Temple of, 252
Mars’ woodpeckers, 38
Marsians, 13, 28
Martial, 220, 278, 289
Martyrdoms of Christians, 301
Masinissa, 57, 208
Mater Matuta, shrine of, 152, 250
Materialism and religion, 139
Mau, Prof., 296
Mauretania, 194, 208, 269
Mausoleum, friezes of the, 246
Maxentius, 302
Maximin the Thracian, 179, 306
Media Atropatene, 199
Medicine, 290
Mediomatrici, the, 212
Mediterranean fleet, 186
Mediterranean, Roman command of the, 56
Mediterranean worship, prehistoric, 38
Melville, G. J. W., 279
Memmius, 92
Menander, 76
Mercury, 39
Merida, 221
Mesopotamia, 107, 267
Messalina, 138, 224, 255
Messalla, M. Valerius, 233, 240
Messengers, imperial, 196
Messiah, the, 269
“Messianic Eclogue,” Vergil’s, 160
Messina, 47, 209
Metaphysics, 300
Metaurtus, River, 52
Metellus family, 75
Metellus, Q, 92, 95, 153
Metellus, Q Cæcilius, 226
Metz, 212
Meyer, Dr. Edouard, 171
Michael Angelo, 244, 251
Milan, Edict of, 302, 313
Militarism, 302
Military despotism, 183
Military service under Gaius Gracchus, 88,
under the Republic, 96-97,
Roman citizens and, 184,
Italians and, 196,
Jews exempt, 268;
barbarians and, 311
Milo, 119
Milvian Bridge, 313
Minden, 219
Minerals, 188
Minerva, 39, 79
Mines, 117, 131, 221,
in Gaul, 212
Mint at Lyons, 211
Misenum, 186
Mithradates, King of Pontus, 60, 103,
massacre by, 65,
duration of war against, 107,
defeated by Pompeius, 109,
portrait on coin, 158
Mithradatic War, 103
Mithraism, 201, 299, 308
Modena, 163
Mœsia, 194, 220, 265
Mogontiacum (Mainz), 263
_Moles Hadriani_, 294
Mommsen, Theodor, on Greece and Rome, 10;
on Roman religion, 40,
on Roman luxury, 72,
on Cæsar, 112,
on the Gauls, 115,
on Augustus, 198
Monaco, monument to Augustus at, 220
Monarchy, Cæsar and, 124,
hereditary, 175,
Augustus and the, 183,
growth of, 277
Money, 313
Monotheism, 207, 303
Morality, 79, 136, 138
Morocco _See_ Mauretania
Mosaics, 158, 247, 296, 316
Moselle, the, 215
Mucianus, 274
Mule and tent money, 190
Mummius, 155, 247
Munda, 123
Municipal government, 284
Municipal life, 195
Municipal senators, 311
_Municipia_, 28
Mural painting, 152
Music in schools, 286
Musonius Rufus, 302
Mysia. _See_ Mœsia
Mythology, early Roman, 36, 37, 38.
_See also_ Religion
Nabatæa, 194
Nævius, 75
Naples, 134, 251, 296
Naples, Bay of, 283
Narbonne, 210
Narcissus, 256
Nations, wandering of the, 309
Natural law, 298
Nature-worship, 240
Navy, 48, 186, 187
Neolithic culture, 14
Nepos, 150
Nero,
Suetonius on, 162, 256, 306,
unpopular, 177;
Petronius satirises, 242;
the historians and, 254,
his Golden House, 256,
murders, 256,
attempts upon his mother’s life, 257,
story of his death, 257;
posthumous honours, 259,
and the Jews, 268;
accession, 272,
administration, 272-273,
his fall, 273,
entertainments, 279,
tyranny, 287;
and Seneca, 291,
Greek curio-hunting, 293,
Christian persecution, 301
Nero, Claudius, 227
Nero, colossus of, 282
Nerva, 179, 275, 276, 289
Nicolaus, 206
Nicomedia, 312
Nicopolis, 202
Nile, the, 204
Ninth Legion, 122, 260
Niobe, 241
Nismes, Temple of, 251
Nobility, 223, 224
Nola, 106
Nomads, Northern, 197
Noricum, 194, 220
Northern descents on the Mediterranean peoples, 213
Numa, 19
Numantia, 85
Numidia, 92, 208
Numidian cavalry, 52, 98
Nymphs, 37
Ocean, the, 210, 213, 217
Octavia, 126, 129, 138, 175, 224, 228, 235
Octavius, (tribune), 87
Octavius, Octavian. _See_ Augustus
Odenathus, 307
Odoacer, 314
Officialism _See_ Bureaucracy
Oil, free, 308
Olympia, 201
Olympian mythology, 207, 240
Omens, 32, 139
Opimius, L., 92
Ops Consiva, 37, 38
Oratory, 144, 147, 148
Orestes (sculpture), 249
Oriens, 312
Ornament in sculpture, 249,
painted, 297
Orodes, 200
Osiris, 203
Ostia, 12, 27, 255
