Planisphere, Græco-Egyptian, 64
Plants, and animals, 976-77, 979-84, 1478
cilia of, 1010
classification of, 984-1002
climbing, 1045-61
color development in, 896
cultivation of, 1091-99
dew, 1083
distribution of, 936-45
fertilization of, 892-98, 1005-16
flowering and flowerless, 963-65
food, 941-45, 1026
forms of, 948-55
fossil, 958
growth of, 1122
insect-fertilized, 894-95
insectivorous, 1068-77, 1103
“irritability” of, 977-78, 1040,
leguminous, 1080
milk-sap, 1161-74
mimicry of, 1099-1114, 1598
movement in, 1045-61
movements of, 1005-16, 1037-44, 1122-25
oldest, 455, 1230
organs of, 968
radiation of, 1042-43
sleep of, 978, 1038, 1042
social, 956
and soil, 934-36, 969-72
wind-fertilized, 894
Planula, 1328
Plastron, 1394
Platypus, 1558-59
Plateaus, submarine, 683
Pleiades, the, 75, 77, 85, 94, 123-24, 151-52, 167
Pleistocene, 1647, 1649
animals, 1533
Plesiosaurus, 674
Pleuracanthus, 485
Pleuronectidæ, 483
Pliny, 60, 221, 757, 761, 986
Pliocene, 1522, 1647, 1649
animals, 1532, 1533
Plow, the, 122
Plowright, Dr., 1101, 1106
Plumularia, 1333-35
Plutarch, 376
Poik, the, 617-20
Poison-trees, 1165
Pole Star, 68, 82-83, 87, 122, 197
Pollen, 868, 1002, 1028-29
Pollux, 57, 98, 122, 315
Polynesia, fauna of, 1560-61
races of, 1666, 1676-77
Polypes, 1328-31
bell, 1335-36
coral, 459
garland, 1331-35
Polyzoa, 471
Pomegranate, 1095
Porcupine, the, 747
Porpoise, 1561
Potato, 942, 945
sweet, 929
Pothos, 952, 955
Pouchet, George, 1681
Poultry, domestic, 1547
Poussinière, the, 75
Prairies, the, 645, 1142
Prawn, 1377
Prehistoric period, 1647
Priestley, 1205
Pritchard, Dr., 1688, 1689
Probabilities, science of, 786
Proctor, 66
Procyon, 57, 63, 76, 98
Prœsepe, 66, 130, 153
Prophet-plant, 1061-68
Protein, 980
Prothallus, 962
Protogens, 456
Protoplasm, 980, 1039
Protozoa, 1299, 1304-5
Psammodus, 470
Pterichthys, 483, 484, 671
Pterodactyles, 487
Ptolemy, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68
Puma, 1553
Pursch’s region, 940
Pygopterus, 474
Pyrosoma, the, 755
Python, 1548, 1551, 1567
Q
Quadrumana, 1518, 1529-31, 1536, 1548, 1550
Quagga, 1541, 1550
Quaking-bogs, 631
Quaternary period, 494, 495, 1679-80
R
Radiata, 1303-4
Radiates, 459, 460
Radiation, 812
Rafflesia, Arnoldi, 956, 1068-71, 1173
Raffles, Sir Stamford, 1068
Rain, 792-98
colored, 797
cyclonic, 849
non-isobaric, 849
tropical, 849
Rainbow, the, 799-807
white, 806-7
Raindrops, 792-98
Rain-gauge, 792-93
Rake, the, 77
Ramsay, Sir Andrew C., 573
Rattlesnake, 1385
Raven, 1578-79
Ray, John, 989-90
Razor-fish, 1358
Red River, the, 624
Red Sandstones, 872, 873
Red Sandstone of Connecticut, 489-90
Reefs, barrier, 689, 693-96, 699-707
coral, 689-707
fringing, 689, 696-98
Refraction, law of, 800
Regulus, 57, 123, 125
Reindeer, 1538
Reinwardt’s region, 940
Reproduction, 966
Reptiles, 486-88, 1379-1401, 1548, 1551, 1557, 1610
extinct, 673-74
herbivorous, 886
mimicry in, 1597
Rhea, 1524, 1527, 1528
Rhinoceros, 1549
Rhizocarp, 455
Rhizocarpeæ, 455
Rhizodus, 485
Rhizogens, 1001
Rhizopods, 1305
Rhodius anarus, 1606
Rhone, the, 626
Rice, 944, 1114
Rigel, 57, 63, 96, 108, 124, 187, 188
River-basins, 636-37
River-drift man, 1649-56
Rivers, 621-27, 629
Roberts, Dr. Isaac, 158-59, 159-60, 164-65, 166-67, 245, 264
Rock, beds of, 450-52
definition of, 440
Rocks, 440-50
