DEATH
His reception--Arrest--Journey from Plymouth--Stukeley and
Manourie--The final scene.
Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, had been active during Ralegh's
absence to work his complete overthrow, but Ralegh remained some weeks
at Plymouth before he knew the exact nature of the reception which
awaited him.
Masterly was the way in which Gondomar handled James. He was about to
start for Madrid on leave, when the news arrived from the townspeople of
St. Thomas of the English attack. "Exaggerate as much as you can
Ralegh's guilt and try to get the King to make a great demonstration,"
wrote Philip from Madrid. "Do not," he went on, "threaten him; but make
him understand that I am offended, and that if a proper remedy be not
forthcoming at once, we shall make reprisals and seize English property
in Spain." Gondomar set about his task forthwith. He rushed into the
royal presence crying with uplifted hands, "Pirates! pirates! pirates!"
and urged James to remember his promise, that Ralegh should be sent in
chains to Spain to be hanged in the Plaza of Madrid. This was no time
for delay, for judicial examination: Ralegh should be despatched
immediately on his landing, with all his pirate followers. But James
could not, though he would, act thus uncompromisingly. Ralegh was too
considerable a man, and feeling towards him had changed very much since
the time of his first trial when he was hooted through the streets of
London as a traitor. There was a large party in the country who were
averse to James's wish of an alliance by marriage with Spain. For forty
years Spain had tried to humble England, and for forty years England had
more than held her own. And now was the King to be bullied into
sacrificing one of his greatest subjects, unheard, unjudged, at the
bidding of Spain's ambassador? Moreover, James felt that he was losing
the popularity which he had won at the beginning of his reign. His
favourites were disliked. The personal influence of Gondomar over him
was disliked. So James temporised--in his habitual way he temporized--so
that he might, like the weak man he was, enjoy the sense of power which
he felt as he slowly tightened the rope round Ralegh. "James wants peace
and must be frightened," wrote Gondomar. "The English have changed their
tone since I came and I have shown them that I will stand no nonsense."
And his boast was amply justified.
Sir Lewis Stukeley was sent to Plymouth to arrest Ralegh and take
possession of his ship and cargo. Ralegh had already started from
Plymouth with his wife and Captain King when he met Stukeley, near the
old stannary town of Ashburton on the edge of Dartmoor, twenty miles on
his way to London. Stukeley made him return with him to Plymouth: for
Stukeley was anxious to make as much as possible for himself out of
Ralegh's cargo on board the _Destiny_, for he was vice-admiral of Devon.
Sir Lewis Stukeley was a Devon man and kinsman of Ralegh, for he was
nephew to the valiant Sir Richard Grenville. He did not maintain the
traditions of his family or of his county. Ralegh stayed in Plymouth
some ten days at the house of Sir Christopher Harris. He was not yet
aware of the fate that awaited him, for Stukeley had only an order from
the King and no warrant from the Lords of the Council. And Stukeley too
was full of friendliness and soft words, partly to put Ralegh off his
guard and partly because it was easier for him to be agreeable to a man
like Ralegh, whom he could not bully. Lady Ralegh and Captain King were
full of grave fears for Sir Walter. They begged him, valuing his life as
they did, before everything else, to escape to France. They made all
necessary preparations: a barque was in readiness just outside the
harbour. Ralegh, still uncertain as to the best way of conducting the
little business of life that remained to him, listened to their
entreaties and actually went out in a small boat almost to the barque.
But he turned back at the last moment, determined to face every danger
that awaited him in order that he might clear his name in the eyes of
posterity from the slur of false charges that he knew would be made
against him. Exactly how that was to be compassed he did not yet know.
Now, as before, in the troubled periods of his life, a kind of apathy,
of weariness of life, closed in upon him; the apathy that comes from
uncertainty, and which in his case preceded a great and definite action.
His powers were slowly collecting for the last great moment of his life.
Towards the end of July a messenger arrived from the Privy Council,
bearing an urgent summons to Stukeley to bring Ralegh to their presence
without a moment's delay. "We command you," the message ran, "upon your
allegiance, that you do safely and speedily bring hither the person of
Sir Walter Ralegh, to answer before us such matters as shall be objected
against him in His Majesty's behalf."
The message was sent on July 21, and arrived four days later. On the
same day, July 25, Ralegh began his journey from Plymouth to London, as
Stukeley's prisoner.
Slowly in Ralegh's mind a plan of action matured. He knew that in London
he had with the King's enmity little hope of life. It remained for him
to clear his name of slander; his own life was now of small consequence
to him: he was considering how best to leave a fair name and some means
of decent living for his family. He saw that time was an essential to
him. He must take care not to be hurried to London, hurried before the
Council, and hurried to the scaffold before men were properly aware of
his presence, and aware of the importance of the event. He must contrive
to die greatly, as acquittal was beyond man's power. He knew that he was
innocent, he knew that James desired his death, and that innocence was
of small account when pitted against a King's wish. He lived long enough
not only to see but to experience the bad consequences which he had
foreseen of absolute monarchy under a weak King. Civil war fell on
England, and the rule of the Puritans before the policy which he had
thought out when Elizabeth was an old woman, became established. He
brooded long over many things on that sad journey from Plymouth--over
the roads which he knew so well. All the country-side was dear to him.
