_How Huascar sent new captains and troops against his enemy, and how
Atahualpa arrived at Tumebamba, where he perpetrated great cruelties;
also what happened between him and the captains of Huascar._
Few days elapsed after the Captain Atoc was defeated at Ambato, before
the disaster was known, not only in Cuzco, but throughout the empire.
Huascar was much alarmed, and from that time he feared that the end of
the trouble might be fatal. His councillors decided that Cuzco should
not be abandoned, but that a fresh army with new captains should take
the field. But there were great lamentations for the dead, and
sacrifices were offered up in the temples and to the oracles, according
to custom. Huascar summoned many native chiefs of the Collao, of the
Canchis, Canas, Charcas, Cavangas, those of Condesuyo, and many of those
of Chincha-suyo. When they had assembled, he spoke to them of what his
brother had done, and appealed to them to be good friends and
companions. They answered as he desired, because they venerated the
religious custom not to receive any one as Inca, except him who had
assumed the fringe at Cuzco, which Huascar had done some days before. As
it was necessary to arrange for the continuance of the war, the Inca
appointed his brother, Huanca Auqui, to be his Captain-General. Some
Orejones say that he was not a brother of the Inca, but a son of
Ilaquito.[256] With him other principal chiefs were sent as captains,
named Ahuapanti,[257] Urco Huaranca, and Inca Rocca. These captains set
out from Cuzco with all the soldiers they could collect, and
accompanied by many native lords and _mitimaes_, and Huanca Auqui
reinforced his army on the road, as he advanced. He marched in search of
Atahualpa, who was at Tumebamba, with his captains and many principal
men who had come to gain his favour, seeing that he was a conqueror. The
Cañaris were afraid of Atahualpa, because they had imprisoned him and
despised his commands, and they knew him to be vindictive and very
blood-thirsty. When he came near the principal edifices, I heard from
many Indians that, to appease his anger, they sent a great company of
children, and another of men of all ages, to go forth to his
richly-adorned litter, in which he travelled with great pomp, bearing
green branches and palm leaves in their hands, and praying for grace and
friendship, and that past injuries might be forgiven. They besought him
with such clamour and with such humility, that it would have broken a
heart of stone. But it made little impression on the cruel Atahualpa,
for they say that he ordered his captains and soldiers to kill all who
had come out to him, which was done, only sparing a few children and the
women dedicated to the service of the temple, who were kept without
shedding any of their blood, to preserve the honour of their deity the
Sun.
This being done, he ordered some particular chiefs in the province to be
killed, and placed a captain of his own to govern it. Assembling his
principal adherents, he then assumed the fringe and took the title of
Inca in Tumebamba, although the act was invalid, as has been explained,
because it was not performed in Cuzco. However, he had the right of his
arms, which he held to be good law. I have also heard from some Indians
of position that Atahualpa assumed the fringe in Tumebamba before Atoc
was defeated or even set out from Cuzco, and that Huascar knew it and
provided accordingly. But on the whole it seems to me that the version I
first wrote is the most probable.
Huanca Auqui made rapid marches, wishing to arrive at the country of the
Cañaris before Atahualpa could do the harm which he actually did. Some
of those who escaped from the battle of Ambato had joined him. All
authorities affirm that he had with him more than 80,000 soldiers, and
Atahualpa assembled little less at Tumebamba, whence he set out,
declaring that he would not stop until he reached Cuzco. The two armies
encountered each other in the province of the Paltas, near Caxabamba,
and after the captains had addressed their troops, the battle began.
They say that Atahualpa was not present; but that he witnessed the
conflict from an adjacent hill. God was served in that, notwithstanding
that there were many Orejones and captains well instructed in the art of
war in the army of Huascar, and that Huanca Auqui did his duty like a
loyal and good servant of the king, Atahualpa should be victorious, with
the death of many of his adversaries. They declare that in both armies
more than 35,000 were killed, besides many wounded.
The victors followed up the fugitives, killing and taking prisoners, and
plundering the camp. Atahualpa was so joyful that he declared the gods
were fighting for him. The reason he did not advance to Cuzco in person
was that the Spaniards had entered the country a few days before, and
that he had received the news of their arrival.[258]
We will not give the conclusion of this war between the Indians, because
it would not be according to the order of events, and the narrative can
wait for insertion in its proper place.
Down to this point is what it has seemed well for me to write concerning
the Incas, which is all derived from the account which I took down in
Cuzco. If another should undertake to tell it more in detail and with
greater accuracy the road is open to him. For I have not attempted what
I was unable to perform; although for what I have done, I have worked in
a way known to God, who lives and reigns for ever. Most of what I have
written was seen by the Doctor Bravo de Saravia,[259] and the Licentiate
Hernando de Santillan,[260] Judges of the Royal Audience of the city of
the Kings.
INDEX.
NAMES OF PLACES AND TRIBES.
Abancay, i, 318
Acari, i, 28, 265
Acos, i, 301, 373
Aguja Point, i, 25
Alcaviquiza tribe, near Cuzco, ii, 105, 106
Ambato, i, 154;
defeat of Atoc at, ii, 232, 233, 235
Anan Cuzco. _See_ Cuzco.
Anaquer Hill, ii, 18
Ancasmayu river, i, 122; ii, 44, 64, 213;
northern limit of the empire, 218, 221, 223
Ancocagua temple, i, 357; ii, 88, 89
Andahuaylas, i, 315, 317; ii, 83, 109, 118, 139, 145, 154
Andesuyo (Anti-suyu), i, 323, 337; ii, 51, 70;
invasion of, ii, 166, 168, 169;
war with snakes, 166
Angoyaco pass, i, 302
Antis, ii, 175, 195
Apurimac river, i, 319; ii, 8, 43, 141, 147
Apurima, ii, 178
Arcos, ii, 154
Arequipa, i, 287, 392
Arica, i, 29
Asillo, i, 369; ii, 166
Atacama, i, 267
Ausancata temple, i, 354
Ayamarca, ii, 114, 115
Ayancas, road by, ii, 43
Ayavaca, ii, 179, 207
Ayaviri, i, 358, 359; ii, 135, 165, 166
Aymaraes, ii, 119
Ayangaro, i, 369; ii, 166, 170
Bahaire, Cieza de Leon at, ii, 131
Barranca, La, i, 248 _n._
Bio-bio river, i, 31
Bombon, i, 286, lake of, 294; ii, 156, 175, 178, 206
Bracamoros, i, 204, 209; ii, 70, 179, 208
Cacha, i, 356; ii, 6
Caitomarca, ii, 123, 124
Calca, conquest by Uira-ccocha Ynca, ii, 121
Callao, i, 27
Camana, i, 29, 265
Cañaris, i, 162, 167, 169; ii, 71;
head-dress, 72;
subjugation, 180, 181, 209, 229;
massacre of, 234
Cañaribamba, i, 204
Canas, i, 356, 358; ii, 3, 6;
head-dress, 72;
tribe of, 133, 171, 172, 233
Cañete valley (_see_ Huarco), i, 257 _n._, 259
Canches, i, 355, 358; ii, 3;
head-dress, 72;
tribe of, 133, 171, 172, 233
Cangalla, ii, 133
Caracollo, i, 381
Caraugas, ii, 195, 233
Caranqui, i, 133, 138; ii, 59, 65, 70, 181, 215, 219
Caranques, i, 133, 138
Caraques, i, 185
Carex Isle, ii, 132
Caravaya, i, 369
Carmanca Hill, at Cuzco, i, 325; ii, 142
Cartagena (_see_ Bahaire), ii, 131
Casma, i, 26
Cassana, at Cuzco, ii, 158
Cavinas, i, 354
Caxabamba, ii, 235
Caxamarca, i, 271; ii, 8, 59, 83, 86, 178, 179, 186, 206
Caxas, ii 43, 179, 207
Chacama valley, i, 241
Chachapoyas, i, 277, 278, 207; ii, 70, 91, 157, 179
Chancas, i, 280, 315, 316; ii, 83, 199;
conquests of, 119, 139;
advance to Cuzco, ii, 140, 154, 157;
defeated, 143;
trophy of their bodies, ii, 144
Chaqui, i, 383
Charcas, i, 381;
mines, 385;
ii, 195, 200, 233
Chayanta, i, 383; ii, 212
Chicama. (_See_ Chacama.)
Chichas, i, 383
Chilana, village in the Collao, i, 373
Chilca, i, 255
Chile, i, 30, 384; ii, 44, 51, 59, 64, 65, 70;
conquest by Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, 195;
Huayna Ccapac in, 201, 203;
name of, 202 _n._
Chimu, i, 242; ii, 185, 212
Chincha-suyu, 51, 175, 176, 177;
road of, 177
Chinchas, i, 228, 260; ii, 189, 190, 191
Chinchay-cocha lake, i, 294, 296. (_See_ Bombon.)
Chiquana, i, 356
Chiriguanas, ii, 69, 201
Choclo-cocha Lake, ii, 118
Chucuito, i, 373; ii, 4, 59, 130, 135, 152, 170, 173, 174, 194
Chumbivilicas, i, 335; ii, 168
Chunchos, ii, 69
Chungara village, near Vilcañota, ii, 88
Chuqui-apu (La Paz), i, 380; ii, 59, 200
Cochabamba, i, 383
Cocha-casa, ii, 140, 147
Cochasqui, ii, 215
Collas, i, 359, 363, 367;
their head-dress, 72. (_See_ Collao.)
Collao--Colla-suyu, i, 304, 359, 360, 363, 370; ii, 2, 51, 75;
invaded by Inca Uira-ccocha, 130, 167;
incursions of Chinchas into, 189;
Chanca chief sent to, 151;
invasion, 165;
rebellion, 169, 172;
subjugation, 173;
pacification, 174, 175;
Tupac Ynca Yupanqui in, 194, 195;
Huayna Ccapac in, 200
Compata, ii, 133
Conchucos, i, 286, 291
Condesuyo (Cunti-suyu), ii, 51, 106, 107, 112;
treason of chiefs, 117;
invasion of, 146, 168;
summoned to join the army of Huascar, 233
Copacopa, ii, 165
Copayapu, i, 30
Coquimbo, i, 30; ii, 4
Coropuna temple, ii, 89
Cotobambas, ii, 8
Curahuasi, ii, 147
Curampa, ii, 140, 148
Curicancha, Temple of the Sun at Cuzco, i, 328, 385; ii, 9, 22, 23, 71, 83;
description of, 84, 85, 101, 103, 158, 203
Cuzco, i, 146;
situation, i, 322;
divisions, i, 325;
description, i, 330;
full of strangers, i, 71;
foundation, i, 329; ii, 21;
first arrival of Spaniards at, ii, 9;
Anan Cuzco, ii, 97, 102, 122;
Orin (Hurin) Cuzco, ii, 127;
drainage of swamps, ii, 99, 100;
rivers of, ii, 111, 112;
in danger from the Chancas, ii, 140, 141;
fortress, 160-164;
Bishop of, i, 424. (_See_ Curicancha.)
Desaguadero, i, 373; ii, 174
Ferrol, port of, i, 26
Gorgona Isle, i, 21, 420; ii, 220
Guamanga founded, i, 307, 308;
Indians, 310
Guanacauri, ii, 148, 154. (_See_ Huanacauri.)
Guañape, i, 26, 245; ii, 213
Guarmay, i, 26, 247; ii, 213
Guayaguil, i, 197, 201, 203; ii, 209, 211
Hanan Cuzco, ii, 97, 102, 122
Hatun Colla, ii, 3, 14, 16, 17, 33, 59, 117, 130, 135, 170
Hatun-cana, i, 356
Hatun canche, ii, 158
Hayo-hayo, i, 381
Hervay, fortress of, ii, 193 _n._
Horuro, i, 356
Huallabamba, i, 139
Huamachuco, i, 287, 289
Huambacho, i, 247
Huanacauri temple, ii, 17, 18, 19, 22, 89, 101, 107, 111
Huancas, i, 279, 298;
legends of, i, 299;
head-dress, ii, 72;
conquest, ii, 153, 154;
submission, ii, 155, 173
Huancabamba, i, 210, 269; ii, 59, 179, 207
Huancachupachos, ii, 206
Huancavilcas, i, 168, 181, 192
Huanuco, i, 282, 283, 285; ii, 157
Huara, ii, 26, 248
Huaray, ii, 293
Huarco valley, i, 257, 258;
fortress, ii, 164;
war, 191-195
Huarina, i, 9, 380
Huarochiri, ii, 43
Huaqui, i, 274
Huaura, ii, 213
Huaylos, i, 286
Hurin Cuzco, i, 67; ii, 97, 102
Juli, i, 373; ii, 130
Juliaca, i, 369
Lampa, harvest ceremony at, i, 412
La Paz, i, 380, 381. (_See_ Chuqui-apu.)
La Plata, ii, 201
Latacunga, ii, 59
Lima, i, 248
Limatambo, i, 320
Llacta-cunga, i, 143, 150
Lobos Island, i, 25
Lucanas, ii, 148, 199
Lunahuana, i, 228, 260
Luracachi, ii, 134
Mala, i, 256
Manta, i, 182, 184
Marca, in Condesuyo, ii, 107
Marcapata, ii, 169
Marcavillca, ii, 34
Maule river, i, 31; ii, 64, 195, 221
Mohina, treasure found at, i, 353;
road from Cuzco to, ii, 44
Motupe valley, i, 239
Moxos, ii, 69
Moyobamba, i, 280
Muhina. (_See_ Mohina.)
Mulahalo, i, 147, 148
Muli-ambato, i, 153
Nasca Point, i, 28
---- valley, i, 264; ii, 190
Nicasio village, i, 365, 369
Ocoña valley, i, 29, 265
Ollantay-tambo. (_See_ Tambo.)