absorption of moisture by, 590-92
erratic, 496-97
Rodentia, 1519, 1536, 1550
Rooks, 1572
Roots, 861-63
Ross, Sir James, 688
Rosse, Lord, 154, 161, 166, 276
Rousseau, J. J., 1694
Roxburgh’s region, 940
Ruiz and Pavon’s region, 941
Ruminantia, 1531-36
Ruskin, 1019
Rust, 1200
Rye, 944
S
Sagitta, 77
Sahara, the, 654-59
Sahel, the, 655-56
Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de, 921, 922-23, 925
Saint-Hilaire’s region, 941
Saint Lawrence, the, 624
Saint Pierre, B. de, 1182
Saint Vincent, Bory de, 1688
Salamander, 1383
Salisburia, 876
Salmon, 1545
Salmonidæ, 483
Samoiedes, 1672, 1674
San Francisco, the, 625
Sargasso Sea, the, 1263-67
Satellites, 30, 411-15, 420-26, 429-30, 432
Jupiter’s, 411-15
Saturn, 312, 313, 317, 326, 331, 415-26
diameter of, 415
and Jupiter, 416, 417
moons of, 420-26
orbit of, 415
rings of, 417-20
rotation of, 415
seasons of, 415
spectrum of, 416
Saurians, 1390-94
Savages, 1657-66, 1673
Savannas, 646
Savary, 201
Savigny, 1422
Scales, of fishes, 1338-40
of insects, 1431-34
Schiaparelli, 356-57, 388, 394
Schickard, 119
Schiller, Jules, 105
Schmidt, 818
Schöpf, 712-13
Schwabe, Herr, 324, 326-27
Scoresby, 807
Scott, Walter, 763, 1022
Sculptor’s Workshop, the, 78
Sea, color of the, 709-13
depths of the, 680-89
distribution of the, 677-79
fauna of deep, 1304
flora of the, 1233-37
magnitude of the, 707
phosphorescence of the, 750-63
shore, the, 763-72, 1232-33
temperature of the deep, 739-40
water, organic life in, 1261
wonders of the, 1357-74
Sea-dust, 831-32
-horses, 1346-50
-pens, 754-55
-slugs, 1369-70
-urchins, 459, 1361-62
Sea of Aral, 582
Seals, 582
Sea-weed, Irish moss, 1257
Sargassum, 1263-68
Sea-weeds, 454, 1230, 1237-62
colors of, 1262
dulse, 1250
food of, 1261-62
fucus, 1239
laver, 1251
organs of, 1262
parasitic, 1246
spores of, 1262
Ulvæ, 1240
wracks, 1239
Seed, ejection of, 1007-16, 1199-1200, 1212
Seeds, 1002-16, 1104-5
Seiches, 574
Selenography, 376
Selvas, 647
Seneca, 284
Sensitive-plants, 1039, 1040
Sepals, 867-68
Septentriones, 82
Sequoia, 876-84
Serpent, the, 78
Serpents, 488, 1383-90, 1551, 1557
Sertularia, 1330
Sexual selection, 1491
Shagreen, 1339
Shakespeare, 1204
Shark, 1538, 1544
Shield of Sobieski, 78, 96
Shooting-fishes, 1351
Shooting-stars, 132
Sidereal universe, 30
Sidereus Nuncius, 377
Sigillaria, 464, 470, 476, 1230
Sigillariæ, 470
Silkworm, 1545
Silurian beach, 456-63
Silurian period, 461-63
fauna of the, 481
Simoon, 830
Sirius, 54, 56, 57, 63, 66, 75, 96, 97, 125, 187, 193, 203, 308
Sirocco, 830-31
Smith, Sir J. E., 998
Smith, Worthington, 1598
Smut, 1200
Snell, Willebrod, 800, 801
Snow, 807-9
red, of Alps, 514-15
crystals, 807-8
flakes, 808-9
Social plants, 1226
Soffioni, 518
Soil, absorption of moisture by, 588-90
and plants, 934-36, 969-72
Solar, corona, 342
spectrum, 337, 346
system, 30, 71-72
Solfatara, 518, 539
Somma, 542-43
Sorcerer’s Spring, the, 592
Southern Cross, the, 78, 99, 125
Space, 32, 33-42
Species, 984
Spectroscope, 333
Spencer, Herbert, 1466
Spermaceti, 1563
Sphagnum, 632, 633
Sphere, invention of the, 64
Spica, 57, 63, 66, 209
Spiders, 1578, 1600-1, 1612-14, 1634
Spines, 867
Spinneret, 1460
Sponges, 1305, 1307-13
Spores, fungi, 1199
lichens, 1212
of sea-weed, 1262
Sprengel, 1003
Springs, 592-604
mineral, 602-3