He had done with it all now.
He passed Sherborne, where he had lived and been happy; he spent the
night quite close to Sherborne at the house of his acquaintance Parham.
It was a melancholy home-coming. What now remained of his great hopes
and his great doings? In the eyes of the world he had failed. But he
must open the world's eyes to see his failure in its proper light.
At Salisbury, where they arrived the following day, his plan matured. It
would not do to come nearer London and his judges unprepared and
dreaming of his past life. Something still remained to be done. He must
gain time. He must be expected too, that all might be ready to hear what
he had to say. His device was brave and was pathetic. He determined to
feign illness.
Now, at Plymouth he had met a man named Manourie, a Frenchman who was
interested in chemistry. In Manourie Ralegh had the faith which a man is
inclined to have in a fellow-craftsman on other matters than his craft.
His confidence was unwise. Thinking over great matters, he was not
sufficiently alert and not sufficiently distrustful. Nor is it certain
that Manourie was false from the beginning. It is probable that he came
to realize how dangerous a business he had undertaken, and, becoming
alarmed, fell an easy prey to Stukeley's promises and suggestions.
Within sight of Salisbury Ralegh asked Manourie for a vomit. "It will be
good," he said, "to evacuate bad humours. And by its means I shall gain
time to work my friends and order my affairs; perhaps even to pacify His
Majesty. Otherwise, as soon as ever I come to London, they will have me
to the Tower, and cut off my head. I cannot escape it without
counterfeiting sickness."
They arrived in Salisbury a few days before King James and the Court
were expected. Ralegh strung himself to his pathetic part, and played it
so bravely that Stukeley and the whole retinue were convinced that a
deadly sickness was approaching. On entering the house where he was to
be lodged in Salisbury he staggered, as a man staggers who is overcome
by sudden sickness, and fell against a pillar in the doorway, bruising
his head. A delay was ordered. Lady Ralegh, with her retinue of servants
and Captain King, was sent on towards London. Hardly had they started
when a servant came to Stukeley's room, and said he, "My master is out
of his wits. I have just found him in his shirt, upon all fours, gnawing
at the rushes on the floor." Stukeley was amazed and perplexed. King
James and the Court were daily expected at Salisbury, and his special
instructions to hurry on the prisoner could only mean that the King was
anxious not to be in Salisbury at the same time as Ralegh. And yet the
prisoner must not be allowed to die. Moreover, pustules broke out all
over Ralegh's body, and Stukeley could not have then known that they
were produced by a cunning ointment which Manourie had given to Ralegh.
Stukeley went to Bishop Andrewes, the bishop sent physicians to Ralegh,
and they signed a certificate to say that he was not in a fit state of
health to travel further. Ralegh's point was gained. He set to work and
wrote his "Apology for the Voyage to Guiana," in which he stated his
good case to the world.
It has been remarked, almost with astonishment, by some that Ralegh was
not in the least ashamed of his action. But there was no reason why he
should be ashamed. He decided in his own mind that to gain time was a
necessity to him, and having done so he set about the business in the
only way that he could, and he succeeded. Afterwards he was reproached
for the lack of dignity he showed, and answered, "I hope it was no sin.
The prophet David did make himself a fool, and suffered spittle to fall
upon his beard, that he might escape the hands of his enemies; and to
him it was not imputed as a sin." Men like Ralegh have different values
from the values of ordinary men; in that, perhaps, chiefly lies their
greatness. Dignity is a thing which can very well be left to look after
itself; the dignity which needs any careful bolstering is not in itself
of great value.
Meanwhile King James and his Court arrived at Salisbury, and orders were
immediately issued that Ralegh should continue his journey to London. It
was probably about this time that Manourie learned the full importance
of the fellow-chemist whom he was assisting, and became afraid.
Hereafter Stukeley was informed of all the things which Ralegh said and
did, and of many things doubtless which he had never said and never
done.
So Ralegh continued his journey with his two false friends. As they
neared London, the French resident in London, by name Le Clerc, and
David de Novion, Sieur de la Chesnaye, met the party. De Novion was
awaiting Ralegh's arrival at Brentford. He was empowered by the French
minister to offer Ralegh means of escape to France. Men in authority at
the French Court considered that such an enemy of Spain, whose head the
Spanish ambassador desired to fall as a tribute to Spain's power over
James, would be a useful man to save. But Ralegh appears to have
listened with no great eagerness to their proposals. He was no longer
anxious to continue his life in a strange country under a strange king,
to whom he was indebted. He needed all his strength for the last
achievement on which his heart was set--to clear his name from slanders,
and he was not sure that escape was the best means to his end; though
he listened later to the entreaties of his wife and Captain King, to
whom his very life was dear. But Ralegh must have listened with some
pleasure: the anxiety shown on his account, for whatever reason, must
have made it clear to him that now, at any rate, he could not be huddled
away to the Tower and to his death, unheard, as he had feared. He
desired publicity, that he might die, as he had lived--greatly.