Oma, near Cuzco, ii, 105
Omasayu, i, 369; ii, 90, 166
Orin Cuzcos. (_See_ Hurin Cuzco.)
Otavalo, ii, 215
Pacarec-tampu, i, 335; ii, 11, 13, 87
Pacasmayu, i, 240
Pachacamac, i, 251, 252, 253, 254; ii, 90;
temple of, ii, 187, 211;
Huayna Capac at, 213
Paltas, i, 205; ii, 43, 235
Paria, i, 381; ii, 59
Pariacaca Pass, ii, 43, 188
Pariña Point, i, 25
Passaos, i, 22, 172
Parcos, i, 302; ii, 154
Parmonga (Parmunquilla), i, 247; ii, 186
Pasto, i, 54, 55, 120, 121, 123; ii, 219
Patia, i, 118
Payta, i, 25
Picoy valley, i, 302; ii, 154
Pifo, ii, 215
Pincos, i, 294
Pisagua, i, 30
Piscobamba, i, 293
Piura, i, 213
Pocheos river, i, 213
---- city, i, 32, 381, 382, 384
Pocona village, i, 384
Pomata, i, 473; ii, 130
Pomatambo (Pumatampu), ii, 113, 149
Popayan, i, 32, 54, 55, 109, 115, 124; ii, 70, 221
Porco, i, 285
Potosi, i, 384, 390, 391
Pucamarca, ii, 158
Puerto Viejo, i, 22, 174, 180, 187; ii, 78, 211
Pumatampu, ii, 113 _n._, 149
Puná, i, 24, 198; ii, 211
Purnaes (Purnaes), i, 154, 161; ii, 180, 210
Quichuas, tribe of, ii, 109;
defeated by Chancas, ii, 118, 119
Quilca, i, 29, 265
Quillacingas, ii, 221
Quillaco, mother of Atahualpa a native of, ii, 203, 224
Quiquijana, i, 354; ii, 133
Quito, i, 131, 140, 142, 144, 145;
founded by Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, ii, 181;
government of, ii, 183;
arrival of Huayna Ccapac at, ii, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217;
news of arrival of Spaniards reaches, 220;
riches at, 221;
mourning for Huayna Ccapac at, 222;
Atahualpa at, 224, 225;
rebellion of Atahualpa at, 227, 229, 230, 231
Rimac, i, 250; ii, 213
Riobamba, i, 155, 160, 210
Rumichaca, near Quito, i, 132
Runchuanac. (_See_ Lunahuana.)
Sana valley, i, 240
San Gallan, i, 27
San Lorenzo Cape, i, 23
San Miguel (Puira) founded, i, 213, 214
San Nicolas Point, i, 28
Santa, i, 245, 246
Santa Clara Island, i, 24
Santa Elena Point, i, 23, 189
Santa Maria Cape, i, 31
Saqui, palace at, ii, 122
Sica sica, i, 381
Sipe sipe, i, 383
Soras, ii, 148, 149, 199
Tacunga, iii, 180, 181, 210
Tambo (or Ollantay-tampu), i, 332, 333
Tampu-quiru, ii, 14, 16, 101, 103
Tangarara, original site of Piura, i, 214
Tapacari, i, 383
Tarama (Tarma), i, 286; ii, 156, 175, 176
Tarapaca, i, 30, 138, 265, 266
Tarma. (_See_ Tarama.)
Tiquizambi, ii, 180
Titicaca Lake, i, 370, 371, 372; ii, 167
---- Island, i, 372;
the sun came forth from, ii, 5;
Yncas at, 167, 200
Tomebamba. (_See_ Tumipampa.)
Totora, i, 383
Truxillo, i, 26, 186, 242, 244; ii, 212
Tucuman, ii, 201
Tumbez, i, 23, 128, 193, 213; ii, 185, 212
Tumipampa, i, 165; ii, 180, 209, 229, 232, 235
Tuqueme, coast valley of, i, 239
Tuquma, i, 383
Tusa, last village of the Pastos, i, 132
Urcos, i, 354; ii, 133
Valparaiso, i, 31
Viacha, i, 380
Vicos, ii, 115
Vilcas, i, 312, 313;
roads from, ii, 44, 59;
edifices, ii, 150, 154, 206;
river, 149, 150
Vilcacunga, ii, 142
Vilcañota temple, ii, 88, 134, 169
Viñaque, i, 309, 379
Viticos, i, 305; ii, 11
Xaquixaguana, i, 9, 32, 150, 320; ii, 44, 129, 131, 137, 138, 140, 199
Xauxa, i, 296, 297; ii, 34;
road to Lima, 43, 59, 75;
partition of land, 148, 154, 156, 178, 188;
tenure of land arranged by Huayna Ccapac, 206, 208
Xayanca valley, i, 239
Yahuar-cocha, i, 133; ii, 218
Yahuira Hill, ii, 19
Yanahuaras, ii, 168
Yauyos, ii, 153, 178, 206
Yca, i, 263; ii, 190
Ylave, ii, 134
Ylo, i, 265
Yuli (_see_ Juli), ii, 130
Yucay, i, 354;
river of, ii, 124;
valley, i, 137, 140
Yuncas of the coast, i, 162, 209, 218, 219, 223, 232, 237; ii, 72, 90, 183;
conquest of, 185-193;
sacred temple of, ii, 187
Zepita, i, 37; ii, 130
QUICHUA WORDS.
Anacona. (See _Yana cuna_.)
Ancha, _very_, ii, 14, 63, 212
Apu, _chief_, ii, 14, 62, 97, 212
Atoc, _fox_, ii, 228
Ayllos, _slings_, i, 355; ii, 46, 54-73
Camac, _creator_, i, 253
Camayus, _officials_, ii, 27, 90
Cancha, _place_, ii, 83
Canqui, _thou art_, ii, 62
Capacocha, _ceremony of offerings_, ii, 88, 89, 91-93
Cay, _this_, ii, 212
Ccapac, _rich_, i, 136; ii, 12, 17, 21, 22, 105
Ccampa, _thou_ (dative), ii, 62, 212, 218
Ccepi, _burden_, ii, 88
Ccocha. (_See_ Cocha.)
Ccuri, _gold_, ii, 83
Chaca, _bridge_, i, 132
Chacara, _farm_, ii, 27, 30, 60
Chacu, _hunt_, i, 288 _n._
Chaqui, _foot_, ii, 76
Chaquira, _beads_, i, 176, 405; ii, 40, 86, 90
Chumpi, _belt_, i, 146
Chuñu, _preserved potatoe_, i, 361; ii, 54
Churi, _son_, ii, 14, 62
Coca, i, 352; ii, 196
Cocha, _lake_, ii, 8
Cuna (_plural particle_), ii, 205, 213, 218
Curaca, _nobleman_, ii, 41, 58
Curi (_correctly_ Ccuri), _gold_, ii, 83
Hatun, _great_, ii, 14, 62, 212
Hatun cancha, ii, 158
Hatun-raymi, ii, 93, 96
Huaca, _sacred_, i, 77, 228; ii, 87, 88, 90, 91
Huaca-camayoc, i, 413
Huaranca, _thousand_, ii, 135
Huarmi, _woman_, ii, 76
Huasi, _house_, ii, 83
Huata, _year_, ii, 55, 76, 82
Huauque, _brother_, ii, 76
Huayna, _youth_, ii, 197, 213, 218
Huayna-cuna, _youths_, i, 138; ii, 213, 218
Huayras, _used in the mines_, i, 389
Huillac. (_See_ Uillac.)
Huis-cacha. (_See_ Uis cacha.)
Inca. (_See_ Ynca.)
Inti. (_See_ Ynti.)
Llacta, _city_, ii, 197
Llama, i, 393; ii, 45
Llautu, _fringe_: _emblem of sovereignty_, ii, 2, 19
Lliclla, _mantle_, i, 146
Lloque, _left-handed_, ii, 100, 102, 103
Macana, _club_, i, 49, 203
Mama, _mother_, ii, 12, 105, 114
Mama-cuna, _women of the temples_, i, 25, 149, 164,
369, 405; ii, 10, 46, 85, 92, 95, 138, 206
Manan, _not_, ii, 218
Maqui, _hand_, ii, 76
Micuni, _to eat_, ii, 212
Mitimaes, _colonists_, i, 149, 150, 209, 271, 328, 362;
ii, 24, 36, 39, 50, 67-71, 166, 177, 179
Mizqui, _sweet_, ii, 212
Mucha, _worship_, ii, 17, 38, 96, 210
Molle trees. (_See_ Mulli.)
Mulli, _Schinus Molle_, i, 299
Naña, _sister_, ii, 76
Naui, _eye_, ii, 76
Oca, _Oxalis tuberosa_, i, 361; ii, 94
Oxota. (_See_ Usuta.)
Paccari (Pacarec), _dawn_, ii, 11, 13, 87
Pacha, _earth_, ii, 62
---- _world_, i, 253; ii, 82
---- _hundred_, ii, 205
Palla, _married princess_, ii, 147, 277
Pillaca, _kind of fringe_, ii, 19
Pucara, _fortress_, i, 302, 368; ii, 2, 69, 75, 121, 147, 216
Punchau, _day_, ii, 76
Purachuco, _tuft of feathers_, ii, 19
Quilla, _moon_, ii, 76
Quinua, _Chenopodium Quinua_, i, 361; ii, 54, 94
Quipus, _system of record_, i, 290; ii, 33, 34, 53, 57, 61, 165
Quiru, _tooth_, ii, 14, 76
Raymi, _festival_, ii, 93, 96
Rincri, _ear_, ii, 76
Rumi, _stone_, i, 132; ii, 227
Runa, _man_, ii, 76, 205
Runtu, egg, ii, 121
Sapa, _only_, ii, 62
Sasi, _fast_, ii, 18, 20
Senca, _nose_, ii, 76
Sullull, _truth_, ii, 62
Sulluy, _of a truth_, ii, 212
Supay, _devil_, i, 224; ii, 10
Tampu, _inn_, i, 161, 290; ii, 14, 16, 73, 101, 103, 131, 201, 230
Taqui, _music_, ii, 29, 40, 91, 92, 137
Ticiviracocha, _God_, i, 299; ii, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 22, 94;
image lost, 97
Topu. (_See_ Tupu.)
Tucuy, _all_, ii, 62, 197, 218
Tupu, _measure_, i, 146; ii, 43, 66, 88, 112
Tuta, _night_, ii, 76
Ucumari, _bear_, ii, 232
Uillac Umu, _High Priest_, i, 329, 414; ii, 86, 97
Uira, _grease_, ii, 8
Uiscacha, _rabbit_, i, 402; ii, 46
Uma, _head_, ii, 76
Uncha, _fillet for the head_, i, 146
Usuta, _shoe_, i, 146; ii, 38
Uyay, _hear_, ii, 62, 197
Vira, _grease_. (See Uira.)
Yahuar, _blood_, i, 133; ii, 218
Yana-cuna, _servant_, i, 391; ii, 55, 67 _n._, 88, 89, 201, 205
Yaya, _father_
Ylla (name given to bodies of the venerated dead), ii, 96
Yllapa, _lightning_, ii, 96
Ynca, _sovereign_, _of the blood royal_
Ynti, _the sun_, ii, 14, 62
Ynti-huasi, _Temple of the Sun_, ii, 83
Yscay, _two_, ii, 205
Ynca, i, 233
Yunca, _warm valley_, i, 162
Yupanqui, _you may count_, ii, 102 _n._, 158
Zazi. (_See_ Sasi.)
NAMES OF INDIANS AND GODS.
Ahuapanti, a general of Huascar, ii, 233
Alaya, chief of Xauxa, i, 224, 301; ii, 206
Alcariza, a lord of Cuzco, ii, 15, 16, 17
Anco allo, chief of the Chancas, i, 280; ii, 154, 156;
his flight, 157
Aperahua Oracle, ii, 90
Arnauan, a name of Ticiviracocha, ii, 6
Atahualpa, ii, 8, 9, 10;
ransom, ii, 83, 86;
at Caxamarca, i, 271;
meaning of word, i, 231;
birth, ii, 203;
to rule at Quito, ii, 221, 222;
account of, ii, 224, 225;
rebellion, ii, 227;
cruelty to Cañaris, i, 167; ii, 230, 235;
war with Huascar, i, 273, 275, 409, 421; ii, 235
Atoc, general of Huascar, i, 167, 273; ii, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233
Ayar Cachi (Asauca), ii, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20
Ayar Manco, ii, 12, 21
Ayar Uchu, ii, 12, 13
Capac. (_See_ Ccapac.)
Cari, a great lord in the Collao, i, 363; ii, 5, 130, 135;
rebellion, 170, 173
Cariapasa, chief of Chucuito, i, 373
Cayu Tupac, the Ynca who supplied Cieza de Leon with
information, ii, 11, 121
Ccapac, a rebel against Ynca Uira-ccocha, ii, 127
Ccapac Yupanqui, his reign, ii, 106, 107, 108;
embassy from the Quichuas to, 109;
death, ii, 110
---- ---- general in the Huanca campaign, ii, 154
---- ---- governor of Cuzco, ii, 178
Chalco Mayta, governor of Quito, ii, 183
Chalicuchima, a general of Atahualpa, i, 320; ii, 9, 227, 232
Chimbo Ocllo, wife of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 199
Chirihuana, governor of Chucuito, ii, 4
Colla Tupac, guardian of Huascar, ii, 222, 237 _n._, 228
Cusi-chuca, chief at Xauxa, ii, 206
Cusi-hualpa, son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Guacarapora, lord of Xauxa;
use of quipus, ii, 34
Guamaraconas. (_See_ Huayna-cuna.)
Guanacauri. (_See_ Huanacauri.)