Otho, 273
Ovid, Latinity of, 9;
and Augustus, 169,
and the defeat of Parthia, 199,
and the gods, 225,
an immoral writer, 240;
and the loves of the gods, 240,
and nature-worship, 240;
typical of the civilisation of his day, 241,
as a barrister, 241,
banishment, 242;
and the younger Julia, 242;
his character, 242
Oysters, Lucrine, 187
Pacuvius, 76, 138
Pagan-Christian rites, 304
Painting (art), 152, 296
Pais, Prof. Ettore, 42
Palatine Hill, 25, 280
Palatine, the, 168
Palazzo dei Conservatori, 294
Pales (god), 36
Palestine, 268
Palmyra, 282, 295, 306, 307, 308
Pamphylia, 193
Pannonia, 193, 220
Pannonian and Illyrian revolt, 184, 217
Pantheon, the, 251, 294
Paphlagonia, 193
Parilia, 36
Paris, 211
Parisii, the, 211
Parthenon frieze, 249
Parthia, 247, 266, 267, 269
Parthians, the, 107, 125, 129, 197-200, 259
Party system started by the Gracchi, 90
Pasiteles, 155
Passports, 196
“Patavinity,” 151
Patras, 202
Patriarchal system, 25, 26
Patricians, 14, 25, 30, 43, 167, 272, 314
Patriciate, the, 224
Patriotism, 231
Patronage in literature, 232
Patrons of art, 246, 247
_Patronus_, or champion, 176, 195
Paul, St., 207, 300,
appeal to Cæsar, 194
Paulinus, Suetonius, 260
Pausanias, 290
“Pax,” 166
Pax Augusta, 209
Pax Julia (Beja), 221
Pax Romana, 61, 186
Peace under Augustus, 166,
Augustan Altar of Peace (“Tellus Group”), 244, 245, 248, 251;
in the Antonine age, 303,
and defence, 309
Pelignians, 13
Penates, 37
Pensions for soldiers, 99, 185
People, the, 179
Peræa, 194
Pergamum, 55,
Attalids of, 246
Pericles, 157
Perseus, 56
Persians, 307
Perspective in sculpture, 248
Pertinax, 306
Perugia, 129, 196
Perusine War, 227
Peter, St., 300
Petronius Arbiter, 138, 242, 278, 279
Petronius the legate, 205
Pharisaism, 207
Pharisees, the, 269
Pharsalus, Battle of, 121
Philemon, 76
Philip of Macedon, 50, 54
Philip the Arabian, bust of, 292
Philippi, Battles of, 128
Philistine coast towns, 205
Philistinism in Roman art, 246
Philo Judæus, 290, 300
Philomela, 241
Philosophy, 139, 279, 286, 290, 299, 300
Phœbe, 230
Phraates, 198, 200
Phrygian corybants, 139
Piacenza, 53
Piazza, 252
Piety, 235
Pilate, Pontius, 206
Pile-dwellings, 14
Pilum, the, 98
Piracy, 59, 106, 108
Pisidia, 193
Piso C. Calpurnius, 80
Piso (consul with Augustus), 174
Placidia, Empress, 315
Plague, the, 290, 307
Plantation system of slaves, 71
Platæa, 201
Plautius Silvanus, Aulus, 259
Plautus, 76, 77, 138
Plebeians, 14, 25, 30, 43
Plebiscite, the, 174, 179
Plebs, secession of the, 30
Pliny (the elder) and Etruscan art, 20,
art critic, 249;
as compiler, 290
Pliny (the younger), history in, 195, 278,
and the emperors, 242,
condition of Italy, 196,
letters, 270;
benevolence, 283,
and schools, 286,
and reading, 287,
and toleration, 301
Plutarch, 290
Poetry of the Republic, 142,
of the Augustan age, 233-243,
of the Empire, 288-289
Polemo, 200
Police, 182, 186
Political system, reform of, and the Gracchi, 89
Pollio, Asinius, 160, 168, 232, 234
Polybius, 66, 150
Polycarp, 300
Polygnotus, 296
Pompeian law, 120
Pompeii, 134, 195, 283, 285, 296, 297
Pompeius, Gneius, the Great, and new provinces, 60;
and the monarchy, 100,
supporter of Sulla, 105, 108,
ally of Crassus, 108,
ruler of the sea, 109;
puts down piracy, 109,
defeats Mithradates, 109,
and Cæsar, 114, 119;
political incapacity, 118,
sole consul, 119,
flies before Cæsar, 121;
murdered, 122,
and the walls of Jerusalem, 123,
his wealth, 132,
Vergil and, 288
Pompeius, Sextus, a pirate, 123,
joined by “patriots,” 128,
defeat of, 129,
his allies against Augustus, 164,
and Sicily, 209;
reconciliation with Augustus, 226
Pomponius Mela, 290
Pont du Gard, 294
_Pontifex maximus_, 32.
