We have to go up on wiring fatigue. The motor lorries roll up after
dark. We climb in. It is a warm evening and the twilight seems like
a canopy under whose shelter we feel drawn together. Even the stingy
Tjaden gives me a cigarette and then a light.
We stand jammed in together, shoulder to shoulder, there is no room
to sit. But we do not expect that. Müller is in a good mood for
once; he is wearing his new boots.
The engines drone, the lorries bump and rattle. The roads are worn
and full of holes. We dare not show a light so we lurch along and
are often almost pitched out. That does not worry us, however. It
can happen if it likes; a broken arm is better than a hole in the
guts, and many a man would be thankful enough for such a chance of
finding his way home again.
Beside us stream the munition-columns in long files. They are making
the pace, they overtake us going forward. We joke with them and they
answer back.
A wall becomes visible, it belongs to a house which lies on the side
of the road. I suddenly prick up my ears. Am I deceived? Again I
hear distinctly the cackle of geese. A glance at Katczinsky--a
glance from him to me; we understand one another.
"Kat, I hear some aspirants for the frying-pan over there."
He nods. "It will be attended to when we come back. I have their
number."
Of course Kat has their number. He knows all about every leg of
goose within a radius of fifteen miles.
The lorries arrive at the artillery lines. The gun-emplacements are
camouflaged with bushes against aerial observation, and look like a
kind of military Feast of the Tabernacles. These branches might seem
gay and cheerful were not cannon embowered there.
The air becomes acrid with the smoke of the guns and the fog. The
fumes of powder taste bitter on the tongue. The roar of the guns
makes our lorry stagger, the reverberation rolls raging away to the
rear, everything quakes. Our faces change imperceptibly. We are
not, indeed, in the front-line, but only in the reserves, yet in
every face can be read: This is the Front, now we are within its
embrace.
It is not fear. Men who have been up as often as we have become
thick skinned. Only the young recruits are agitated. Kat explains
to them: "That was a twelve-inch. You hear the explosion first and
afterwards comes the sound of the gun."
But the hollow sound of the firing does not reach us. It is
swallowed up in the general murmur of the front. Kat listens:
"There'll be a bombardment to-night."
We all listen. The front is restless. "The Tommies are firing
already," says Kropp.
The shelling can be heard distinctly. It is the English batteries to
the right of our section. They are beginning an hour too soon.
According to us they start punctually at ten o'clock.
"What's got them?" says Müller, "their clocks must be fast."
"There'll be a bombardment, I tell you, I can feel it in my bones."
Kat shrugs his shoulders.
Three shells land beside us. The burst of flame shoots across the
fog, the fragments howl and drone. We shiver and are glad to think
that we shall be back in the huts early in the morning.
Our faces are neither paler nor more flushed than usual; they are not
more tense nor more flabby--and yet they are changed. We feel that
in our blood a contact has shot home. That is no figure of speech;
it is fact. It is the front, the consciousness of the front, that
makes this contact. The moment that the first shells whistle over
and the air is rent with the explosions there is suddenly in our
veins, in our hands, in our eyes a tense waiting, a watching, a
heightened alertness, a strange sharpening of the senses. The body
with one bound is in full readiness.
It often seems to me as though it were the vibrating, shuddering air
that with a noiseless leap springs upon us; or as though the front
itself emitted an electric current which awakened unknown
nerve-centres.
Every time it is the same. We start out for the front plain
soldiers, either cheerful or gloomy: then come the first
gun-emplacements and every word of our speech has a new ring.
When Kat stands in front of the hut and says: "There'll be a
bombardment," that is merely his own opinion; but if he says it here,
then the sentence has the sharpness of a bayonet in the moonlight, it
cuts clean through the thought, it thrusts nearer and speaks to this
unknown thing that is awakened in us, a dark meaning--"There'll be a
bombardment." Perhaps it is our inner and most secret life that
shivers and falls on guard.
* *
To me the front is a mysterious whirlpool. Though I am in still
water far away from its centre, I feel the whirl of the vortex
sucking me slowly, irresistibly, inescapably into itself.