Guasco, chief of Andahuaylas, i, 315, 318
Hastu Huaraca, chief of the Chancas, ii, 140, 141;
interview with the Ynca, ii, 142;
defeated, ii, 143;
enters service of the Ynca, ii, 145;
sent to the Collao, ii, 151
Huaman Hualpa, a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Huanacauri, the hero god, ii, 14, 18, 20, 22, 87, 101, 103, 107
Huanca Auqui, a son of Huayna Ccapac, general, for Huascar, ii, 233;
defeated, 235
Huaraca, chief of the Chancas, ii, 118
Huarivilca, god of the Huancas, i, 300; ii, 154
Huascar, i, 272, 421; ii, 8, 9, 99, 163, 203, 222;
his character, ii, 224, 225;
accession, 226;
war with Atahualpa, ii, 228, 229;
his alarm, 233;
army defeated, 235
Huayna Ccapac, i, 140, 169, 179, 193; ii, 11, 25, 44, 67, 99, 155, 163, 180;
birth, 181;
accession, 197;
character, 198;
march of, 199, 200;
to Chile, 201, 202;
invasion of Bracamoros, 208;
severity, 209;
at Quito, 210;
on the coast, 212;
anecdote, 212;
war north of Quito, 215;
besieged, 217;
his vengeance, 218;
hears of Spaniards, 220;
death, 221;
obsequies, 222, 223
Huayna-cuna (Guamaraconas), i, 138; ii, 213, 218
Humalla, a chief in the Collao,
rebels, ii, 170
Illa Tupac, ii, 227 _n._
Lloque Yupanqui, marriage, ii, 100;
reign, 102;
death, 103
---- ---- brother of Ynca Yupanqui;
governor of Cuzco, ii, 147;
commands the army in the Huanca campaign, ii, 154, 155
Macay Cuca, Queen of Ynca Rocca, ii, 111
Mama Cahua Pata, daughter of the lord of Oma, Queen of Mayta Ccapac, ii, 105
Mama Chiquia, of Ayamarca,
Queen of Ynca Yupanqui, ii, 114
Mama Cora, one of the women who came forth from Pacarec Tampu, ii, 12
Mama Huaco, one of the women who came forth from Pacarec Tampu, ii, 12
Mama Ocllo, Queen of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, ii, 175
Mama Rahua, one of the women who came forth from Pacarec Tampu, ii, 12
Manco Ccapac, i, 136, 194, 329, 354, 409; ii, 12, 17, 22, 23, 99
Manco Ynca, i, 304, 305; ii, 11, 30, 222;
assumption of the sovereign fringe by, 17
Mayta Ccapac, fourth Ynca, ii, 103;
death, 107
Nanque Yupanqui, son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Paullu Ynca, i, 77;
funeral obsequies, ii, 104, 196 _n._, 222
Quizquiz, general of Atahualpa, ii, 8, 164, 227
Rahua Ocllo. (_See_ Mama Rahua.)
Rocca Ynca, ii, 111;
reign, ii, 113;
obsequies, 115
---- ---- a general of Huascar, ii, 233
Rumi-ñaui, a general of Atahualpa, ii, 227
Runta-Ccoya, Queen of the Ynca Uira-ccocha, ii, 121
Sapana. (_See_ Zapana.)
Sayri Tupac, ii, 11
Sinchi Rocca, ii, 23, 24;
reign, ii, 99
Tici-uira-ccocha, god, i, 299; ii, 1, 6, 7;
name, 8, 9, 22, 24;
image, 97
Titu, a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Tuapaca, name of Tici-uira-ccocha in Collao, ii. 6
Tumbala, lord of Puna, i, 195; ii, 211
Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, i, 147, 149, 165, 169, 178,
192, 217, 261, 269, 313, 337, 357;
ii, 25, 44, 64, 86, 99, 150, 163, 170;
accession, 171, 172;
subjugated the Collas, 173, 174, 175;
march to Chinchasuyu, ii, 177;
at Caxamarca, 178;
at Bracamoros, 179;
conquest of coast valleys, 185-193;
conquest of Chile, 195;
death, 196
---- ---- a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Tupac Hualpa, a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Tupac Uasco, chief of the Chancas, ii, 118, 147, 151, 157
Tuta Palla, mother of Atahualpa, ii, 203
Uasco. (_See_ Tupac Uasco.)
Ucumari, general of Atahualpa, ii, 232
Uillac Umu, High Priest, i, 329; ii, 86, 97
Uira-ccocha Ynca, i, 332, 338, 355, 363; ii, 64, 71;
accession, 120;
reign, 121 to 136;
abdication, 137, 140
---- (God), i, 162, 357, 367. (See Tici-uira-ccocha.)
Urco Ynca, ii, 129;
objections to his accession, 137;
accession, 138;
vicious conduct, 139, 140, 141;
deposition, 144, 146
Urco Huaranca, governor of Atahualpa, ii, 233
Viracocha. (_See_ Uira-ccocha.)
Ynca Yupanqui, accession, ii, 116;
murder, ii, 117
---- ---- ii, 129, 139;
defence of Cuzco by, 140;
defeats the Chancas, 143;
accession, 144;
march of his army, 147;
rule, 152;
meaning of name, 158;
builds fortress of Cuzco, 158-164;
proceedings, 165;
conquest of the Collao, 167;
of Condesuyos, 168;
invades Anti-suyu, 168, 169;
abdicates, 171
Yumalla, chief of the Collao, i, 373
Zañu, chief of, ii, 100
Zapana, lord in the Collao, i, 363, 369; ii, 2, 3, 14, 117, 130;
embassy from, 132;
death, 135, 170
NAMES OF SPANIARDS.
Aldana, Lorenzo de, founded Pasto, i, 123;
his kind treatment of the natives, and bequest in
their favour, i, 124 _n._
Almagro, Diego de, i, 7, 159, 186, 256, 318, 419
Almagro, Diego de (the lad), i, 306, 312, 335; ii, 13
Alvarado, Alonzo de, i, 159, 279, 282
Alvarado, Pedro de, i, 148, 155, 156, 157, 185, 186, 248
Alvarado, Gomez de, i, 157, 281, 283
Aranda, a Spaniard. Evidence as to converse with devils, ii, 132
Bachicao, Hernando, hanged at Juli by Francisco de Carbajal, i, 373
Belalcazar, Sebastian de, i, 79, 93, 105, 110, 113, 145, 201, 423;
marches to assist Gasca, i, 151, 186
Blasco Nuñez Vela, i, 187, 139
Bobadilla, Fray Francisco de, the umpire between Pizarro and Almagro, i, 256
Bueno, Martin, one of the first soldiers who went to Cuzco, ii, 9
Carbajal, Francisco de, i, 362, 373, 422
Carrasco, Alonzo, had seen the trophy of bodies of the Chancas, ii, 145
Castro, Vaca de, i, 283, 312
Centeno, Diego de, i, 380, 384
Chaves, Francisco de, i, 292
Cieza de Leon, Pedro de (the author), dedication of his work, i, 1;
his habit of writing on the march, i, 3;
plan of his work, i, 6;
collecting information concerning the coast, i, 27;
loses his journal after the battle of Xaquixaguana, i, 32;
joins Vadillo, i, 41;
method of collecting information, i, 177;
marching to join the royal army, i, 151, 167, 241;
crosses bridge over the Apurimac, i, 319;
goes to Charcas, i, 339;
at Pucara, i, 368;
takes notes in the Collao, 364;
at Tiahuanaco, i, 376; ii, 173;
proposes to form plantations of trees, i, 401;
sees God’s hand in the conquest of the Indies, i, 418;
finishes the first part of his work, i, 427;
record of retribution, i, 423;
inquires of the natives as to their condition
before the time of the Yncas, ii, 2;
visits the temple of Cacha, ii, 7;
information from citizens of Cuzco, ii, 3;
Ynca sources of information, ii, 11, 121;
plan of his second part, ii, 24;
learns the practical use of the _quipus_ at Xauxa, ii, 34;
praises Ynca rule, ii, 47;
heard oracles speak at Bahaire, ii, 131;
visits the fortress of Cuzco, ii, 162;
conclusion of his work, ii, 236
Elemosin, Diego Rodriguez, great wealth discovered by, ii, 89
Escobar, Maria de, introduced wheat into Peru, i, 400
Gasca, Pedro de la, i, 208, 241, 318, 320, 339
Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, criticism on, ii, 67
Guevara, Juan Perez de, conquests in the eastern forests, i, 280
Gutierrez Felipe, his discoveries south of Peru, i, 383
Guzman, Hernando de, present at the siege of Cuzco;
visits the fortress of Cuzco with the author, ii, 162
Heredia, Nicolas de, discoveries south of Peru, i, 383
Hiñojosa, Ruy Sanchez de, discoveries in the direction of Rio de la Plata;
killed by Heredia, i, 384
Ladrillero, Juan, navigates Lake Titicaca, i, 370
Ledesma, Baltasar de, retribution on, i, 423
Loaysa, Geronimo de, Archbishop of Lima, i, 227, 424
Maldonado, Diego de, his estates, i, 317 _n._; ii, 139 _n._
Moguer, name of one of the first soldiers who went to Cuzco, ii, 9
Ondegardo, Polo de, corregidor of Charcas, i, 387
Orellana, Francisco de, i, 112, 202, 406
Orgoñez, Rodrigo, i, 254, 304
Otaso, Marcos, a priest, who gave the author an account of
the harvest ceremony at Lampa, i, 412
Pacheco, Juan, his experience of the conduct of devils
in obstructing the conversion of heathens, i, 416, 417
Pancorvo, Juan de, estate at Ayaviri, i, 359;
had seen the trophy of Chanca bodies, ii, 145
Pinto, Simon, corregidor of Chucuito, i, 373
Pizarro, Francisco, i, 21, 156, 214, 244, 250, 256, 268,
272, 310, 329, 353; ii, 9, 34, 220
Pizarro, Gonzalo, i, 32, 137, 303, 311, 320, 380
Pizarro, Hernando, i, 253, 254, 335; ii, 13
Puelles, Pedro de, i, 187, 283
Rios, Pedro de los, i, 419
Saavedra, Juan de, arrived in Peru with Pedro de Alvarado, i, 157, 185;
as governor of Cuzco, assisted the author in his researches, ii, 11
Santa Maria, Fray Juan de, trouble with the devil when
baptizing a chief, i, 417
Santo Tomas, Fray Domingo de, his labours in the study of Quichua, i, 163;
gives information to the author, i, 219;
his evidence respecting the wiles of the devil, i, 225;
founds a monastery in the coast valley of Chacama, i, 242, 427
Santillan, Hernando de, judge of the Audiencia, i, 425; ii, 236;
had seen the author’s work, ii, 236
Saravia, Dr. Bravo de, judge of the Audiencia, i, 205, 425;
had seen the author’s work, ii, 236
Solano, Juan de, Bishop of Cuzco, i, 424
Sosa, Hernan Rodriquez de, retribution on, for cruelty to Indians, i, 423
Terrazas, Bartolomé de, his estate at Cacha, ii, 6 _n._
Tobar, Francisco de, retribution on, for cruelty to Indians, i, 422
Uzeda, Diego de, goes with the author to Charcas, i, 365
Valverde, Vicente de, Bishop of Cuzco, i, 424
Varagas, Juan de, held the Indians of Tiahuanaco in _encomienda_, i, 379
Vasquez, Tomas, his estate in Ayaviri;
gives information to the author, ii, 3;
the author visits the fortress of Cuzco with, ii, 162
Vergara, Pedro de, i, 205
Villadiego, Captain, sent against the Ynca Manco, i, 305
Villacastin, Francisco de, at Ayaviri with the author, ii, 3 _n._
Villaroel, discovered mines of Potosi, i, 386
Zarate, name of one of the first three soldiers who went to Cuzco, ii, 9
GENERAL INDEX.
Accounts, method of keeping by means of _quipus_, i, 290; ii, 33;
use at Xauxa, 34, 35, 53, 57, 61, 165;
audit of, ii, 61
Administrative system of the Yncas, ii, 36, 37, 209
Adobes, sun-dried bricks, i, 129, 219, 251
Aguacate, a fruit. (_See_ Palta.)
Aji pepper, i, 42, 232; ii, 94
Algoroba trees, i, 129, 235, 239 _n._
Alpacas, i, 394; ii, 45
Amazons, a race of, ii, 3
Andenes, i, 321; ii, 160
Andes, description, i, 129;
forests, 323, 337;
animals and snakes, 338;
riches of, 406
Army: military colonies, ii, 69;
order of marching, 73, 199;
assembly of, 133, 147, 153, 165, 177, 205;
discipline of, 177, 205;
difficult march, 200, 201;
method of defending fortified
places, 217, 218;
Huascar calls for an assembly of the army, 233
Art, Peruvian works of, i, 403, 404
Assessment of tribute, ii, 51, 52
Astronomical knowledge, ii, 82
Authority for the history, ii, 11, 24, 25, 121
Balsas, used at sea, i, 265;
on the rivers, ii, 125
Barley, i, 144, 400
Baths of the Yncas, i, 271, 285 _n._
Building, skill of the Yncas in, i, 405; ii, 160, 161-164
Cannibalism, absence of, ii, 79
Ceremonies of the Yncas, previous to accession, ii, 18, 19.
(_See_ Festival, Funeral, Harvest, Homage.)
Chain, golden, at Cuzco, ii, 19, 20, 91, 97, 153, 226;
lost, ii, 97
Chicha, fermented liquor, i, 152, 220; ii, 18, 85, 87, 94, 95, 200
Children, naming, i, 231;
of the Ynca, ii, 26, 27
Chirimoyas. (_See_ Guanavanas.)
