THE GRIM TALE OF THE _NOTTINGHAM GALLEY_
Within sight of Portsmouth Harbor, no more than a dozen miles off the
coast where Maine and New Hampshire meet, lies Boon Island, small and
rock-bound, upon which a tall lighthouse flings its bright message to
seaward. It is in the track of the coastwise fleets of fishermen and
trading schooners, of yachts and steamers, of the varied traffic which
makes those waters populous; but Boon Island was a very lonely place
two hundred years ago. And if it is true, as many mariners believe,
that the ghosts of dead sailors return from Davy Jones’ locker to haunt
the scenes of their torments in shipwreck, then Boon Island must be
tenanted by some of the crew of the _Nottingham Galley_.
The story survives in the narrative of the disaster as written by the
master of the vessel, Captain John Deane. It was printed as a quaint
and unusual little book, which is now exceedingly difficult to find,
and the fifth edition bears the date of 1762. The tragedy of the
_Nottingham Galley_ was one of those instances, lamentably frequent,
in which men were driven to the dire necessity of eating one another
under the awful compulsion of hunger. Such a theme is abhorrent, but to
realize how men felt in such circumstances, those who were otherwise
kindly and brave, and long-suffering, is to add to one’s perspective of
human nature and to gain truthful glimpses of what the toilers of the
sea have endured. When Captain John Deane took his pen in hand to set
down his experience, it was as though his conscience had driven him to
the task, and he expresses this prompting in a solemn preface, which
reads:
As for my own part, I think I have just grounds to venture
this small narrative into the American world as an humble
acknowledgement to Almighty God for his wonderful preservation
of us, and hoping it may be of use to others, should the like
unhappy circumstances ever attend them. I had indeed thoughts of
perpetuating the memory of our deliverance in a different manner,
but my innocent intentions met with an unexpected opposition that
induced me to have recourse to this present method; and I hastened
the execution in 1727, whilst there were living witnesses in New
England to attend the truth of our signal escape from Boon Island.
And now I again recommend it to the serious perusal of all, but
especially seafaring men, who of all others are most liable to
sudden dangers, through the natural inconstancy of the Elements
they converse with in pursuit of their lawful employments; and
consequently ought to lead the most considerate, religious lives
in order to face death, if it be God’s Will, in the most dreadful
form, with a Christian resolution. For, as to that set of men who
affect to pass for Wits and Bravoes by giving a ludicrous turn to
everything grave and solemn; and assuming an air of intrepidity,
by horrid oaths and imprecations, before the too near approaches
of danger, I have always observed them, first of all others, to
sink under despair, upon a prospect of inevitable death; even so
as shamefully to desert all the necessary means that offered for a
possibility of their deliverance.
The _Nottingham Galley_, a small vessel of one hundred and twenty
tons, sailed from London on September 25, 1710, touching at Ireland
to take on some butter and cheese besides her cargo of cordage and
general merchandise, which was consigned to Boston. She carried a crew
of fourteen men and mounted ten guns as a proper precaution against
pirates and privateers. Against the westerly winds of autumn the ship
made crawling progress, and it was almost three months later before
Captain Deane made a landfall on the snow-covered coast of New England.
He did not know where he was and thick weather shut down so that for
twelve days longer he was battering about and trying to work a safe
distance offshore. The chronometer was then unknown, the “hog-yoke,” or
early quadrant, had nothing like the exactitude of the sextant, and
most charts were incorrect. There were, of course, no lighthouses on
the dangerous New England coast.
Captain Deane groped along with sounding lead and log-line and said
his prayers, no doubt, until the _Nottingham Galley_ struck on Boon
Island in a dark night and almost instantly went to pieces. The crew
got ashore after a bitter struggle, and “being assembled together, they
with joyful hearts returned their most humble and sincere thanks to
Divine Providence for their miraculous deliverance from so imminent a
danger.”
