Church History. Augustine, St. John Chrysostom, and Tertullian are
its representative writers and thinkers more truly than Ausonius or
Claudian. Except for the Arch of Constantine,[94] which was mainly
compiled out of earlier remains, its Art is to be found in the sacred
mosaics of Constantinople or Torcello, or in the Byzantine ivories such
as the famous Barberini panel, showing Constantine as the establisher
of the Christian Faith.[95] Architecture continues to show remarkable
developments, and in the wonderful palace which Diocletian constructed
for his retirement at Spalato on the Dalmatian coast there are new
combinations of the Roman arch with the Greek columns which are full
of promise for the birth of Gothic art.[96] The earliest Christian
churches designed on the plan of a Greek cross, with a dome covering
the intersection of nave and transepts, is derived from Asia Minor
and bears traces of the oriental influence which is so powerful in
Byzantine Art.
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
YEAR DOMESTIC EVENTS EXTERNAL EVENTS
B.C.
753 Legendary date of the foundation of
Rome
510 Legendary date of the expulsion of
Tarquin, and establishment of the
Republic
508 Legendary date of the Etruscan
invasion under Lars Porsena
494 Legendary date of the First Secession
of the Plebeians
480 Possibly authentic date of first
treaty between Rome and
the Latins, drawn up by Sp.
Cassius
474 Defeat of the Etruscans by
Syracuse
450 Legendary date of the Twelve Tables
387 Conquest of Rome by the Gauls
367 Licinian Laws. (1) forbid large
holdings of public land; (2) compel
landlords to employ a certain
proportion of free labour
351 Conquest of S. Etruria by Rome
Cære becomes the first
_civitas sine suffragio_
348 First treaty of commerce between
Rome and Carthage
343 Samnite Wars, involving subjugation
to of the Latins, and
266 eventually of all Central Italy
321 Great defeat of the Romans at
the Caudine Pass
312 Censorship of Appius Claudius
including (1) publication of the
laws; (2) construction of Via
Claudia
281 War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus
to involving conquest of
275 South Italy
268 First coinage of silver
264 First Punic War, involving conquest
to of Sicily, Sardinia, and
241 Corsica--first transmarine
provinces
264 First gladiatorial games at Rome
240 Livius Andronicus. Beginning of
Roman literature
222 Defeat of the Cisalpine Gauls
220 Via Flaminia to Ariminum
218 Second Punic War
to
201
218 Lex Claudia forbids Senators to
engage in commerce
216 Romans severely defeated at
Cannæ
205 Introduction of Phrygian worship of
Magna Mater
202 Victory of Scipio at Zama
201 Peace with Carthage involving
cession of Spain
200 Second Macedonian War
to
194
196 Flaminius proclaims the liberty
of Greece
190 Defeat of Antiochus the Great
of Syria at Magnesia
186 7000 Romans condemned for the
Bacchic orgies
184 Censorship of Cato the Elder. Death
of Plautus. Basilica of Cato
constructed
171 Third Macedonian War. Egypt
to accepts Roman suzerainty
168
165 1000 Greeks, including Polybius the
historian, brought to Italy as
hostages
161 Greek orators and philosophers
expelled (vainly)
160 _Adelphi_ of Terence performed
148 Macedonia becomes a province
146 On destruction of Carthage,
Africa becomes a province
Great influx of Greek Art Corinth destroyed
133 Tribunate and agrarian programme of Kingdom of Attalus bequeathed
Tiberius Gracchus to Rome, becomes province
of Asia
123 Tribunate and agrarian programme of
Gaius Gracchus. Establishment of
the _Equites_ as a political power
121 Province of Gallia Narbonensis,
formed by conquest of S Gaul
112 War with Jugurtha: triumph of
to Marius
106
113 Army reforms and political power of War with Cimbri and Teutons
to Marius
101
91 War against the Italian allies
(Social War)
