WORKS ISSUED BY
The Hakluyt Society.
THE SECOND PART
OF THE
CHRONICLE OF PERU.
No. LXVIII.
THE
SECOND PART
OF THE
CHRONICLE OF PERU.
BY
PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON.
TRANSLATED AND EDITED,
With Notes and an Introduction,
BY
CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.
MDCCCLXXXIII.
LONDON:
WHITING AND COMPANY, LIMITED, SARDINIA STREET, LINCOLN’S-INN-FIELDS.
COUNCIL
OF
THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.
COLONEL H. YULE, C.B., PRESIDENT.
ADMIRAL C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNE, C.B. }
MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, K.C.B. } VICE-PRESIDENTS.
W. A. TYSSEN AMHERST, ESQ., M.P.
REV. DR. G. P. BADGER, D.C.L.
J. BARROW, ESQ., F.R.S.
WALTER DE GRAY BIRCH, ESQ., F.S.A.
CAPTAIN LINDESAY BRINE, R.N.
E. H. BUNBURY, ESQ.
THE EARL OF DUCIE, F.R.S.
CAPTAIN HANKEY, R.N.
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR J. HENRY LEFROY, C.B., K.C.M.G.
R. H. MAJOR, ESQ., F.S.A.
REAR-ADMIRAL MAYNE, C.B.
E. DELMAR MORGAN, ESQ.
ADMIRAL SIR ERASMUS OMMANNEY, C.B., F.R.S.
LORD ARTHUR RUSSELL, M.P.
THE LORD STANLEY, OF ALDERLEY.
B. F. STEVENS, ESQ.
EDWARD THOMAS, ESQ., F.R.S.
LIEUT.-GEN. SIR HENRY THUILLIER, C.S.I., F.R.S.
CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S, HONORARY SECRETARY.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
DEDICATION TO GENERAL CACERES xiii
INTRODUCTION xv
Note on the ancient Ynca Drama xxix
Peruvian Love Story lv
Fragment of Chapter III 1
CHAP. IV.--Which treats of what the Indians of this kingdom say
touching the state of things before the Incas were known, and how
they had fortresses in the hills, whence they came forth to make war
one with another 2
CHAP. V.--Touching what these natives say concerning the Ticiviracocha;
of the opinion held by some that an Apostle passed through
this land, and of the temple there is in Cáchan; also what happened
there 5
CHAP. VI.--How certain men and women appeared in Pacarec Tampu,
and what they relate touching their proceedings after they came forth
from there 11
CHAP. VII.--How the brothers, being in Tampu-Quiru, beheld him
whom they had shut up in the cave by deceit, come forth with wings;
and how he told them that he went to found the great city of Cuzco;
and how they departed from Tampu-Quiru 16
CHAP. VIII.--How Manco Capac, when he saw that his brothers had
been turned into stones, went to a valley where he met some people;
and how he founded and built the ancient and very rich city of
Cuzco, which was the capital of the whole empire of the Incas 22
CHAP. IX.--In which notice is given to the reader of the reason that
the author, leaving the account of the succession of the kings, prefers
to explain the government of the people, their laws, and customs 24
CHAP. X.--How the lord, after he had assumed the fringe of sovereignty,
was married to his sister the Coya, which is the name of the
Queen, and how it was permitted that he should have many women,
although among them all the Coya alone was the legitimate and principal
wife 26
CHAP. XI.--How it was the custom among the Incas that they celebrated
in their songs, and by making statues of those who were
valorous and extended the bounds of the empire, and performed any
other deed worthy of memory; while those who were negligent or
cowardly received little notice 28
CHAP. XII.--How they had chroniclers to record their deeds, and of
the QUIPOS, what they were, and what we see of them 32
CHAP. XIII.--How the lords of Peru were beloved on the one hand,
and feared on the other, by all their subjects; and how no one, even a
great lord of very ancient lineage, could come into the presence,
except with a burden, in token of great obedience 36
CHAP. XIV.--How the riches possessed by the king were very great,
and how the sons of the lord were ordered always to be in attendance
at court 39
CHAP. XV.--How they built the edifices for the lords, and the royal
road along which to travel over the kingdom 42
CHAP. XVI.--How and in what manner they made the royal hunts for
the lords of Peru 45
CHAP. XVII.--Which treats of the order maintained by the Incas, and