They were within sight of the mainland, as daylight disclosed, and the
captain identified the nearest shore as Cape Neddick, while vessels
could be seen passing in and out of Portsmouth Harbor. It was Christmas
week, and the little island was blanketed in snow. The only shelter
from the freezing winds was a tent which was made of a torn sail, and
there was no fire to warm them. “They fought to procure this blessing
by a variety of means,” related Captain Deane, “such as flint, steel,
and gunpowder, and afterwards by a drill of very swift motion, but all
the materials in their possession naturally susceptible of fire being,
on this occasion, thoroughly water-soaked, after eight or ten days’
unsuccessful labor they gave over the fruitless attempt.”
The only food washed ashore from the wreck consisted of three cheeses
and some beef bones, which they shared without quarreling, and in
fact, the spirit of these poor mariners was singularly unselfish and
manly throughout. By vote it was agreed that Captain Deane should hold
the same authority as he exercised on board ship. They felt certain
of rescue, because they were within sight of port, and the captain
encouraged them
with hopes of being discovered by fishing shallops or other
vessels passing that way, although all the while he was conscious
to himself that rarely anything of this kind happened at that
unseasonable time of the year; however, he thought it good policy
to put the best face on the matter and take this advantage of their
ignorance and credulity; since he already too plainly observed
their great dejection and frequent relapses into an utter distrust
of Divine Providence.
A boat was built after infinite labor, by men who had nothing whatever
to eat, and the surf beat it to fragments as soon as it was launched.
In this hour of inexpressible disappointment they stood and watched
three small sailing vessels pass the island at a distance of a few
miles, and they could not kindle a smoke to make a signal. As a last
hope, a raft was tied together of two bits of spar only twelve feet
long, with a deck of plank four feet wide, a mere chip of a raft with
a sail made of two canvas hammocks.
This was the project of a “Swede, a stout, brave fellow that had
unhappily lost the use of both his feet from frost since he came upon
the rock.” It was his idea that two men might be able to paddle and
sail this contrivance to the mainland and so effect a deliverance. At
the first endeavor to get the raft clear of the breakers it upset and
nearly drowned the Swede and another sailor who had offered to go with
him. The latter was dragged out almost dead, but the Swede swam to the
rocks and was for righting the raft and setting out again, although the
mast and sail had been lost. The incident is worth describing in the
words of Captain Deane.
The master then desired the Swede to assist in getting the raft out
of the water in order to wait a more favorable opportunity; but the
Swede, persisting in his resolution although unable to stand upon
his feet, and as he was kneeling on the rock, caught hold on the
master’s hand and with much vehemency beseeching him to accompany
him, said,
“I am sure I must die; however, I have great hopes of being the
means of preserving your life, and the rest of the people’s. If you
will not go with me, I beg your assistance to turn the raft and
help me upon it, for I am resolutely bent to venture, even though
by myself alone.”
The master used farther dissuasives, representing the
impossibility of reaching the mainland in twice the time they might
have done before they were disarmed of their mast and sail, but
the Swede remained inflexible, affirming, “I had rather perish in
the sea than continue one day more in this miserable condition.”
By this time another man, animated by his example and offering to
go with him, the master consented and gave them some money that
accidentally was in his pocket, fixed them on the raft, and helped
them to launch off from the rock, committing them to the mercy
of the seas. Their last words at parting were very moving and
delivered in a pathetic accent, “Pray, Sir, oblige all the people
to join in prayers for us as long as you can see us.”
All to a man crept out of the tent at this doleful separation and
performed the request with much devotion. About sunset they judged
the raft to be half way to land and hoped they might gain the shore
by two in the morning, but in the night the wind blew very hard,
and two days later the raft was found on the shore of the mainland,
about a mile distant from the body of the other man, driven
likewise on shore with his paddle still fast to his wrist, but the
bold Swede was never seen more.
The ship’s carpenter died of hunger at the end of a fortnight, during
which rock-weed and mussels had kept the breath of life in them.
Inevitably men in their condition were bound to turn to thoughts of
preserving their own existence a little longer by eating the body of
the carpenter. How they discussed it and with what results is told by
the unhappy Captain Deane.