_See also_ Cæsar
Pontus, 60, 193, 194, 200, 312
Poor children, Pliny’s benefaction for, 283
Pope, the, 315
Population, decline of, 313
Populus Romanus, 174, 177, 179
Pork, free, 308
Portraiture, Etruscan, 152,
dread of, 156,
under the Republic, 156-157,
under Augustus, 248-250,
under the Empire, 292
Portugal, 221
Portus Julius, 187
Post, 196
Postumus, 306
Pottery, Etruscan, 20,
Gallic, 114,
Aretine, 159
“Præfects, Prætorian,” 312
Præneste, 251, 296
_Prætor peregrinus_, 298
_Prætor urbanus_, 298
Prætorian guard, the, Augustus and, 172,
dominates politics, 175,
commanded by prefects, 182,
its strength, 182, 185,
murder Caligula and choose Claudius, 271,
choose Nero, 272;
and the succession, 273, 306,
Vespasian and, 274,
lawyers as prefects, 309
Prætonum, 206
Prætors, 30, 31, 41, 63, 181, 182, 193, 299
Prasina Factio, 280
Praxiteles, 155
Prefects, of the Fleet, 187;
of the City, 182,
of the Guard, 182,
of Egypt, 203, 204
President of the state, 134
Press censorship, 163, 289
Prices, Edict of, 310
Priests, colleges of, 32,
and the law, 41;
and dining, 133;
High Priests, 201
Primus, M., 177
“Princeps,” 171,
origin of the principate, 177,
Augustus and the office, 180
“Princes,” 124
“Princes of the Youth,” 181
Principate, the, 177, 270
_Principes_, the, 29
Priscus, Helvidius, 300
Prisoners, Roman, as slaves, 197
Probus, 179, 308
Proconsuls, 193
Procurators, 194
Proletariat, the, 132.
_See also_ Populus Propertius and the Parthians, 199,
and Mæcenas, 233,
as poet, 239-240;
loss of patrimony, 243
Property-tax, 189,
in Gaul, 190
Proprætors, 194
Provence, 210
Provinces, early, 58;
acquisition and government, 59-65,
local autonomy, 61,
corruption, 64,
self-supporting and profitable, 188,
taxes, 190;
of the Roman world, 193,
under the senate, 193,
Cæsar’s provinces, 193,
lists of provinces, 193-194,
under Diocletian, 312.