how in many parts they made the waste places fertile, by the arrangements
they made for that purpose 47
CHAP. XVIII.--Which treats of the order they adopted in the payments
of tribute by the provinces to the kings, and of the system by
which the tribute was regulated 51
CHAP. XIX.--How the kings of Cuzco ordered that every year an
account should be taken of all persons who died and were born
throughout their dominions; also how all men worked, and how none
could be poor by reason of the storehouses 57
CHAP. XX.--How governors were appointed to the provinces; and of
the manner in which the kings visited their dominions, and how they
bore, for their arms, certain waving serpents with sticks 59
CHAP. XXI.--How the posts of the kingdom were arranged 64
CHAP. XXII.--How the Mitimaes were established, and of the different
kinds of them, and how they were highly esteemed by the
Incas 67
CHAP. XXIII.--Of the great preparations that were made when the
lords set out from Cuzco on warlike expeditions; and how robbers
were punished 72
CHAP. XXIV.--How the Incas ordered the people to form settled
towns, dividing the lands concerning which there was any dispute,
and how it was ordered that all should speak the language of
Cuzco 75
CHAP. XXV.--How the Incas were free from the abominable sin, and
from other evil customs which have been seen to prevail in the world
among other princes 78
CHAP. XXVI.--How the Incas employed councillors and executors of
justice, and of their method of reckoning time 81
CHAP. XXVII.--Which treats of the riches of the temple of Curicancha,
and of the veneration in which the Incas held it 83
CHAP. XXVIII.--Which treats of the other principal temples, and of
their names 87
CHAP. XXIX.--How the Capacocha was made, and to what extent it
was practised by the Incas; by which is to be understood the gifts
and offerings that were made to idols 91
CHAP. XXX.--How they made great festivities and sacrifices at the
grand and solemn feast called Hatun Raymi 94
CHAP. XXXI.--Of the second king or Inca who reigned in Cuzco,
named Sinchi Roca 99
CHAP. XXXII.--Of the third king who reigned in Cuzco, named
Lloque Yupanqui 102
CHAP. XXXIII.--Of the fourth king who reigned at Cuzco, named
Mayta Capac, and of what happened during his reign 105
CHAP. XXXIV.--Of the fifth king who reigned at Cuzco, named Capac
Yupanqui 107
CHAP. XXXV.--Of the sixth king who reigned in Cuzco, and of what
happened in his time; and of the fable or history they relate touching
the river that passes through the midst of the city of Cuzco 111
CHAP. XXXVI.--Of the seventh king or Inca who reigned in Cuzco,
named Inca Yupanqui 115
CHAP. XXXVII.--How, when this Inca wanted to make war in the
province of Collao, a certain disturbance arose in Cuzco; and how
the Chancas conquered the Quichuas, and got possession of their
dominions 117
CHAP. XXXVIII.--How the Orejones considered who should be Inca,
and what passed until Viracocha Inca assumed the fringe, who was
the eighth Inca that reigned 120
CHAP. XXXIX.--How Viracocha Inca threw a stone of fire with a
sling at Caitomarca, and how they made reverence 124
CHAP. XL.--How a tyrant rose up in Cuzco, and of the disturbance
he caused. Of the chastisement of certain Mamaconas for having,
contrary to their religion, used their bodies uncleanly; and how
Viracocha returned to Cuzco 127
CHAP. XLI.--How ambassadors from the tyrants of Collao came to
Cuzco, and of the departure of Viracocha Inca for the Collao 130
CHAP. XLII.--How Viracocha Inca passed by the province of the
Canches and Canas, and marched until he entered the territory of
the Collao, and of what happened between Cari and Zapana 133
CHAP. XLIII.--How Cari returned to Chucuito; of the arrival of the
Inca Viracocha; and of the peace that was agreed to between
them 136
CHAP. XLIV.--How Inca Urco was received as supreme ruler of the
whole empire, and assumed the crown at Cuzco, and how the Chancas
determined to come forth and make war on those of Cuzco 138
CHAP. XLV.--How the Chancas arrived at the city of Cuzco and
pitched their camp there, and of the terror of the inhabitants, and the