On August 7 Ralegh reached London, and, instead of going to the Tower,
was allowed to go to his own house, which was in Broad Street. Captain
King was waiting for him. He had arrived some days previously, and had
wasted no time. A barque was in readiness at Tilbury to take his master
to France. Had Ralegh's whole mind been centred on escape, there is no
doubt that he could have escaped, in spite of Stukeley's treachery. But
his mind was divided. His own desire was to stay in England, and meet
whatever his fate might be; but his desire was, no doubt, obscured by
his wife's entreaties that he should seize any opportunity of life under
any conditions. He allowed himself to be rowed down the Thames. Stukeley
was actually with him, vowing that he wished his escape. A boat,
however, was seen to be in pursuit. The men at the oars grew suspicious;
they slackened their rowing, and at length turned back. At Greenwich
Stukeley declared himself, and arrested Captain King and his master.
Ralegh turned to Stukeley and said quietly, "Sir Lewis, these actions
will not turn out to your credit," and to Captain King, from whom he
took leave at the Tower gates, "You need be in fear of no danger. It is
I only that am the mark shot at."
[Illustration: TRAITOR'S GATE]
Once again Ralegh was in the Tower--the day he entered it was August
10. Manourie received L20 for his part of the treachery, Sir Lewis
Stukeley L965 _6s._ _3d._; the money was made up, for the most part, of
the price of jewels which were taken from Sir Walter's person on this
day of his last entry to the Tower. Among these jewels was the ring he
had always worn since it was put on his finger by Queen Elizabeth.
The attempt to escape had been encouraged by enemies who wished to
strengthen the case against Ralegh. That was clear enough to him, even
before he was brought face to face with the Lords of the Council at his
trial. They strove again, as they had striven before, to win the King's
favour by maligning him. They affirmed that the whole enterprise to
Guiana was a fraud, which Ralegh had invented to gain his freedom. For
two months they considered the most plausible means of bringing him to
execution. During that time Ralegh wrote letters to those in authority,
and especially a noteworthy letter to the King, thinking that there
might remain some spark of just feeling in him.
"If it were lawfull," he wrote, "if it were lawfull for the
Spanish to murther 26 Englishmen, tyenge them back to backe and
then to cutt theire throtes, when they had traded with them a
whole moneth, and came to them on the land without so much as
one sword amongst them all; and that it may not be lawfull for
your Majesties subjects, being forced by them, to repel force
by force, we may justly say, 'O miserable English!'
"If Parker and Mutton took Campeach and other places in the
Honduraes seated in the hart of the Spanish Indies; burnt
townes, killed the Spaniards; and had nothing sayed to them at
their returne--and that my selfe forbore to looke into the
Indies, because I would not offend, I may as justly say, 'O
miserable Sir Walter Ralegh!'
"If I had spent my poore estate, lost my sonne, suffred by
sicknes and otherwise, a world of miseries; if I had resisted
with the manifest hazard of my life the rebells and spoiles
which my companyes would have made; if when I was poore I could
have made my selfe rich; if when I had gotten my libertye which
all men and Nature it selfe doth so much prise, I voluntarily
lost it; if when I was master of my life, I rendred it again;
if [though] I might elsewhere have sould my shipp and goods and
put five or six thousand pounds in my purse, I have brought her
into England; I beseech your Majestie to beleeve that all this
I have done because it should not be sayed to your Majestie
that your Majestie had given libertie and trust to a man whose
ende was but the recovery of his libertie, and whoe had
betrayed your Majesties trust."
It was to no purpose. Ralegh well knew by this time of what base fabric
was the King's mind. The Lords in Council only delayed sentence because
they could not determine on what grounds to execute their prisoner. At
last, on October 24, Ralegh was told that sentence of death had been
passed upon him. On October 28 he was summoned to Westminster, from his
room in the Tower. A sharp attack of ague lessened the strength that
still remained to him. He was old now and white haired as he stood
before his judges. The Attorney-General read the writ against him and
said: "My Lords, Sir Walter Ralegh, the prisoner at the bar, was fifteen
years since convicted of high treason, by him committed against the
person of His Majesty and the state of this kingdom, and then received
the judgment of death, to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. His Majesty
of his abundant grace hath been pleased to shew mercy upon him till now,
that justice calls upon him for execution. Sir Walter Ralegh hath been
a statesman, and a man who in regard of his parts and quality is to be
pitied. He hath been as a star at which the world hath gazed; but stars
may fall, nay, they must fall when they trouble the sphere wherein they
abide. It is, therefore, His Majesty's pleasure now to call for
execution of the former judgment, and I now require order for the same."
Ralegh listened to this pompous mockery and said, when asked what he
could say for himself why execution should not be awarded against him,
"My Lords, my voice is grown weak by reason of my late sickness, and an
ague which I now have; for I was now brought hither out of it." And the
Lord Chief Justice answered: "Sir Walter, your voice is audible enough."
