length of _Daniel Webster_--the best work of

its class ever engraved in this country--may now be purchased at two

dollars and a half per copy, of Sherman & Adriance, Astor House.

* * * * *

The celebrated _Portrait of Bishop White_, painted by Henry Inman, and

engraved in London, by Wagstaff, is now published from the original

plate, by Andrews and Meeser, of Philadelphia, at three dollars per

copy. The impressions are quite as good as those first taken, which

were sold for four times as large a price.

* * * * *

NORWEGIAN Peasant Life, is the subject of ten pictures by ADOLPH

TIEDEMANN, which a year since excited very general admiration at

Düsseldorf. They have now been lithographed and published in that

place, with explanatory text in German and Norwegian.

* * * * *

LEUTZE'S _Washington Crossing the Delaware_, is universally conceded to

be the best painting in the world, illustrating American history. Its

production marks an era in American art. The exhibition of it, at the

Stuyvesant Institute, is, of course, successful.

* * * * *

KAULBACH'S frescoes in the New Museum at Berlin are to be engraved. The

Prussian bookseller Duncker has undertaken the speculation, and intends

that the engravings shall exceed everything yet done in Germany; not

merely the pictures, but all the ornamental designs will be included.

* * * * *

The German papers announce that a colossal statue of Washington is

casting at Munich. It is to be twenty feet higher than the famous

Bavaria, and is destined for this country. Several other historical

sculptures are in preparation for the United States.

Historical Review of the Month.

On the 4th of November the state election in New York resulted in the

choice of all but two of the democratic candidates, and the defeat of

the whigs on the great question respecting the canals. The closeness

of the vote may be inferred from the majorities: For _Controller_,

Wright over Patterson 527; _Secretary of State_, Randall over Forsyth

1420; _Treasurer_, Cook (whig) over Welch, 64; _Attorney General_,

Chatfield over Ullmann, 294; _Canal Commissioner_, Fitzhugh (whig)

over Wheaton, 745; _State Engineer_, McAlpine over Seymour, 2390.

In New Jersey, on the same day, a large majority of the legislature

was elected by the democrats. In Delaware, on the same day, it was

determined to hold a convention for revising the constitution of the

state, by 2,129 majority. In Louisiana, on the 3d, the whigs carried

the legislature, and gained one member of Congress (Moore over Morse).

In Wisconsin the whigs have elected Farwell, their candidate for

Governor, and a majority of the legislature. Maryland, on the 5th, the

entire democratic ticket, for comptroller, register, &c., was elected,

with a majority of the legislature. In Michigan, the same day, the

democrats, as usual, carried nearly every thing. In Massachusetts,

on the 10th, there was a failure to elect a governor, but numerous

vacancies to be filled in the legislature, it is supposed at this time

(20th), will enable the whigs to succeed in that body. The vote was the

largest ever thrown in the State. In Mississippi, Mr. Foote's majority

is about 1500. In Tennessee, ex-Governor James C. Jones (whig), was

elected to the United States Senate on the 14th. In Georgia, the new

legislature assembled on the 3d, Governor Cobb was inaugurated on the

5th, and Mr. Toombs, now representative in Congress, was chosen United

States Senator on the 10th. He is a Southern Rights Whig Unionist, and

succeeds Mr. Burrien.

A correspondence has taken place between the Spanish minister at

Washington and the Secretary of State, which, it is understood, assures

a settlement of the difficulties arising from the invasion of Cuba; but

additional discontent has been occasioned by the arrest, imprisonment,

trial, and sentence (on the 12th of November), at Havana, of an

American citizen, John G. Thrasher, for "disloyalty," to eight years

hard labor in a Spanish fortress. Mr. Thrasher is a native of Maine,

and had been for several years editor of the _Faro Industrial_, at

Havana.

Judge Kane, in the Circuit Court of Pennsylvania, has given his

decision in the Telegraph Case, sustaining Morse's pretensions

throughout, and against Bain. The decision is in favor of Morse on

all points, and establishes that he is solely entitled to the art of

instantaneously recording messages at a distance. The case will now go

to the Supreme Court, with probably the same result.

The great Methodist Episcopal Church case was decided on the 11th of

November, in the United States District Court, in favor of the Southern

claimants. The sum in dispute was $750,000--being the amount at which

the Book Concern of the Society is estimated--and the decision gives to

the Methodist Church South its proportion of this property.

In the United States District Court, at Philadelphia, on the 7th

November, the Grand Jury presented seventy-eight indictments against

thirty-nine of the participants in the riot at Christiana. Each of the

accused is charged with high treason.

Efforts for the separation of California into new states are vigorously

prosecuted. The latest intelligence from the mines is favorable. Oregon

will probably come into the Union as two states.

There have been a great number of fatal accidents in the last few

weeks, of which we can give but the results in loss of lives:

_Lives._

Propeller Henry Clay, lost on Lake Erie, October 23, 30

Steamer Buckeye run into a sloop, Lake Erie, same day, 3

Steamer William Penn, off Cape Cod, struck sloop, same day, 4

Ship Oregon, sunk at sea lat. 36-1/2, long. 69-1/2, October 27, 3

Schooner Christiana, capsized, Lake Ontario, about the same time, 9

Schooner William Penn, lost about the same time, _Entire crew._

Embankment fell in at Spencerport, N. Y., November 11, 3

Accident at the Pyrotechnic establishment, Flatbush, November 3, 2

Cotton Factory, Philadelphia, burned November 12, 6

Small boat run down by a schooner, Boston Harbor, November 5, 3

Railroad engine-boiler, burst at Aiken, S.C., November 14, 3

Collision on the New-York and New Haven Railroad, October 25, 2

Alarm of fire, in Public School, No. 26, in New-York, causing a rush

of children toward the great stairway, of which the railing gave

way, November 20, 46

On the 21st October, a serious difficulty broke out at Chagres, between

the American and native boatmen, and a battle ensued, which resulted

in the death of two Americans, and as many natives. After two days'

disturbance, the affair was adjusted, and order restored.