great valour of Inca Yupanqui 141
CHAP. XLVI.--How Inca Yupanqui was received as king, the name of
Inca being taken from Inca Urco; and how the new sovereign made
a peace with Hastu Huaraca 144
CHAP. XLVII.--How Inca Yupanqui set out from Cuzco, leaving
Lloque Yupanqui as Governor, and of what happened 147
CHAP. XLVIII.--How the Inca returned to Vilcas, and besieged the
rocky fastness where the enemy had taken refuge 150
CHAP. XLIX.--How Inca Yupanqui ordered Lloque Yupanqui to proceed
to the valley of Xauxa, and to bring under his dominion the
Huancas and the Yauyos, their neighbours, with other nations in
that direction 153
CHAP. L.--How the captains of the Inca left Xauxa, and what happened;
and how Ancoallo departed from among them 156
CHAP. LI.--How the Royal House of the Sun was founded on a hill
overlooking Cuzco towards the north, which the Spaniards usually
call the Fortress; and its wonderful construction, and the size of the
stones that are to be seen there 160
CHAP. LII.--How Inca Yupanqui set out from Cuzco and marched to
the Collao, and of what happened there 165
CHAP. LIII.--How Inca Yupanqui set out from Cuzco, and what he
did 168
CHAP. LIV.--How the Inca Yupanqui, having grown very old, resigned
the government of the kingdom to Tupac Inca, his son 171
CHAP. LV.--How the Collas asked for peace, and how the Inca granted
it and returned to Cuzco 174
CHAP. LVI.--How Tupac Inca Yupanqui set out from Cuzco, and how
he conquered all the country from thence to Quito; and touching his
great deeds 177
CHAP. LVII.--How the Inca sent from Quito to know whether his
commands had been obeyed, and how, leaving that province in good
order, he set out to go to the valleys of the Yuncas 182
CHAP. LVIII.--How Tupac Inca Yupanqui marched by the coast valleys,
and how all the Yuncas came under his dominion 185
CHAP. LIX.--How Tupac Inca again set out from Cuzco, and of the
fierce war he waged with those of Huarco; and how, after he had
conquered them, he returned to Cuzco 189
CHAP. LX.--How Tupac Inca once more set out from Cuzco, and how
he went to the Collao and from thence to Chile, subjugating the nations
in that direction; and of his death 194
CHAP. LXI.--How Huayna Capac reigned in Cuzco, who was the
twelfth King Inca 197
CHAP. LXII.--How Huayna Capac departed from Cuzco, and what he
did 199
CHAP. LXIII.--How Huayna Capac again ordered that an army should
be assembled, and how he set out for Quito 204
CHAP. LXIV.--How Huayna Capac entered the country of the Bracamoros,
and returned flying, and of the other events that happened
until he arrived at Quito 208
CHAP. LXV.--How Huayna Capac marched through the coast valleys,
and what he did 211
CHAP. LXVI.--How, when Huayna Capac was about to march from
Quito, he sent forward certain of his captains, who returned flying
before the enemy, and what he did in consequence 214
CHAP. LXVII.--How Huayna Capac assembled all his power, gave
battle to his enemies, and defeated them: and of the great cruelty
with which he treated them 217
CHAP. LXVIII.--How the King Huayna Capac returned to Quito;
and how he knew of the arrival of the Spaniards on the coast; and of
his death 220
CHAP. LXIX.--Of the lineage and character of Huascar and Atahualpa 224
CHAP. LXX.--How Huascar was acknowledged as king in Cuzco, after
the death of his father 226
CHAP. LXXI.--How the differences between Huascar and Atahualpa
began, and how great battles were fought between them 229
CHAP. LXXII.--How Atahualpa set out from Quito with his army
and captains, and how he gave battle to Atoc in the villages of
Ambato 231
CHAP. LXXIII.--How Huascar sent new captains and troops against
his enemy; and how Atahualpa arrived at Tumebamba, where he perpetrated
great cruelties; also what happened between him and the
captains of Huascar 233
INDEX.
Names of Places and Tribes 237
Quichua words 240
Names of Indians and Gods 242
Names of Spaniards 244
General Index 245
[In the Index, “i” refers to the volume containing the First Part of the
Chronicle of Cieza de Leon; and “ii”, to the present volume.]
DEDICATION.