Indeed, there was little to be said by Ralegh, or any man, against a
charge thus raked up from the past. The affair of this trial was a mere
form, and Ralegh reserved his strength for his last great avowal at the
supreme moment of his life.
He was taken away to the Gatehouse prison. Immediately the carpenters
set to work to erect the scaffold. His execution was fixed for an early
hour on the following morning. For on that day men's attention would be
turned from the happenings at Westminster; and towards the City where
the Lord Mayor's show would take place. Men's attention was not desired
for the morrow's deed at Westminster.
* * * * *
Ralegh was a poet. A man cannot be a poet in his spare time. There is a
realm which Beauty rules--that Beauty which Castiglione celebrated, and
the understanding of which he made the last and chief attribute of his
Courtier, with that realm Ralegh was in communion. From it he drew
strength for his life. Such communion does unfit a man for the business
of life, but gives him power to cope with its difficulties by enabling
him to look a little beyond them. It raises him above the pettiness of
things, and makes him see more clearly because he sees things at their
proper value and in their right proportion. This perception--this
sensitiveness--made him suffer more acutely, but endowed him with the
power of detachment, the power to rise above his personal griefs.
Ralegh was a poet. He expressed himself in his life in a way strangely
akin to that in which he expressed himself in his actual poetry. He
resembles some knight in a Morris romance in his adoration for his
Queen, and in his love for his wife.
But true love is a durable fire,
In the mind ever burning,
Never sick, never old, never dead,
From itself never turning.
That spirit informed his life, and is linked with his every achievement.
"Schoenheit geniessen heiss die Welt verstehn." And one of the most
memorable facts of the Russo-Japanese war was that the invincible
Admiral Togo wrote home asking for plum trees in flower to be sent to
him; he needed the strength which he drew from looking at their beauty.
Castiglione was right. This perception of beauty is the last quality of
the perfect courtier; from that alone can strength be gathered and
stored for this strange struggle of life.
And now Ralegh had reached the last day of his life. Early next morning
he was destined to solve the mighty problem with which poets and
philosophers have always wrestled in vain--the problem which is the
mightiest in life, which lends life colour and poignancy--the problem
of death. The excitement of knowing that in a few hours he would be
taken into that great mystery must have been overpowering. He no longer
needed consolation: fear was lost in eagerness to know. And a sense of
relief came to him that he would be driven no longer to fight on in the
long battle of life with the fierce energy that mastered him. He had
sufficient experience to be a little weary of life; he had sufficient
vitality to welcome death. He knew that he saw the sun set for the last
time; that for the last time he saw the approach of night, the familiar
faces of men, and all the surroundings of man's life. His consciousness
was coming to an end. "Do not carry it with too much bravery," said his
kinsman, Francis Thynne. "It is my last mirth in this world," answered
Ralegh. "Do not grudge it to me."
For the last time? Yet who can tell? What is man's knowledge when
confronted by the portentous fact of death?
Once more Ralegh was about to journey into the unknown, and his spirit
thrilled with excitement at this his last and most adventurous journey.
Dr. Tounson, the worthy Dean of Westminster, came to visit him in the
little room which was allotted to him in the Gatehouse prison. "When I
began to encourage him against the fear of death he seemed to make so
light of it that I wondered at him."
His body was weak; his spirit was strong. Sorrow he was leaving behind
him. And until the clock struck the hour of midnight he who was to meet
death in the morning of that very day sympathized and strengthened his
wife, who had many days more through which she must live.
At midnight Lady Ralegh left him, and for the last time he began to set
his affairs in order. He knew now how he could clear his name before the
world. His spirit was so alive that he never doubted his power to die as
he had lived--splendidly. He determined what he would say in the
morning--quietly, resolutely--and having done so, still there was some
time at his disposal. He opened the Bible that lay on the table and upon
the first blank page he wrote--
Even such is time! who takes in trust
Our youth, our joys, and all we have,
And pays us but with earth and dust;
Who in the dark and silent grave,
When we have wandered all our ways,
Shuts up the story of our days.
But from that earth, that grave and dust
The Lord shall raise me up, I trust.
And now the time had come for him to face the high ordeal of public
death, which was to be the last triumph of his great spirit. A goblet of
sack was brought him and he made his way to the scaffold. A crowd was
already assembled--waiting.
Ralegh walked to the scaffold with head erect, complete master of the
terrible situation. He noticed an old man standing in the front of the
crowd with uncovered head, and taking off the covering he wore under his
hat, he gave it to the old man, saying, "You need this, my friend, more
than I do." The crowd pressed upon Ralegh and the struggle to reach the
scaffold made his body, still weak from the ague, breathless. It is in
accordance with the irony of things that even this last path was not
clear for him. At last he stood upon the scaffold, erect and smiling.
The crowd listened for his death speech. The chief men in England were
there to hear his last words and to witness his death. Ralegh began to
speak. He said--
"I have had fits of ague for these two days. If therefore you perceive
any weakness in me, ascribe it to my sickness rather than to myself. I
am infinitely bound to God that He hath vouchsafed me to die in the
sight of so noble an assembly, and not in darkness, in that Tower where
I have suffered so much adversity and a long sickness. I thank God that
my fever hath not taken me at this time, as I prayed to God it might
not."
