adored by his young wife, he was universally beloved, and it was with
great grief that, on September 13, 1847, Royalist, Orleanist,
Imperialist, and Republican learned that he whom the soldiers called
"The Marshal of the Thirty-Four Wounds" had passed away.
XXIV
DOMINIQUE CATHERINE DE PERIGNON, MARSHAL
Among the few men of moderate opinion who were chosen in 1791 to
represent their country in the Legislative Assembly was Dominique
Catherine de Perignon. The scion of a good family of Grenade, in the
Upper Garonne, neither an ultra-royalist nor ultra-republican, he was a
man of action rather than a talker. One year spent among the
self-seekers of Paris was sufficient to prove to him that his role did
not lie among the twisting paths of partisan statesmanship, and gladly,
in 1792, he heard the summons to arms and left the forum for the camp.
Now thirty-eight years old, having been born on May 31, 1754, this was
not his first experience of soldiering; he had held a commission for
some years in the old royal army and had served on the staff. He was,
for this reason, at once elected lieutenant-colonel of the volunteer
legion of the Pyrenees. His bravery and his former military training
soon caused him to rise among the mass of ignorant and untrained
volunteers who formed the Army of the Pyrenees. Luckily for France, she
was opposed on her western frontier by an army which knew as little of
war as her own, led by officers of equal ignorance, without the stimulus
of burning enthusiasm and the dread power of the guillotine; had it been
otherwise, Perpignan and the fortresses covering Provence would soon
have been in the hands of the enemy. With all Europe threatening the
eastern frontier and civil war at home, the Government could spare but
few troops, and these the least trained, for the defence of the west.
Accordingly, in the opening fights of the campaign ill-conceived plans
and panics too frequently caused the defeat of the French, and it was
often only the personal example of individuals which saved the army from
absolute annihilation. From the first engagement Perignon made his mark
by his coolness and courage. The French attack on the Spanish position
at Serre had been brought to a halt by the fierce fire of the enemy,
and, as the line wavered, a timely charge of the Spanish horse threw it
into confusion. Perignon, commanding the first line, rushed up and
seized the musket and cartridges of a wounded soldier, and collecting a
few undaunted privates, quietly opened fire on the Spanish cavalry, and
by his example shamed the runaways into returning to the attack. For
this he was created general of brigade on July 28, 1793. By September
the enemy had opened their trenches round Perpignan, and Perignon was
entrusted with a night sortie. On approaching the Spanish line a
fusillade of musketry swept down five hundred of his little force, and
his men at once halted and opened fire; but Perignon believed in the
bayonet. With stinging reproaches he again got his men to advance, and
sweeping over the enemy's entrenchments, he drove them in rout and
captured their camp. He thus won his promotion as lieutenant-general.
In November of 1794 Dugommier, the French commander-in-chief, fell
mortally wounded at the battle of Montagne-Noire, and Perignon was at
once appointed his successor. Though no great strategist or tactician,
he was an able leader of men, and had the faculty of enforcing obedience
to his orders. Trusting entirely to the bayonet, he forced the fortified
lines of Escola, making his troops advance and charge over the
entrenchments with shouldered arms, without firing a shot. The
fortresses of Figueras and Rosas alone barred the advance of the French
into Catalonia. So demoralised were the enemy that Figueras, with all
its immense stores, nine thousand troops and two hundred pieces of
artillery, capitulated to a mere summons. But Rosas stood firm, covered
on the land side by the fort of Le Bouton on the top of a precipice, and
on the sea side swept by the guns of the Spanish squadron anchored in
the roads. The fort of Le Bouton was called "l'imprenable." But Perignon
was not frightened by names; although greatly hampered by the civil
Commissioners with the army, and held by them as "suspect," he
determined to capture Le Bouton and Rosas. Le Bouton was dominated by a
perpendicular rock two thousand feet high. It was certain that if
batteries could be established on this precipice Le Bouton could be
taken. But the artillerymen believed that it was impossible to construct
a road to haul guns up to this height. "Very well, then, it is the
impossible that I am going to do," replied the obstinate little general,
and after immense toil a zigzag road was constructed and the guns hauled
by hand to the summit; after a severe bombardment Le Bouton was carried
by an assault. But still Rosas held out; the weather was very severe and
the snow came above the soldiers' thighs, and the engineers declared
that it was impossible to construct siege works unless a certain
outlying redoubt was first taken. "Very well," said the general; "make
your preparations. To-morrow I will take it at the head of my
grenadiers." So at five o'clock the next morning, February 1, 1795, the
grenadiers, with their general at their head, marched out of camp and,
under a murderous fire, by eight o'clock captured the outlying redoubt,
so after a siege of sixty-one days Rosas was captured. It was the
personality of their general which had taught the French soldiers to
surmount all difficulties. Absolutely fearless himself, full of grim
determination, he taught his soldiers how to acquire these virtues by
example, not by precept: ever exposing himself to danger, showing
absolute callousness, until his men were shamed into following his
example. On one occasion during the siege a shell fell at his feet with
the match still fizzling; he was at the moment directing some troops who
were exposed to the fire. The men called out to him to get out of the
way of the explosion, and throw himself flat, but he paid no attention
to the bomb and quietly went on giving his orders, for he knew how his
example would steady his troops; meanwhile someone dashed up and
extinguished the match before the bomb could explode.