The master returning to his tent with the most acute sense of the
various miseries they were involved in, was ready to expire with
faintness and anguish; and placing himself so as to receive some
refreshment from sleep, he observed an unusual air of intentness
in the countenances of all the people; when, after some pause, Mr.
Whitworth, a young gentleman, his mother’s darling son, delicately
educated, amidst so great an affluence as to despise common food,
began in the name of the assembly to court the master’s concurrence
in converting the human carcass into the matter of their
nourishment; and was immediately seconded by a great majority,
three only opposing on account of their esteeming it a heinous sin.
This affair had been thus consulted and concluded upon in the
master’s absence, and the present method concerted of making it
known by a gentleman reputed to be much in his favor. The master
remained in his former posture, observing an invincible silence,
while they were urging their desires with irresistible vehemence;
for nothing that ever befell him from the day of his birth, not
even the dread and distress of his soul upon quitting the wreck
when he did not expect to live a minute, was so amazingly shocking
as this unexpected proposal. But after a short interval, he
maturely weighed all circumstances and pronounced in favor of the
majority, arguing the improbability of its being a sin to eat human
flesh in a case of such necessity, providing they were in no ways
accessory to the taking away of life.
The body of the carpenter was their sustenance until a shallop, sailing
out of Portsmouth, discovered the fragments of a tent among the rocks
and snow of Boon Island and a few figures of men feebly crawling out
of the shelter. The crew of the _Nottingham Galley_ were carried to
the little seaport at the mouth of the Piscataqua, and there all of
them recovered, although seriously crippled because of frozen hands and
feet. At the end of Captain Deane’s story is the following note:
At the first publication of this narrative, Mr. Whitworth and the
mate were then living in England, and the master survived until
the 19th of August, 1761. And out of sincere regard to the memory
of Captain Deane, and that such an instance of Divine Providence
should not be buried in oblivion, Mr. Miles Whitworth, son of the
above Mr. Whitworth, now republishes this narrative, hoping (with
a Divine blessing) that it may prove of service to reclaim the
unthinking part of seafaring men trading in and to New England.
The tale of the _Nottingham Galley_ suggests other episodes in which
living men of a ship’s crew were chosen by lot to be sacrificed as
food for the others. As dramatic as any of them was the fate of the
American sloop _Peggy_, which became waterlogged while homeward bound
to New York from the Azores. Food and water gone, there were wine and
brandy in the cargo, unluckily, and the sailors got drunk and stayed
so much of the time. On Christmas day a sail was sighted, and the ship
bore down to speak the drifting hulk of the _Peggy_. For some reason
this other vessel, after promising to send bread and beef aboard or
to take the people off if they so preferred, filled away and resumed
her course. Captain Harrison of the _Peggy_ had taken to his bed with
rheumatism, but he crawled on deck to watch the faithless ship abandon
him while his crew cursed like madmen and shouted their appeals for
help.
For sixteen days the people of the _Peggy_ lived on candles, whale-oil,
and barnacles scraped from the ship’s side. Then the crew, led by the
mate, invaded Captain Harrison’s cabin and told him they could hold
out no longer. They had eaten the leather packing of the pump, they
had chewed the leather buttons off their jackets, and liquor would not
keep them alive. It was now their intention to cast lots for a victim,
and the captain was asked to supervise the business. He refused to have
anything to do with it, which excited a hubbub of anger, and the mate
announced that nobody would be exempted. The captain was to stand his
chance with the rest. They tramped out of the cabin, remained a little
while in the steerage, and returned to say that the lots had been
drawn, and a negro slave who was in the cargo had received the fatal
number.
Captain Harrison, bed-ridden as he was, had the courage to tell the men
that he suspected them of dealing unfairly with the poor negro, and
that he had not been allowed a chance for his life. While they were
wrangling, the slave came running into the cabin to beg the captain’s
protection; but he was dragged out and shot and turned over to the cook
and the big copper pots in the galley. For nine days this sufficed to
keep the crew alive, while Captain Harrison steadfastly refused to
touch the food they offered him. Then the mate and the men trooped into
the cabin again and roughly demanded that the skipper take charge of
the lottery.