TO
ANDRES AVELINO CACERES
(_General of Brigade in the Peruvian Army_),
And to his gallant companions in arms, now heroically defending their
native country against fearful odds, I dedicate this edition of the
narrative of that scholarly soldier, Pedro de Cieza de Leon, who warmly
sympathised with the people of the land of the Yncas, advocated their
cause, and denounced their wrongs.
The natives of the valley of Xauxa, descendants of the Huancas mentioned
by Cieza de Leon, have suffered most cruelly from the inroads of the
Chilian soldiery, and on this classic ground the brave Caceres and his
little army have striven to protect these people from robbery and
outrage. Cieza de Leon mentions a fact relating to the Huancas of the
Xauxa valley, which gives us a high estimate of their civilization. The
cruelties and robberies of the Spanish conquerors, whose deeds are now
outdone by their Chilian imitators, would have led to the complete
destruction of the natives if it had not been for the excellent order
and concert of their polity. They made an agreement among themselves
that if an army of Spaniards passed through any of their districts, and
did such damage as would be caused by the destruction of growing crops,
by the sacking of houses, and other mischief of still worse kinds, the
accountants should keep careful records of the injury done. The accounts
were then examined and checked; and if one district had lost more than
another, those which had suffered less made up part of the difference;
so that the burden was shared equally by all.[1]
It is among the descendants of these Huancas that the Chilians are now
committing havoc. With the Peruvians, with the men who are fighting in
the noblest of all causes--the defence of their Fatherland--with General
Caceres and his companions in arms, must be the hearty sympathies and
best wishes of all who hate wrong and love patriotic devotion. Through
that devotion, through the sacrifices and self-denials entailed upon the
unfortunate people of the land of the Yncas, may be seen those rays of
light which break the black cloud now hanging over the country and the
race described by Cieza de Leon in the following pages.
May his narrative excite the interest of many readers, and so enlist
sympathy for the descendants of that people whose story he tells so
well.
_June 1883._
INTRODUCTION.
The present volume, which has been selected for issue by the Hakluyt
Society, contains the Second Part of the _Chronicle of Peru_, by Pedro
de Cieza de Leon. The First Part formed one of the Society’s volumes for
1864, having been translated from the Antwerp edition of 1554.
When I translated and edited the First Part, no other had been printed.
I then had reason to believe that the author completed the second and
third parts of his Chronicle, and that one of these parts had come into
the possession of Mr. Lenox of New York, in manuscript. I lamented the
disappearance of the Second Part, and referred to it as one of the
greatest losses that had been sustained by South American literature.[2]
It has now been discovered that the manuscript narrative which Mr.
Prescott frequently refers to, in his _History of the Conquest of Peru_,
as “_Sarmiento_”, and which he considered to be one of the most valuable
of his authorities, is in reality the Second Part of the work of Cieza
de Leon. Mr. Prescott quotes the title in his critical notice,[3] “_para
el Illmo Señor Dn. Juan Sarmiento, Presidente del Consejo Rl. de
Indias_”, and assumes that this Don Juan Sarmiento was the author, who,
after having travelled in all parts of Peru and diligently collected
information from the Ynca nobles, subsequently became President of the
Council of the Indies. In reality, the word _para_ means “for”, and not
“by”, and the manuscript is simply addressed to Dr. Sarmiento, who never
crossed the Atlantic in his life, and who only held the post of
President of the Council of the Indies for twenty months.[4]
Mr. Prescott made much use of both parts, and considered them to be
works of great merit. If what he says in praise of the author he
supposed to be Sarmiento,[5] is added to what he says of Cieza de
Leon,[6] it will at once be seen that the latter, really the only
author, is a very important authority indeed.
It is with a feeling of reverential regret that the present editor
refers to any mistake, even one so slight as this, of the illustrious
American historian. Some of my brightest and happiest memories are of
the ten days I spent at Pepperell with Mr. Prescott, when I was on the
eve of commencing my studies in the land of the Yncas. He it was who
encouraged me to undertake my Peruvian investigations, and to persevere
in them. To his kindly advice and assistance I owe more than I can say,
and to him is due, in no small degree, the value of anything I have
since been able to do in furtherance of Peruvian research.