His voice grew weak. He feared that the nobles who were in the balconies
would not hear him. So he asked them to come upon the scaffold. They
consented and came. Each shook Ralegh's hand, as he thanked them for
this last courtesy.
He continued his speech amidst the silence of the crowd. He defended
himself against the charges of complicity with France, of disloyalty to
the King, and then he said--
"For my going to Guiana many thought I never intended it, but intended
only to gain my liberty,--which I would I had been so wise as to have
kept. But as I shall answer it before the same God before whom I am
shortly to appear, I endeavoured, and I hoped to have enriched the King,
myself, and my partners. But I was undone by Keymis, a wilful fellow,
who seeing my son slain and myself unpardoned, would not open the mine,
and killed himself.
"It was also told the King that I was brought by force into England, and
that I did not intend to come back again. I protest that when the voyage
succeeded not, and that I resolved to come home, my company mutinied
against me. They fortified the gun-room against me, and kept me within
my own cabin; and would not be satisfied except I would take a corporal
oath not to bring them into England until I had gotten the pardons of
four of them,--there being four men unpardoned. So I took that oath. And
we came into Ireland, where they would have landed in the north parts.
But I would not, because there the inhabitants were all Redshanks. So we
came to the south, hoping from thence to write to his Majesty for their
pardons. In the meantime I offered to places in Devon and Cornwall, to
lie safe till they had been pardoned."
Ralegh now turned towards Lord Arundel, who was standing on the
scaffold. "I am glad that my Lord of Arundel is here. For when I went
down to my ship, his Lordship and divers others were with me. At the
parting salutation, his Lordship took me aside and desired me freely and
faithfully to resolve him in one request, which was, 'Whether I made a
good voyage or a bad, yet I should return again into England.' I made
you a promise and gave you my faith that I would."
Lord Arundel said in a loud voice, "And so you did. It is true that they
were the last words I spake unto you."
And Ralegh went on: "Other reports are raised of me, touching that
voyage which I value not.... I will yet borrow a little time of Master
Sheriff to speak of one thing more. It doth make my heart bleed to hear
such an imputation laid upon me. It was said that I was a persecutor of
my Lord of Essex, and that I stood in a window over against him when he
suffered, and puffed out tobacco in disdain of him. I take God to
witness that my eyes shed tears for him when he died. And as I hope to
look in the face of God hereafter, my Lord of Essex did not see my face
when he suffered. I was afar off, in the Armoury, where I saw him but he
saw not me. And my soul hath been many times grieved that I was not near
unto him when he died, because I understood that he asked for me, at his
death, to be reconciled to me. I confess I was of a contrary faction.
But I knew that my Lord of Essex was a noble gentleman, and that it
would be worse with me when he was gone. For those that set me up
against him did afterwards set themselves against me."
Ralegh knelt in prayer, asking the assembled crowd to pray with him. He
rose and the executioner knelt before him to ask his forgiveness. Ralegh
put his hand on the masked figure's two shoulders and said that he
forgave him with all his heart. "Show me the axe," he cried, "show me
the axe." Then he felt the edge with his thumb and approved of its
sharpness. "This gives me no fear. It is a sharp and fair medicine to
cure me of all my diseases." And presently, "When I stretch forth my
hands despatch me." He turned to all the people and said in a loud
voice, "Give me heartily your prayers."
His velvet cloak was taken off. He knelt in prayer. He laid his neck
upon the block and stretched out his hands. But the masked figure in
black, the executioner, was unmanned by the scene. He could not raise
the axe. Again Ralegh stretched out his hands. The man remained
motionless. Then Ralegh cried out, "What dost thou fear? Strike, man,
strike!" It was necessary for him to give the man courage to kill him.
At last the axe was lifted, and with two swift blows his neck was
severed.
So lived Sir Walter Ralegh, and so he died.
"O eloquent, just, and mighty Death! whom none could advise, thou hast
persuaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all the world
hath flattered, thou only hast cast out of the world and despised: thou
hast drawne together all the farre stretched greatnesse, all the pride,
crueltie, and ambition of man, and covered it all over with these two
narrow words--_Hic jacet_."