From the earth, from the air, sustaining forces pour into us--mostly
from the earth. To no man does the earth mean so much as to the
soldier. When he presses himself down upon her long and powerfully,
when he buries his face and his limbs deep in her from the fear of
death by shell-fire, then she is his only friend, his brother, his
mother; he stifles his terror and his cries in her silence and her
security; she shelters him and gives him a new lease of ten seconds
of life, receives him again and often for ever.
Earth!--Earth!--Earth!
Earth with thy folds, and hollows and holes, into which a man may
fling himself and crouch down! In the spasm of terror, under the
hailing of annihilation, in the bellowing death of the explosions, O
Earth, thou grantest us the great resisting surge of new-won life.
Our being, almost utterly carried away by the fury of the storm,
streams back through our hands from thee, and we, thy redeemed ones,
bury ourselves in thee, and through the long minutes in a mute agony
of hope bite into thee with our lips!
At the sound of the first droning of the shells we rush back, in one
part of our being, a thousand years. By the animal instinct that is
awakened in us we are led and protected. It is not conscious; it is
far quicker, much more sure, less fallible, than consciousness. One
cannot explain it. A man is walking along without thought or
heed;--suddenly he throws himself down on the ground and a storm of
fragments flies harmlessly over him;--yet he cannot remember either
to have heard the shell coming or to have thought of flinging himself
down. But had he not abandoned himself to the impulse he would now
be a heap of mangled flesh. It is this other, this second sight in
us, that has thrown us to the ground and saved us, without our
knowing how. If it were not so, there would not be one man alive
from Flanders to the Vosges.
We march up, moody or good-tempered soldiers--we reach the zone where
the front begins and become on the instant human animals.
* *
An indigent looking wood receives us. We pass by the soup-kitchens.
Under cover of the wood we climb out. The lorries turn back. They
are to collect us again in the morning, before dawn.
Mist and the smoke of guns lie breast-high over the fields. The moon
is shining. Along the road troops file. Their helmets gleam softly
in the moonlight. The heads and the rifles stand out above the white
mist, nodding heads, rocking carriers of guns.
Farther on the mist ends. Here the heads become figures; coats,
trousers, and boots appear out of the mist as from a milky pool.
They become a column. The column marches on, straight ahead, the
figures resolve themselves into a block, individuals are no longer
recognizable, the dark wedge presses onward, fantastically topped by
the heads and weapons floating off on the milky pool. A column--not
men at all.
Guns and munition wagons are moving along a cross-road. The backs of
the horses shine in the moonlight, their movements are beautiful,
they toss their heads, and their eyes gleam. The guns and the wagons
float before the dim background of the moonlit landscape, the riders
in their steel helmets resemble knights of a forgotten time; it is
strangely beautiful and arresting.
We push on to the pioneer dump. Some of us load our shoulders with
pointed and twisted iron stakes; others thrust smooth iron rods
through rolls of wire and go off with them. The burdens are awkward
and heavy.
The ground becomes more broken. From ahead come warnings: "Look out,
deep shell-hole on the left"--"Mind, trenches"----
Our eyes peer out, our feet and our sticks feel in front of us before
they take the weight of the body. Suddenly the line halts; I bump my
face against the roll of wire carried by the man in front and curse.
There are some shell-smashed lorries in the road. Another order:
"Cigarettes and pipes out," We are getting near the line.
In the meantime it has become pitch dark. We skirt a small wood and
then have the front line immediately before us.
An uncertain, red glow spreads along the sky line from one end to the
other. It is in perpetual movement, punctuated with the bursts of
flame from the muzzles of the batteries. Balls of light rise up high
above it, silver and red spheres which explode and rain down in
showers of red, white, and green stars. French rockets go up, which
unfold a silk parachute to the air and drift slowly down. They light
up everything as bright as day, their light shines on us and we see
our shadows sharply outlined on the ground. They hover for the space
of a minute before they burn out. Immediately fresh ones shoot up to
the sky, and again green, red, and blue stars.
"Bombardment," says Kat.