Climate of Peru, i, 130;
of Quito, i, 140;
of Peruvian coast, i, 214;
of the Collao, i, 360
Cloth-weaving, i, 405
Coast valleys, i, 129, 214-216 to 268;
fertility of, i, 233. (_See_ Yuncas.)
Colonists, i, 149, 150, 209, 271, 328, 362;
account of system, 67-71, _passim_
Conquests, system of, ii, 47, 48-49
Cotton, i, 143, 393
Couriers. (_See_ Posts.)
Crime, punishment of, ii, 81
Deserts of the coast, i, 128, 238, 240;
peopling of, ii, 70
Devil. (_See_ Supay.)
Dogs, i, 235
Doorways, monolithic, at Tiahuanaco, i, 276
Drainage of swamp at Cuzco, ii, 99
Dyes used by Indians, i, 405
Ears, ceremony of piercing, ii, 19
Earthquakes at Arequipa, i, 268
Emigrants. (_See_ Colonists.)
Festival of Hatun Raymi, ii, 94, 95
Fish used as manure, i, 255
Fishing on the coast, i, 267
Flowers used at sacrifices, i, 71
Fortress (_see_ Pucara);
buildings of the fortress at Cuzco, ii, 160-164
Foxes, i, 227, 402
Fringe. (_See_ Head-dress.)
Fruits, i, 234, 235, 283;
pepino, ii, 212
Funeral obsequies of an Ynca, ii, 104, 115
Gold, i, 57, 70, 77, 79, 86, 336;
of Caravaya, 369, 381; ii, 40. (_See_ Treasure.)
Golden maize and animals at the temple of the Sun, 85
Guanavanas (or Chirimoyas), i, 234
Harvest festivities, i, 412; ii, 97
Head-dresses, i, 171, 172, 330; ii, 72;
of the Cañaris, i, 167; ii, 72;
of chiefs on the coast, i, 225;
Carinas, i, 330;
of the Collao, i, 363; ii, 72;
of the Huancas, ii, 72;
of the Canas, ii, 72;
of the Yuncas, ii, 72;
of the Canchis, ii, 72;
fringe or _Llautu_ of the sovereign, ii, 2, 19
High priest of the Sun, or _Uillac Umu_, i, 329, 414; ii, 86, 97
Homage, ceremony of, in the Collao, ii, 136
Honey, eaten by old Carbajal, i, 362
Hunt, royal, ii, 45
Irrigation works, i, 236, 263;
near Cuzco, i, 354
Journeys of the Yncas, ii, 62, 63
Justice, administration of, ii, 81
Knighthood, ceremony of investiture, ii, 19, 101
Labour, organisation of, ii, 58
Land, partition of, ii, 75
Language general, or Quichua, i, 163, 146, 407; ii, 76, 77
Llamas, i, 393; ii, 45
Memorials. (_See_ Records.)
Mines in Cañaris, i, 169;
of emeralds at Manta, i, 182;
in Tarapaca, 266, 267;
Conchucos, 293;
Potosi, 382-386, 390, 391;
Charcas, 385;
Porco, 385
Mining industry, ii, 53
Morality of the Yncas, ii, 80
Mummies of the Yncas, ii, 30, 31
Obeisance, mark of, ii, 38
Oracles, consultation of, ii, 103, 131
Palta, a fruit, i, 16, 73, 99, 234
Pepinos, i, 234; ii, 212
Posts and runners, system of, ii. 64, 65, 66
Potatoes, i, 360
Priest. (_See_ High Priest.)
Queen of the Ynca, selection, ii, 24
Quichua. (_See_ Language.)
Quipus. (_See_ Accounts, Records.)
Rain, absence of on the coast, i, 214
Recitations of wise men, ii, 32
Records and memorials of the Yncas, ii, 28;
system of recording events, ii, 29
Religion (_See_ Yncas):
of the Cañaris, i, 162;
of the Huancavilcas, i, 181;
of the Mantos, i, 183;
of the Huamanchucos, i, 289;
of the Canas, i, 357;
of the Collas, i, 366;
of the Huanucas, i, 285;
of the Huancas, i, 299;
of the coast people, i, 221
Retribution on Spaniards for cruelty to the Indians, i, 422, 423
Riches of the Yncas, ii, 39. (_See_ Treasure.)
Roads, Ynca, i, 153, 217, 253, 287, 290, 293, 302, 320, 326; ii, 42-44;
posts, ii, 64, 65, 66;
road of Chincha sayu, ii, 177, 204;
road from Cuzco to Quito, ii, 183
Runners, system of, ii, 64, 65
Sacrifices, human, practice much exaggerated by Spaniards;
but the author does not deny its existence, ii, 79, 80;
account of, ii, 87, 89, 103
Sarsaparilla, i, 200, 395
Silver at Potosi, i, 388;
at Charcas, i, 385
Skulls, custom of flattening, i, 96, 363
Snakes, war with, ii, 166
Statistics, Ynca system of, i, 57
Sun, temple of, at Cuzco, ii, 83-85;
figure of, lost, ii, 97, 98
_Temples._
Ccuri-cancha at Cuzco, i, 328, 385;
ii, 9, 22, 23, 71, 83, 85, 101, 103, 158, 203;
of Huanacauri, ii, 14, 18, 20, 22, 87, 101, 103, 107;
of Ancocagua, i, 357; ii, 88, 89;
of Coropuna, ii, 89;
of Vilcañota, ii, 88, 134, 169;
of Pachacamac, i, 251, 253, 254; ii, 90, 187, 211, 213
Traditions, of bearded men at Titicaca, ii, 4;
of a strange man of great stature, ii, 5;
of the brethren of Paccari-tampu, ii, 12, 13
Treasure, ii, 39;
lost, ii, 42, 97, 98 (_see_ Gold);
treasure of the Yncas, ii, 39, 40
Trees of Peru, i, 129, 142, 235, 239, 397, 401;
fruit trees, i, 234
Tribute, ii, 51-56
Vice, absence of, ii, 78
_Yncas_,
ceremonies, ii, 18, 19, 20;
wife, children, ii, 26, 27;
memorials of, 28, 32;
mummies of deceased, i, 226; ii, 30, 31;
forethought of, ii, 37;
mark of obeisance to, ii, 38;
riches of, ii, 39, 40;
attendance on, ii, 41;
roads of, ii, 42-44;
hunts, 45, 46;
method of conquest, ii, 47-49;
system of colonising, ii, 50, 67;
tribute, ii, 51-56;
statistics, ii, 57;
audit of accounts, ii, 61;
organisation of labour, ii, 58;
governors appointed by, ii, 59;
order of marching, ii, 73;
punishment of offences, ii, 74, 81;
partition of land, ii, 75;
journeys, ii, 76;
absence of vicious practices, ii, 78;
morality, ii, 80;
councillors, ii, 81;
astronomical knowledge, ii, 82
LONDON:
WHITING AND CO., LIMITED, SARDINIA STREET, LINCOLN’S-INN-FIELDS.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] See p. 34.
[2] Introduction, p. xviii.
[3] _History_, i, p. 161.
[4] The Spanish editor accounts for Mr. Prescott’s mistake by
supposing that the person employed to copy the manuscript had written
_por_ (by) instead of _para_ (for). But this is not so, as Mr.
Prescott himself quotes the word _para_ (i, p. 161). The Spanish
editor refers to a life of Sarmiento in the _Historia del Colejio
Viejo de San Bartolomé Mayor de la celebre Universidad de Salamanca_,
2d edicion, Primera Parte, p. 336.
[5] _Conquest of Peru_, i, 160-62.
[6] _Ibid._, ii, 297-99.
[7] _Cronica_, ii, pp. 25, 44, 45, 51, 131, 160, 173, 180, 193, 212.
[8] _Ibid._, ii, p. 212, reference to chapter liii (liv in the
incorrectly numbered Antwerp edition) of the First Part. See my
Translation, p. 192.
[9] Page 84.
[10] _Biblioteca de Escorial_, códice L, j, 5 from folio 1 to 130
inclusive.
[11] _Biblioteca Hispano-Ultramarina._ _Segunda Parte de la Crónica
del Perú_, que trata del Señorio de los Incas Yupanquis y de sus
grandes hechos y gobernacion, éscrita por Pedro de Cieza de Leon. La
publica Márcos Jimenez de la Espada. Madrid, Imprenta de Manuel Gines
Hernandez, Libertad, 16 duplicado, bajo, 1880. Pp. 279, and xi of
Introduction.
[12] This was the edition used by Prescott; and by me in translating
the First Part for the Hakluyt Society.
[13] Don M. J. de la Espada says of the Hakluyt Society’s
volume:--“Edicion muy bella. Bien anotada en la parte geográfica y de
historia natural, en la historica y biografica con los comentarios de
Garcilasso y las decadas de Herrera.”
[14] _Biblioteca Hispano-Ultramarina._ Tercero libro de las Guerras
Civiles del Peru, el cual se llama la Guerra de Quito, hecho por Pedro
de Cieza de Leon, Coronista de las cosas de las Indias. Madrid, 1877.
Prólogo por M. J. de la Espada, pp. cxix. La Guerra de Quito, pp. 176.
Apendices, pp. 120.
[15] “The First Part, as already noticed, was alone completed. The
author died without having covered any portion of the magnificent
ground plan which he had confidently laid out.”--_Conquest of Peru_,
ii. p. 298.
[16] So says Fray Buenaventura de Salinas y Cordova, in his _Memorial
de las Historias dal Nuevo Mundo Piru_ (Lima 1630), but without giving
any authority.
[17] Herrera gives Llerena as the birthplace of Cieza de Leon (Dec.
vi, lib. vi, cap. 4; and Dec. vii, lib. ix, cap. 19). In the latter of
these two passages, in the first edition, the word is printed _Erena_,
an error which is repeated in the editions of Antwerp and of Gonzalez
Barcia. Piedrahita (lib. iv, cap. 2) repeats that Cieza de Leon was
a native of Llerena. The town of Llerena is nineteen leagues east of
Badajos, at the foot of the Sierra de San Miguel. It was taken from
the Saracens in 1241; and in 1340 Alfonso XI assembled the Cortes at
Llerena. Besides Cieza, it produced the Holguins, and Juan de Pozo,
the watchmaker who placed the _giralda_ on the tower of Seville.
[18] See my Translation, p. 335.
[19] My Translation, p. 40.
[20] Mr. Robert Blake White, who has travelled in the valley of
the Cauca, read an interesting paper on the “Central Provinces
of Colombia”, at the meeting of the Royal Geographical Society
on February 26th, 1883. He afterwards read the First Part of the
Chronicle of Cieza de Leon, and was struck by the accuracy with which
the soldier-historian described that same region which Mr. Blake White
travelled over more than three hundred years afterwards. The English
explorer was much interested in the perusal of the work of his Spanish
predecessor.
[21] Page 2.
[22] Page 7.
[23] Page 32.
[24] Vol. i, p. 194.
[25] _Añay_, interjection of praise; _sauca_, joy, pleasure.
[26] A word referring to some kind of head-dress.
[27] Very brutish. Probably a farce.
[28] Tragic.
[29] _Coleccion de obras y documentos por Don Pedro de Angelis_, vol.
v (Buenos Ayres, 1836-37).
[30] Padre Francisco Ituri also speaks of the “Quichua dramas
transmitted to our day by an unbroken tradition.”--_Carta critica
sobre “La Historia de America de Juan B. Muñoz”_ (Rome, 1797).
[31] Vol. i, pp. 203-204.
[32] _Antiguedades Peruanas por Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Juan Diego
de Tschudi_ (Viena, 1851), p. 116.
[33] _Ibid._, pp. 116, 117.
[34] _Die Kechua Sprache_, von J. J. von Tschudi (Wien, 1853), pp.
71-110.
[35] He was a son of Dr. Justo Pastor Justiniani, a surgeon, by
Doña Manuela Simancas Cataño, a lineal descendant of Hualpa Tupac
Ynca Yupanqui, one of whose daughters was the mother of Garcilasso
Ynca de la Vega the historian. Dr. Justo Pastor’s father was Don
Nicolo Ambrosio Justiniani, his grandfather Don Luis Justiniani, his
great-grandfather also Don Luis of Seville, whose parents belonged
to the Genoese family of Justiniani, descended from the Emperor
Justinian. This first Don Luis Justiniani came to Peru and married
Doña Catalina Ortiz de Orue, whose father, Don Pedro Ortiz de Orue, a
Biscayan, was one of the first conquerors, and whose mother was the
Princess Tupac Usca, daughter of the Ynca Manco Ccapac II.
[36] The Quichua drama of _Ollantay_ was reviewed in a periodical
published at Cuzco in 1837, called the _Museo Erudito_, Nos. 5 to 9.
The editor, Don Manuel Palacios, says that the story was handed down
by immemorial tradition, but that the drama was written by Dr. Valdez.
The editor had inquired of Don Juan Hualpa, a noble Curaca of Belem in
Cuzco, and of the Curacas of San Sebastian and San Blas, near Cuzco,
who agreed in their account of the tradition, which was that the
rebellion of Ollantay arose from the abduction of an _aclla_ or virgin
of the Sun.
[37] _Ollanta, an ancient Ynca Drama_, translated from the original
Quichua. By Clements R. Markham, C.B. (Trübner, 1871.) Pp. 128,
with introduction and notes. My translation, owing to my imperfect
knowledge of the language, contained numerous mistakes, which have
been duly pointed out by Zegarra, a native of the country, in his work
published subsequently.
[38] _“Ollanta o’ sea la severidad de un Padre y la clemencia de
un Rey_, drama dividido en tres actos, traducido del Quichua al
Castellano, cos notas diversas, por José S. Barranca.” (Lima, 1868.)
Pp. 16 and 71.