salt, 599-601
thermal, 594-99
Sprung, 792
Spurge, family of, 1163
phosphorescent, 1166
Squalls, 845-47
Squirrels, 1624-25
Stamens, 868, 1002
Staphilinus Cæsareus, 1568
Star, “the Blaze,” 277
the brightest, 54, 63
the “Demon,” 216-20
the dog, 97
“garnet” (Mu Cephei), 188
“The Lost,” 115
nearest to earth, 41, 99
“Nova” [P (34) Cygni], 226
Nova Persei, 228-38
“The Pilgrim,” 223
the Pole, 68, 82-83, 87, 122, 197
“The Test,” 81, 115
Tycho Brahe’s, 223, 224-26
“the wonderful.” See Mira Ceti
Star-clusters, 29, 49, 50, 66, 160, 167, 167-75, 192
Star-fishes, 450
-groups, 151-53
-streams, 133-40
Stars, the, 25, 43, 51-60, 307-9
Arabic, names of, 106-20
atlases of, 65-66
binary, 200-10
blue, 192
brightness of the, 56, 68-69
catalogue of, 58, 60, 61, 62
colored, 187-95
distances of the, 36, 46, 51-52
double, 67, 125, 192, 195-200
double (naked eye), 126-27
fixed, 30-31, 55, 60
fortunate, 116
green, 191-92
inhabited, 307-10
lucid, 60
magnitudes of, 56-58, 62-63
maps of, 65-66
movements of, 33
multiple, 195
nebulous, 163
number of, 58-60, 60-61, 120-21
of solar type, 315
quadruple, 195
red, 188-91, 193-95
scintillation of, 53-54
shadows of, 66
shooting, 132
spectra of, 308
temporary, 128, 220-27
triple, 195, 203-4
variable, 127-28, 194, 209-20
wandering, 31, 55
white, 193, 195
yellow, 193
Steinbrinck, 1003
Stem, 862
Steppes, the, 582, 637-43, 661, 947, 1143-46
Sticklebacks, 1350, 1629
Stigma, 870
Stigmaria, 464, 476
Stigmariæ, 470
Stipa pennata, 1015-16, 1144
Stipules, 864
Stomata, 1022
Storms, rotary, 844-45
thunder, 847-48
Strabo, 64, 598
Stratum, 440
Streams, subterranean, 604-10
Stromboli, 544-45
Strommung, 1543
Struve, 59, 201, 430
Sun, the, 316-52
density of the, 316
diameter of the, 36
gravity of the, 317
mass of the, 316
spots, 318-25, 544, 817
a star of the Milky Way, 28
a variable star, 327
volume of the, 316
Sun-birds, 1551
Sun-dew, the, 1073-74
Suns, numberless, 28, 29, 48-49
Survival of the fittest, 1466, 1484
Swallow, 1636
Swamps, 628-34, 1137-38
Swan, the, 78, 123
Swartz’s region, 941
Swinburne, 1073
Swine, 1532
Synapta Digitata, 1362-63
T
Tadpole, 1379-82
Tailor-bird, 1633
Tangles, 1231, 1248-49
Tapir, 1553, 1554
Taurus, 123-24
Taxonomy, 1298
Tebbad, 830
Tef, 945
Telegraph-plant, 1041, 1044
Telescope, the, 49, 333-37
the Cassegrain, 243-44
equatorial, 249-53, 258-61
eye-pieces, 245-47
Lick, 256
reflecting, 241
refracting, 238
Lord Rosse’s, 253
Yerkes, 255
Telescopes, great, 253-61
photographic, 262-66
Tendrils, 867, 1049-60, 1124-25
Termites, 1414, 1552
Tertiary period, 493, 674-75
animals, 1532
Thallogens, 454, 482, 1000
Thallophytes, 958
Thallus, 1000
Theodorus, 64
Thistles, 1145-46, 1181, 1183
Three Kings, the, 77, 97
Thunberg’s region, 941
Thunderstorms, 847-48
Tidal-action, 713-27
Tides, 713-27
Tierra del Fuegians, 1664-66, 1678
Tigris, the, 624
Titmouse, 1630
Titus, law of, 397
Toad, 1382-83
Toadstool, 1200
Tocusso, 945
Torch-thistles, 1181, 1183
Tornado, 844, 852-58
Tortoise, 1394-98, 1399-1401
Tortoise-shell, 1397
Toucans, 1556
Tournefort, 986-90
Toxotes jaculator, 1576
Trade-winds, 659, 663, 834-36, 841-42
Tree-frog, 1383
-palms, 885
-worship, 1078
Trees, 1030-31
Australian, 1139
California big, 876-84
deciduous, 1129
nut, 1174-80
poison, 1165, 1167-68, 1172, 1174
Tremendal, 631