The peace of Basle prevented Perignon from gaining any further success
in Spain, and the Directors, out of compliment, appointed him ambassador
to the court of Madrid, where his good sense and moderation did much to
strengthen the peace between the two countries. In 1799 he was sent to
command a division of the Army of Italy, and commanded the left wing at
the battle of Novi. While attempting to cover the rout he was ridden
over by the enemy's horse, and taken prisoner with eight honourable
sabre wounds on his arms and chest. When the Russian surgeon was going
to attend to his wounds, thinking more of others than of himself, he
said to him, "Do not worry about me; look first after those brave men
there, who are in a worse plight than I." After a few months his
exchange was effected and he returned to France, severely shaken in
health and not fit for further active service, to find Bonaparte First
Consul. Though not one of his own followers, Bonaparte recognised the
services he had rendered to his country, and arranged for his entry into
the Senate, and in 1802 appointed him Commissioner Extraordinary to
arrange the negotiation with Spain, a delicate compliment to Perignon,
who had made his name on Spanish soil. Further to recall his Spanish
victories, in 1804 the Emperor created him honorary Marshal, not on the
active list, and later gave him the title of Count. But though Napoleon
did not think that the Marshal was physically fit to command again in
the field, he entrusted him in 1801 with the government of Parma and
Piacenza, and in 1808 sent him to Naples to command the French troops
stationed in the kingdom of his brother-in-law, Murat. The task was a
difficult one, for Murat was no easy person to get on with, and Southern
Italy, from the days of Hannibal, has been a hard place in which to
maintain military virtues. But the Marshal, with his sound commonsense,
gave satisfaction both to Napoleon and to King Joachim, and at the same
time kept a tight hand over his troops; when, however, in 1814, Murat
deserted the Emperor, the old Marshal withdrew in sorrow to France, to
find Paris in the hands of the enemy. Like the other Marshals he
accepted the Restoration and was created a peer of France. Being himself
of noble birth, and an ex-officer of the old royal army, Louis XVIII.
appointed him to investigate the claims, and verify the services of the
officers of the old army who had returned to France at the Restoration.
When, in 1815, Napoleon returned from Elba, the Marshal, who was at his
country house near Toulouse, made every effort to organise resistance
against him in the Midi. During the Hundred Days he remained quietly at
his home, and on the second Restoration was rewarded with the command of
the first military division, and created Marquis and Commander of the
Order of St. Louis. But he did not long enjoy his new honours, for he
died in Paris on December 25, 1818, aged sixty-four.
XXV
JEAN MATHIEU PHILIBERT SERURIER, MARSHAL
After thirty-four years' service to be still a captain, with no probable
chance of promotion: such was the lot of Serurier when the Revolution
broke out in 1789. Born on December 8, 1742, he had received his first
commission in the militia at the age of thirteen, and from there had
been transferred to the line. His war service was not inconsiderable,
including three campaigns in Hanover, one in Portugal, and one in Italy;
he had been wounded as far back as the action of Wartburg in 1760, but
there was no court influence to bring him his majority. With the
Revolution, however, fortune quickly changed. The years of steady
attention to duty, of patient devotion to, and loving care of his men,
brought their reward, and when promotion became the gift of the soldiers
and not of the courtiers, the stern old disciplinarian found himself at
the head of his regiment. In the hand-to-hand struggles which
distinguished the early campaigns in the Alps, he soon acquired a
reputation for bravery and the clever handling of his men. By June,
1795, he had risen to be general of division, in which capacity he
distinguished himself on July 7th by the way he led his division at the
fight for the Col de Tenda, and for the modesty with which he attributed
all his success to his soldiers. A month later he saved the whole army
at the Col de Pierre Etroite. When under the cover of driving rain and
mist the enemy surprised the French line of picquets at midnight and had
all but seized the position, it was Serurier who, collecting three
hundred and fifty men, hurled himself against the enemy's column of
fifteen hundred bayonets, and by sheer hand-to-hand fighting held them
in check for six hours, and at last repulsed them with the loss of a
considerable number of prisoners.