[39] “_Los vinculos de Ollanta y Cusi Kcuyllor, Drama en Quichua._
Obra compilada y espurgada con la version Castellana al frente de su
testo por el Dr. José Fernandez Nodal, Abogado de los tribunales de
justicia de la Republica del Peru: bajo los auspicios de La Redentora
Sociedad de Filantropos para mejorar la suerte de los Aborijenes
Peruanos.” (Ayacucho, en el deposito del Autor.) Dr. Nodal commenced,
but never completed, an English translation.
[40] “_Ollanta._ Ein Altperuanisches Drama aus der Kechuasprache.
Ubersetzt und commentirt von J. J. von Tschudi.” (Wien, 1875.) 4to.,
pp. 220.
[41] Lopez also tells us that his father was a personal friend of
Dr. Valdez, and never heard that the learned Quichua scholar was the
author of _Ollantay_. On the contrary, he believed that the drama was
very ancient. Mariano Moreno, another intimate friend of Dr. Valdez,
bears the same testimony. _Races Aryennes_, p. 325.
[42] _Collection Linguistique Americaine._ Tome iv. “Ollantaï, drama
en vers Quechuas du temps des Incas: traduit et commenté.” Par Gavino
Pacheco Zegarra. Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie., 25, Quai Voltaire, 1878,
pp. clxxiv and 265. At the end there is a vocabulary of all the words
in the text of _Ollantay_.
[43] In my book, _Cuzco and Lima_, 1853, written when I was
twenty-two, immediately after transcribing the Justiniani version, I
assumed the antiquity of the drama. But in my later work, _Travels
in Peru and India_ (1862), I expressed a doubt, and inclined to the
opinion that Dr. Valdez was the author (Note, p. 138). A subsequent
detailed and critical study of the text obliged me to revert to my
former belief that _Ollantay_ was, in the main, a composition of Ynca
origin, dating from before the conquest. All I have since read has
confirmed me in this opinion.
[44] See p. 51.
[45] P. 116.
[46] Don Vicente Lopez suggests the following derivation for the name
of Ollantay. The second part, _Antay_, signifies “of the Andes”,
anything belonging to the Andes. _Oll_ would be a corruption of _Ull_
or _Uill_. The correct form would be _Uill-Antay_ or _Uilla Antay_.
_Uilla_ means a legend, tradition, or history, _The Legend of the
Andes_. Several of the manuscripts have _Apu-Ollantay_, _Apu_, meaning
chief, “_The Legend of the Chief of the Andes_.”
Barranca proposes _Ulla_ as a derivative of _Ullu_, “the power of
love.” _Ccahuari-Ullanta_, as an expression of admiration.
Nodal thinks that _Olla_ is really _Colla_, the _c_ having suffered
elision, that the _n_ is the pronoun for the third person, and _ta_
the accusative. He translates _Ollanta_ as “her lover”, with reference
to Cusi-coyllur.
Dr. de la Rosa says that Lopez is mistaken in his etymology, that the
suggestion of Barranca is more plausible; but that he thinks he has
himself hit upon a more rational derivation. He has not, however, yet
given it to the world.
Zegarra rejects all these derivations.
[47] _Ollantay. Estudio sobre el drama Quechua._ Por Bartolomé Mitré,
publicada en la _Nueva Revista_ de Buenos Ayres. (Buenos Ayres, 1881.)
Pp. 44.
[48] Bartolomé Mitré was born on June 26th, 1821, and in early life
was several years in Peru and Chile as an officer and journalist.
Returning to Buenos Ayres, he distinguished himself as an orator in
the Representative Assembly, and was Minister of War in 1859. In 1860
he was appointed Governor of Buenos Ayres, and was promoted to the
rank of General. On September 17th, 1860, he defeated General Urquiza
in the battle of Pavon, and soon afterwards signed a treaty with
him. On October 5th, 1862, he was elected President of the Argentine
Republic, and held that office with credit to himself and benefit to
his country for six years. He is an able and enlightened statesman,
as well as an accomplished scholar. General Mitré is the author of a
_Life of General Belgrano_ and other works.
[49] _Ticknor_, ii, p. 167.
[50] The points raised by General Mitré may, however, be enumerated
and disposed of in a foot-note:--
I. He discusses the words _huañuy ychunantin_, or “death with his
scythe”. The word _ychuna_ means an instrument for cutting _ychu_
(grass). General Mitré argues that the idea of death with a scythe
is exclusively European. But the word does not occur in the Rosas
version, although I printed it by mistake in my book. Nodal has
_ychuspa_, which is quite a different word.
II. The High Priest performs a miracle by squeezing water out of a
flower. Ollantay exclaims it would be easier to squeeze it from a
rock. General Mitré says that the idea must have been suggested by
the miracle of Moses making a fountain flow from a rock. It is really
a play upon words, involving an essentially Quichuan idea. The word
in the Rosas version is not rock, but brick. _Ttica_ is a flower, and
_tica_ a brick. The general could not have hit upon a passage which is
more certainly of native origin.
III. General Mitré refers to the words _misi_ (cat), _asna_ (ass),
and _llama_ occurring, and considers their appearance as a proof
of Spanish origin. But all are the errors of copyists. In the true
version the word _atoc_ (a fox), takes the place of those words in
every instance.
IV. The General further maintains that the interjection _ay!_ which
occurs fifteen times in the Dominican text, is not Quichuan, but
Spanish, and is an indisputable proof of Spanish origin. But another
manuscript text has _nay!_ and _anay_, which are good Quichuan
interjections.
V. There is an allusion to an owl on the roof as a warning of death,
which General Mitré considers to be an anachronism. This is not the
case. It is alluded to as a popular superstition by the Council of
Lima in 1583.
[51] The word _sipi_ (a ring) is a later interpolation, not in the
Justiniani text.
[52] I have received from Dr. Mujica a copy of a _Yaráhui_, written
with the orthography he considers to be most accurate, and the
ordinarily accepted spelling, in parallel columns.
[53] He finished his book in 1586.
[54] Pages 224 to 235.
[55] Every _ayllu_, or lineage, was known by its head-dress.
[56] _Mercurio de Valparaiso_, 14th March 1853.
[57] See Part I, p. 363.
[58] Hatun Colla (Great Colla), a village N.W. of Lake Titicaca.
[59] The Canas were a hardy mountain race on the water-parting between
the Titicaca basin and the Vilcamayu. A proud, cautious, melancholy
race of shepherds; constantly in revolt against the Yncas.
[60] The Canches inhabited the hills opposite the Canas, on the right
bank of the Vilcamayu.
[61] Tomas Vasquez was one of the first conquerors, and had houses in
Cuzco.--_G. de la Vega_, ii, p. 255.
[62] Francisco de Villacastin was also a householder in Cuzco. He
married an Ynca princess, widow of Juan Balsa, who was killed at the
battle of Chupas, fighting for young Almagro. Through her, Villacastin
inherited Balsa’s house at Cuzco. He died in prison at Cuzco, having
taken the side of Gonzalo Pizarro. He owned the district of Ayaviri,
and was one of the first conquerors, but a good man.--See _G. de la
Vega_, ii, p. 524.
[63] A village on the ridge between the basin of Titicaca and the
Vilcamayu. The Ayaviris bordered on the Canas.
[64] See Part I, p. 363.
[65] Chucuito was a fief of the crown.
[66] Garcilasso de la Vega says: “The Spaniards gave another name
for God in their histories, which is _Ticiviracocha_, but neither I
nor they know what it means.” But he quotes Blas Valera in another
place, who says that the god _Ticci Huira-ccoccha_ was otherwise
called _Pachacamac_. Montesinos suggests that _Tici_ meant “bottom or
foundation”. I suspect it comes from _Atini_, “to conquer”. _Atic_,
“conquering”. It may be from _Ticci_, “beginning”.
[67] Terrazas was one of the first conquerors, and he accompanied
Almagro in the expedition to Chile. Afterwards he became an active
agriculturist. Garcilasso de la Vega says that he was very noble,
liberal, magnificent, and possessed of all the knightly virtues. He
planted vineyards, and in 1555 sent a large present of grapes to
Garcilasso’s father, when he was Corregidor of Cuzco, with a request
that he would send bunches to all the cavaliers in the town. These
were the first grapes ever seen there. Terrazas was also the first to
raise carrots in Peru.
[68] The best description of the very interesting temple of Cacha will
be found in Mr. Squier’s _Peru_ (Macmillan, 1877), pp. 402 to 409.
[69] One of the generals of Atahualpa.
[70] Another of Atahualpa’s generals.
[71] Zarate and Garcilasso de la Vega give the names of Hernando de
Soto, and Pedro del Barco of Lobon, as those of the first Spaniards
who were sent by Pizarro to Cuzco. Pedro Pizarro, who was at Caxamarca
at the time, says that only two were sent, Martin Bueno and Pedro
Martin de Moguer.
They left Caxamarca on February 15th, 1533, and remained one week at
Cuzco. Xeres says that three men were sent. The truth seems to have
been that three soldiers named Pedro Moguer, Francisco de Zarate,
and Martin Bueno were first sent; but that they behaved with so much
imprudence and insolence at Cuzco as to endanger their own lives and
the success of their mission. Pizarro, therefore, ordered two officers
of distinction, Hernando de Soto and Pedro del Barco, to follow the
three soldiers to Cuzco.--See _G. de la Vega,_ Part II
lib. i, cap. 31; _Herrera,_ Dec. v. lib. i, cap. 1; _Zarate,_
II, cap. vi; _Gomara,_ cap. cxiv; _Xeres,_ p. 72.
[72] Matrons in charge of virgins of the Sun. The word seems to be
used here, and elsewhere, for all females connected with the temples.
[73] _Uira_ means “grease”, and _Ccocha_, “a lake”. The word for
the sea is _Mama-ccocha_. Montesinos says that _Uira_, in the word
_Uiracocha_, was a corruption of _Pirua_, meaning all things united
together. _Pirua_ literally means a “granary”. Garcilasso de la Vega
pointed out that _Uira-ccocha_ would mean a “Sea of grease”, not “Foam
of the Sea”: the genitive always being placed first. _Ccochap-uira_
would be “Foam of the sea”.
But the Ynca Garcilasso, though he points out the errors of other
writers, does not explain the meaning of the word himself. He simply
infers that it is a proper name, the original meaning of which is
lost; and adds that Blas Valera says that it signified “the will and
power of God”, not because that is the etymology of the component
words, but because of the God-like qualities ascribed to Uira-ccocha.
[74] In the beginning of 1550.
[75] Balboa says that four brothers and four sisters came out of
Pacarec Tampu or Tampu Toco, named Manco Capac, Ayar Cacha, Ayar Auca,
and Ayar Uchi; the women being Mama Guaca, Mama Cora, Mama Ocllo, Mama
Arahua. Montesinos gives the names as--Ayar Manco Tupac, Ayar Uchu
Tupac, Aya Sauca Tupac, and Ayar Cachi Tupac, and the women Mama Cora,
Hipa Huacum, Mama Huacum, Pilco Huacum. Garcilasso de la Vega also
says that there were four brothers and four sisters, namely, Manco
Capac, Ayar Cachi, Ayar Uchu, Ayar Sauca, but he only gives the name
of one of the women, Mama Ocllo, wife of Manco Capac. Juan de Betanzos
gives the names in pairs, in the order in which they came out of the
mysterious cave, namely, Ayarcache and Mamaguaco, Ayaroche and Cora,
Ayarauca and Raguaocllo, Ayarmango and Mama Ocllo.
Fray Martin de Morua, in his _Historia del Origen y Genealogia de
los Incas_, a work written in 1590, but still inedited, gives the
following names of those who came out of Tambo Toco or Pacaric Tombo.
The eldest, Guanacauri; the second, Cuzco Huanca; the third, Mango
Capac; and the fourth, Tupa Ayar Cache. Of the women, the first was
Tupa Uaco; the second, Mama Coya: the third, Curi Ocllo; and the
fourth, Ipa Huaco. Before reaching Cuzco they stopped at a place then
called Apitay, and now Guanacauri. The third sister, Curi Ocllo, who
was considered most intelligent by the rest, was then sent forward to
seek for the best situation for a settlement. Coming to the site of
Cuzco, then inhabited by Lares, Poques, and Huallas, a low and poor
race, before she arrived there she met one of the Poques. She killed
him with a weapon called _raucana_; cut out his lungs; and, with them
in her mouth, all bloody, she entered the settlements. The people were
frightened at the sight of her, thinking that she fed on men, and
they left their houses and fled. Seeing that the place seemed good
for a settlement, and that the people were tame, she returned to her
brothers and sisters, and brought them all there except the eldest. He
preferred to stay at Apitay, where he died, and in memory of him they
call that place and hill Guanacauri. The rest were received without
opposition, and they named the second brother to be the chief of the
town, for which reason the place was called Cuzco, for before its name
was Acamama. He died in the Curicancha, and was succeeded by the third
brother, named the great Manco Capac.
[76] _Ancha_, the superlative; _Hatun_, “great”; _Apu_, “a chief”;
_Intip_, genitive of _Ynti_, “the sun”; _Churi_, “a son”.
[77] Molina often mentions the worship of this hero, Huanacauri.
Garcilasso de la Vega refers to Huanacauri four times (i, 65, 66;
ii, 169, 230). He says that the first settlement made in the valley
of Cuzco was on the hill called Huanacauri, and that a very sacred
temple was built there. Molina refers to the sacrifices offered up
there. The idol of Huanacauri was a great figure of a man, “their
principal _huaca_, the brother of Manco Ccapac, whence they descend”.
The ceremonies of arming youths were a good deal connected with this
Huanacauri idol.
[78] _Mucha_, “adoration”, from _Muchani_, “I worship”.