Triangle, the, 78
Trias, 872
Trichoptera, 1417-18
Trilobites, 457, 460, 471, 481, 671
Tritons, 1383
Truffle, 1201
Trumpet-tree, 1165
Tschudi, Jacbon, 877
Tundras, 582, 637
Turkeys, 1523, 1556
Turks, 1672, 1674
Turtle, 1398-1401
Twins, the, 78, 98
Tycho Brahe, 69, 303, 353
Tycho Brahe’s star, 223-26
Typhoons, 845
U
Ulloa, Don Antonio de, 807
Ulug Bekh, 67, 115, 118
Ungulata, 1536
Univalves, 459
Universe, the, 25-33, 51
Upas-tree, 1172, 1174
Uranography, Chinese, 76
Uranometria, Argentina, 66, 70
(Bayer’s), 64
Uranoscopus, 1569
Uranus, 131, 312, 313, 317, 332, 426-30
diameter of, 428
revolution of, 428
satellites of, 429-30
Urus, 1543
Utah, Great Salt Lake of, 579-81, 587
desert of, 662
V
Vallisneria spiralis, 893, 1006
Vanilla, 955, 1152
Van Tieghem, 967
Vaucher, 1015
Vaucluse, the Gorges of, 604-5
Vedas, the, 501
Vega, 51-52, 57, 63, 76, 85, 87, 123, 187, 193
Vegetable-ivory, 1179
Vegetation, in Africa, 909-15
in America, 915-26
in Asia, 905-9
in Australia, 926-29
in Canary Isles, 932-34
of the earth, 946-56
in Europe, 898-904
in New Zealand, 939-30
zones of, 930-45
Venus, 131, 312, 317, 326, 331, 358-64
atmosphere of, 361
and Mercury, 355
climate of, 361
geography of, 362
orbit of, 360
phases of, 359-60
revolution of, 360
year of, 361
Venus’s Fly-trap, 1076-77
Vertebrata, 1301, 1337
Vertebrates, 460-61
Vesper, 359
Vesuvius, 525, 543, 545, 546, 548-49, 551, 556, 557
Via Lactea, 27
Virey, 1687
Vitellio, 799
Vitruvius, 598
Vizcacha, 1617-19
Volcanic, action, 516-27, 541-42
tuff, 445
Volcano, 545
definition of, 537-38
Volcanoes, 525-27, 536-59, 562, 570
eruptions of, 517
gaseous emanations, 518-19, 538-39
mud, 519-20, 522-25
Volga, the, 627, 637
Vulcan, 353
Vulpecula, 78
Vulture, 1551
W
Wahlenberg’s region, 930, 939, 1143
Walker, Francis, 1452
Wallace, A. R., 1003, 1100-1, 1127, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1297, 1591,
1594, 1595, 1596, 1597
Wallich’s region, 940
Wasps, 1408, 1409, 1634
Water-bearer, the, 78
Waterspouts, 845
Weak, J. P. Mansel, 1101, 1598
Weather, 784
prognostics, 784-85, 827-28
charts of the, 786, 788, 827
Weaver-birds, 1631-33
Wells, Dr. William Charles, 813
Westwood, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405
Whale, 1561
the, 98-99
Whately, 1658, 1661
Wheat, 944, 945
Whirlwind, 849, 852-53
Whitney, Prof., 878
Whorl, 866
Wildcat, 1542
Williams, Stanley, 409-10
Wilson, Alexander, 813
Winds, 828-45
trade, 834-36, 841-42
Wings of insects, 1428-34
Winlock, Prof., 818
Withering, 998
Wolf, Max, 155, 263
Wollaston, 54
Wolves, 1574-75
Woods, Brazilian, 1146-61
Worms, 459-60, 1619
Wren, Sir Christopher, 792-93
X
Xylocopa, 1620
Y
Yellowstone National Park, 520
Young, Thomas, 806-7
Yucca, 954, 1164
Z
Zebra, 1541, 1550
Zodiac, the, 88-95
Arabic, 92
Chinese, 93-94
of Denderah, 90
of the Elephanta Pagoda, 91
of Esne, 91
Hindoo, 93
Zodiacal light, 132, 149-51, 351, 352
spectrum of, 346
Zone, of calms, 833-34
the coralline, 1230
the laminarian, 1230, 1231
the littoral, 1230
Zones, bathymetrical, 1521-22
Zoophytes, 470, 481
Zoospores, 1039
Zosteraceæ, 482
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Charles Robin: “Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux Parasites qui
croissent sur l’Homme et sur les Animaux Vivants.” 1853.