The thunder of the guns swells to a single heavy roar and then breaks
up again into separate explosions. The dry bursts of the
machine-guns rattle. Above us the air teems with invisible swift
movement, with howls, pipings, and hisses. They are the smaller
shells;--and amongst them, booming through the night like an organ,
go the great coal-boxes and the heavies. They have a hoarse, distant
bellow like a rutting stag and make their way high above the howl and
whistle of the smaller shells. It reminds me of flocks of wild geese
when I hear them. Last autumn the wild geese flew day after day
across the path of the shells.
The searchlights begin to sweep the dark sky. They slide along it
like gigantic tapering rulers. One of them pauses, and quivers a
little. Immediately a second is beside him, a black insect is caught
between them and tries to escape--the airman. He hesitates, is
blinded and falls.
* *
At regular intervals we ram in the iron stakes. Two men hold a roll
and the others spool off the barbed wire. It is that awful stuff
with close-set, long spikes. I am not used to unrolling it and tear
my hand.
After a few hours it is done. But there is still some time before
the lorries come. Most of us lie down and sleep. I try also, but it
has turned too chilly. Near to the sea one is constantly waked by
the cold.
Once I fall fast asleep. Then waking suddenly with a start I do not
know where I am. I see the stars, I see the rockets, and for a
moment have the impression that I have fallen asleep at a garden
fête. I don't know whether it is morning or evening, I lie in the
pale cradle of the twilight, and listen for soft words which will
come, soft and near--am I crying? I put my hand to my eyes, it is so
fantastic, am I a child? Smooth skin:--it lasts only a second, then
I recognize the silhouette of Katczinsky. The old veteran, he sits
quietly and smokes his pipe--a covered pipe of course. When he sees
I am awake, he says: "That gave you a fright. It was only a
nose-cap, it landed in the bushes over there."
I sit up, I feel myself strangely alone. It's good Kat is there. He
gazes thoughtfully at the front and says:
"Mighty fine fire-works if they weren't so dangerous."
One lands behind us. Two recruits jump up terrified. A couple of
minutes later another comes over, nearer this time. Kat knocks out
his pipe. "It makes a glow."
Then it begins in earnest. We crawl away as well as we can in our
haste. The next lands fair among us. Two fellows cry out. Green
rockets shoot up on the sky-line. Barrage. The mud flies high,
fragments whizz past. The crack of the guns is heard long after the
roar of the explosions.
Beside us lies a fair-headed recruit in utter terror. He has buried
his face in his hands, his helmet has fallen off. I fish hold of it
and try to put it back on his head. He looks up, pushes the helmet
off and like a child creeps under my arm, his head close to my
breast. The little shoulders heave. Shoulders just like
Kemmerich's. I let him be. So that the helmet should be of some use
I stick it on his behind;--not for a jest, but out of consideration,
since that is his highest part. And though there is plenty of meat
there, a shot in it can be damned painful. Besides, a man has to lie
a whole month on his belly in the hospital, and afterwards he would
be almost sure to have a limp.
It's got someone pretty badly. Cries are heard between the
explosions.
At last it grows quiet. The fire has lifted over us and is now
dropping on the reserves. We risk a look. Red rockets shoot up to
the sky. Apparently there's an attack coming.
Where we are it is still quiet. I sit up and shake the recruit by
the shoulder. "All over, kid! It's all right this time."
He looks round him dazedly. "You'll get used to it soon," I tell him.
He sees his helmet and puts it on. Gradually he comes to. Then
suddenly he turns fiery red and looks confused. Cautiously he
reaches his hand to his behind and looks at me dismally.
I understand at once: Gun-shy. That wasn't the reason I had stuck
his helmet over it. "That's no disgrace," I reassure him: "Many's
the man before you has had his pants full after the first
bombardment. Go behind that bush there and throw your underpants
away. Get along----"
* *
He goes off. Things become quieter, but the cries do not cease.
"What's up, Albert?" I ask.
"A couple of columns over there have got it in the neck."
The cries continue. It is not men, they could not cry so terribly.
"Wounded horses," says Kat.
It's unendurable. It is the moaning of the world, it is the martyred
creation, wild with anguish, filled with terror, and groaning.
We are pale. Detering stands up. "God! For God's sake! Shoot
them!"
He is a farmer and very fond of horses. It gets under his skin.