88 Conquest of Rome by Sulla, and War with Mithradates of Pontus.
restoration of the Senate Massacre of Romans
87 Revolution of Cinna and Marius
with great massacre of nobles
82 Return of Sulla and proscription of Defeat of the Samnites at the
the democrats Colline Gate of Rome
81 Sulla dictator. Cornelian Laws improve Cisalpine Gaul becomes a
the judicial system. Cicero’s province. Rome refuses
first speech Egypt
78 Date of extant buildings at Rome (1)
the Tabularium, (2) the Temple
of Fortuna Virilis
75 Bithynia and Cyrene made provinces
(both bequeathed to
Rome)
73 Insurrection of slaves under Spartacus
67 Pompeius defeats the pirates
63 Consulship of Cicero, who crushes Pompeius ends the Mithradatic
the conspiracy of Catiline War. New provinces organised
Cilicia, Bithynia with
Pontus, Syria, and Crete
60 Union of Pompeius, Cæsar, and
Crassus, “the First Triumvirate”
59 Consulship of Cæsar, and grant of
the province of Gaul
58 Banishment of Cicero. Theatre of Cæsar defeats the Helvetians
Curio built
57 Recall of Cicero Cæsar defeats the Nervu
56 Renewal of the “Triumverate” at Cæsar defeats the Veneti by
Lucca sea
55 Dedication of theatre of Pompeius Cæsar invades Britain
54 Second invasion of Britain
53 Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians.
Cæsar subdues the
Treveri, and crosses the
Rhine
52 Senate-house burnt in a riot. Pompeius Great revolt of Gaul under
passes laws against Cæsar Vercingetorix crushed at Alesia
51 Final subjugation of Gaul
Cicero governor of Cilicia
49 Cæsar begins the Civil War
48 Battle of Pharsalus, defeat of Pompeius Cæsar regulates Egypt, leaving
Cleopatra as queen
46 Final defeat of Pompeians at Thapsus
in Africa. Cæsar dictator. Dedication
of new Forum Julium, and
temple of Venus Genetrix
45 Cæsar enlarges the Senate and regulates
the municipal constitutions
of the Italian towns
44 Assassination of Cæsar. M. Antonius
in command of Rome. Cicero’s
_Philippics_
43 Octavian, Cæsar’s heir, with the consuls
defeats Antony at Mutina, and
is elected consul. Second Triumvirate
formed, Antony, Octavian,
and Lepidus. Proscription of
the tyrannicide party, including
Cicero
42 Battles of Philippi. Defeat of Brutus
and Cassius. Temple of Saturn
rebuilt
41 War at Perusia, in which Octavian M. Antonius with Cleopatra in
crushes the revolt of L. Antonius Egypt
37 Library of Pollio founded. Octavian
marries Livia
36 Sextus Pompeius defeated. Lepidus Antony defeated in Parthia
deprived of his army
31 Defeat of Antony and Cleopatra
at Actium by Octavian
30 Publication of Horace’s _Epodes_ Conquest of Egypt
29 Triumph of Cæsar Octavianus
28 Census and restoration of Senate. Mœsia made a province
Dedication of temple and library
of Palatine Apollo, eighty-two
temples restored
27 “Restoration of the Republic” really Provinces divided between
the beginning of the Empire. Cæsar and Senate. Cæsar
Octavian receives the title of takes Spain, Gaul, Syria, and
_Augustus_. Pantheon of M. Agrippa keeps Egypt
built
23 Augustus resigns the consulship. Failure of expedition to Arabia
Death of Marcellus. Vergil’s
_Æneid_, Horace’s _Odes,_ i, ii, iii
20 Augustus in Asia. Submission
of Parthians
19 Death of Vergil Conquest of North Spain
17 Julian “Laws of Morality”. Secular
games. Horace as laureate. Augustus
adopts Gaius and Lucius his
grandsons
16 German invasion of Gaul. Defeat
of Lothus
13 Theatre of Marcellus built Drusus in Gaul for conquest of
Germany
12 Dedication of Ara Pacis Augustæ
9 End of Livy’s _History_ Death of Drusus after four
campaigns in Germany
8 Death of Horace and Mæcenas Tiberius in Germany
4 Death of Herod. Probable date
of birth of Christ
2 Banishment of Julia
A.D.