This time he consented in order to be certain of fair play. Painfully
raising himself upon his elbow, he tore up strips of paper and wrote
numbers on them. In grim silence the six men who were left alive closed
their fingers upon the slips of paper, and a seaman named David Flat
groaned as he discovered that his was the ticket of death. Otherwise
there was no noise in the cabin.
The shock which this produced was so great that the whole crew
remained motionless for a considerable time; and so they might have
continued much longer had not the victim, who appeared perfectly
resigned to his fate, expressed himself in these words:
“Dear friends and messmates, all I have to beg of you is to
dispatch me as soon as you did the negro, and to put me to as
little torture as possible.”
David Flat then turned to another seaman, James Doud, who had put
the bullet into the slave and said:
“It is my wish that you should shoot me.”
Doud was much affected, but consented to attend to the obsequies of
unfortunate David Flat, who was the most popular man in the forecastle.
The victim then requested a brief respite in which he might prepare his
soul to meet its Maker. This was very readily granted, and meanwhile
the cook kindled a fire and got the water hot. Friendship was stronger
than hunger, however, and there was so much reluctance to execute the
sentence that it was determined to grant David Flat a respite until
eleven o’clock of the following morning,
trusting that Divine Goodness would in the interval open some other
source of relief. At the same time they solicited the captain to
read prayers, a task which, collecting the utmost effort of his
strength, he was just able to perform.
It was a scene to linger in one’s memory, the waterlogged sloop with
her sails streaming in useless ribbons from a broken mast, the little
cabin with the skipper almost dead in his bunk, and the group of
starved and wistful seamen who bowed their heads while he brokenly
whispered the words of the prayer-book. As soon as he had finished,
they crept out to rejoin David Flat, who had preferred to be absent
from his own funeral service. Through the companionway the captain
overheard them talking to him
with great earnestness and affection, and expressing their hope
that God would interpose for his preservation. They assured him
also that although they had never yet been able to catch a single
fish, they would again put out their hooks and try whether in that
manner any relief could be obtained.
There was little comfort for David Flat in this commiseration, and the
situation benumbed his mind so that he was in a stupor, which changed
to raving madness during the night. At eight o’clock next morning
Captain Harrison was thinking of this faithful seaman of his who had
only three hours more to live, when two of the others came into the
cabin and took hold of his hands. Their agitation was apparent, but
they seemed unable to speak and explain themselves, and he surmised
that they had concluded to put him to death instead of David Flat. He
therefore groped for his pistol, but the sailors snatched it away, and
managed to tell him that a sail had been sighted, a large vessel to
leeward which had altered her course and was beating up to them as fast
as possible.
The men on deck had been similarly affected, losing all power of
speech for the moment; but presently they hurried into the cabin,
with strength renewed, to shout at the captain that a ship was coming
to save them. They tried to make poor David Flat comprehend the
tremendous fact, but he was babbling of other things, and his wits
were still all astray. During the business of the death-sentence,
which had been conducted with such extraordinary dignity, the men had
remained sober, keeping clear of the brandy-keg, but now they proposed
to celebrate. Captain Harrison succeeded in dissuading all excepting
the mate, who filled a can and sat down by himself to liquor up. And
so they were making a decent finish of it, although their nerves were
tortured beyond endurance, when the breeze died out, and the other ship
lay becalmed two or three miles away. They remembered the dreadful
disappointment of Christmas day, when another ship had deserted them
after steering close enough to hail the sloop.
This blessed stranger, however, lowered a boat, and the oars flashed on
the shining sea until the rescuers were alongside the _Peggy_.
As the captain was incapable of moving, they lifted him out of the
cabin and, lowering him into the boat with ropes, he was followed
by his people, among whom was David Flat, still raving. Just when
putting off, it was discovered that the mate was missing. He was
immediately summoned and, after his can of liquor, had no more than
ability to crawl to the gunwale, having forgot everything that had
happened. The unfortunate drunken wretch having been got down, the
saviors rowed away to their own ship, which they reached in about
an hour.