In Mexico, for the present, the insurrection of Caravajal has failed,

and the siege of Matamoras has been abandoned. In New Grenada the

Jesuit revolt under Borrero has been put down and Borrero captured.

From Buenos Ayres we learn that General Oribe has been overthrown, and

that Rosas is in the utmost danger, but the results of recent important

events there are not yet well understood.

Little has occurred in Great Britain, of much importance, except the

demonstrations occasioned by the arrival of Kossuth, at Southampton,

on the 23d of October. The Hungarian chief has been received with

unparalleled enthusiasm in Southampton, London, Manchester, and

elsewhere, and in many long and powerful speeches has vindicated his

great reputation for wisdom and for honest devotion to the liberties

of his country. He was to leave England in the steamer Washington, for

New-York, on the 14th November, and will probably have arrived here

before this paragraph is published. In the United States a triumph even

more enthusiastic than that in England awaits him. The Caffre war in

South Africa is still extending, and the British forces have obtained,

in no case, decided or important advantages.

The attention of Europe is more than ever concentrated on France.

Louis Napoleon, who had deprived the nation of the right of suffrage,

in despair of reëlection by any other means finally determined on the

abrogation of the restricting law of the 31st of May; his ministers

resigned; after a considerable period a new ministry, with little

weight of personal character, was formed; and on the 4th of November

the new session of the French Legislative Assembly was opened in Paris,

to receive the President's Message, and at once to vote down its

cardinal recommendations. The world watching with deep interest that

conflict of the factions in France which must be brought to a close

with the present term of her unscrupulous ruler.

Recent Deaths.

ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER, D.D., LL. D., late Professor of Theology in the

Seminary of the Presbyterian Church at Princeton, in New Jersey, was

born on the 17th of April, 1772, on the banks of a small tributary of

the James River, called South River, and near the western foot of the

Blue Ridge, in that part of Augusta County, Virginia, which has since,

from the great natural curiosity it contains, been named Rockbridge.

He was descended by both parents from Presbyterians of Scotland, who

emigrated first to Ireland, and thence to America. He was educated at

Liberty Hall Academy, which has since become Washington College, under

the instructions of the founder of that institution, Rev. William

Graham, an able and eminent preacher and professor. Besides Mr. Graham,

his classical teachers were James Priestly, afterward President of

Cumberland College, Tennessee, and Archibald Roane, afterward Governor

of Tennessee. In the summer of 1789, he joined in the full communion

of the church, and commenced the study of theology under Mr. Graham,

who had a class of six or eight students. He was licensed to preach by

this Presbytery of Lexington, October 1, 1791, and was ordained on the

5th of May, 1795. Part of the intervening years he spent in itinerant

labors in Virginia, and in that region which is now Ohio. In the spring

of 1797 he became President of Hampden Sydney College, in the County

of Prince Edward, at the same time being pastor of the churches of

Briery and Cumberland. He was now but twenty-five years old, and it

may safely be alleged that there was never won in this country, at so

early an age, a more brilliant or a purer reputation. His arduous and

responsible duties were discharged with industry and energy, equal to

his abilities, until health gave way, and, in the spring of 1801, he

resigned these charges, in well-grounded apprehension of a settled

pulmonary consumption. The summer of 1802 was spent by Mr. Alexander

in travelling on horseback through New England, and by this means he

so far recovered his health as to resume the Presidency of the College

and the charge of his parishes. About the same time he was married to

Janette Waddell, second daughter of Rev. Jonas Waddell, D.D., that

remarkable preacher whose blindness and eloquence have been celebrated

by Mr. Wirt in _The British Spy_. In the Autumn of 1806 he received

a call from the Third Presbyterian Church, at the corner of Pine and

Fourth-sts., in Philadelphia. Though he had declined an invitation to

the same church ten years before, he accepted this, and thus became

a second time the successor of the Rev. John Blair Smith, D.D. He

continued at this post until, in the spring of 1812, he was summoned

by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church to be the first

Professor in the Theological Seminary then just founded at Princeton.

This chair, we believe, he occupied until his death--until within a

few weeks, at least, discharging all its honorable duties. It is a

pleasing fact that the first two Professors in this Institution were

associated in its service nearly forty years. During this period a

large number of clergymen have proceeded from the seminary, and it has

now not far from one hundred and fifty students. It is important to

observe that it has no connection with the College of New Jersey, at

the same place. The eminent usefulness of Dr. Alexander is not to be

measured by the long and wise discharge of his duties as a professor.

He was a voluminous, very able and popular writer. In addition to

occasional sermons and discourses, and numerous smaller treatises, he

wrote constantly for _The Princeton Review_, a quarterly miscellany

of literature, and theological and general learning, of the highest

character, which is now in the twenty-seventh year of its publication.