2 Death of Lucius and mortal wounding
of Gaius. Tiberius adopted
4 Building of “Maison Carrée” at Tiberius’s annual campaigns in
Nismes Germany
6 Establishment of military chest at Judæa becomes a province
Rome. Temple of Castor rebuilt (census of Quirinius)
Great revolt in Pannonia
8 Banishment of Ovid Subjection of Pannonia
9 Defeat of Varus by Arminius in
Germany
14 Death of Augustus. Succession of Revolt of Rhine and Danube
_Tiberius_. Political extinction of armies quelled by Germanicus
the _comitia_. Extension of law and Drusus
of treason and growth of informing
(_delatio_)
16 Germanicus defeats the Germans
under Arminum’i at Idistavisus
27 Tiberius retires to Capri. Sejanus
in command of Rome
37 _Gaius Cæsar_ (Caligula), murdered by Futile expedition towards Britain
Prætorian guard
41 _Claudius_ New provinces incorporated
Mauretania, Lycia, Thracia
(46), and Judæa. Conquest
of Britain begun (43)
54 _Nero_
55 Poisoning of Britannicus
61 Revolt of Boadicea in Britain
64 Fire at Rome, and first persecution
of the Christians
68 Revolt of Vindex in Gaul and
Galba in Spain
68 Year of the Four Emperors
to _Galba_, June-Jan. 69
69 _Otho_, Jan-April
_Vitellius_, April-Dec.
69 _Vespasian_, “The Flavian Dynasty” Revolt of Batavians under
Civilis
70 Erection of Colosseum, Arch of Siege and destruction of Jerusalem
Titus, and Baths of Titus
79 Titus Eruption of Vesuvius Herculaneum
buried in mud and Pompeii
in ashes. Death of Elder Pliny
81 _Domitian_ Progress of Agricola in Scotland.
Construction of Rhætian _limes_
86 Wars against Dacians
96 Murder of Domitian
96 _Nerva_, repealed law of treason and
reduced taxes
98 _Trajan_, built Forum Trajani, Basilica (101-102) First Dacian War.
Ulpia, and Column of Trajan (105-107) Second Dacian
War. Dacia becomes province
(114-116) Invasion
of Parthia, capture of
Ctesiphon. New provinces:
Armenia, Mesopotamia,
Assyria, and Arabia
118 _Hadrian_, built _Moles Hadriani_, Abandoned Armenia, Mesopotamia
Temple of Venus and Rome, and Assyria. Grand
Pantheon, Villa at Tivoli, and tour of the empire.
Temple of Olympian Zeus at Hadrian’s wall in Britain.
Athens Revolt and destruction of
the Jewish nation
138 _Antoninus Pius_, “The Antonine
Dynasty.” Built Temple of
Antoninus and Faustina
161 _Marcus Aurelius._ Plague in Italy. War against Parthia. War with
Statue and column of M. Aurelius Marcomanni and Quadi.
Emperor died at Vienna
180 _Commodus_
193 _Pertinax_ murdered by soldiers _Didius
Julianus_ bought the throne
193 _Septimius Severus_ proclaimed by the Expedition to Britain. Emperor
Illyrian legions. Great jurist died at York. Strengthening
Papinian flourishes of walls
211 _Caracalla_ All inhabitants of provinces
(except Egypt) become
citizens
217 Baths of Caracalla finished
218 _Elagabalus._ Attempt to introduce
Sun-worship
222 _Severus Alexander._ The jurist New Persian Empire of the
Ulpian and the historian Dio Sassanidæ begun
Cassius flourished
235 _Maximinus Thrax_
237 _Gordianus I. and II. and III._
244 _Philippus, the Arabian_
249 _Decius_ Persecution of Christians Defeat of the Goths in Thrace
Decius fell in the fighting
251 _Gallus_
253 _Æmilianus_
253 _Valerianus_ Wars against German invaders,
Franks, Alemanni, and Goths.