[79] _Sasi_, “a fast”. See _G. de la Vega_, Part I, lib. vii, cap. 6.
[80] This word, in Quichua, is used also for a kind of cloak.
[81] _Puhura_ is “a feather”, and _chuccu_, “a cap”. The distinctive
head-dress of each tribe was called _chuccu_ or _umachuccu_.
[82] The word _Manco_ has no meaning in Quichua. _Ccapac_ means
“rich”, and, as applied to the sovereign, it is explained as
signifying rich in power and in virtues.
[83] _Ccuri_, “gold”; “_cancha_”, “a place”.
[84] Sinchi.
[85] Colonists.
[86] Cap. xxxviii, in which he refers his reader to this second part.
He observes that the Yncas were very intelligent and learned, without
having letters, which had not been invented in the Indies.--See p. 136
of my Translation.
[87] _Caman_ is a particle which, when added to a noun, denotes a
task or occupation. _Nocap-camay_ means “my task”; _Campa-camayqui_,
“your task”. It also means fitness, as _Apupac-caman_, “fit to be
a chief”. _Camayoc_ is a word attached to offices and occupations.
_Siray-camayoc_, “a tailor”; _Llacta-camayoc_, “a village officer”.
_Pucara-camayoc_, “a castellan”.
[88] A farm.
[89] In August 1550.
[90] _Quipu-camayoc_, the officer in charge of the records.
[91] _Taqui_ is “music”; _Taquiz_, “a song”. The _taquis_ was an
assembly to hear the legendary songs.
[92] It was the mummified body, as will be seen presently.
[93] Twenty years after this was written, the Licentiate Polo de
Ondegardo discovered where five of these figures were concealed, which
proved to be the actual mummies of the Yncas and their wives, dressed
in their clothes. Ondegardo, who was corregidor of Cuzco, showed them
to Garcilasso de la Vega in 1570. One mummy was that of the Ynca
Uira-ccocha; the second of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui; the third of Huayna
Ccapac; the fourth of Mama Runtu, queen of Uira-ccocha; the fifth of
Ccoya Mama Ocllo, mother of Huayna Ccapac. They were perfect, wanting
neither hair, nor eye-lashes, and were dressed in the clothes they
wore when alive, with the _llautu_ or fringe. They were seated with
the arms crossed on the breast, and eyes cast down.
Acosta, who also saw them, says that the eyes were made of small
pellets of gold, “so well imitated that no one would have missed the
real ones”. The mummies were taken to Lima by order of the Viceroy
Marquis of Cañete, and eventually interred there, at the hospital of
San Andres.
[94] See Prescott’s _Conquest of Mexico_ (i, p. 83), where the Aztec
system of notation and arithmetic is explained.
[95] The canvas shoes with rope soles, used in the Basque Provinces.
[96] Colonists. See chapter xxii.
[97] _Usutas._
[98] _Muchani_ means “I kiss”, “adore”, “worship”. Hence _Mucha_, the
act of adoration or worship.
[99] Small beads. It should be _chaquira_. The word occurs several
times in the First Part.
[100] Recital of songs.
[101] _Curaca_, a great lord.
[102] _Tupu_ is the general name for a measure. The measure of land
which the Ynca apportioned to each vassal, sixty paces long by fifty
wide, was called _tupu_ or _topu_. See also the First Part, p. 146 of
my Translation, and of _G. de la Vega_, I, v, cap. 3. A large pin for
securing a mantle is also called _topu_.
[103] Chapter xcii.
[104] Chapter cxi.
[105] Male.
[106] _Ayllu_, means the “_bolas_”, or stones sewn round with leather
and attached to lines, which were thrown to bring down animals, by
twining round their hind legs. See the _Life of Don Alonzo de Guzman_,
p. 101. Also _Balboa_ and _G. de la Vega_. The word _Ayllu_ also means
“lineage”, or “family”.
[107] Called _charqui_, whence “jerked” beef.
[108] A large rodent, in the loftier parts of the Andes. _Lagidium
Peruvianum._
[109] Colonists.
[110] That is to say, that colonists were sent from the cold and lofty
plateau of the Collao to the warm and deep valleys of the Andes,
where maize and coca can be cultivated. There was thus an exchange of
products between the cold and the more genial regions. For another
account of the _mitimaes_ or colonists, see _G. de la Vega_, part I,
lib. iii, cap. 19.
The people of the Collao were also sent to settle in the coast
valleys, and thus Arequipa, Tacna, and Moquegua were colonised. To
this day, it is remembered in the villages of the coast from what
particular districts in the Collao their ancestors came as _mitimaes_.
Those who colonised Arequipa came from Cavanilla near Lake Titicaca;
the colonists of Moquegua were from Acora and Ilave, villages on the
lake; of Tacna, from Juli and Pisacoma.
[111] In chapter xcii of the First Part.
[112] The four great divisions comprised in _Ttahuantin Suyu_ (the
four provinces) were _Chincha Suyu_, _Cunti Suyu_, _Colla Suyu_, _Anti
Suyu_.
[113] Potatoes frozen and dried in the sun.--See _G. de la Vega_, i,
lib. V, cap. 5.
[114] _Chenopodium Quinoa._
[115] _Yanacuna._ _Yana_ means “a servant”. Also “black”. Literally,
_Yanacuna_ seems to be merely the plural form of _Yana_. But the
word was applied to Indians bound to service. Balboa says that six
thousand Indians, accused of rebellion against Tupac Ynca Yupanqui,
were assembled in the village of Yanayacu. They were pardoned, but
they and their descendants were ordered henceforth to be employed
solely in the service of the Yncas and of the temples. They were
called _Yanayacu-cuna_, or men of Yanayacu, corrupted to _Yanaconas_.
Hence, domestic servants were called _Yanaconas_ by the Spanish
settlers.--_Balboa_, p. 120.
In the time of the Viceroy Toledo (1570), the _Yanaconas_ numbered
about forty-six thousand souls. The Viceroy Marquis of Montes Claros,
in 1601, described them as Indians domiciled in the houses or on the
estates of Spaniards, like servants. Their masters found them in food
and clothes, and gave them a patch of land, also paying their tribute
for them. Lest the system should degenerate into slavery, the King of
Spain declared that the _Yanaconas_ were free, and desired that this
should be made known to them.--_Memorias de los Vireyes_, i, p. 27.
[116] _Huata_, “a year”. A sun circle for astronomical observations
was called _Ynti-huatana_. _Huatana_ means “a halter”, from _huatani_,
“I seize”. “The place where the sun is tied up or encircled.” Hence,
_huata_ means “a year”.
[117] Vilcas is between Cuzco and Ayacucho, on the left of the road,
and near the left bank of the river Pampas. The buildings of the Yncas
are described by our author in his First Part (chap. lxxxix, p. 312
of my Translation). The only modern traveller who has visited and
described the ruins is M. Wiener. They are called Vilcas Huaman.--See
_Pérou et Bolivie, Récit. de Voyage par Charles Wiener_, Paris, 1880,
pp. 264-271.
[118] The principal place in the valley of the same name, in the
_sierra_ east of Lima. The valley of Xauxa was inhabited by the tribe
of Huancas.
[119] On the heights above the river Pampas, on the road from Ayacucho
to Cuzco.
[120] The city in the north of Peru, where Atahualpa was seized and
put to death by Pizarro.
[121] North of Caxamarca.
[122] In the kingdom of Quito.
[123] In Quito.
[124] In the northern part of Quito.
[125] See p. 3.
[126] See p. 4.
[127] On the site of the modern city of La Paz, in Bolivia.
[128] On the western shore of lake Titicaca.
[129] In the province of Charcas.
[130] The governors or viceroys were called _Tucuyricoc_.--See
_Balboa_, p. 115; _Montesinos_, p. 55; _G. de la Vega_, Part I, lib.
II, cap. 14, says that the _Tucuyricoc_ was a commissioner
who secretly visited the provinces and reported the shortcomings of
officials.
[131] _Ancha_ is a superlative form. _Hatun_, “great”. _Apu_, “chief”
or “lord”. _Yntip_ is the genitive of _Ynti_, “the sun”. _Churi_, “a
son”. _Canqui_, second person singular, present indicative of _Cani_,
“I am”. _Sapa_, “only”; _lla_, a particle expressive of love. _Apu_,
“lord”. _Tucuy_, “entire”. _Pacha_, “the earth”. _Ccampa_, genitive
of _Cam_, “thou”. _Uyay_, from _Uyani_, “I obey”. _Sullull_, “truth”.
“_Most high Lord, Child of the Sun Thou art the sole and beloved lord.
The whole earth truly obeys thee._”
[132] The extreme southern limit of the empire, in Chile.
[133] The northern limit of the empire, to the north of Quito.
[134] These post-runners were called _Chasqui_.
[135] Francisco Lopez de Gomara was the author in question. In the
chapter referred to, entitled “The Rule made by Gasca respecting the
Tribute”, he confuses the _mitimaes_ with the _yanaconas_. The latter
were not exactly slaves, but hereditary domestic servants. The words
of Gomara are--“Also he left many whom they call _mitimaes_, and who
are in the position of slaves in the manner they were held to service
by Guainacapa, and he ordered the others to return to their homes.
But many of them wished for nothing but to remain with their masters,
saying that they were well with them, and could learn Christianity by
hearing mass and sermons, and could earn money by selling, buying, and
by service.” Clearly he is referring to the _yanaconas_, not to the
_mitimaes_.
This criticism of our author proves that this Second Part was written
after 1552, in which year the first edition of the work of Gomara was
published.
[136] _Alharaquientos_; those who make a great noise, from _alharaca_,
confused noise.
[137] It was called _Samca-huasi_, or _samca-cancha_.
[138] See chapter xix of my translation of the First Book, p. 71.
[139] Garcilasso de la Vega (i, p. 177) gives a fuller account of
these solstitial towers; and Cieza de Leon himself refers to them in
his first part (chap. xcii, p. 225). Acosta also describes them (ii,
p. 395).
[140] According to Cieza de Leon, these three men were Martin Bueno,
Zarate, and Pedro de Moguer. Pedro Pizarro, an eye-witness, says there
were only two, Martin Bueno and Pedro de Moguer. But see the note at
page 9.
[141] In 1552.
[142] The Hospital of San Juan Bautista. It was commenced on December
9th, 1541, and up to 1624 the first Mass had not yet been said in its
chapel. The activity in forwarding the work ceased on the death of the
founder, Archbishop Tavara, in 1545.
[143] Burden or load.
[144] Guinea pigs.
[145] In January 1550.
[146] _Chenopodium Quinua._
[147] _Oxalis tuberosa._
[148] The statue of the Sun was found by the Spaniards in 1572, in
possession of Tupac Amaru, at the time when this Ynca and his camp
were captured by the expedition under the command of Garcia de Loyola.
[149] _Sinchi_ means strong, valiant. _Rocca_ has no meaning in the
Quichua language.
[150] Garcilasso de la Vega says that the legitimate wife of Lloque
Yupanqui was named Mama Cava.
[151] See p. 17.
[152] See p. 14.
[153] Garcilasso de la Vega also says that Sinchi Rocca waged no wars;
but that the Canches submitted to him, and that by peaceful means he
extended his dominions as far as Chuncara, about twenty leagues beyond
his father’s frontier.
[154] _Lloque_ means left-handed, and _Yupanqui_ is the second person
singular of the indicative future of a verb meaning “to count”. “_You
will count_”, and it is understood that he will count as great,
virtuous, and excellent.
[155] Chapter xcii.
[156] According to Garcilasso de la Vega, this Ynca Lloque Yupanqui
not only conquered the Canas and Ayaviri, but the whole Collao
submitted to him, as far as Hatun-colla and Chucuito.
[157] Paullu Tupac Yupanqui was a son of the Ynca Huayna Ccapac. He
lived at Cuzco, in the house which belonged to his brother Huascar;
much beloved and respected both by Spaniards and Indians. The Governor
Vaca de Castro induced him to be baptised with the name of Christóbal.
He died in May 1549.
[158] _Mayta_ has no special meaning in Cuzco. _Ccapac_ means rich,
not in gold, but in the qualities of mind.
[159] According to Garcilasso de la Vega, the Ynca Mayta Ccapac
married his sister Mama Cuca.
[160] _Allcay-villcas_, as written by Balboa; and _Alcaviya_,
according to Betanzos. In the report on the first Lords of Cuzco
by the Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo, written in 1572, it is
_Alca-uizas_.
[161] Garcilasso de la Vega gives a very different account of the
reign of Mayta Ccapac, whom he makes out to have been a great
conqueror. He says that Mayta Ccapac marched to the river Desaguadero,
crossed it, and conquered the great province called Hatun-pacasa, on
the other side. His captains crossed the Cordilleras to Moquegua,
where the Ynca established a colony. Mayta Ccapac then conquered the
provinces on the eastern side of lake Titicaca, including Caravaya,
and eventually overran the whole of Charcas as far south as the
lake of Paria. Not satisfied with this great acquisition to the
south, Garcilasso also attributes to this Ynca the annexation of the
provinces of Chumpivilicas, Parinacochas, and Pumatampu to the west of
Cuzco; and the colonisation of Arequipa.--See my Translation, i, pp.
210-234.
[162] The language was first called _Quichua_ by Friar Domingo de
Santo Tomas, in his grammar printed at Valladolid in 1560. _Quehani_
is “I twist”, and the participle _quehuasca_ means twisted. _Ychu_
is “straw”--together, _Quehuasca-ychu_, “twisted straw”, corrupted
and abbreviated into _Quichua_. A Quichua is properly an Indian who
inhabits the temperate slopes, so called from the abundance of straw
in that region. According to Garcilasso de la Vega the name of Quechua
was applied to the basin of the river Abancay (i, p. 243).