_See also the names of provinces as_ Spain, Gaul, Africa
_Provincia_, 59
Prudishness, 80
Ptolemy, alliance with, 47
“Publican and sinner,” 64
Publicans (_Publicani_), 64, 207
Punic War, First, 48,
Second, 49,
Third, 57
Pupienus, 306
Puteoli, 134
Pyrrhic War, 44
Pyrrhus, 45, 51
Quæstors, 66, 133, 188
Quintilian, 220, 290
Quintus Curtius, 33
Quintus Fabius, 51
“Race-suicide,” 138
Raphael, 244
Rates, 196
Raudine Plain, 94
Ravenna, 187, 315
Reading, 287
Realism in Roman art, 157, 248, 249
Red Sea, 204
Regensburg, 264
Religion, early Roman, 32, 35,
and Greek mythology, 35, 39,
gods, 36 _et seq._,
its nature, 39,
business nature of, 40,
becomes cosmopolitan and debased, 79,
State religion under the Republic, 133,
formal and political, 138,
formulæ, 139;
materialism and the State religion, 139;
superstition and rites, 139,
Augustus and, 201,
of Gaul, 211,
and art, 248,
and architecture, 251,
Claudius and, 272,
in schools, 286,
and international law, 298,
under the Empire, 299,
Christianity, 299
Religions, conflict of, 299
Religious liberty under Trajan, 301
Remi, the, 212
Renaissance, Roman art and the, 244, 251
Republic, the, causes for its end, 100
Republican civilisation, later, 130
Republican constitution, 31
Republicanism, Diocletian and, 311
Revenue, public, 192
Rex, 125
Rhætia, 194, 220
Rhætian _limes_, 264
Rheims, 210, 212
“Rhetoric,” 286
Rhine, the, Cæsar’s expeditions, 117;
flotillas, 187,
Augustus crosses, 212, 216,
as frontier, 215, 218, 263;
Rhine legions, 219, 263,
_Limes Trans-Rhenanus_, 264;
invasions of barbarians, 306, 314
Rhodes, 55, 132, 194, 247
Rich and poor under the Republic, 132
Ricimer the Suevian, 314
Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., 2, 14
Riegl, Alois, 244
Rimini, 196
Roads, Italy, 196,
France, 211,
imperial, 278
Robigus, 37
Roman Church, ritual, &c. of the, 303,
a legacy of Rome, 315
Roman conquests, 44 _et seq._
Roman Empire under Augustus, greatness of the, 221
Roman Government, the, and Christianity, 300-301
Roman history, views of, 3, 4, 5,
historians and, 4, 7, 8,
worthlessness of much early history, 23,
Greek influence in manufacturing, 24,
unreliability of, before 390 B.C., 24,
chronological summary, 317-324
Roman Peace, the, 61, 186
Roman society, viciousness of, in the age of conquest, 80
Roman suzerainty, 56;
annexations, 56,
provinces, 58;
government, 61
Roman Wall, the (Britain), 261
Romans, origin of the, 13;
early Romans as warriors, 26;
conquests by, 28;
the early Romans, 32,
the Roman character 33, 43;
virtues, 33,
accomplishments, 34,
religion, 35,
agriculture, 36,
law, 41,
a fighting people, 54
“Rome and Augustus,” cult of, 201
Rome and Greece, resemblances between, 1,
Greek influence, 6, 7, 11.
_See also_ Art, Literature
Rome, and the making of Europe, 5;
as a city-state, 6,
its greatness, 10;
origin of, 16,
under the Etruscans, 17,
Etruscan princes expelled, 23;
and the Latin plain, 12,
and the control of the Mediterranean, 13,
the Seven Kings of, 19,
legends and early traditions, 17,
the earliest city, 25,
political equality, 30,
constitution, 30,
the imperial city, 65;
wealth, 65,
taxation, 66,
finance, 66,
the populace, 68,
corn-supply, 69,
slavery, 70,
equality, 71,
luxury, 72,
civilisation, 72,
Greek influence, 73, 74, 81;
causes of degeneracy, 80,
individual domination, 83,
end of the Republic, 118,