Expedition to Persia. Emperor
captured
260 _Gallienus._ Time of great confusion Tetricus sets up a rival empire
owing to pretenders. “The in Gaul and Spain. Odenathus
thirty tyrants” sets up an independent
kingdom at Palmyra in
Syria
268 _Claudius Gothicus_ Defeats German invaders
270 _Aurelian_ (“Restitutor Orbis”). Wall Sacrifices Dacia across the
round Rome Danube to the Goths. Repulses
Alemanni and Marcomanni
from Italian soil. Defeats
Zenobia and destroys
Palmyra. Defeats Tetricus
273 Temple of the Sun constructed
at Heliopolis (Ba’albek)
275 _Tacitus_ (choice of the Senate)
276 _Probus_ Drives back the Barbarians and
restores the defences
282 _Carus_, then _Numerianus_, then _Carinus_
284 _Diocletian_ resided chiefly at Nicomedia Persians defeated, Egyptian
to in Asia Minor, leaving the and British revolts crushed
305 west to Maximian, Constantius
and Galerius appointed Cæsars.
Persecution of Christians
307 Six “Augusti” claiming the purple,
Constantine of Britain among them
323 _Constantine the Great_ (sole emperor).
to Christianity recognised by the
337 State
325 Arian conflict, Council of Nicæa
330 Building of Constantinople
361 _Julian the Apostate_ endeavours to
to revive Paganism
363
375 Beginning of the great German
folk-wanderings
379 _Theodosius_ After Theodosius the Visigoths received in Mœsia
to division of the Empire becomes if Christians Massacre of
395 permanent Thessalonica (St. Ambrose of
Milan)
395 Arcadius rules the East. Honorius
rules the West
WEST
400 Alaric invades Italy
402 Imperial residence transferred from
Rome to Ravenna
410 Capture and sack of Rome by Alaric
415 Visigoths found a kingdom at
Toulouse
429 Vandals found a kingdom in Africa
449 Anglo-Saxons begin to settle in
Britain
451 Attila and the Huns defeated by
Aetius and the Goths near Châlons
452 Foundation of Venice
476 Odoacer, barbarian general, deposes
the last Western emperor, Romulus
Augustulus
EAST
527 Justinian, emperor. Victories
of Belisarius. Codification of
law
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[The following list of books will serve two purposes, as a guide
to the reader who wishes to inquire further on any special point,
and as an acknowledgment of some of the obligations of the writer.
Only works available in English are here included, and the list is
selected rather than exhaustive.]
_General Histories of Rome_
PELHAM. Outlines of Roman History. Rivingtons.
WARDE FOWLER. Rome. (Home University Library.)
Williams and Norgate.
_General Histories of the Republic_
MOMMSEN. A History of Rome. 5 vols. Bentley.
HEITLAND. The Roman Republic, 3 vols. Cambridge
University Press.
MYRES. A History of Rome. Rivingtons.
HOW AND LEIGH. A History of Rome to the Death of
Cæsar. Longmans.
_General Histories of the Empire_
GIBBON. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Ed.
Bury. Methuen. 7 vols.
BURY. The Student’s Roman Empire (to the Death of
Marcus Aurelius). Murray.
STUART JONES. Roman Empire. Story of the Nations.
Fisher Unwin.
_Special Periods and Biographies_
STRACIIAN-DAVIDSON. Cicero. Heroes of the Nations.
Putnams.
WARDE FOWLER. Cæsar. Heroes of the Nations.
Putnams.
BOISSIER. Cicero and his Friends. Innes.
OMAN. Seven Roman Statesmen. Arnold.
MOMMSEN. The Provinces of the Roman Empire.
2 vols. Macmillan.
DILL. Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius.
Macmillan.
---- Roman Society in the last Century of the
Western Empire. Macmillan.
RICE HOLMES. Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul. Macmillan,
and Clarendon Press.
PAIS. Ancient Legends of Roman History. Sonnenschein.
FERRERO. Greatness and Decline of Rome. 5 vols.
Heinemann.
TARVER. Tiberius the Tyrant. Constable.
HAVERFIELD. The Romanisation of Roman Britain.
Clarendon Press.
_Politics_
GREENIDGE. Roman Public Life. Macmillan.
ARNOLD. Roman Provincial Administration. Macmillan.
_Morals and Religion_
FRIEDLANDER. Roman Life and Manners. Routledge.