Then as if deliberately the fire dies down again. The screaming of
the beasts becomes louder. One can no longer distinguish whence in
this now quiet, silvery landscape it comes; ghostly, invisible, it is
everywhere, between heaven and earth it rolls on immeasurably.
Detering raves and yells out: "Shoot them! Shoot them, can't you?
damn you again!"
"They must look after the men first," says Kat quietly.
We stand up and try to see where it is. If we could only see the
animals we should be able to endure it better. Müller has a pair of
glasses. We see a dark group, bearers with stretchers, and larger
black clumps moving about. Those are the wounded horses. But not
all of them. Some gallop away in the distance, fall down, and then
run on farther. The belly of one is ripped open, the guts trail out.
He becomes tangled in them and falls, then he stands up again.
Detering raises his gun and aims. Kat hits it up in the air. "Are
you mad----?"
Detering trembles and throws his rifle on the ground.
We sit down and hold our ears. But this appalling noise, these
groans and screams penetrate, they penetrate everywhere.
We can bear almost anything. But now the sweat breaks out on us. We
must get up and run, no matter where, but where these cries can no
longer be heard. And it is not men, only horses.
From the dark group stretchers move off again. Then single shots
crack out. The black heap is convulsed and becomes thinner. At
last! But still it is not the end. The men cannot overtake the
wounded beasts which fly in their pain, their wide open mouths full
of anguish. One of the men goes down on his knee, a shot--one horse
drops--another. The last one props himself on his forelegs and drags
himself round in a circle like a merry-go-round; squatting, it drags
round in circles on its stiffened forelegs, apparently its back is
broken. The soldier runs up and shoots it. Slowly, humbly it sinks
to the ground.
We take our hands from our ears. The cries are silenced. Only a
long-drawn, dying sigh still hangs on the air.
Then again only the rockets, the singing of the shells, and the
stars--and they shine out wonderfully.
Detering walks up and down cursing: "Like to know what harm they've
done." He returns to it once again. His voice is agitated, it
sounds almost dignified as he says: "I tell you it is the vilest
baseness to use horses in the war."
* *
We go back. It is time we returned to the lorries. The sky is
become a bit brighter. Three o'clock in the morning. The breeze is
fresh and cool, the pale hour makes our faces look grey.
We trudge onward in single file through the trenches and shell-holes
and come again to the zone of mist. Katczinsky is restive, that's a
bad sign.
"What's up, Kat?" says Kropp.
"I wish I were back home." Home--he means the huts.
"It won't last much longer, Kat."
He is nervous. "I don't know, I don't know----"
We come to the communication-trench and then to the open fields. The
little wood reappears; we know every foot of ground here. There's
the cemetery with the mounds and the black crosses.
That moment it breaks out behind us, swells, roars, and thunders. We
duck down--a cloud of flame shoots up a hundred yards ahead of us.
The next minute under a second explosion part of the wood rises
slowly in the air, three or four trees sail up and then crash to
pieces. The shells begin to hiss like safety-valves--heavy fire----
"Take cover!" yells somebody--"Cover!"
The fields are flat, the wood is too distant and dangerous--the only
cover is the graveyard and the mounds. We stumble across in the dark
and as though spirited away every man lies glued behind a mound.
Not a moment too soon. The dark goes mad. It heaves and raves.
Darknesses blacker than the night rush on us with giant strides, over
us and away. The flames of the explosions light up the graveyard.
There is no escape anywhere. By the light of the shells I try to get
a view of the fields. They are a surging sea, daggers of flame from
the explosions leap up like fountains. It is impossible for anyone
to break through it.
The wood vanishes, it is pounded, crushed, torn to pieces. We must
stay here in the grave-yard.
The earth bursts before us. It rains clods. I feel a smack. My
sleeve is torn away by a splinter. I shut my fist. No pain. Still
that does not reassure me: wounds don't hurt till afterwards. I feel
the arm all over. It is grazed but sound. Now a crack on the skull,
I begin to lose consciousness. Like lightning the thought comes to
me: Don't faint, sink down in the black broth and immediately come up
to the top again. A splinter slashes into my helmet, but has
travelled so far that it does not go through. I wipe the mud out of
my eyes. A hole is torn up in front of me. Shells hardly ever land
in the same hole twice, I'll get into it. With one bound I fling
myself down and lie on the earth as flat as a fish; there it whistles
again, quickly I crouch together, claw for cover, feel something on
the left, shove in beside it, it gives way, I groan, the earth leaps,
the blast thunders in my ears, I creep under the yielding thing,
cover myself with it, draw it over me, it is wood, cloth, cover,
cover, miserable cover against the whizzing splinters.