[163] Garcilasso refers to the enmity between the Quichuas and Chancas
(i, p. 345).
[164] Garcilasso attributes the conquest of the provinces of
Cotabambas and Aymaraes to Ccapac Yupanqui; as well as the sea-coast
from Acari to Quilca. He also attributes the settlement of the feud
between Cari and Sapana, two great chiefs of the Collao, to Ccapac
Yupanqui. It will be seen further on that Cieza de Leon places that
event in the reign of the Ynca Huira-ccocha. Ccapac Yupanqui is also
made, by Garcilasso, to extend his conquests to Cochabamba, Chayanta,
and the extreme south of Charcas; while his son Rocca, during his
life-time, overran Lucanas and advanced the limits of the empire to
the valley of Nasca on the coast.
[165] There are two rivulets which flow through Cuzco, the Huatanay
and Tulumayu or Rodadero, coming from either side of the Sacsahuaman
hill on which the Ynca fortress was built. The two streams unite
beyond the convent of San Domingo, at _Pumap-chupan_ or the “lion’s
tail”. Both these streams are confined by walls of cut stone, with
stairways descending to the water, and stone bridges, consisting of
long slabs at frequent intervals. The houses on the western side of
the great square are built over the Huatanay river; but these are
modern, and did not exist in the time of the Yncas. Garcilasso de la
Vega says that the Huatanay was lined and paved with masonry, the
floor being of large flags, and that this masonry work extended for
a quarter of a league beyond the city. Although there is very little
water in ordinary times, the stream is subject to violent freshes,
when the rush of water sometimes injures the masonry. The name is
composed of two words, _Huata_ (a year), and _Ananay_ an ejaculation
of weariness, indicating the fatigue caused by the yearly necessity
for renewing the river banks.
Garcilasso de la Vega mentions other springs which conveyed water to
the temple and gardens of the sun, under the Huatanay. He says that,
in 1558, a flood tore up the flag-stones in the bed of the river, just
over the place where the pipe leading water to the temple was laid
down, and broke the pipe itself. The silt then covered the place,
concealing the position of the pipe, so that no sign was left of it
(i, p. 281).
[166] According to Garcilasso it was Mayta Ccapac who conquered the
province of Puma-tampu (corruptly Pomatambo).
[167] Garcilasso says that Inca Rocca made the bridge over the
Apurimac, and conquered Curampa, and the tribe of Chancas in
Andahuaylas. He is also said to have annexed Vilca, and two provinces
called Sullu and Utunsullu, while his son subdued Paucartambo and
part of the forest region to the eastward. Inca Rocca is also said,
by Garcilasso, to have founded schools at Cuzco, and to have built
his own palace near them. He left a son, named Yahuar-huaccac, by his
legitimate wife Mama Micay.
Blas Valera relates that Inca Rocca reigned for more than fifty years;
and this writer preserved some of his laws, regulations for his
schools, and wise sayings, which are given in _Garcilasso_ (i, p. 336).
[168] “Y se hizo en el Cuzco la piedra que llaman de la guerra,
grande, y las engastonadas en oro y piedras.” So in the Escurial copy,
but the meaning is not clear.
[169] This Ynca Yupanqui of Cieza de Leon, son of Ynca Rocca, is the
Yahuar-huaccac of Garcilasso and other writers. When he was a child
he is said to have wept blood, and hence the name. _Yahuar_ (blood),
and _Huaccac_ (weeping). Others declared that he was born weeping
blood. During his reign, according to the account of Garcilasso, all
the coast region from Arequipa to the desert of Atacama was annexed
to the empire by the Ynca’s general and brother named Apu Mayta. The
Ynca was much troubled by the headstrong disposition of his son, whom
he banished to a lofty plateau called Chita, to the eastward of Cuzco,
to live with shepherds who tended the flocks of the Sun. Three years
afterwards, the son returned to Cuzco and told the Ynca his father
that an apparition, calling itself Uira-ccocha Ynca, had appeared to
him while he slept under a rock. It ordered him to repair to Cuzco
and report that there was a great rebellion in the western province,
threatening the existence of the empire. Yahuar-huaccac did not
believe the story, and ordered his son to return to his banishment in
the pastures of Chita. But soon the news came of the great rebellion
of the Chancas, Yahuar-huaccac fled to Muyna, five leagues south of
Cuzco, while his son put himself at the head of the army, and defeated
the rebels. He took the name of the apparition, calling himself Ynca
Uira-ccocha, and dethroned his father.
There is little resemblance between the stories told by Cieza de Leon
of Ynca Yupanqui, and by Garcilasso of Yahuar-huaccac, except that
they were both unfortunate. It will be seen further on that Cieza de
Leon places the great rebellion of the Chancas after the reign of
Uira-ccocha, and tells quite a different story about it.
[170] He contradicts himself, for, at the end of the last chapter, he
said that Ynca Yupanqui had no son.
[171] Garcilasso describes the apparition which, according to his
story, appeared to the prince who was afterwards Ynca Uira-ccocha, as
having had a beard.
[172] Garcilasso gives the same name to the wife of Ynca Uira-ccocha
(ii, p. 88). _Runtu_ means an egg.
[173] In the valley of the Vilcamayu, near Cuzco.
[174] The river Vilcamayu.
[175] Or Vilcamayu.
[176] Only Cieza de Leon could have said this. Bahaire is the town in
the bay of Cartagena where he was with Heredia in 1533.
[177] In the bay of Cartagena.
[178] Garcilasso de la Vega places this feud between the two great
chiefs of the Collao, Cari and Sapana (or Chipana), in the reign of
Ccapac Yupanqui, two generations earlier. He says that the names were
those of dynasties, each sovereign becoming Cari or Sapana when he
succeeded; adding that, “Cieza de Leon places these events long after
the time when they really occurred.” His version is that both the
chiefs declared that they would abide by the arbitration of the Ynca.
They came to the Ynca’s camp at Paria, near Oruro, by different roads.
The Ynca’s decision was that boundary marks should be set up, that
peace should be maintained, and that his laws should be observed by
both chiefs. Cari and Sapana were, from that time, faithful vassals.
Their territories comprised Cochabamba.
It will be seen that the version of Garcilasso is very different from
that in the text. See my translation of _Garcilasso de la Vega_, i,
pp. 247 to 252.
[179] The territory of the Canches was in the upper part of the
Vilcamayu valley.
[180] The Canas inhabited one side of the valley of Vilcamayu, and the
Canches the other--the river dividing them.
[181] This word is almost illegible in the Escurial manuscript. Señor
Jimenez de la Espada, the Spanish editor, has _suvica_. The learned
Peruvian, Dr. de la Rosa, has _sinica_. The words for intoxicating
liquors in Quichua are _acca_, _azúa_, _huiñapu_, _sora_. The
Spaniards also use the word _chicha_. But it is not like any of these,
unless it be _sora_.
[182] Thousands.
[183] This Ynca is not mentioned by Garcilasso de la Vega.
[184] This is a curious blunder of Cieza de Leon, for the Spanish form
of _Andaguaylas_ is much more nearly correct than _Andabailes_. The
Quichua word is _Anta-huaylla_.
[185] Diego Maldonado, a native of Salamanca, was one of the first
conquerors of Peru, and one of the richest. He had a house in the
great square of Cuzco. When the hospital was founded there, he, as
senior _Regidor_, placed a plaque of silver with his arms engraved on
it, under the first stone. He was put in prison by Almagro, with many
others; and fought on the side of Vaca de Castro, at the battle of
Chupas, when Almagro the lad was defeated; and he fled from the army
of Gonzalo Pizarro, to keep himself and his riches on the loyal side.
But he found it safer to feign submission and follow Gonzalo’s camp.
Then news came that his life was forfeited, so he fled from his tent
near Lima in the dead of night; though over sixty-eight years of age,
ran all night on foot, and hid himself in a cane brake. Next day an
Indian took pity on him, made up a bundle of reeds and pushed out to
sea, the two sitting across the bundle as on a horse. They were just
able to reach one of the ships of Lorenzo de Aldana in Callao bay,
which were on the loyal side. He eventually returned to Cuzco and
once more became a leading citizen there, taking a part in making the
peace between the authorities and Francisco Hernandez Giron. He was
with Alonzo de Alvarado in his campaign against Giron, and strongly
dissuaded him from giving battle at Chuquinga, where he was defeated.
Maldonado was wounded at Pucara, in the last fight with Giron, but
survived for twelve years afterwards, living at Cuzco and on his
Andahuaylas estates.
[186] On a lofty plateau between Andahulayas and Abancay. The fortress
consists of three wide terraces, with a sloping ramp from the ground
to the highest one. Near it are the ruins of a town. The nearest
modern town is Huancarama, about a league to the east.
[187] According to Garcilasso de la Vega, the Chancas encamped on the
plain of Sacsahuana (Xaquixaguana), on the spot where the battle was
afterwards fought between Gonzalo Pizarro and the President Gasca. The
plain is described by Cieza de Leon in his first Part (p. 320 of my
Translation). It is now called the plain of Surite. Here Garcilasso
says that the great battle was fought between the Ynca Huira-ccocha
and the Chancas (ii, p. 34). The fight raged with desperate fury
from dawn until noon; when five thousand Quichuas, who until then
had been in ambush, attacked the Chancas on their right flank. More
reinforcements arrived, until the Chancas began to think that the very
stones were turning into men. At length they broke and fled. It was
called the battle of Yahuar-pampa (plain of blood).
[188] I do not find any other mention of Alonzo Carrasco. His name
does not appear in the list of conquerors who received shares of the
spoils at Caxamarca, nor in Garcilasso de la Vega.
[189] Juan de Pancorvo was a citizen of Cuzco, and had a house on
the western side of the great square, which he shared with Alonso de
Marchana; for Juan de Pancorvo did not wish him to live in another
house, because of the warm and long-continued friendship they always
felt for each other. So says Garcilasso de la Vega. Pancorvo had,
in his grant, one of the great halls in which the Yncas held their
festivals. This he bestowed upon the Franciscan convent. He seems to
have been a peaceable man.
[190] Hanco-huallu is the name which Garcilasso de la Vega gives to
the warlike chief of the Chancas. He could not endure dependence, even
under the mild rule of the Ynca, and, ten years after his defeat, he
emigrated with many followers to the forests of Moyobamba. In the
First Part, Cieza de Leon says the same thing, calling him Ancoallu
(p. 280). Also see further on, at page 157.
[191] The Soras and Rucanas were tribes of hardy mountaineers,
inhabiting the wild region of the maritime cordillera, to the
south-west of the Chancas. The Rucanas (the modern province of
Lucanas) were described as a handsome and well-disposed people, who
were expert bearers of burdens, and had the privilege of carrying the
Ynca’s litter. The Soras, closely allied to the Rucanas, lived on the
left bank of the River Pampas, near its source.
[192] The great River Pampas.
[193] The Spanish editor suggests that this should be Tupac Yupanqui
the Inca’s son. He would be going on his first campaign, to acquire
experience. But Garcilasso has Ccapac Yupanqui, a brother of the Inca,
as the General in this campaign. (See ii, p. 127.)
[194] This is wrongly written in the manuscript. Garcilasso de la Vega
has Asancaru (ii, p. 76).
[195] Garcilasso de la Vega (ii, p. 129) says that the country of the
Huancas was divided into three provinces, called Sausa, Marcavilca,
and Llacsapalanca.
[196] The lake called Pumpu (Bombon) or Chinchay-cocha.
[197] Garcillasso de la Vega calls him Hanco-Huallu, chief of the
Chancas (see Book v, cap. xxvi, ii, p. 82), and describes his flight.
[198] See back, note at page 102.
[199] By my measurement the length is 400 yards.
[200] These three names, according to Garcillasso de la Vega, are not
connected with the fortress, but belong to different parts of the city
(ii, p. 246).
[201] See chapter xcii.
[202] Fibre of _Agava tuberosa_.
[203] Four hundred yards according to the Editor’s measurement.
[204] The largest stones are, by my measurements:--First, 10 feet
high, by 6 broad; second, 16½ feet high, by 6 broad; third, 14 feet
high, by 8 broad; fourth, 14 feet high, by 12 broad.
[205] Tomas Vasquez, one of the first conquerors, had a house in
Cuzco, and an estate in Ayaviri. (See chapter iv.) He distinguished
himself in the battle of Las Salinas, fighting against Almagro. He
joined Giron in his insurrection, and commanded the rebel cavalry. At
Pucara he deserted Giron, went over to the royal camp, and obtained a
pardon. He retired to his estates, but was afterwards put to death by
order of the Viceroy Marquis of Cañete in 1557.
[206] The siege of Cuzco by Manco Ynca, in 1526.
[207] This name is not clear in the manuscript. It may be La Rea. The
Peruvian editor has Juan de la Plaza.
[208] There are several versions of the native tradition relating to
this monolith, which is called _piedra cansada_, or the “tired stone”,
in Quichua, _saycusca rumi_. The Spanish editor gives the least known
and most curious of these versions, which he found in the manuscript
history of the Yncas by Padre Morúa. He says that an Ynca of the
blood royal, named Urco or Urcon, a great engineer and architect,
was the official who directed the moving of the tired stone from the
quarry, and that on reaching this spot where it stopped, the Indians
who were dragging it, killed him. This Urcon designed and traced out
the fortress of Cuzco. He also conceived and carried out the idea of
transporting from Quito the best soil for potatoes, with the object of
raising them in it for the sovereign’s table. With this soil he made
the hill called _Allpa Suntu_, to the east of the fortress.