With the halo of this action still surrounding him, in March, 1796, he
first came into direct connection with Bonaparte. The new
commander-in-chief quickly took measure of his tall, stern subordinate.
While recognising to the full his bravery, the excellent discipline he
knew how to maintain, and the high regard in which he was held by his
division, he saw that the iron of years of subordination had entered
into the old soldier's soul, and that, while he could be relied on to
obey orders implicitly, he never could be trusted with an independent
command. Still, what Bonaparte most required from his subordinates was
immediate obedience and speedy performance of orders, and consequently
Serurier played no insignificant part in the glorious campaign of 1796.
At Mondovi he showed his stubbornness, when the Sardinian general turned
at bay, and, as Bonaparte wrote to the Directory, the victory was due
entirely to Serurier. When the Austrians were driven into Mantua,
Bonaparte entrusted him with the siege. The Austrian forces in the
fortress numbered some fourteen thousand; Serurier had but ten thousand
to carry on the siege, although the usual estimate is that a besieging
force should be three times as strong as the besieged; but by his clever
use of the marshes and bridges he was able to hold the enemy and open
his trenches and siege batteries. It was no fault of his that, on the
advance of Wuermser, he had to abandon his guns and hasten to
Castiglione, for Bonaparte had given him no warning of the sudden
advance of the Austrian relieving force. After Castiglione he returned
to his task round Mantua and gallantly repulsed all sorties. When the
end came he had the honour of superintending the surrender, and of
receiving the parole from the gallant old Marshal Wuermser and the
Austrian officers. In the advance on Vienna his division distinguished
itself in the terrible march to Asola; but, as Bonaparte said, "the wind
and the rain were always the crown of victory for the Army of Italy." At
Gradisca Serurier captured two thousand five hundred prisoners, eight
stands of colours, and ten pieces of artillery, and again crowned
himself with glory at the Col de Tarvis. In June Bonaparte sent the old
warrior to Paris to present twenty-two captured stands to the Directory,
and in his despatches, after enumerating his triumphs from Mondovi to
Gradisca, he finished by saying, "General Serurier is extremely severe
on himself, and at times on others. A stern enforcer of discipline,
order, and the most necessary virtues for the maintenance of society, he
disdains intrigues and intriguers"; he then proceeded to demand for him
the command of the troops of the Cisalpine Republic. But the Directors
had other designs, and sent back the general to command the captured
province of Venice.
In 1799, when the Austrians and Russians invaded Northern Italy,
Serurier commanded a division of the army of occupation. During the
operations which ended in the enemy forcing the Adda, his division got
isolated from the main body. The old soldier, whose boast was that he
never turned his back on an enemy, forgetful of strategy, and thinking
only of honour, instead of attempting to escape and rejoin the rest of
the army, took possession of an extremely strong position at Verderio,
and soon found himself surrounded; after a gallant fight against an
enemy three times his number, he was compelled to surrender with seven
thousand men. The celebrated Suvaroff, the Russian commander, treated
him with great kindness and invited him to dine. After his exchange on
parole had been arranged, the Russian general asked him where he was
going. "To Paris." "So much the better," replied Suvaroff; "I shall
count on seeing you there soon." "I have myself always hoped to see you
there," replied Serurier with considerable wit and dignity.
The general was still a prisoner on parole when Bonaparte returned from
Egypt, and at once gladly placed himself at his disposal, and aided him
during the coup d'etat of Brumaire. It was because of this service, and
of the strong affection which the old warrior bore him, that Bonaparte
piled honours upon him, for Serurier had undoubtedly done less than
anybody, save perhaps Bessieres, to deserve his baton. Still, Napoleon
knew his devotion, his blind obedience to orders, and his absolute
integrity. In December, 1799, he called him to the Senate. In April,
1804, he made him governor of the Invalides, and a month later presented
him with his Marshal's baton, and created him Grand Eagle of the Legion
of Honour and Grand Cross of the Iron Crown. But he never employed him
in the field, though once for a short time during the Walcheren
Expedition he placed him in command of the National Guard of Paris.