WARDE FOWLER. The Religious Experiences of the
Roman People. Macmillan.
---- The Roman Festivals. Macmillan.
GLOVER. Conflict of Religions under the Roman Empire.
Methuen.
RAMSAY. The Church in the Roman Empire before
A.D. 170. Putnams.
LECKY. History of European Morals. Longmans.
_Economics_
CUNNINGHAM. Western Civilisation in its Economic
Aspects. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press.
_Literature_
SELLAR. Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. Clarendon
Press.
CRUTTWELL. History of Roman Literature. Griffin.
MACKAIL. Latin Literature. Murray.
RUSHFORTH. Latin Historical Inscriptions. Clarendon
Press.
_Art and Archœology_
MRS. STRONG. Roman Sculpture. Duckworth.
WALTERS. The Art of the Romans. Methuen.
WICKHOFF. Roman Art. Macmillan.
MAU. Pompeii, its Life and Art. Macmillan.
HILL. Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. Macmillan.
_Topography._
BURN. Rome and the Campagna.
MIDDLETON. Remains of Ancient Rome. 2 vols. 1872.
MURRAY’S HANDBOOKS.
BAEDEKER’S GUIDES.
LANCIANI. Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent
Discoveries. Macmillan.
_Law_
BUCKLAND. Roman Law of Slavery. 1908. Cambridge
University Press.
ROBY. Roman Private Law. 1902. Cambridge University
Press.
INDEX
Abitene, 194
Accomplishments, early Roman, 34
“Accountants,” 276
Achæan League, 55, 202
Achaia, 193, 202
Actium, Battle of, 129, 166, 184, 188, 202, 240
Actors, 137
Acts of the Apostles, 200
Aden, 204
Adherbal, 91
Adiabene, 267
Adige, 220
Admirals, 187
Adriatic fleet, 186, 187
Adultery, law against, 226
Advertisements, 285
Ædiles, 30, 32, 134
Ædui, 262
Æsopus (actor), 132
Aetius, 314
Ætolian cavalry, 55
Afranius, 123
Africa, province of, 59, 193, 208, 283;
diocese, 312
Agathocles, 45, 61
Agedincum, 212
Agri Decumates, 264
Agricola, Julius, 260, 261
Agriculture, early Roman, 36, 70
Agrippa, General under Augustus, 165;
intended successor to Augustus, 174, 175,
disciplinarian, 183,
overlord in Asia, 195,
Herod and, 205;
and the worship of Jehovah, 207;
and the conquest of Spain, 221;
married to Julia, 227, 228,
temple erected by, 251
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 129
Agrippa Postumus, 229
Agrippina, 224
Agrippina, (mother of Nero), 256, 272
Alani, 307
Alba Longa, 25
Albinus, Spurius, 92
Alcamenes, 156
Alcantara, Bridge of, 294
Alemanni, 309
Alesia, 116
Alexander the Great, 1, 6
Alexandria, Cæsar at, 122,
and convention in literature, 151;
rivalry with Rome, 202, 282,
Jews in, 268
“Alimenta,” 276
Aliso, 216
“Allies and friends,” 28, 60
Alme, 216
Alpes Cottiæ, 194
Alpes Maritimæ, 194
Alpine tribes, 220
Alps, the, Hannibal’s march, 50,
roads over, 220
Amazons, 258, 307
Amphitheatre, the Grand, 282
Amphitheatre displays, 74;
butchery, 137
Amphitheatres, 243, 279;
in Britain, 261
Ampsaga, river, 208
Amusements, 136, 279
“Analecta,” 137
Anchises, 224
Ancus Martius, 19
Ancyra, 199
Ancyran monument, 188
Andernach, 264
Andronikos, 74
Anglesey, 259, 260
Anna Perenna, 36, 39
Antinous, 293
Antioch, 247, 267, 268, 282
Antiochus of Syria, 54, 55
Antium, 134
Antonine Constitution, 299
Antonine Wall, 261
Antonines, the, 277
Antoninus Pius, 262, 271, 277,
column of, 292