[209] The Spanish editor here has the following note. He says that
the fault did not lie with the Spaniards, but in the very natural
want of archæological knowledge in Cieza himself, and in his extreme
credulity, believing all the stories of the Orejones and descendants
of the Yncas, for whom everything that was worthy of notice in the
country was the exclusive work of those sovereigns. It is now a
generally received opinion that the very ancient cyclopean work at
Cuzco was due to a people who lived long before Ynca Yupanqui, and
even before Manco Ccapac, if it be true that the latter appeared in
the beginning of the eleventh century. Moreover, the Yncas themselves
destroyed some, and left others, without completing what had been
begun by their predecessors. Not all the ruins in Peru were due to
Spanish vandalism. On the contrary, the Viceroy Don Francisco de
Toledo and others, far from contributing to the destruction of the
fortress of Cuzco, took measures to preserve it, and, on more than one
occasion, prevented the stones from being used for modern buildings.
This was especially the case in the year 1577, when the Jesuits of
Cuzco applied for leave to take stones from the fortress for their
monastery and church, and were refused.
[210] The Viceroy Don Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of Cañete,
ordered the fortress at Huarcu (valley of Cañete on the coast) to
be repaired and garrisoned, a few years after this was written by
Cieza de Leon. It is called the fortress of Hervay, and there are
still considerable remains of it at the mouth of the Cañete river,
overlooking the Pacific.
[211] See chapter xlviii of the First Part.
[212] Worship.
[213] The reign of this Ynca Yupanqui appears to include two reigns
according to Garcilasso de la Vega. Cieza de Leon makes one generation
where Garcilasso makes two, namely Pachacutec and Ynca Yupanqui.
Pachacutec means “he who changes the world”, and Garcilasso says that
the name should have been given to Viracocha, the father, who changed
the course of events by his victory over the Chancas, but that it
was given to his son. Cieza de Leon attributes the victory over the
Chancas to this very son, whom he calls Yupanqui, and to whom the
surname Pachacutec rightly belongs. It seems likely, therefore, that
Cieza’s version of the genealogy is the more correct of the two.
Garcilasso, however, makes two long reigns where Cieza has only one.
To Pachacutec he attributes the conquest of the Huancas, Caxamarca,
and the coast valleys, and he records several of his laws and wise
sayings (ii, p. 208). To Yupanqui he assigns the expedition into the
eastern forests, and the conquest of Chile.
[214] See chapter cii of the First Part.
[215] The ruins are 18 leagues west of the present town of Huanuco,
in the province of Huamalies, 12,156 feet above the sea. They are of
great extent, covering more than half a mile in length. They show
work of the same character as the palaces at Cuzco. The work includes
a reservoir 250 feet long by 130, a bath of cut stone, and a stone
aqueduct. A doorway of cut stone, with a long rectangular room on each
side, opens to another at a distance of 240 feet, and further on there
is another doorway. Squier says,--“The perspective through this series
of portals is the finest to be found in the ancient works of Peru.”
Above the second portal are rudely-cut animal figures. There are many
other ruined buildings, and what is called the castle, 180 feet long
by 80, with a fine cut-stone wall 13 feet high. An inclined plane
leads up to the _terre-plein_, which is entered by two portals.
[216] Chapter xliv.
[217] Puerto Viejo was a seaport in 1° 2´ S. latitude. It was founded
by Francisco Pacheco on March 12th, 1535, by order of Almagro.
[218] Garcilasso de la Vega gives a fuller account of the war with
Chimu. (ii, pp. 193 to 201.)
[219] Parmunca. In his First Part (p. 247) Cieza de Leon calls these
ruins Pormonga. They are near the coast, south of Guarmay. The outer
walls are 300 yards long by 200. The interior is divided into small
houses, separated by lanes. The walls are partly covered with a kind
of plaster, on which were painted representations of birds and beasts.
The ruined fortress stands at the extremity of a plain, close to the
foot of some rugged mountains, about a league from the sea.
[220] The original Yunca temple, called by the Yncas Pachacamac, was
on a terraced height overlooking the sea, and about 500 feet above its
level. The Temple of the Sun was about a mile and a half distant, the
ruin now being called _Mamaconas_. This latter ruin is certainly of
Ynca origin.
[221] The pass of Pariacaca is in the province of Huarochiri. The
terraces or “stairs” mentioned in the text are near the summit. Acosta
describes his great sufferings while crossing this formidable pass
(i, p. 130). Father Avila has recorded the strange traditions of the
natives touching Pariacaca. (See my Translation.)
[222] See also Garcilasso de la Vega on the alleged ancient conquests
of the Yuncas (ii, p. 153). He declares that the assertions of the
coast people as to their former incursions into the Collao are false.
[223] On the other hand, Garcilasso attributes the conquest of the
Chinchas to this Ccapac Yupanqui, in the time of the Inca Pachacutec.
[224] This road leads to the valley of Pisco. The subsequent narrative
seems to show that the author here makes a mistake, and that the Inca
descended to the coast at Nasca, much further south.
[225] Garcilasso de la Vega says that the Chinchas carried on a long
war before they were subdued (ii, p. 150).
[226] Now called Cañete.
[227] Chapter lxxiii. This is the fortress called Hervay, at the mouth
of the river of Cañete, the well-preserved ruins of which may still be
seen. I examined them carefully in 1853. See an account of them in a
note to my translation of the First Part of _Cieza de Leon_, p. 259.
[228] Paullu was a son of Huayna Ccapac, and a younger brother
of Huascar and of the Ynca Manco. He accompanied Almagro in his
expedition to Chile, and was with Almagro the lad at the battle of
Chupas. In 1543 he was baptised under the name of Don Cristobal, and
he lived at Cuzco, respected by the Spaniards and beloved by the
native population. He died in May 1549. His son Carlos Ynca was a
schoolfellow of Garcilasso de la Vega, and had a son Melchor Carlos
Ynca, a knight of Santiago, who went to Spain in 1602, and died at
Alcala de Henares in 1610.
[229] _Huayna_, youth; _ccapac_, rich; _inca_, king; _zapalla_, sole;
_tucui_, ruler; _llacta_, city; _uya_, hear.
[230] The modern La Paz.
[231] Chuquisaca. Now called Sucre, the capital of the republic of
Bolivia.
[232] Domestic servants.
[233] The name Chile did not belong to the whole country included
in the present Republic of Chile, nor even to any large part of it.
The north part of modern Chile was known to the Yncas as Copayapu
(Copiapo); further south was the province of Coquimpu (Coquimbo);
and the central part of modern Chile was called Canconicagua, and
also Chilli, the latter name being probably that of a chief. Valdivia
adopted the name of Canconicagua, while Almagro called it the valley
of Chilli. The followers of Almagro and assassins of Pizarro were
always known as “los de Chile”. The name of Chile was long applied
only to the valley of Aconcagua, including Quillota; and that was
no doubt the sense in which it was used by the natives and by their
Ynca conquerors. Afterwards, the Spaniards gave the name of Chile to
the whole country on the Pacific coast, from Copiapo to Valdivia.
The native form of the word was Chilli, which the Spaniards softened
into Chile. In the north of Peru, in the provinces of Chachapoyas and
Pataz, there are three villages called Chilia; and the word occurs
in several names of places in southern Peru, such as Pacon-chile,
Chilihua, and the river Chile at Arequipa. The word _Chiri_ means cold
in Quichua. But Vicuña Mackenna maintains (_Relaciones Historicas_:
art. “Origen del Nombre de Chile”, p. 92) that the name is indigenous
to the country, and was used before the Ynca conquest; that originally
it was local, and was applied only to the valley of Aconcagua, but
that it had no special meaning.
[234] “_Y formas de hombres crecidos._” The meaning is not clear. The
Spanish editor suggests “_Y fuera mas de hombres creida_.”
[235] See p. 91.
[236] Cieza de Leon also gives an account of the roads of the Yncas in
his First Part (chapter xlii), p. 153, which is quoted _in extenso_
by Garcilasso de la Vega (I, lib. ix, cap. 13). See
also Zarate (_Historia del Peru_, lib. i, cap. 10), and, for a modern
account, Velasco (_Historia de Quito_, i, p. 59).
[237] _Yscay_, “two”; _pacha_, “hundred”; _huaranca_, “thousand”;
_runa_, “men”; _cuna_, the plural particle.
[238] The island in the bay of Guayaquil.
[239] This is chapter liv of the edition of 1554. See my Translation,
p. 192. In this chapter Cieza de Leon gives a full account of the
treacherous murder of the Orejones by the people of Puná. Garcilasso
de la Vega, in his version of the affair, copies largely from Cieza de
Leon (I, lib. ix, caps. 1, 2, 3).
[240] Where now stands the city of Guayaquil. In the 17th century the
place still retained the name of the “Pass of Huayna Capac”.
[241] _Pepino_ is a cucurbitaceous plant, and grown in great abundance
on the coast of Peru. The plant is only a foot and a half high, and
creeps along the ground. The fruit is from four to five inches long,
cylindrical, and somewhat pointed at both ends. The husk is of a
yellowish-green colour, with long rose-coloured stripes. The edible
part is solid, juicy, and well flavoured, but very indigestible.
[242] _Ancha_, “very”; _hatun_, “great”; _Apu_, “Lord”; _micu_, “eat”;
_campa_, “thou”.
[243] _Campa_, “you” (dative); _manan_, “not”; _pucula_ must be
a clerical error, it may be _pucuna_ (correctly _poccuna_), from
_poccuni_, “to ripen, to become mature”; _tucuy_, “all”; _huambracuna_
is a mistake, it should be _huayna-cuna_, “boys”. Cieza de Leon
translates erroneously. It should be, “You are not grown up,” “You are
all boys.”
[244] Garcilasso de la Vega also tells the story of this war of the
Caranques and of their punishment (II, p. 447). This country is on
the northern frontier of the empire of the Yncas, and of the province
of Quito. Garcilasso gives a violently prejudiced account of the war,
and endeavours to blacken the character of the Caranques, by way of
excusing the Ynca’s cruelty. Cieza de Leon alludes to the affair in
the First Part (p. 133 of my Translation). Versions of it are also
given by Balboa (p. 149), Montesinos (p. 221), and Velasco in his
_History of Quito_ (I, p. 18). Balboa describes the Caranque war as
having continued through three bloody campaigns, and says that a
number of Collas, with their chiefs, whom he names, were serving in
the Ynca army.
[245] 1526.
[246] The names of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, as enumerated
in the Capitulation for the conquest of Peru, made by Francisco
Pizarro with Queen Juana on July 26th, 1529, were:--
Bartolomé Ruiz (Pilot).
Cristóbal de Peralta.
Pedro de Candia.
Domingo de Soraluce.
Nicolás de Ribera.
Francisco de Cuellar.
Alonzo de Molina.
Pedro Alcon.
Garcia de Jaren.
Anton de Carrion.
Alonso Briceño.
Martin de Paz.
Juan de la Torre.
Xeres, Pizarro’s secretary, says that the number was 16. See the
whole subject discussed in a note at page 8 of my translation of the
narrative of Francisco Xeres (Hakluyt Society, 1872).
[247] In the Third Part, still inedited.
[248] Ciui Chimpu Runtu, the second legitimate wife of Huayna Ccapac.
According to most authors, the name of the mother of Huascar was Rahua
Ocllo.
[249] He was quite right. In 1571 the Viceroy, Don Francisco de
Toledo, received information that Huayna Ccapac was buried in Cuzco,
where Polo de Ondegardo afterwards found his mummy, with others. (See
_G. de la Vega_, I, p. 273; and II, p. 91.)
[250] The author alludes to Lopez de Gomara in his chapter entitled
“Linaje de Atabaliba”. Velasco, who follows Gomara, says that the name
of the Queen of Quito was Scyri Paccha.
[251] Before he is called Colla Tupac.
[252] _Rumi_, “a stone”; _ñaui_, “eye”. “Stone-eyed.”
[253] This is the reading of the Peruvian editor. The Spanish editor
has Sepocopagua.
[254] _Atoc_ means “a fox” in Quichua.
[255] _Ucumari_ means “a bear” in Quichua.
[256] Ylaquita, according to the Peruvian editor.
[257] Abante in the manuscript, for which the Spanish editor suggests
Ahuapanti.
[258] The fullest account of the war between the two brothers is to be
found in the narrative of Balboa. It is made interesting by a romantic
love story, which is developed as the military record unfolds itself.
There is another detailed account of the war given by Santa Cruz
Pachacuti (see my Translation, pp. 111-119). The chapters devoted to
it by Garcilasso de la Vega give less detail and are very prejudiced.
On his own showing, he exaggerates the extent of the massacres at
Cuzco (I, lib. ix, chapters 32 to 39).
[259] Melchor Bravo de Saravia was one of the judges who came out
with the President Gasca. He was afterwards President of the Audience
of Chile. After the departure of Gasca, he was, as President of the
Audience, practically Governor of Peru from 1552, when the Viceroy
Mendoza died, until 1556, when his successor, the Marquis of Cañete,
arrived.
[260] Hernando de Santillan was a colleague of Bravo de Saravia. He
wrote an account of the origin, lineage, and government of the Yncas,
which was first printed at Madrid in 1879, edited by Don Marcos
Ximénes de Espada.
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
How Cari returned to Chucnito=> How Cari returned to Chucuito {pg x}
How the Chancas arrived at the city of Cnzco=> How the Chancas arrived
at the city of Cuzco {pg x}
Señor de le Espada=> Señor de la Espada {pg xxiii}
constautly in revolt=> constantly in revolt {pg 3}
Meanwhile the prests made their diabolical exorcisms=> Meanwhile the
priests made their diabolical exorcisms {pg 92}
the eight Inca that reigned=> the eighth Inca that reigned {pg 120}
and on the the other I found=> and on the other I found {pg 162}
made other arangements=> made other arrangements {pg 207}
Cassana, at Cuzce, ii, 158=> Cassana, at Cuzco, ii, 158 {pg 237}