This vessel was the _Susannah_ of London, commanded by Captain
Thomas Evers, who was engaged in the Virginia trade and was now
returning from Virginia to London. He received the _Peggy’s_ people
with all possible tenderness and humanity. The _Susannah_ proceeded
on her voyage, and though in a very shattered condition and so much
reduced in provisions that it was necessary to put her people on
short allowance, she reached England early in March. The mate, as
also James Doud who shot the negro, and one James Warren, a seaman,
died during the passage. Lemuel Ashley, Samuel Wentworth, and
David Flat, who was to have been shot for food, all survived. Flat
continued raving mad during the voyage, but whether he afterwards
recovered is not ascertained. When Captain Harrison came on shore,
he made an oath to the truth of the preceding melancholy facts in
order that the interests of his insurers might be preserved.
In the case of the English ship _Barrett_, which was wrecked in
mid-Atlantic in January, 1821, the method of choosing the man who
should die to serve as food was sufficiently novel and ingenious to
merit attention. She was a much larger vessel than the _Peggy_, with
a crew of sixteen, and had sailed from St. John, New Brunswick, in
command of Captain Faragar, with a cargo of timber for Liverpool. Heavy
gales blew her canvas away and strained her hull until it filled with
water. Rations were reduced to two ounces of bread and a pint of water
a day until this was almost gone. Then a sail was descried, and a brig
bowled down to pass within hail, the master promising to send aboard
what provisions he could spare. Then the wind chopped around to the
westward, and, precisely as had happened to the sloop _Peggy_, the brig
hauled her braces, sheeted her topsails home, and went driving away on
her course.
Mr. MacCloud, the mate of the _Barrett_, was a hardy young Scot with
the endurance of iron and the soul of a hero. Day after day the ship
wallowed in the wicked winter weather of the Western Ocean, and only
the timber in the flooded hold kept her afloat. Cold and hunger laid
the crew low until only the mate and three men were able to stand a
watch on deck; but he kept a little canvas on her and tended the tiller
and somehow jammed her along until they had sailed six hundred miles
toward the Irish coast.
Every eatable was consumed: candles, oil--all were gone, and they
passed the long, dreary, stormy nights of sixteen and seventeen
hours in utter darkness, huddled together in the steerage,
imploring the Almighty to help them, yet feeling reckless of
existence. Such was their condition about the middle of January,
and no one but the mate paid the slightest attention to the vessel.
Captain Faragar succumbed to the strain, and died with a farewell
message to his wife and children. The time came at length when one of
the sailors, more brutalized than the rest, broke out with the words:
“Here we are, sixteen of us, perishing for food, and what prospect
is there before us? Wouldn’t it be better--”
He hesitated, while his companions held their breath and
comprehended what was in his mind.
“Damn all ceremony!” was the conclusion which they expected and
yet dreaded to hear. “One man must die that the rest may live, and
that’s the bloody truth of it.”
They agreed with him, nodding their heads and refusing to look at
one another. Then followed a long dispute over the fairest manner of
letting chance decide the choice. It was obvious that every man had a
natural anxiety to feel assured of no loaded dice or marked cards in
this momentous game. There were objections to the traditional lottery
of high and low numbers, and finally it was decided that sixteen pieces
of rope-yarn should be cut by the mate. Fourteen of these were to be of
precisely the same length, one a little shorter, and another shorter
still. The sixteen pieces of rope-yarn were to be shoved through a
crack in the bulkhead of the steward’s storeroom, the ends all even
and just long enough for a man to take one in his fingers and pull it
through the crack. The one who pulled out the strand that was a little
shorter was to be dished up for his messmates, and the man who drew
the strand that was shorter still had the unpleasant duty of acting as
butcher.
The mate cut the rope-yarn, as requested, and arranged the sixteen
lengths all in a row in the crack of the bulkhead. The men stood
waiting the word, very reluctant to pluck out the ends of tarry cord,
until Mr. MacCloud exclaimed:
“My lads, let us put it off until to-morrow. We have endured thus far,
and a few hours longer cannot make much difference. Who knows what
Providence may have in store for us?”