Antonius (orator), 104
Antonius, L, 164
Antony, Mark, and Cæsar, 124,
and the succession, 126, 127,
and Octavian (Augustus), 127, 128, 163, 164,
the Triumvirate, 128,
victories, 128,
and Cleopatra, 128, 129, 164, 203,
and Actium, 130,
marriages, 138,
and Cicero, 148
Antony and Cleopatra, coins of, 155
Aosta, 220
Apelles, 296
Apennines, slave refugees, 106
Apicius, 279
Apollo as a Roman god, 79,
temple to, 168
Apollodorus, 266
Apollonia, 201, 202
Apollonius, 290
Appian Way, 34
Appius Claudius, 85
Appius Claudius (censor), 34, 42, 46
Appuleian Laws, 95, 99
Apuleius, 290
Aquæ Mattiacæ (Wiesbaden), 264
Aquæ Sextiæ, 94
Aqueducts, 179, 280, 283, 293
Aquilegia, 220
Aquitania, 210
Arabia, 194, 204, 267
Arabs, 307
Aratus, 234
Arausio (Orange), 94
Arcesilaus, 156, 249
Arch, the, 153, 294
Arch, triumphal, 196
Archelaus, 206
Architecture of the Republic, 151-154,
of the Augustan period, 250-252,
of the Empire, 293-297,
later Roman and early Christian, 316
Arena. _See_ Amphitheatre
Aretine pottery, 159
Areus, 209
Arezzo, 120
Argos, 202
Aristocracy, government by, 71, 72,
debased, 81,
wealth, 132,
Augustus and, 224;
under the Empire, 254
Domitian and the, 274.
_See also_ Patricians
Aristotle, 290
Armenia, 194, 198, 199, 200, 267, 268
Arminius, 218, 219, 263
Armour of soldiers, 29, 98
Army, professional, as constituted by Marius, 96-99,
and government, 99,
under Augustus, 182,
soldiering becomes a profession, 184,
how constituted, 184,
rate of pay, 185;
distribution of the legions, 185;
pay (finance), 188,
bounties to veterans, 189
Arpinum, 134
Art, Etruscan, 20;
early Roman, 22, 34, 66,
of the Republic, 151-159,
of the Augustan period, 243-252,
of the Empire, Greek influence, 291,
sculpture, 292,
history of, 293,
influence of Antinous, 293,
architecture, 294-297,
painting, 296,
minor arts, 297,
Byzantine, 316
“Art, Roman,” 151, 245
Art collectors under the Republic, 155
Artillery, 280
Artists, 248
Arts, the, and politics, 231
Arusine Plain, 46
“Aryan,” 2
_As_, the copper (coin), 17, 34, 154
Aschaffenburg, 264
Ashtaroth, 39
Asia Minor, coins of, 249,
Jews in, 268,
Christianity in, 302
Asia, province of, 59;
wealth, 61, 64;
taxes, 88,
control by Augustus, 178;
senatorial province, 193,
security in, 200,
diocese, 312
“Asiarchs,” 201
Assassins, 268
Assessments for taxes, 276
Assyria, 267
Asturians, 220
Asturica Augusta (Astorga), 221
Athens and Rome, contrast between, 2,
allied with Rome, 55,
Sulla and, 101,
and education, 133,
an allied state, 194,
position of, under Rome, 201,
new quarter, 284
Athletics, 286
Atrium, the, 135
Attalids, the, of Pergamum, 246
Attalus, 55
Attalus III., 59
Attica, 201
Atticus, 131, 233
Attila, 314
Attius, 138
Augsburg, 220
Augurs, 133
Augusta Emerita (Merida), 221
Augusta (legion), 183
“Augustals,” 181
“Augustan” age, the. _See_ Augustus
Augustan history, 305
Augusti, 312
Augustine, 316
Augustulus, Romulus, 315
Augustus (Gneius Octavius, Octavianus) adds Egypt to the Empire, 60,
Cæsar’s heir, 124, 127,
takes up his inheritance, 127;
triple alliance, 128,
pursues the tyrannicides, 128
master of the West, 129,
becomes the Emperor Augustus, 100, 130;
health, 136;
and literature, 151;
and monarchy, 161,