INDEX
A
Abington, Edward, 64
Agouhanna, 4
Albert, Archduke of Austria, 206
Alley, Captain, 273
Aloblaster, Mr., 242
Amadas, Philip, 79, 82, 84
Anderson, Lord Chief Justice, 205
Andrewes, Bishop, 292
Andrews, Peter, 276, 278, 279
Anjou, Duc d', 61
Arenbergh, Count, 187, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 211, 222
Armada, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104, 148
Arundel, Lord, 63, 302
Ascham, Roger, 11, 13, 55, 56
Ashton, Roger, 228
Aubrey, 25, 26, 29, 129, 197, 256, 257
Azores, 77, 161, 268
B
Babington, Antony, 63, 64, 65, 66, 73
Bacon, Francis, Baron of Verulam, 14, 50, 67, 100, 125, 168
Bailey, Captain, 270
Ballard, John, 63, 64
Balzac, H. de, 72
Bancroft, Bishop, 200
Barlow, Arthur, 79, 82, 84
Barnefield, 52
Barnwell, Robert, 64
Barry, Lord, 36
Bath, Earl of, 90
Beale, Bishop, 68, 69
Beauchamp, Lord, 192
Beaumont, Francis, 238
Bedford, Francis Earl of, 65
Berreo, 130, 131, 132, 133, 143
Bingham, Admiral, 37
Biron, Duc de, 175, 176
Blount, Charles, 116
Blount, Sir Christopher, 172
Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, 94
Bradshaw, Captain, 269
Bristol, 4
Brooke, George, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 217, 218, 234
Brown, Richard, 65
Brownists, 116
Buckhurst, Lord Treasurer, 89, 197
Budaeus, 76
Budleigh Salterton, 2, 6, 107
Burghley. _See_ CECIL, WILLIAM
Burr, 250
Burrough, Sir John, 122, 123
Burton, 62
C
Cadiz, 150, 152, 157, 158, 161, 169, 205, 227
Calfield, Captain, 131, 134, 135, 138, 140, 146
Camden, 19, 38
Campian, 219
Carew, George, 162
Carew, Sir Nicholas, 198
Carew, Peter, 7
Carey, Sir Robert, 66, 189, 191, 193, 194
Carleton, Sir Dudley, 227, 228, 234
Caroli, Falls of, 144, 145
Carr, Robert, 237, 246, 253
Carthier, Jacques, 3
Castiglione, 13, 44, 52, 297, 298
Cecil, Lady, 158
Cecil, Sir Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 50, 55, 89, 93, 96, 117, 123,
124, 125, 151, 152, 158, 160, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174,
176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190,
191, 192, 193, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 211, 214, 218,
220, 223, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 240, 241
Cecil, William (son of Sir Robert), 170, 174, 175
Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, 27, 29, 36, 42, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 73, 90, 98, 125, 167, 168, 173
Chamberlain, John, 228
Champernoun, C., 11
Champernoun, Gawen, 19
Champernoun, Henry, 16, 19
Champernoun, John, 16
Charles, Archduke, 51
Charles, Prince, 270
Chartley, 62
Chester, Charles, 26
Chudleigh, Captain, 274
Cieza, Pedro de, 129
Clark, Captain, 135
Clarke, 217, 234
Clyst, St. Mary, 6
Cobham, Lord, 169, 173, 174, 176, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 199, 200,
201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 234,
235, 236
Coke, Attorney-General, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 217, 218, 219,
220, 221, 222, 223
Columbus, Christopher, 71, 72
Comestor, Peter, 108
Copley, 199, 208, 217
Cortez, 148
Coryat, Thomas, 244, 245
Cottington, Lord, 259, 270
Courtenay, Sir William, 63
Cranbourne, Lord, 241, 242
Crosby Hall, 175
Cross, Sir Robert, 123, 197
Crymes, Mr., 89, 96
Cumberland, Earl of, 123, 125
D
Davis, John, 79
Defoe, Daniel, 58
Dekker, Thomas, 58
Desmond, Earl of, 94
De Thou, 237
Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, 66, 106, 107, 114, 115, 116, 150,
151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167, 168, 170,
172, 175, 176, 180, 225, 227, 302, 303
Devonshire, Earl of, 223
Digby, Sir John, 259, 270
Dingle, 34
Douglas, John, 134, 135
Dowe, Ann, 52
Drake, Sir Francis, 72, 86, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104, 148, 285
Drayton, Michael, 52
Dudley, Mr., 154
Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 25, 43, 51, 52, 53, 106, 266
Dunn, 64
Durham House, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177, 205, 256
Dyer, 220
E
Edward VI., 3
Edwards, Edward, 19, 22, 31, 93, 207, 209, 236, 248, 272
Elizabeth of Austria, 253
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 8, 16, 19, 28, 38, 46-7, 52, 54, 60,
etc., 68, 77, 98-9, 107, 111, 115-6, 118-9, 126, 150, 157, 163,
168-9, 173, 175, etc., 182, 184, 188-9, 191, etc., 207, 237, 246,
257, 281, 295
Elizabethan Life, 1, 9, 17, 27, 44, 99, 245
Erinetta, 279
Erskine, Sir Thomas, 197
Essex, Earl of. _See_ DEVEREUX, ROBERT
Euphuism, 58, 59
Exeter, 5, 6
F
Fayal, 163, 167, 169
Ferdinando, the pilot, 136, 137, 141
Ferne, Sir John, 262
Fielding, Henry, 58
Fitzmaurice, 33
Fitzwilliam, Sir W., 94
Fletcher, John, 238
Flores, 163
Florida, 79
Fortescue, Justice, 215
Fortescue, Captain, 63
Fotheringay Castle, 68
Fowler, Sir Thomas, 214
Foxe, John, 7
France, Anatole, 251
Frobisher, Martin, 22, 72, 97, 117, 122
Froude, J. A., 35, 99
Fuller, Thomas, 48, 249
G
Garcia de Aguilar, 279
Gascoyne, George, 21, etc.