and Cæsar, 123,
wealth and social conditions under the Republic, 132,
unhealthy, 135,
social life, 136,
streets, 152;
improvements under Augustus, 167,
magistracy, 182,
city prefect, 182,
reform of, by Augustus, 223,
regeneration of Roman society, 225, 231;
patriotism, 231,
Horace and, 239;
and art, 243,
rebuilding, 244, 248
architecture, 250;
the weakness of the Empire 271,
riches and loss of power, 278,
life of the city described by satirists, 278,
imperial Rome, 278,
amusements, 279,
advanced civilisation, 280,
its splendours, 280,
buildings and peoples, 282,
as a place of abode, 296,
the Eternal City, 304,
Aurelian Wall, 307
Romulus and Remus, 17
Romulus, hut of, 153
Roofing, 250
Roumania (Dacia), 265
Roxolani, 307
Rubicon, the, 120
Russia, 197, 213
Saalburg, 264
Saale, the, 216
Sabines, 13
Sacred Mount, 30
Sacred Way, 282
Sacrifices, human, 40, 211
Sadducees, 269
Saguntum, 49
St. Angelo, Castle of, 294
St. Bernard Pass, 220
Saints, Christian, 304
Salamis, 201
Salaries of officials, 190
Salii, 34, 39
Salinator, M. Livius, 74
Sallust, 150
Salt, free, 308
Saltus, Teutoburgiensis, 218
Salvage brigade, 131
Samaria, 205
Samnite Wars, 13, 28, 44,
rebellion, 105
Sanhedrin, 207
Saracens, 307
Saragossa, 221
Sarcophagi, 247
Sardinia, 48, 53, 59, 61, 193
Sarmatia, province, 309,
Sarmatian cavalry, 266;
captive Sarmatians, 307
Sarmatians, the, and Ovid, 243
Sarmizegethusa, 266
Satires, 237
Saturn, 38,
Temple of, 251
Saturninus, 95
Saxons, 213, 309
Scævola, 33, 84
Scapula, Ostorius, 260
Scaurus, 91, 92, 94
Sceptre of ivory, the, 22
Schoolmasters, 286
Schools _See_ Education
Scipio Africanus, 52, 53, 58
Scipios, the, 76, 83, 123
Scopas, 155, 250
Scotland, 261
Scribonia, 226, 227
Sculpture of the Republic, 155-157,
revival of, 200,
the Greeks and Roman sculpture, 245,
copies and imitations, 291;
busts, 292,
bas-reliefs, 292;
narrative on columns, 292
Sea-power, the Romans and, 187
Sebaste (Samaria), 205
Secession of the Plebs, the, 30
Secular games, 238
Sejanus, 271
Semitic question, the, 268
Sena, victory of, 75
Senate, the, beginnings, 25;
wisdom of, 28;
its constitution, 31;
and Pyrrhus, 46,
aristocracy and government, 72;
weakness under late Republic, 82;
the Gracchi and, 86, 89, 90;
and the Jugurthan War, 91;
and Marius, 95,
under Augustus, 167, 169, 175-179, 224,
position and powers under the Empire, 179;
military affairs, 184;
under Vespasian, 274;
under Domitian and later emperors, 275,
supplanted by Diocletian, 312
Senators forbidden foreign commerce, 67, 132;
as landowners, 67, 132,
flee from Cæsar, 121;
tax farmers, 132;
hereditary, 132, 134
Seneca the younger and Nero, 272, 290, 291;
ethics of, 303
Senecas, the, Spaniards, 220, 290
Senones, the, 212
Sens, 212
Serapis, 139
Sergi, G., on the Mediterranean race, 2
Sertorius, 105, 107
Sestertius, 34
Severi, the, 311
Severus, Alexander, 306, 311
Severus, Septimius, 306
_Seviri, Augustales_, 196
Shakespeare and Cæsar, 112
Shapur, the Persian King, 306
Sheep, 36, 70
Shepherds, 71
Ships, 131
Shophets, 49
Shows, public, 137
Sicily, Pyrrhus and, 46;
the Romans and, 47, 51, 52,
acquisition of, 59, 60, 61,
corn-supply of, 190,
a province, 193,
colonies in, 195,
its history, 208-209
Sidon, 247
Sienckiewicz, Henryk, 279
Siesta, the, 136
Silanus, 94
Silius, 255
Silius Italicus, 287, 288
Silures, the, 260
Silver coinage, 34, 154
Sirmio, 143, 296