statesmanship, 161, 182,
Suetonius on, 162;
character, 163,
and Cleopatra, 164,
policy, 164, 165,
triumph, 165;
and peace 166,
and the patricians, 167;
takes a census, 167,
strengthens the senate, 167;
improves Rome, 167,
establishes the Empire, 168,
senate names him Augustus, 169,
“restores the Republic,” 168, 169,
constitutional position, 170,
wealth, 172,
as censor, 172,
consulships, 173;
tribunician power, 173,
successors, 174,
age and reign, 175;
and the senate, 175,
pretended abdication, 177,
powers, 177,
patron of the people, 180
and the laws, 180;
military position, 182,
creates a navy, 186,
and public finance, 188,
his generosity, 188,
his provinces, 194,
account of condition of Italy, 196,
and the Parthians, 197,
cult of himself, 201, 225;
and Egypt, 203,
and the Soudan, 204,
and Herod, 206,
and the Jews, 207;
in Sicily, 209,
and Gaul, 209,
and Germany, 212,
and Spain, 220;
results of his rule, 221,
his work, 223,
aristocracy and, 224,
plots against, 224,
flattery, 224;
and the regeneration of Roman society, 225;
as a father, 226;
marriages, 226;
and the succession, 228,
family, 229,
his habits, 229,
character, 230,
education, 231,
and literature 232;
in Vergil, 234;
in Horace, 239,
and art, 243,
and rebuilding of Rome, 244, 248,
culture, 252,
and the enlargement of the Empire, 259
Aurelian, 307
Aurelius, Marcus, Antonine dynasty, 277;
philosophy fashionable under, 279,
Galen, his state physician, 290,
portrait, 292, 294;
hostile to Christianity, 302,
and immortality, 303,
Rome under, 305,
and the barbarians, 309, 311
Ausonius, 316
Austria, 217, 220
Autonomy, local, 284
Aventine Hill, 280
Avernus, Lake of, 186
Axiomitæ, 307
Ba’albek, 282, 295
Bacchic mysteries, 79
Bacchus, 240
Bactrians, 307
Bætica, 221
Baiæ, 134, 251, 257, 296;
Turner’s picture of, 283
Bakery account from Pompeii, 285
Balearic slingers, 98
Balkans, 220
Bank rate, 166
Bankrupts and the senate, 103
Banks, 64
Banquets, 133, 136, 196
Barberini panel, 316
Barcas, the, 49
Barea Soranus, 273, 300
Barristers, 298
Batanæa, 194
Batavian cavalry, 184
Baths, 136, 196, 243, 261, 283
Baths of Titus, the, 293
Battle-array, 29
Beasts for the arena, 133
Bedriacum, 273
Beja, 221
Belgica, 210
Bestia, 91, 92
Bibulus, 111
Bithynia, 60, 193, 200
“Bithyniarchs,” 201
Black Sea, 186, 220, 297
Blemyes, 307
Boadicea, 219, 260
Bœotia, 201
Bohemia, 217
Books, 131,
Cicero’s books, 134
Bosco Reale, 249
Bosphorus, 194
Brenner Pass, 263
Brennus, 199
Brescia, 196
Bribery and corruption, 79, 133
Brickwork, 294
Bridge, marble, 196
Brigantes, the, 261, 262
Britain, Cæsar’s expeditions to, 117,
Cæsar on, 150;
Augustus and, 170, 209, 210,
conquest of, 259,
empire-building in, 260;
and Roman civilisation, 261,
roads, 262;
walls, 261, 262,
and the “Latin right,” 299;
and separate unity, 308,
diocese, 312,
deserted, 314
Britannicus, 272
Britons, the, 114
Bronze-work, 297
Brotherhood of man, 302
Brundisium, 145
Bruttium, 45, 47
Brutus and liberty, 33;
as hero, 112,
against Cæsar, 124,
and the assassination of Cæsar, 126,
and the succession, 127,
fall of, 128,
bust of, 157,
as martyr, 173,
and Horace, 237
Budgets under Augustus, 192
Buffer states, 198, 199, 214