Gascoyne, Sir John, 24
Gatehouse, The, 270, 297, 299
Gawdy, Justice, 205
Gell, John, 26
Gerrard, Sir George, 73
Gib, John, 234-5
Gifford, George, 134, 138, 140, 146
Gifford, Gilbert, 62
Gilbert, Adrian, 78-9
Gilbert, Sir Humfrey, 22-3, 29-30, 72-3, 75, etc.
Gilbert, Sir John, 90, 135
Gilbert, Otho, 7
Godolphin, Sir Francis, 204
Gomera, 271
Gondomar, Count of, Sarmiento de Agunar, 199, 237, 253, 258, 260,
269-70, 272, 287-8
Gordon, Harry, 146
Gorges, Sir A., 161, 164-5
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 171-2
Gosse, Edmond, 248
Granganamen, 80
Gaunt, John, 27
Gregory XIII., 63
Grenville, John, 135, 147
Grenville, Sir Richard, 82-3, 86-7, 90, 121, 155, 289
Grey, Lord, 199, 234, etc.
Grey de Wilton, Lord, 6, 25, 35, etc., 48, 109
Guiana, 113, 118, 126, 128-9, 131, 133-4, 137, 141, etc., 146, etc.,
158, 161, 187, 198, 215, 227, 254-5, 258-9, 295, 301
Guanipa, Bay of, 129, 134-5
Guildford, Lady, 191
Guise, Duke of, 18, 20
H
Hakluyt, 4, 72, 84, 122
Hale, Serjeant, 205, 207
Hall, Fielding, 81
Hampden, John, 278
Harrington, James, 256
Harris, Sir Christopher, 289
Harvey, Gabriel, 15-6, 25, 110
Harvey, Sir George, 204
Harvey, John, 15
Harvey, Richard, 15
Hastings, Captain Edward, 262
Hawkins, Sir John, 97, 99, 150, 285
Hayes, 2, 6
Hayes, Edward, 74-5
Hayes, Sir James, 235
Hayman, Samuel, 107
Henry IV. of France, 183, 192
Henry, Prince, 243, 251, 253-4, 281
History of the World, 20, 42, 102, 130, 149-50, 163, 245, 247, 249,
251
Hochelaga, 3
Holinshed, 5, 36
Hooker, John, 5, 14, 36
Howard, Lord Charles, of Effingham, 99, etc., 121, 150, 152, 153,
167-8, 190
Howard, Lord Henry, 179, etc., 183, 185, 187, 197, 202, 205, 218,
254
Howard, Lord Thomas, Earl of Suffolk, 151, 154, etc., 161, 205, 207
Howes, 27
Huguenots, 16, 18, 259
Hume, Major Martin, 184, 258
I
Infanta, 179, 259, 270
Ireland, 33
Irish, 33
Islands Voyage, 161, 165
J
James I., King of England, 7, 68, 168-9, 179, etc., 183, etc., 191,
etc., 203, 209, 228, etc., 235-7, 239, 246, 251-2, 259, 261, 267,
270, 283, 287-8, 290-3, 295-7, 301-2
Jersey, 173-4, 177, 187, 198, 203, 240
Jones, 64
Jonson, Ben, 52, 111, 244
K
Kennedy, Elizabeth, 68-9
Keymis, Captain, 135, 149, 219, 262, 272, 274, 276, 278, 280-2, 284,
301
Kilcolman Castle, 107-8, 111
King, Captain, 134, 288-9, 292, 294
Knollys, Sir Francis, 31
L
Lake, Thomas, 197
Lane, Captain Ralph, 82, 84-5
Languedoc, Caves of, 20
La Renzi, 202, 211
Le Clerc, 293
Lee, Sydney, 168
Leicester, Earl of. _See_ DUDLEY, ROBERT
Lennox, Duke of, 183, 214
Lever, Thomas, 14
Lionello, 261
London, description of, 26-7, 256
Lopez, Francisco, 129
Lyly, John, 58-9
M
Macaulay, Lord, 116
Manourie, Dr., 291, 295
Mar, Earl of, 183
Markham, Sir Griffin, 199, 209, 234-6
Marlowe, Christopher, 71-2
Mary, Queen of Scots, 60-4, 66-8, 70
Masham, Thomas, 158, 161
Maupassant, Guy de, 46
McCarthy, Florence, 187
Medicis, Catherine de, 47
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 100-1
Menatonon, King, 85
Mendoza, 63
Meteren, Van, 57
Milton, John, 51
Mirabeau, 237
Modbury, 16
Moncke, Levinus, 242
Monson, 165
Montagu, Lord, 63
Morris, William, 298
Mountjoy, Lord, 116
Mowbray, Barbara, 68-9
Moyle, Henry, 37
Munster, 34, 36, 177
N
Nash, Thomas, 15, 53, 58
Naunton, Sir T., 116
Nicotiana, 87
Norris, or Norreys, Sir John, 21, 104
North, Captain, 274
Novion, David de, 293
O
Oldys, William, 21-2
Orinoco, 141-2, 145, 258, 282
Ormond, Earl of, 36
Overbury, 237
Oxford, 11, 16
Oxford, Earl of, 56
P
Palomeque d'Acuna, 278-9
Parker, Captain, 129, 274
Parma, Prince of, 98, 101
Paulet, 62, 67
Peckham, Sir Thomas, 73
Pelham, Lord Justice, 35-6
Pennington, John, 261, 285
Peyton, Sir John, 203
Philip II. of Spain, 8, 97-9, 104, 131, 148, 167, 179
Phillips, 62
Phillips, Serjeant, 219, 220
Pigott, Captain John, 272, 274
Pine, Henry, 267
Pizzaro, 148
Plymouth, 63, 151-2, 162, 262, 285, 289, 290-1
Pole, Sir William, 5
Pope, Mr., 151
Popham, Lord Chief Justice, 205, 207, 210, 216, 218-9, 224
Prest, Agnes, 7
Preston, Sir Amias, 218
R
Rakele, 36
Ralegh, Carew, 280
Ralegh, Lady, 174, 185, 253, 273, 285, 289, 292, 299
Ralegh, George, 274, 276, 279, 280-2
Ralegh, Sir Walter, _passim_.