Some consented, while others were for going through with it at once.
To-morrow came, and no help was in sight. They shambled into the
steward’s storeroom and pulled the rope-yarns through the crack.
Presently there was one man less on the muster-roll of the _Barrett_.
Two or three days later the ceremony was repeated. Before it became
necessary to doom a third man, the mate came below, a spy-glass in his
hand, and he was trembling so violently that he clutched the table for
support. “A sail,” he stammered, and they followed him on deck, where
the winter day was dying into dusk. In desperate need of making some
sort of signal, Mr. MacCloud emptied a powder-flask upon the windlass,
fired a pistol into it, and a thick column of smoke billowed skyward.
The other ship observed it, and hoisted an ensign. Twelve of the
_Barrett’s_ company were alive, and they were safely transferred to
the _Ann_ of New York, bound to Liverpool. The waterlogged _Barrett_
drifted on her aimless course, a derelict haunted by fearful memories,
and from a crack in the bulkhead of the steward’s storeroom still hung
the ends of a row of rope-yarns which had been made ready for the next
game of chance.
In 1799 six soldiers of the British artillery garrison at St. Helena
concocted a plot to desert and stow themselves away in an American
ship, the _Columbia_, which was then in harbor. Their escape was
discovered soon after the Yankee crew had smuggled them on board, and
they could hear the alarm sounded and could see the lanterns glimmer
along the sea-wall. Afraid that the _Columbia_ would be searched,
the fugitive red-coats stole a whale-boat from another ship, and the
sympathetic American skipper gave them a bag of bread, a keg of water,
a compass, and a quadrant. It was rather to be expected that a New
England mariner who could remember Bunker Hill and Saratoga would lend
a hand to any enterprise which annoyed the British army and diminished
its fighting strength.
The six deserters pulled out to sea in the hope of finding the island
of Ascension, which lay eight hundred miles to the northwest of St.
Helena. Corporal Parr had been a seaman, and he thought he knew how to
shoot the sun and figure out his position; but after a week of fine
weather it was his uneasy conviction that they must have run past
Ascension. With a sail made of their shirts stitched together, they
bore away for the coast of South America on the chance of finding Rio
Janeiro. Provisions were so short that they limited themselves to one
ounce of bread and two mouthfuls of water a day.
After a fortnight at sea they were chewing their leather shoes, and
Private John Brown, in a statement prepared after the rescue, explained
how they selected one of their number to be used as food for the others.
Parr, Brighouse, Conway, and myself proposed to scuttle the boat
and let her go down, to put us out of our misery, but the other two
objected, observing that God, who had made man, always found him
something to eat. On the twenty-second day M’Kinnon proposed that
it would be better to cast lots for one of us to die in order to
save the rest, to which we consented. William Parr, being seized
two days before with the spotted fever, was excluded. He wrote the
numbers and put them into a hat, and we drew them out blindfolded
and put them in our pockets.
Parr then asked whose lot it was to die, none of us knowing what
number we had in our pocket, and each praying to God that it might
not be his lot. It was agreed that Number 5 should die, and the
lots being unfolded, M’Kinnon’s was number 5. We had concluded that
he, on whom the lot fell, should bleed himself to death, for which
purpose we had provided ourselves with sharpened nails which were
got from the boat. With one of these M’Kinnon cut himself in three
places, in his foot, hand, and wrist and praying God to forgive his
sins he died in about a quarter of an hour.
Three of the deserters lived to reach the South American coast, and
were taken to Rio in a Portuguese ship. One might think that Private
John Brown had suffered enough for his crime of running away from the
Royal Artillery, but Captain Elphinstone of H. M. S. _Diamond_ had him
put in irons and sent to Cape Town. There he was pressed into the navy,
but his conscience gave him no rest, and after receiving his discharge
he made his way to St. Helena and gave himself up. To the officers who
conducted his court martial he explained:
“I was determined to surrender myself at the first opportunity in order
to relate my sufferings to the men of this garrison and to deter others
from attempting so mad a scheme.”