His work on _The Evidences of the Christian Religion_ has passed

through numerous editions in Great Britain as well as in America,

and this, as well as his _Treatise on the Canon of Scripture_, which

has also been republished abroad, we believe, has appeared in two or

three other languages. The substance of the latter has, however, been

incorporated with more recent editions of the former, under the title

of _Evidences of the Authenticity, Inspiration and Canonical Authority

of the Holy Scriptures_, of which a fifth edition--the last we have

seen--was published in Philadelphia in 1847. Among his other works are

_Thoughts on Religion; a Compend of Bible Truth_; and a _History of

Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa_--the last an octavo volume

of more than six hundred pages, published in Philadelphia in 1846. His

principal writings, however, have been on practical religion and on the

History and Biography of the Church, and these for the most part have

been published anonymously. Dr. Alexander was the father of six sons,

of whom three are clergymen. The eldest, James W. Alexander, D.D., for

several years Professor in the College of New Jersey, and sometime

Pastor of the Duane-street Church in this city, is a fine scholar and

an able preacher, and has enrolled himself among the benefactors of

the people by many writings of the highest practical value designed

to elevate the condition of the laboring classes to the true dignity

of citizenship and a Christian life. Another is Rev. Joseph Addison

Alexander, D.D., Professor of Oriental Literature in the Theological

Seminary at Princeton, and author of the well-known works on the

Earlier and the Later Prophecies of Isaiah. He is generally regarded as

one of the most profound and sagacious scholars of the present age. The

late venerable Professor was undoubtedly one of those who, by the union

of a most Christian spirit and a faultless life to great abilities,

have been deserving of the praise of doing most for the advancement of

true religion.

* * * * *

DR. J. KEARNEY ROGERS, for a long time one of the most able and

respected physicians and surgeons of New-York, died on the 9th of

November. He was born in New-York in 1793, graduated at Princeton in

1811, studied medicine in Edinburgh, London, and Paris, and returning

to New York was the friend and associate of Dr. Post, Dr. Hossack, Dr.

Francis, Dr. Delafield, and other eminent members of his profession,

in establishing medical and surgical institutions, &c. He has left no

writings in print or MS. for the public.

* * * * *

The Rev. WILLIAM CROSWELL, D.D., Rector of the Church of the Advent,

in Boston, died in that city very suddenly, on the evening of Sunday,

November 9, having preached and administered the sacrament of baptism

during the day. Dr. Croswell was born in New-Haven, Connecticut, on

the 7th of November, 1804, was the son of the Rev. Dr. Croswell of

that city, and was educated at Yale College, where he was graduated

in the summer of 1824. He was subsequently, for two years, associated

with Dr. DOANE, now Bishop of New Jersey, in the editorship of the

_Episcopal Watchman_ at Hartford, after which he removed to Boston, and

was for several years minister of Christ's Church, in that city. He

then became rector of St. Peter's, in Auburn, New York, and at length

returned to Boston, where his numerous warm friends gladly welcomed his

settlement as minister of the Church of the Advent. Dr. Croswell was a

scholar, and possessed a fine taste in literature, with very unusual

powers as a writer. Among his poems, are many of remarkable grace and

sweetness, and a few evincing a happy vein of satire. His poems are

nearly all religious, and Bishop DOANE, in a note to his edition of

Keble's "Christian Year," remarks that "he has more unwritten poetry in

him" than any man he knows. We hope Bishop Doane will commemorate his

friendship, and the genius and virtues of Dr. Croswell, in a memoir,

and collection of his works.

* * * * *

DR. GRANVILLE SHARPE PATTISON, an eminent teacher of anatomy, died

in New York, after a short illness, on the 12th of November, in the

sixty-first year of his age. He was born near Glasgow, in Scotland,

where his father was a cotton spinner, and was educated in that city,

studying surgery under the late eminent Professor John Burns. On

obtaining his degree, he commenced the practice of his profession in

Glasgow, with prospects of eminent success, and soon became one of the

surgeons of the Andersonian Institution, and a lecturer on anatomy. An

unfortunate domestic affair, of which the details may be learned from

the report of a trial which resulted in the divorce of Prof. Andrew

Ure from his wife, in 1819, caused Dr. Pattison to come to the United

States. He settled in Baltimore, where he resumed his profession as

a lecturer on anatomy; and, going afterwards to England, he became a

professor in the medical school connected with the London University.

He continued but a short time in England, and on returning to this

country he accepted the place of Professor of Anatomy in the Jefferson

Medical College in Philadelphia, which he filled successfully until

1840, when he was made Professor of Anatomy in the Medical School

connected with the New-York University--an office which he held until

his death, having delivered his last lecture but a week before that

event. Dr. Pattison was a man of fine social qualities, and was one

of the best lecturers in this country. His published writings display

the best capacities for his vocation--are shrewd, judicious, and

happily delivered--but for the most part fragmentary. His editions of

Cruveilhier's _Anatomy of the Human Body_, Mase's _Anatomical Atlas_,

and other works, are well known, and he wrote many important papers in

the American Medical Recorder, besides several pamphlets of a personal

character.

* * * * *

MR. STEPHENS, the author of "Martinuzzi," and the "Manuscripts of

Erdely," died on the 8th of October, in Camden-town. He was in his

fifty-first year, and, in early life, had produced several tragic

dramas that commanded the attention of critics, both foreign and

native. Schlegel abroad, and "minor Beddoes" at home, praised his

tragedies of "Montezuma" and the "Vampire;" and, at a later period, his

"Gertrude and Beatrice" excited, among the few who take an interest in

dramatic poetry, great admiration. His last work consisted of "Dramas

for the Stage," in two volumes, but it was only privately circulated.