I open my eyes--my fingers grasp a sleeve, an arm. A wounded man? I
yell to him--no answer--a dead man. My hand gropes farther,
splinters of wood--now I remember again that we are lying in the
graveyard.
But the shelling is stronger than everything. It wipes out the
sensibilities, I merely crawl still deeper into the coffin, it should
protect me, and especially as Death himself lies in it too.
Before me gapes the shell-hole. I grasp it with my eyes as with
fists. With one leap I must be in it. There, I get a smack in the
face, a hand clamps on to my shoulder--has the dead man waked
up?--The hand shakes me, I turn my head, in the second of light I
stare into the face of Katczinsky, he has his mouth wide open and is
yelling. I hear nothing, he rattles me, comes nearer, in a momentary
lull his voice reaches me: "Gas--Gaas--Gaaas--Pass it on."
I grab for my gas-mask. Some distance from me there lies someone. I
think of nothing but this: That fellow there must know:
Gaaas--Gaaas----
I call, I lean toward him, I swipe at him with the satchel, he
doesn't see--once again, again--he merely ducks--it's a recruit--I
look at Kat desperately, he has his mask ready--I pull out mine too,
my helmet falls to one side, it slips over my face, I reach the man,
his satchel is on the side nearest me, I seize the mask, pull it over
his head, he understands, I let go and with a jump drop back into the
shell-hole.
The dull thud of the gas-shells mingles with the crashes of the high
explosives. A bell sounds between the explosions, gongs, and metal
clappers warning everyone--Gas--Gas--Gaas.
Someone plumps down behind me, another. I wipe the goggles of my
mask clear of the moist breath. It is Kat, Kropp, and someone else.
All four of us lie there in heavy, watchful suspense and breathe as
lightly as possible.
These first minutes with the mask decide between life and death: is
it tightly woven? I remember the awful sights in the hospital: the
gas patients who in day-long suffocation cough their burnt lungs up
in clots.
Cautiously, the mouth applied to the valve, I breathe. The gas still
creeps over the ground and sinks into all hollows. Like a big, soft
jellyfish it floats into our shell-hole and lolls there obscenely. I
nudge Kat, it is better to crawl out and lie on top than to stay here
where the gas collects most. But we don't get as far as that; a
second bombardment begins. It is no longer as though the shells
roared; it is the earth itself raging.
With a crash something black bears down on us. It lands close beside
us; a coffin thrown up.
I see Kat move and I crawl across. The coffin has hit the fourth man
in our hole on his outstretched arm. He tries to tear off his
gas-mask with the other hand. Kropp seizes him just in time, twists
the hand sharply behind his back and holds it fast.
Kat and I proceed to free the wounded arm. The coffin lid is loose
and bursts open, we are easily able to pull it off, we toss the
corpse out, it slides down to the bottom of the shell-hole, then we
try to loosen the under-part.
Fortunately the man swoons and Kropp is able to help us. We no
longer have to be careful, but work away till the coffin gives with a
sigh before the spade that we have dug in under it.
It has grown lighter. Kat takes a piece of the lid, places it under
the shattered arm, and we wrap all our bandages round it. For the
moment we can do no more.
Inside the gas-mask my head booms and roars--it is nigh bursting. My
lungs are tight, they breathe always the same hot, used-up air, the
veins on my temples are swollen, I feel I am suffocating.
A grey light filters through to us. I climb out over the edge of the
shell-hole. In the dirty twilight lies a leg torn clean off; the
boot is quite whole, I take that all in at a glance. Now someone
stands up a few yards distant. I polish the windows, in my
excitement they are immediately dimmed again, I peer through them,
the man there no longer wears his mask.