Ralegh, Walter (son of Sir Walter), 174-5, 256-7, 276-7, 279-80
Raleigh, Professor, 74, 81
Ramea, 4
Reeks, 270
Rhodes, Cecil, 254
Richardson, Samuel, 58
Roanoak, 81
Robsart, Amy, 51-2
Roche, Lord, 40-3
Roos, Lord, 270
Ruddyer, Sir Benjamin, 257
S
Saguenay, 3
St. Bartholomew's Eve, 20
St. Leger, Sir Warham, 262, 274
St. Thomas, 283, 285
Sanders, 34
Santa Cruz, Marquis of, 100, 103
Sarmiento. _See_ GONDOMAR
Savoy, Duke of, 206
Scott, Thomas, 242
Scroope, Lady, 193
Sextus V., 98
Seymour, William, 179
Shaw, Bernard, 238
Shelley, P. B., 114
Sherborne, 125, 158, 173, 175, 177, 240-1, 290
Shrewsbury, Lord, 64, 68
Sidney, Sir Philip, 13, 20, 24, 52-3, 59, 66, 82, 110, 111
Smerwick, or Smerthwick, 37, 109
Smith, Captain John, 73, 79, 84-5
Sparrow, Francis, 146
Spenser, Edmund, 24-5, 58, 107, etc., 115, 120-1, 149, 171, 227, 244,
266
Standen, Sir Anthony, 158
Stanhope, Sir John, 205
Stannaries, 88, 93, 109, 240
Steele Glas, the, 21, 24
Stourton, Lord, 63
Stowe, 11, 16
Strozzi, Peter, 103
Stuart, Arabella, 179, 187, 205-8, 211, 219, 292, 294
Stukeley, Sir Lewis, 288, etc., 294
Sully, 176
Sussex, Duke of, 51
T
Talbot, Lord, 70
Talbot, John, 272
Terra de Bri, 275, 279
Thames, 3, 28, 245
Thomson, Captain, 123
Thornhurst, Captain, 274
Throgmorton, Elizabeth, 117, 121
Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, 121
Thyn, Captain, 140
Thynne, Francis, 299
Tilney, Charles, 64
Togo, Admiral, 298
Toparimaca, 142
Tounson, Dr., 299
Trinidad, 129-30, 134-5, 147, 258, 275
Trinity College, Cambridge, 15
Tuga, Emperor of Guiana, 144, 146
U
Udall, John, 114, 115
V
Vaux, Lord, 63
Vere, Sir Francis, 156
Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 254, 259, 270
Virginia, 73, 80, 82, 87, 149, 187
W
Waad, Sir William, 204, 205, 244
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 20, 39, 54-5, 61-2, 64, 66-7, 73, 99
Walton, Isaac, 49
Warburton, Justice, 205, 216
Watson, 208, 217, 234
Wentworth, Peter, 178
Whidden, Jacob, 129-30, 139
Whitgift, Archbishop, 49
Whitney, Captain, 262, 277, 279, 282, 284
Whyte, Rowland, 160
Wilde, Oscar, 59
Wilson, Arthur, 196
Winchester, 204, 230, 235, 237, 239, 242
Winchester, Marquis of, 176
Windsor, Lord, 63
Wingandacoa. _See_ VIRGINIA
Wingina, 80, 81
Wingfield, Richard, 94
Winter, Sir William, 37
Winwood, Sir Ralph, 254, 258
Wokokon, 80, 83
Wollaston, Captain, 262, 277, 279, 282, 284
Wood, Anthony, 13
Woodson, Alexander, 4
Wotton, Lord, 205
Y
Yorkshire Tragedy, the, 52
Youghal, 101, 108, 125