Mr. Stephens' dramatic poetry was distinguished by intense passion and

fervor; but at the early part of his career, he lacked the constructive

power. Finding that the stage monopoly, so long existing, was an

effectual bar to the higher original drama being produced, he joined,

about the year 1841, a guild of zealous literary young men, who were

bent on doing something towards theatrical reform. Mrs. Warner and

Mr. Phelps united themselves to these dramatic aspirants; and the

result was, that the Lyceum Theatre was taken for a month, for the

performance of a new five-act tragedy, notwithstanding the existing

law to the contrary. The tragedy was licensed as an opera in three

acts, and was at length acted with some of the songs retained. This

retention of musical irrelevancies, in obedience to the law, while it

made the law itself absurd, could not fail of injuring the drama in

which they were introduced; and, had its merits not been extraordinary,

"Martinuzzi," under such circumstances, could not have lived a single

night. As it was, it struggled through the month, making partisans

to the experiment, though at the sacrifice of the author's means

and feelings. Mr. Stephens accepted the martyrdom freely, and went

through it nobly, for the sake of the cause which to his death he held

sacred. Moreover, he would have continued the contest, but that he was

strongly advised to the contrary by Mr. Sheridan Knowles, and Mr. John

A. Heraud, the latter of whom had been actively engaged in getting up

"Martinuzzi," but thought that sufficient demonstration had been made.

In this he was right, as it subsequently proved; for, shortly after,

in conjunction with Mr. Edward Mayhew and some other gentlemen, he was

a party to the drawing up, in committee, of a bill for the liberation

of the stage, the draft of which was forwarded to Sir Robert Peel, who

placed it in the hands of Lord Mahon, by whom it was carried through

Parliament; and thus every theatre was enabled legally to perform the

Shakspearian and five-act drama. Mr. George Stephens himself, sick of

dramatic disappointment, turned his ardent mind into a new channel, and

became involved in railway speculations, and in them lost his fortune.

His latter days were accordingly passed in narrow circumstances,

accompanied with physical prostration quite deplorable. They who had

benefited by his exertions, neglected him. His love for the drama and

power of composition remained uninjured, but encouragement attached

itself to younger candidates. His high principle, determined courage,

personal pride and fortitude, however, continued with him to the last;

and as he was a pious and religious man, he bore suffering and neglect

not only with patience, but with confidence that the good cause in

which he had labored would ultimately prosper.

* * * * *

The celebrated missionary CHARLES GUTZLAFF, of whom we gave an

interesting account in the _International_ last year (vol. i. 317),

died at Canton on the 9th of August, in the forty-eighth year of his

age. He was born on the 8th of July, 1803, at Pyritz, in the Prussian

province of Pomerania, of parents whose very moderate circumstances

prevented them from affording him the education requisite for a

Christian missionary, to become which was his most anxious desire.

After attending for some time the schools of his native town, he was

sent to Stettin as an apprentice to a belt-maker. There he composed

a short poem, in which he expressed his strong religious feelings,

with his hitherto unavailing wishes respecting his career in life,

and which he presented to the king of Prussia, on occasion of a visit

paid by the latter to Stettin, in 1821. The effect of this step was to

procure his admission as a pupil into the missionary institution at

Berlin. Such was the progress which he made in his studies, that only

two years afterwards, in the spring of the year 1823, he was judged

to be sufficiently qualified for the object he had in view. He was

sent to the Dutch Missionary Society at Rotterdam, which appointed him

to be one of their missionaries to the East. But becoming more than

ever sensible of the arduousness of the functions he had undertaken

to perform, he did not venture to embark for his destination until

the month of August, 1826, having devoted himself, in the mean time,

to a further diligent preparation for future usefulness. The first

missionary ground assigned him was in the island of Java. He took up

his residence at Batavia, where he married an English woman who was

possessed of considerable property, and where, by mingling with the

Chinese inhabitants, in the course of two years he acquired so skilful

a use of their language, and became so intimately acquainted with their

modes of life and intercourse with each other, as to be adopted by them

into one of their families, and to have a Chinese name assigned to him.

The circumstances just mentioned produced an important change in his

plans. In the possession, as he now was, of a pecuniary independence,

he resolved to break off his connection with the Dutch missionary

society, and to proceed to China, to preach the gospel to the Chinese

in their own country, to the extent that he might be allowed to do so.

In the first place, however, he accompanied an English missionary,

named Tomlin, to Siam, in the summer of 1828. This journey occupied

Gutzlaff for a period of upwards of three years. Besides laboring

diligently in his vocation as a Christian minister, he composed,

while residing at Bankok, a Siamese grammar, and, in conjunction with

Tomlin, translated the New Testament into the Siamese language. He next

proceeded to China, where, associating himself with Morrison, Medhurst,

and other European missionaries, he selected Macao for his principal

station. He established schools, distributed religious tracts among

the people, assisted in a new translation of the Bible into Chinese,

co-operated with Morrison in founding a society for the diffusion of

useful knowledge in China, published a Chinese Monthly Magazine, and

yet did not neglect, at Macao, and in various excursions made from

that place, the preaching of Christianity to the inhabitants. All this

went on without any hindrance, until Gutzlaff excited the suspicion

of the Chinese authorities of his labors being in some way connected

with the interested views of the English traders; and, in consequence,

an attempt made by him in May, 1835, to penetrate into the province

of Fokien, proved altogether unsuccessful. The printing of Chinese

books of a Christian character was now forbidden; the distribution of

such books was obliged to be suspended; and it became necessary to

remove the printing presses from Macao to Singapore. Thus restricted

in his missionary sphere, Gutzlaff felt himself the more at liberty to

accompany the British expedition against China, and to be exceedingly

serviceable to it by his intimate acquaintance with the language and

customs of the Chinese. He was also an active agent in bringing about

the treaty of peace, concluded between the contending parties in 1842.