I wait some seconds--he has not collapsed--he looks around and makes
a few paces--rattling in my throat I tear my mask off too and fall
down, the air streams into me like cold water, my eyes are bursting,
the wave sweeps over me and extinguishes me.
* *
The shelling has ceased. I drag myself to the crater and tell the
others. They take off their masks. We lift up the wounded man, one
taking his splintered arm. And so we stumble off hastily.
The graveyard is a mass of wreckage. Coffins and corpses lie strewn
about. They have been killed once again; but each of them that was
flung up saved one of us.
The hedge is destroyed, the rails of the light railway are torn up
and rise stiffly in the air in great arches. Someone lies in front
of us. We stop; Kropp goes on alone with the wounded man.
The man on the ground is a recruit. His hip is covered with blood;
he is so exhausted that I feel for my water-bottle where I have rum
and tea. Kat restrains my hand and stoops over him.
"Where's it got you, comrade?"
His eyes move. He is too weak to answer.
We cut off his trousers carefully. He groans. "Gently, gently, it
is much better----"
If he has been hit in the stomach he oughtn't to drink anything.
There's no vomiting, that's a good sign. We lay the hip bare. It is
one mass of mincemeat and bone splinters. The joint has been hit.
This lad won't walk any more.
I wet his temples with a moistened finger and give him a swig. His
eyes move again. We see now that the right arm is bleeding as well.
Kat spreads out two wads of dressing as wide as possible so that they
will cover the wound. I look for something to bind loosely round it.
We have nothing more, so I slit up the wounded man's trouser leg
still farther in order to use a piece of his underpants as a bandage.
But he is wearing none. I now look at him closely. He is the
fair-headed boy of a little while ago.
In the meantime Kat has taken a bandage from a dead man's pocket and
we carefully bind the wound. I say to the youngster who looks at us
fixedly: "We're going for a stretcher now----"
Then he opens his mouth and whispers: "Stay here----"
"We'll be back again soon," says Kat. "We are only going to get a
stretcher for you."
We don't know if he understands. He whimpers like a child and plucks
at us: "Don't go away----"
Kat looks around and whispers: "Shouldn't we just take a revolver and
put an end to it?"
The youngster will hardly survive the carrying, and at the most he
will only last a few days. What he has gone through so far is
nothing to what he's in for till he dies. Now he is numb and feels
nothing. In an hour he will become one screaming bundle of
intolerable pain. Every day that he can live will be a howling
torture. And to whom does it matter whether he has them or not----
I nod. "Yes, Kat, we ought to put him out of his misery."
He stands still a moment. He has made up his mind. We look
round--but we are no longer alone. A little group is gathering, from
the shell-holes and trenches appear heads.
We get a stretcher.
Kat shakes his head. "Such a kid----" He repeats it: "Young
innocents----"
* *
Our losses are less than was to be expected--five killed and eight
wounded. It was in fact quite a short bombardment. Two of our dead
lie in the upturned graves. We had merely to throw the earth in on
them.
We go back. We trot off silently in single file one behind the
other. The wounded are taken to the dressing-station. The morning
is cloudy. The bearers make a fuss about numbers and tickets, the
wounded whimper. It begins to rain.
An hour later we reach our lorries and climb in. There is more room
now than there was.
The rain becomes heavier. We take out waterproof sheets and spread
them over our heads. The rain rattles down, and flows off at the
sides in streams. The lorries bump through the holes, and we rock
to and fro in a half-sleep. Two men in the front of the lorry have
long forked poles. They watch for telephone wires which hang
crosswise over the road so densely that they might easily pull our
heads off. The two fellows take them at the right moment on their
poles and lift them over behind us. We hear their call
"Mind--wire--," dip the knee in a half-sleep and straighten up again.
Monotonously the lorries sway, monotonously come the calls,
monotonously falls the rain. It falls on our heads and on the heads
of the dead up in the line, on the body of the little recruit with
the wound that is so much too big for his hip; it falls on
Kemmerich's grave; it falls in our hearts.
An explosion sounds somewhere. We wince, our eyes become tense, our
hands are ready to vault over the side of the lorry into the ditch by
the road.
It goes no farther--only the monotonous cry: "Mind--wire,"--our knees
bend--we are again half asleep.