The evidence that the work attributed by Prescott to Sarmiento is in
reality the Second Part of the _Chronicle_ of Cieza de Leon is quite
conclusive. There are no less than ten occasions on which the author of
the Second Part (Prescott’s “Sarmiento”) refers to passages in his First
Part, which occur in the First Part of Cieza de Leon.[7] In one place
there is a reference in the Second Part to the actual number of the
chapter in the First Part.[8] In the Second Part, the author mentions
having gone to Toledo to present the First Part of his _Chronicle_ to
the Prince Don Felipe;[9] and this statement is equivalent to having
signed his name. For only one First Part of a chronicle relating to the
Indies was dedicated to the Prince, namely that of Cieza de Leon. The
author of the Second Part also mentions having been to Bahaire, near
Cartagena, and to the province of Arma--places visited by Cieza de Leon,
and mentioned in his First Part.
The manuscript of the Second Part was preserved in the library of the
Escurial,[10] in a bad copy dating from the middle, or end, of the 16th
century. The first sheet is missing, and the second begins in the middle
of a sentence towards the end of the third chapter. Thus the two opening
chapters and part of the third are lost.
The text of the Escurial manuscript has been printed by two accomplished
scholars--the Peruvian Dr. Manuel Gonzalez de la Rosa in 1873; and the
Spaniard Don Marcos Jimenez de la Espada at Madrid in 1880. Both,
independently, detected the mistake of Prescott as soon as they began to
examine the text critically. The text was reprinted by Dr. de la Rosa
with scrupulous care; the spelling, imperfect punctuation, and
capricious use of capitals in the manuscript being very carefully
preserved. But instead of retaining the manuscript numbering of
chapters, Dr. de la Rosa omits the fragment of chapter iii, and calls
the fourth chapter, chapter i. An edition was printed off by Mr.
Trübner, but soon afterwards Dr. de la Rosa left London for Peru,
without completing the editorial work. So that this edition of the
second part of Cieza de Leon has never been editorially completed or
published, and remains on Mr. Trübner’s hands.
Don Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, to whom the student of Peruvian history
is so much indebted for other precious editorial work, delayed his
publication of the text of the Second Part of Cieza de Leon, because he
had heard from Don Pascual de Gayangos that the learned Peruvian, Dr. de
la Rosa, was engaged upon the same work. It was not until 1880 that the
edition of Espada was published at Madrid.[11] The Spanish editor has
corrected the spelling and punctuation, and has supplied many useful
notes. Five copies appear to have been made of the Escurial manuscript.
One, very carelessly executed, is in the Academy of History at Madrid.
The second was in the collection of Lord Kingsborough, from which was
copied, through Mr. Rich’s agency, the one supplied to Mr. Prescott,
which is the third. The fourth and fifth are those from which the
versions of Rosa and Espada were printed.
In the Prologue to his First Part, Cieza de Leon announced the plan of
his great work:--.
PART I. The divisions and description of the provinces of Peru.
PART II. The government, great deeds, origin, policy, buildings, and
roads of the Yncas.
PART III. Discovery and conquest of Peru by Pizarro, and rebellion of
the Indians.
PART IV. _Book I._ War between Pizarro and Almagro.
_Book II._ War of the young Almagro.
_Book III._ The civil war of Quito.
_Book IV._ War of Huarina.
_Book V._ War of Xaquixaguana.
_Commentary I._ Events from the founding of the Audience to the
departure of the President.
_Commentary II._ Events to the arrival of the Viceroy Mendoza.
PART I of this very complete Chronicle of Peru was published at Seville
in folio, by Martin Clement in 1553. A second edition, in duodecimo,
was printed at Antwerp by Jean Steeltz in 1554;[12] and another
independent edition, also at Antwerp and in the same year, by Martin
Nucio. In 1555 an Italian translation, by Agostino di Gravalis, appeared
at Rome, and was reprinted at Venice by Giordano Ziletti, in 1560. A
third Italian version was published at Venice in 1566. An English
translation by John Stevens came out in London in 1576. The latest
Spanish edition forms part of the second volume of the _Historiadores
Primitivos de Indias_, in the _Biblioteca de Autores Españoles_ (vol.
26), and is edited by Don Enrique de Vedia. It was published at Madrid
in 1853. Lastly, the Hakluyt Society issued a translation in English in
1864.[13]