His literary labors have had an almost incredible extent and variety.

He himself gives the following enumeration of his writings: "In

Dutch I have written: a History of our Mission and of Distinguished

Missionaries, and an appeal for support of the Missionary Work;

in German: Sketches of the Minor Prophets; in Latin: the Life of

our Savior; in English: Sketches of Chinese History; China Opened;

Life of Kanghe, together with a great number of articles on the

Religion, History, Philosophy, Literature and Laws of the Chinese;

in Siamese: a Translation of the New Testament, with the Psalms,

and an English-Siamese Dictionary, English Cambodian Dictionary and

English-Laos Dictionary. These works I left to my successors to

finish, but with the exception of the Siamese Dictionary they have

added nothing to them. In Cochin-Chinese: a Complete Dictionary of

Cochin-Chinese-English and English-Cochin-Chinese; this work is not

yet printed. In Chinese: Forty Tracts, along with three editions of

the Life of our Savior; a Translation of the New Testament, the third

edition of which I have carried through the press. Of the Translations

of the Old Testament, the Prophets and the two first books of Moses

are completed. In this language I have also written The Chinese

Scientific Monthly Review, a History of England, a History of the Jews,

a Universal History and Geography, on Commerce, a Short Account of the

British Empire and its Inhabitants, as well as a number of smaller

articles. In Japanese: a Translation of the New Testament, and of the

first book of Moses, two tracts, and several scientific pamphlets. The

only paper to which I now send communications is the Hong-Kong Gazette,

the whole Chinese department of which I have undertaken. Till 1842 I

wrote for the Chinese Archives."

The last year Mr. Gutzlaff spent in Europe, and he had recently

completed some important works, to be added to the above list,

respecting Chinese affairs and civilization, one of which is a life

of the late Chinese Emperor, with whom the missionary appears to have

had a more intimate personal acquaintance than was ever yielded to

any other European. The family of Mr. Gutzlaff lately travelled some

time in the United States, where they were well received in religious

circles, and Mr. Gutzlaff himself felt some disappointment that

unlooked-for duties in Germany prevented him from extending his tour to

the Churches and Universities of this country. A careful investigation

will show that his long and faithful labors have had a powerful

influence in favor of Christianity in China.

* * * * *

The once powerful and celebrated Don MANUEL GODOY, Prince of the Peace,

Duke of Alcudia, &c., died in Paris on the 4th of October. He was born

at Badejoz, of a noble family, in 1767, at seventeen years of age he

entered the Royal Guards, and being soon after taken into high favor

by the queen Maria Louisa, of Parma, he became at the end of the last

and beginning of the present century, a prominent actor in the most

important political events of Spain, of which country, for a time, he

was Minister and absolute ruler. His conduct was the proximate cause of

the Spanish war with Napoleon. Prince Ferdinand (afterwards Ferdinand

VII.), tired of the thraldom in which he was kept by his mother and her

Minister, applied for protection to Napoleon; and Godoy, discovering

that he had done so, accused him of a conspiracy to dethrone his

father. This led to the most scandalous scenes. A revolt broke out

at Aranjuez, and Godoy nearly lost his life. Charles IV. abdicated,

and Ferdinand assumed the sceptre, but the Imperial ruler of France

would not permit him to hold it. Napoleon took the crown of Spain

for his own family, and the terrible Peninsular war was the result.

The consequence, meanwhile, to Godoy, was the loss of his wealth and

honors, and his residence in foreign lands for nearly the remainder of

his life. In 1847 the Spanish Minister published a decree, authorizing

Godoy, by his inferior title of Duke of Alcudia, to return to Spain;

and ordering that a certain portion of his once vast property should be

restored. The latter part of the decree was acted upon, however, in the

same manner as such restitution's are generally made in Spain. The only

income of Godoy continued to be an allowance by one of his children.

Whatever may have been the conduct of this singular politician half a

century ago, those who knew him in his old age could not but admire

in him a fine specimen of the Castilian gentleman. To the very last

he was remarkable for the elegance of his manners, and high-bred

courtesy. In conversation he was most agreeable. The world, too, should

be charitable to his memory. Years of embarrassment, exile, poverty,

and obscurity, have done much to atone for the faults committed in a

time of sudden and intoxicating exaltation, and of unbounded power by

him who was then a Prince, Prime Minister, and despot of Spain, but

who has died, with the weight of eighty-seven years upon him, a quiet,

inoffensive, and forgotten man, in a retired lodging at Paris.