Slavery of early Rome, 70,
and immorality, 79,
Roman society and, 279
Slaves, Sardinian, 53,
risings among, 106;
Gallic conquest and, 117,
training and use of, 131;
under Augustus, 181;
body-guard, 182, 184,
and the fleet, 187;
tax on sales, 190,
Greek slaves and art, 247
Slavs, 214
Social conditions under the Republic, 132
Social laws, 226
Social war, 102
Society under the Republic, 132,
regeneration of, by Augustus, 225;
under the Empire, 279,
grades of, 284
Soldiers. _See_ Army
Soldiers, tribune of the, 133
Solon, 19
Solon’s code, 42
Soudan, the, 204, 205
Spain, Hamilcar Barca and, 49;
Roman army in, 51,
Scipio reconquers, 52,
ceded by Carthage, 53,
a province, 59,
incessant warfare, 61,
defeat of Sertorius, 105, 107,
Cæsar and, 121,
Augustus and, 169, 172, 193,
civilised, 209,
Augustus and an outbreak in, 210,
under Augustus, 220-221,
diocese, 312,
the Vandals and, 314
Spalato, 316
Spanish army, revolt of the, against Nero, 258
Sparta, 194, 201
Spartacus the gladiator, 106
Statius, 288
Statues, 243, 291,
portraits, 156
Stephanus, 156, 249
Sternness, early Roman, 33
“Stipendiary” states, 60
Stirlingshire, 262
Stoic republicanism, 123, 275
Stoicism, 139, 207, 231, 300, 302
Strabo, 195, 202, 290
Strong, Mrs. A., and Roman art, 157, 244, 292, 294
“Structor,” 137
Strzygowski, Josef, 249
Suabia, 216
Succession, imperial, 229, 251
Suetonius and the early Empire, 4,
on Cæsar, 113;
as historian, 162, 275,
and the cowardice of Augustus, 182;
quoted on military science, 184;
on the tastes of Augustus, 252;
on Nero, 256, 259,
studious, 287;
freedom allowed to, 289
Suevi, the, 215, 307, 309
Sulla, L. Cornelius, makes Cisalpine Gaul a province, 59;
officer to Marius, 93,
succeeds Marius, 101;
his character, 101,
master of Rome, 103, 105,
and the Mithradatic War, 104,
returns to Rome and defeats the Samnites, 105;
death, 105,
and the columns of the Temple of Olympian Zeus, 153;
failure of, 223
Sulla, Faustus, 123
Sulpicius, Rufus, 103
Sumptuary laws, 226
Sungod, the, 295, 306
Surrentum, 251
Swabians, 213
Switzerland, 220
Sword, the Roman, 98
Sygambri, 216
Syracuse, 209
Syria, 60, 169, 200, 267, 273
Syrian War, 65
Tabularium, the, 153
Tacitus and the imperial _régime_, 4, 11, 242, 273,
and Augustus, 162, 163, 187,
and the Senate, 179,
the _Germania_, 214,
and Livia, 228,
and historians, 253;
and Britain, 260,
the satire of, 275,
the “silver Latin” of, 287,
and the history of his own times, 288,
as prose writer and historian, 289, 290
Tacitus, Claudius (Emperor), 308
Tanagra, 201
Tarentum, 45
Tarquin, 24
Tarquins, the, 19
Tarraco, 221
Tarraconensis, 221
Tarshish, 49
Tartars, 214, 309
Tax-farming, 132, 191
Tax-gatherers, 191
Taxes (_stipendium_) from provincial territories, 64,
freedom from (_tributum_), 188, 189;
in kind, 190;
indirect, 196,
under the Empire, 270, 276,
collection of, 273;
increase of, 311,
exemption of certain classes, 311,
Constantine’s burden of, 313
Teachers, 286
“Tellus Group,” the, 244, 250
Temple, the, Jerusalem, 268
Temples, 67, 152, 166, 168, 196, 243, 250, 251, 280, 282, 294
Temples to Augustus, 201
Tenth Legion, the, 123, 150, 269
Terence, 76, 77, 138
Terentia, 138
Terentius Lucanus, senator, 76
Terminus, 37
Terra-cotta ornaments, Etruscan, 21, 22
“Terramare” civilisation, 14
Tertullian, 316
Tetricus, 308
Teutonic and Latin races, contrast between, 213, 214.