The old Marshal found a congenial occupation in looking after the
veterans at the Invalides, while, as Vice-President of the Senate, he
faithfully served the interests of his beloved Emperor. When in 1814 he
heard that Paris was going to surrender, rather than that the trophies
of his master's glory should fall into the hands of the enemy, on the
night of March 30th he collected the eighteen hundred captured standards
which adorned Notre Dame, and the military trophies from the chapel of
the Invalides, and burned them, and he actually hurled into the fire the
sword of the Great Frederick which had been seized in 1806 at Potsdam.
Yet in spite of his devotion to the Emperor, a few days later he took
part in the proceedings in the Senate, and voted for his deposition.
Under the Restoration he was made a peer of France, but on Napoleon's
return he hastened to greet him. But the Emperor could not forgive his
desertion, and, thinking he would not benefit by his services, he
refused them. When the Bourbons returned a second time the Marshal was
stripped of his titles and, what caused him more grief, of his command
of the Invalides. After parting from the veterans, whose welfare he had
so long superintended, the old warrior withdrew into private life, and
died at Paris on December 21, 1819, at the age of seventy-seven.
XXVI
PRINCE JOSEPH PONIATOWSKI, MARSHAL
Joseph Poniatowski, the nephew of King Stanislaus (the erstwhile lover
of Catherine the Second of Russia), was born in 1762, before his uncle
had been raised to the kingly rank. Like all Poles of noble birth, war
and war alone could offer him a profession he was able or cared to
pursue, and accordingly at an early age he served his apprenticeship in
arms under the banner of Austria. Returning to his native country in
1789 with the experience of several campaigns against the Turks, he was
entrusted by his uncle with the organisation of the Polish army. For the
cast-off lover of the great Catherine was about to make one last effort
to save his country from the greedy hands of Prussia, Russia and
Austria. The great kingdom of Poland had fallen on evil days; she had no
fortresses, no navy, no roads, no arsenals, no revenue, and no real
standing army; while the King was elected by a Diet of nobles who
thought more of foreign gold than of patriotism; the single vote of one
member of this Diet could bring all business to a standstill. King
Stanislaus' reforms were wise, but they came too late. The kingship was
to become hereditary, the "liberum veto," whereby business was paralysed
was abolished, and a standing army was to be raised. But it suited none
of her great neighbours to see Poland organising herself into a modern
State, and before Prince Joseph had had time to raise and thoroughly
drill his new model army, Prussia and Russia determined once and for all
to wipe the kingdom off the map of Europe. In 1792 Prince Joseph found
himself at the head of his new levies opposed by the trained troops of
those countries. To add to his difficulties, the orders he received from
his uncle were contradictory and irresolute, for King Stanislaus, though
patriot at heart, had not the moral courage for so great an emergency.
The new Polish troops gained some minor successes, but before the
immense array of enemies the King's heart failed him, and he signed the
Convention of Targowitz, which foreshadowed the dismemberment of his
country. Prince Joseph, like many another of his brave comrades, unable
to stomach such cowardice, threw up his commission and withdrew into
exile. In 1794 Poland suddenly flew to arms at the command of the
great-hearted Kosciuszko, and Prince Joseph, keen soldier and patriot,
gladly placed himself under the orders of his former subordinate, and
covered himself with glory at the siege of Warsaw. Again, however, the
Polish resistance was broken down by force of numbers, and the Prince,
turning a deaf ear to the blandishments of Emperor and Czarina alike,
withdrew from public life and settled down to manage his estates near
Warsaw. For eleven long years Poland lay dismembered, but the national
spirit still smouldered, and broke into clear flame when, in 1806, the
victorious French drove the battered remains of the Prussian armies
across the Vistula. But Poland was a mere pawn in the game, to be used
as a means of threatening or conciliating Russia, and in spite of the
high hopes of the Poles the treaty of Tilsit, instead of reviving the
ancient kingdom, merely established a Grand Duchy of Warsaw. The Emperor
left Davout to watch over the weaning of the State, and appointed Prince
Joseph to organise the national forces which were to supplement the
French army of occupation. No better choice could have been made, for
the Prince had the necessary tact to manage the imperious Davout, while
his chivalrous nature, his well-known patriotism and his experience and
ability, enabled him once more to accustom the Polish troops to the bit
of discipline. When, in 1809, the great European conflagration forced
Napoleon to leave the Grand Duchy to its fate, Prince Joseph was able to
keep the Austrians in check, and actually to penetrate into Galicia
before the battle of Wagram brought the war to an end.