* * * * *

GEORGE BAKER, the historian of Northamptonshire, was born and brought

up at Northampton. To him and his gifted sister, Miss Baker, his

native country is deeply indebted. Mr. Baker produced his learned

and comprehensive _History of Northamptonshire_, at great expense of

money and time, and at great loss to himself. The book ranks in the

very first grade of topographical literature, and is remarkable for

the perfection of its genealogical details. Unfortunately, the work is

left unfinished, owing to the ill health of its author and his want of

funds. This amiable and excellent author and man died at Northampton,

on the 12th of October, in his seventy-first year.

* * * * *

M. DE SAVIGNY, member of the Academy of Sciences, and known for his

works on zoology, died in October, at Versailles, at an advanced age.

* * * * *

DR. THOMAS WINGARD, Archbishop of Upsal and Primate of Sweden, died

at Upsal, on the 24th September, aged seventy. He had for nine

years occupied the chair of Sacred Philology at Lund, when in 1819

he succeeded his father in the see of Götheborg. In 1839, he was

promoted to the archbishopric of Upsal. In 1835, he assisted in the

establishment of the Swedish Missionary Society, on which occasion

he fraternized with the Methodists at Stockholm. He also addressed a

letter to the Evangelical Alliance, at its last meeting, regretting

his inability to attend. He has left to the University of Upsal

his library, consisting of upwards of 34,000 volumes, and his rich

collection of coins and medals, and of Scandinavian antiquities. This

is the fourth library bequeathed to the University of Upsal within

the space of a year, adding to its book-shelves no fewer than 115,000

volumes. The entire number of volumes possessed by the University is

now said to be 288,000, 11,000 of these being in manuscript.

* * * * *

The theatrical architect, dramatic writer, and novelist, SAMUEL

BEASELEY, died suddenly, on the 23d of October, at his residence,

Tonbridge Castle, Kent, in his sixty-sixth year, of apoplexy. He was

born in London, and early attached himself to art, letters, and the

stage. The private and public buildings which he was the architect of

are numerous. Among his productions as an author may be mentioned his

novels _The Roué_ and _The Oxonians_, and his farces of _Old Customs_,

_Bachelors' Wives_, _Jealous on all Sides_, and _Is he Jealous?_ Mr.

Beaseley's merits as an architect were generally acknowledged; and,

although he lived with great generosity, his talents and industry

enabled him to realize a considerable fortune.

* * * * *

MR. H. P. BORRELL, a numismatist of great practical experience and

profound judgment, enjoyed for the last quarter of a century, deserved

celebrity as a distinguished collector of medals and cultivator of the

knowledge of them. He was the author of many of the most important

contributions on unedited autonomous and imperial Greek coins which

have appeared during his time in the transactions of most of the

antiquarian societies in Europe, and especially in Great Britain. Many

of Mr. Borrell's important coins have passed, at different times,

into the collections of our British Museum, and of eminent private

individuals. Mr. Borrell's work on the coins of the Kings of Cyprus

affords an example of his laborious numismatical researches. Mr.

Borrell died at Smyrna, on the 2d of October.

* * * * *

REV. JAMES ENDELL TYLER, B. D., of London, was a native of Monmouth,

and became a distinguished student and a fellow of of Oriel College,

Oxford. On a particular occasion, he happened to attract the attention

of Lord Liverpool, then Premier, who, after inquiring, presented

him with the living of St. Giles-in-the-fields. This cure he filled

actively and ably. To the stall in St. Paul's he was, without his

asking, presented by the late Sir Robert Peel, "to mark," as the

Minister said, "his sense of Mr. Tyler's exertions in the cause of

education at Oxford, and of his exemplary discharge of his onerous

duties at St. Giles's." As an author, Mr. Tyler gained some celebrity.

His _Life of King Henry V._ attracted much attention.

* * * * *

EMMA MARTIN, a woman well known as a writer, and as an exemplar of

Socialism, died on the 8th of October, at Finchley Common, near London,

in the 39th year of her age. The London _Leader_, the organ of the

British Socialists, says, that, "allied to a husband (found in the

religious circle in which she was reared in Bristol) whose company it

was a humiliation to endure, she ultimately, even when she was the

mother of three children, refused to continue to submit to it. This,

though afterwards made a reproach to her, was so justifiable, that even

her religious friends found no fault with it. After much struggling

to support her children unaided, she was united to another husband

(Mr. Joshua Hopkins), her former one yet living. Though no marriage

ceremony was performed, or could be performed (such is the moral state

of our law, which denies divorce to all who are wronged, if they happen

to be also indigent), yet no affection was ever purer, no union ever

more honorable to both parties, and the whole range of priest-made

marriages never included one to which happiness belonged more surely,

and upon which respect could dwell more truly. Our first knowledge of

Mrs. Martin," continues the _Leader_, "was as an opponent of Socialism,

against which she delivered public lectures. But as soon as she saw

intellectual truth in it, she paused in her opposition to it. Long and

serious was the conflict the change in her convictions caused her; but

her native love of truth prevailed, and she came over to the advocacy

of that she had so resolutely and ably assailed. And none who ever

offered us alliance, rendered us greater service, or did it at greater

cost. Beautiful in expression, quick in wit, strong in will, eloquent

in speech, coherent in conviction, and of stainless character, she

was incomparable among public women. She was one of the few among the

early advocates of English Socialism who saw _that the conflict against

religion_ could not be confined to an attack on forms of faith--to a

mere comparison of creeds; and she attached only secondary importance

to the _abuses_ of Christianity, where she saw that _the whole_ was

an abuse of history, of reason, and of morality. Thus she was cut off

from all hope or sympathy from her former connections, and she met

with but limited friendships among her new allies. She saw further

than any around her what the new communism would end in. She saw that

it would establish the healthy despotism of the affections, in lieu of

the factitious tyrannies of custom and Parliament. The nature of her

opinions, which arose in conviction and not in antagonism, will best be

seen in two passages from her writings, at two remarkable periods of

her life. In 1835, she wrote in the _Bristol Literary Magazine_, which

she edited:--

"'Infidelity is the effusion of weak minds, and the resource

of guilty ones. Like the desolating Simoom of the desert, it

withers every thing within its reach; and as soon as it has

prostrated the morality of the individual, it invades the civil

rights of society.'