[2] From _cilium_, a hair.
[3] The term “cell” is used here in its broadest sense.
[4] Gosse, “A Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast.”
[5] It is singular that the frog, though so low in the scale of
vertebrated animals, should bear a striking resemblance to the human
conformation in its organs of progressive motion. This arises from
the exertions which it makes in swimming being similar to those
of man in walking, in as far as they both result from the strong
action of the extensors of the feet. Hence, we find a distinct calf
in the legs of both, produced by the swelling of similar muscles.
The muscles of the thigh present, also, many analogies with those
of man; particularly in the presence of the long muscle called the
_sartorius_, the use of which is to turn the foot outward, both in
stepping and in swimming.
[6] Their prey is swallowed entire; and therefore, as we shall
afterward find, the bones of the jaws and face are formed to admit of
great expansion, and of great freedom of motion upon one another.
[7] The expression of this fact is thus qualified, because it
does not apply to many fossil or extinct species, such as the
Ichthyosaurus.
[8] Westwood’s “Introduction.”
[9] The turkey had been domesticated by the Mexicans, from whom the
Spaniards introduced it into Europe. It had already become tolerably
common in England before the close of the Sixteenth Century, and in
Spain and the south of Europe much earlier in date.
The potato, maize, the cinchonas, tobacco, and the turkey, have been
pronounced the five great gifts of the New World to the Old.
[10] The emu and cassowary, though in common language referred to
as identical, are specifically distinct. Of the cassowary, properly
so called, three distinct species are now known--one of them an
inhabitant of the Australian mainland, in the neighborhood of Cape
York, a second native to New Guinea, and a third inhabiting the
island of New Britain.
[11] The substance called _Spermaceti_ is lodged in cells, formed of
a cartilaginous substance, situated on the upper part of the head of
the _Cachalot_.
[12] L. H. Morgan, _The American Beaver and his Works_, Philadelphia,
1868, pp. 82-86.
[13] The figures given in the above table represent no more than
an approximate estimate. It is only in the case of Europe that we
possess the means of making such calculations with any approach to
accuracy. The amount of the population of China alone has been stated
with wide variations--the estimates ranging between two hundred
millions and more than double that number. We adopt above the higher
number, which appears to be confirmed by the general testimony of
observers. The number of inhabitants within the African continent
(and especially within those portions of it populated by the negro
race) is scarcely more than a guess: the figures given above are
probably rather below than in excess of the truth.
[14] The facial angle is formed by the meeting of two lines drawn on
the profile of the skull--one of them a line touching the projecting
part of the forehead and the gum of the upper jaw, the other
connecting the base of the nose and the opening of the ear. The angle
formed by the meeting of these lines sometimes amounts in a Caucasian
variety of man to 80 degrees and upward; in the other varieties it
seldom exceeds 70 degrees; and in the instance of some degraded races
is considerably less.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added,
when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 1366: ‘upon out mantel’ replaced by ‘upon our mantel’.
Pg 1385: ‘spinous prosesses’ replaced by ‘spinous processes’.
Pg 1397: ‘this mall group’ replaced by ‘this small group’.
Pg 1401: ‘Scychelle Islands’ replaced by ‘Seychelle Islands’.
Pg 1457: ‘Anagarus contains’ replaced by ‘Anagrus contains’.
Pg 1549: ‘The cameleopard’ replaced by ‘The camelopard’.
Pg 1572: ‘undoubtededly true’ replaced by ‘undoubtedly true’.
Pg 1579: ‘they started, and’ replaced by ‘they startled, and’.
Pg 1671: ‘and Caspain Seas’ replaced by ‘and Caspian Seas’.
In the Index:
Pg 1695: ‘A gler-fish’ replaced by ‘Angler-fish’.
Pg 1696: ‘Bees, 1426-17’ replaced by ‘Bees, 1426-27’.
Pg 1697: ‘Cheiroptera, 1536’ replaced by ‘Cherioptera, 1536’.
Pg 1700: ‘Goethe, 895, 998-90’ replaced by ‘Goethe, 895, 998-99’.
Pg 1703: ‘th (constellation)’ replaced by ‘the (constellation)’.
Pg 1709: ‘Unguilata, 1536’ replaced by ‘Ungulata, 1536’.
Pg 1709: ‘Vaucluse, the Sorges’ replaced by ‘Vaucluse, the Gorges’.