_See also_ Germany
Teutons, the, invasion by, 93,
defeated by Marius, 94
Thamugadi, 283
Thapsus, 123
Theatre of Marcellus, 251
Theatres, 75
Theatrical performances, 137
Thebes, 202
Theocritus, 144, 233
Theodosius, 313
Thespiæ, 201
Thessalonica, 202
Third Legion, 283
Thrace, 194, 197, 312
Thrasea, Pætus, 273, 300
Thurii, 106
Thusnelda, 219
Tiber, the River, 12,
and navigation, 17, 187,
offerings to the, 40
Tiberius, Suetonius on, 162, 306,
in the triumph of Augustus, 166;
suppresses the comitia, 174;
nominated to succeed Augustus, 175, 229,
as general, 184;
overlord in Asia, 195;
and Germany, 216, 263,
his mother Livia, 227;
banishment, 228;
rivals, 228;
triumphs, 239,
character, 253;
and enlargement of the Empire, 259;
government, 271,
retirement, 271,
and “delation,” 272;
junior and Rome, 235-236,
loss of patrimony, 236, 243,
position, 288,
and epic poetry, 288
Verres, 209
Verulamium, 260
Vespasian and press censorship, 163,
in Britain, 259,
and Germany, 264,
and Mœsia, 265,
subdues Palestine, 268,
becomes Cæsar, 274,
origin, 274,
government, 274,
Rome under, 279,
and Pliny the elder, 287;
art under, 293
Vesta, 38,
Temple of, 152
Vestals, state, 38
Vetera Castra (Xanten), 216, 219, 263
Via Appia. _See_ Appian Way
Via Claudia, 263
Vicars, 312
Vice, 133, 138
Villa Albani, 293
“Villanova” period, 14
Villas, 251, 295
Viminacium, 266
Vindex, 257, 262
Vipsania, 227
Virginia, 33
Viriathus, 84
Virtue, Roman, 33, 80
Visigoths, 314
Vitellius, 262, 273, 289
Vitruvius, 290
Voluptas, 139
Vopiscus, 307
Wales, 260
Walls, Roman, 261, 262
War and culture, 73
Warfare, annals of, in history, 306
Watchmen, 186
Wax images, 156, 248
Wealth under the Republic, 131
Weser, the, 216, 219
Wickhoff, Franz, and Roman art, 157, 244, 293
Wiesbaden (Aquæ Mattiacæ), 264
Wine, 136
Wolf, the, as totem, 19,
the mother wolf, 38
Women, influence of, 223,
wickedness of, under the Empire, 254
World-state, the, 278, 308
Worth, 264
Xanten. _See_ Vetera Castra
York, 261
Zacchæus, 207
Zama, 53
Zealots, the, 268
Zela, 123
Zeno the Stoic, 300
Zenobia, Queen, 306, 307, 308
Zeus, Olympian, Temple of, 153
Zeuxis, 296
Zion, Temple of Jupiter on, 269
Zuyder Zee canal, 216
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Is there aught which ruinous Time does not impair? Our fathers, a
generation worse than our grandsires, begat us, a race more evil, soon
to produce offspring more wicked still. (_Odes_, III. vi. 45-8.)
[2] Plates 1, 2, 3, 8, and 70.
[3] Plate 2.
[4] Plate 4.
[5] Plate 5.
[6] Plate 6.
[7] Plate 7.
[8] See “The Glory that was Greece,” pp. 10-11, &c.
[9] Plate 8.
[10] Plate 9.
[11] What thou owest to the stock of Nero, O Rome, let Metaurus’ flood
bear witness, and the defeated Hasdrubal, and that fair dawn that drove
the darkness from Latium.... And at length spake treacherous Hannibal:
“We are but deer, the prey of ravening wolves, but lo! we are pursuing
those whom to escape is a rare triumph.... No proud ambassadors now
shall I send to Carthage perished, perished is all our hope and all the
fortune of our race, for Hasdrubal is dead.” (_Odes_, IV. iv. 37-40,
49-52, 69-72).
[12] Plate II.
[13] See “The Glory that was Greece,” p. 261.
[14] Plate 12.
[15] Plate 13.
[16] Plate 22, No. 1.
[17] Plate 14.
[18] Plate 22, No. 2.
[19] Plate 27.
[20] But unless the breast is cleared, what battles and dangers must
then find their way into us in our own despite! What poignant cares
inspired by lust then rend the distrustful man, and then also what
mighty fears! and pride, filthy lust, and wantonness! what disasters
they occasion, and luxury and all sorts of sloth! He therefore who
shall have subdued all these and banished them from the mind by words,
not arms, shall he not have a just title to be ranked among the gods?
(V. 43-51, Munro’s translation.)
[21] The man who is sick of home often issues forth from his large
mansion, and as suddenly comes back to it, finding as he does that he
is no better off abroad. He races to his country house, driving his
jennets in headlong haste, as if hurrying to bring help to a house on
fire; he yawns the moment he has reached the door of his house, or
sinks heavily into sleep and seeks forgetfulness, or even in haste goes
back again to town. In this way each man flies from himself. (III.
1060-8, Munro’s translation.)