"In 1844, in the seventh of her _Weekly Addresses to the Inhabitants of

London_, of which it was the thirty-sixth thousand issued, she said:--

"'When Christianity arose, it gathered to its standard the

polished Greek, the restless Roman, the barbarous Saxon; but it

was suited only to the age in which it grew. It had anathemas

for the bitter-hearted to hurl at those they chose to designate

God's enemies. It had promises for the hopeful, cautions

for the prudent, charity for the good. It was all things to

all men. It became the grand leader of the ascetic to the

convent--of the chivalrous to the crusade--of the cruel to the

Star Chamber--of the scholar to the secret midnight cell, there

to feed on knowledge, but not to impart it. But at length its

contentional doctrines bade men look elsewhere for _peace_--for

some less equivocal morality, some clearer doctrines, some

surer truth.'

"In this belief she lived, worked, taught, and in this belief she

died. And in passing to the kingdom of the inscrutable future, whose

credentials could she better take than those she had won by her

courage and truthfulness? Could she take Pagan, Buddhist, Mahommedan,

Christian, or some morose sectarian shade; credentials soiled with

age, torn in strifes, stained with blood?... Will any who calumniate

the last hours of Freethinkers utter the pious fraud over this narrow

bed, and the memory of Emma Martin be distorted, as have been those

of Voltaire and our own Paine? Does the apparition of these outrages

glare upon this grave--outrages too ignoble to notice, too painful

to recognize? Heed them not--believe them not. Let not the Christian

insult her whom only the grave has vanquished. Let him not utter the

word of triumph over the dead, before whom living his coward tongue

would falter. Let his manliness teach him truth if his creed has failed

to teach him courtesy. As a worker for human improvement, Mrs. Martin

was as indefatigable as efficient. From the time when she published

her _Exiles of Piedmont_, to the issue of her essay on _God's Gifts

and Man's Duties_, and later still, she wrote with ardor, always

manifesting force of personal thought, and what is more unusual in the

writings of women--strength and brevity of expression. Her lectures

were always distinguished by the _instruction_ they conveyed, and the

earnestness with which they were delivered. In courage of advocacy and

thoroughness of view, no woman except Frances Wright is to be compared

with her; and only one, whose name is an affectionate household word

in our land (greater, indeed, in order of power), resembles Mrs.

Martin in largeness and sameness of speculation, and the capacity to

treat womanly and social questions. Mrs. Martin had a strength of will

which rules in all spheres, but ever chastened by womanly feeling. Her

affectionate nature as much astonished those who knew her in private,

as her resolution often astonished those who knew her in public.

Indeed, she was the most womanly woman of all the advocates of "Woman's

Rights." Her assertion of her claim to interfere in public affairs

was but a means of winning security from outrage for the domestic

affections. She would send the mother into the world--not in the

desertion of motherly duties, but to learn there what motherly duties

are--not to submit in ignorance to suckle slaves, but to learn how to

rear free men and intelligent and pure women."

We have copied thus much of the _Leader's_ obituary of Mrs. Martin,

because a certain unpremeditated boldness in it admits the reader to

instructive facts in the theory and practice of the party to which she

belonged.

* * * * *

YAR MOHAMMED, the celebrated Vizier of Herat, is reported to have died

on the 4th June last. He was one of the most intriguing princes in

Asia. Everybody must remember him during the few years which preceded

the occupation of Affghanistan by the English. He always managed to

keep on the friendliest terms with them and more than one mission was

sent to his court from India.

* * * * *

The well-known composer of ballads, &c., ALEXANDER LEE, died near

London, suddenly on the 8th of October. He was a son of the once

notorious boxer, Henry Lee, and was married to the late popular singer,

Mrs. Waylett. He at one period was lessee of Drury Lane Theatre, in

partnership with Captain Polhill. He had been Musical Director of the

Olympic and Strand Theatres, of Vauxhall Gardens, &c. He wrote the

music for the _Invincibles_, which had such a run, with Madame Vestris

in the chief part, at Covent Garden, and afterwards at the American

Theatres. To name his ballads would occupy a large space, for a more

prolific song-writer never existed. We may mention, however, amongst

his works, _The Soldier's Tear_; _Away, away to the mountain's brow_;

_Come where the aspens quiver_; _I'll be no submissive wife_; _Rise,

gentle moon_; _Kate Kearney_; _Come dwell with me_; _Pretty star of

night_; _I've plucked the fairest flower_; _Bird of love_; _Meet me in

the willow glen_; _I'm o'er young to marry yet_; _Wha wad na fight for

Charlie_; _When the dew is on the grass_; _Down where the blue bells_,

&c. Many of these compositions will perpetuate the name of Alexander

Lee as a composer of the English school of simple and unaffected

melody. We are inclined to believe, more of his songs than those of any

other composer are known in the United States.

* * * * *

PRINCE FREDERICK WILLIAM CHARLES, OF PRUSSIA, died at Berlin on the

28th September. He was a brother of the late Frederick William the

Third, uncle of the present King, and the youngest legitimate son of

Frederick William the Second. He was born at Potsdam on the 3d of July,

1783. He served actively in the army during the war with France, which

terminated so disastrously at the battle of Jena. He was also present

at the battles of Katzbach and Leipsic, and subsequently at Waterloo

commanded the reserve cavalry of the fourth corps of the Prussians.

Gentlemen's and Ladies' Fashions for December.

In the fashionable world of this country we have at length the

long-expected "hat of the future," from the ingenious artist GENIN,

who appears to be the only American who brings to the manufacture of

hats an inventive faculty. It is likely that these hats will gradually

take the place of the funnel and stove-pipe styles which have been so

long in vogue. They are made of fine material, are light, pliable,

durable, and have the more important merit of elegant and picturesque

appearance. They are indifferently styled the _Union Hat_, and the

_Grandison Hat_--the last name referring to the ideal of Queen Anne's

days.

[Illustration]

It is much doubted whether any of the changes made in gentlemen's

costume in the last half century are improvements, and there are very

few persons of taste who will approve the hat of the last few years

more than that worn in the good old times of General Washington, when

the three-cornered chapeau began to give place to such hats its are

represented in our illustration.

[Illustration]

The next is somewhat more in vogue, at least for younger men, and

for the opera and the theatre. It sets off a fine-looking face

advantageously.

[Illustration]

The last is better suited for travelling or hunting.

In Ladies' Fashions, there are some novelties, though comparatively

few of a kind to attract a large degree of attention. We select for

illustration in the first place--

[Illustration]

_Close Under-sleeve._--This sleeve will be found to be of a very

desirable form by ladies who object to the open sleeves, as it combines

the elegant effect of the latter with the comfort of the close sleeve.

It may be made either in muslin or net, and is cut as a bishop's

sleeve, the fulness being confined on a band at the wrist. Two broad

frills of lace or needlework are attached to the lower part of the

sleeve. These frills are open in front of the arm.

[Illustration]

_Under-sleeve of Lace._--This sleeve is intended to be worn for evening

dress. The double row of vandyked lace forming the trimming should drop

below the sleeve of the dress, under which the lace sleeve is to be

worn.

Among the most striking and beautiful articles in the way of Mantillas,

is the _Talma_, represented in the following engraving. The capuche

is formed on the model of those worn by the celebrated monks of St.

Francis, and the _tout ensemble_ is very graceful and beautiful. The

entire design is very well exhibited in the illustration. The Talmas

are made of velvet, silk, satin, and fine cloth. They have been

introduced in New-York by Mr. Bulpin, of Broadway.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

The jacket and waistcoat described in our last have a certain currency,

but are not likely to be universally adopted. The above costumes, from

the latest _modes_ received from Paris, are in the main conservative,

and the engraving is so distinctive that the figures scarcely need

description.

Black now becomes indispensable in the toilettes of ladies of fashion;

formerly it was exclusively reserved for days of mourning, A black

dress does not interfere with the robes of varied colors, and the

materials are rich and in good taste. Jet, in fringes or lace, is worn

with all materials. Upon moire or satin, deep flounces of chantilly or

_ruches_ of lace, placed _en tablier_, are much worn; taffetas flounces

are cut and stamped in patterns, or covered with narrow velvets

imitating embroidery. For mantelets, and every species of outside

garments, black will more generally perhaps than ever before prevail;

and rich furs will have their old prominence for trimming, particularly

for garments of velvet. Fine and heavy plushes are also being rather

largely manufactured for such purposes.

There is scarcely any change perceptible in the shape of bonnets, most

of the new ones being of the form which has been generally worn for

some time; yet there is a slight modification of that shape in bonnets

made expressly for the winter. The front is somewhat less wide and

open, and the bavolet, being rather narrower, droops less at the back

of the head. Of the various materials likely to be employed for bonnets

during the coming winter, none will be more fashionable than velvet.

Among the velvet bonnets we notice one of violet-colored velvet trimmed

with bows of the same, intermingled with black lace and jet beads. The

inside trimming consists of velvet pansies, of the natural color of

the flowers, having yellow centres. With the flowers are combined a

few loops of velvet ribbon of a rich yellow tint, matching the centre

of the flowers. Another bonnet, composed of dark blue therry velvet,

is trimmed with ribbon, striped with blue and orange. This bonnet is

ornamented in the inside with white flowers.

A Russian winter riding habit is described as very simple but costly,

having a bonnet or hat of sables or other furs, setting on the head

very much like a chancellor's full wig, and secured by a richly gemmed

bracelet under the chin. The close coat, and light and flowing mantle

nearly concealing it, are of black or other dark-colored velvet. This

will be in vogue probably only in the intensest severity of the cold

season. Black cloth, embroidered, is used for the same purpose.

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors

were corrected.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Greek text has been transliterated and enclosed in #number signs#.

On p. 683 the author's name is given as Pisistratus Caxton.

However, the contents list the author as Sir Edward Bulwer

Lytton. The table of contents was correct so changed the

reference on p. 683.

P. 636 corrected typo in Greek text.