bignesse of a Foot-ball, or bigger if you please, and fasten in it a
double Rocket for the water: if you will, also you may stuffe the rest
of the ball with the composition that will burne under the water, and
cut holes in the sides, and therein fasten other bals, and petrards in
them: then cover the ball over with Tallow, Pitch, or painting, except
the place where the Rocket is primed, and it is done. It is represented
by the figure noted with A, and it will tumble up and downe in the
water.
[Illustration]
To make the second fire-ball, you must first make a ball of Canvas,
Pasteboard, or such like, and cut a wide hole in the top of it, and
place in it a channell of Tinne pierced in divers places: fill the
channell with the compositions of Rockets for the water; against every
hole therof, place a petrard: cover it with a cover, pitch it over, and
prime it, then ballast it with leade, or a stone, that the vent may
burne upwards, and it is done. It is represented by the figure B.
_How to make a Dolphin._
You must make the body of it of Pasteboard glued together, fill the
body with the composition of Rockets for the water, pierce it in the
back with divers little holes, wherein put Serpents, besmeare the body
all ouer with the following pap: Take gunpowder dust, foure ounces,
camphire, and sulphur, or brimstone in powder, of each one ounce, make
them into a soft pap with oyle of tiles, then binde unto it a large
Rocket for the water, which Rocket must be armed (as afore) that the
water may not hurt it: then ballast it with a wyre, hauing at each end
a piece of lead of weight sufficient, and it is done. Marke the figure.
[Illustration]
I might haue beene infinite in the describing of such like with Ships,
Towres, Castles, Piramides. But considering that it would but increase
the price of the booke, and not better your understanding: since all
consist of the former workes, which are so plainely described, as that
the most ignorant may easily conceiue thereof, and (if any whit
ingenious) thence contriue others, of what fashion they list.
_FINIS._
------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE
THIRD BOOKE
Of Drawing, Limming, Colouring,
Painting, and Graving.
By _I. B._
[Illustration]
_LONDON._
Printed by THOMAS HARPER, for RALPH MAB,
1634.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Illustration]
THE THIRD BOOKE
of Drawing, Painting, Limming,
Graving.
The Art of _Drawing_ is in it selfe most excellent, and most worthy
commendations in whosoever it is; yea it is an Art so necessarie unto
all ingenious Artists, as that in no wise they can be without it, and
my selfe haue found it to bee true, that the sight of a good draught is
more unto an ingenious person, then a whole Chaptor of Information;
Wherefore I have, according unto my knowledge and practise therein,
faithfully penned the same; for the use of all such as beare affection
unto the Art, and are desirous to be instructed therein: And for that
divers persons cannot attaine unto it, or perhaps are loath to bestow
any time to practise it: whereby they might come to a requisite
perfection: for such I have set downe certaine directions, and those so
facile, and easie; that persons altogether unskilfull, may (having a
patterne) worke very well; But before I begin, it behooveth that I
prescribe what things are to be had in readinesse to worke withall:
first therefore provide good smooth and cleare paper, divers plummets
made of blacke leade, oker, or blacke chalke, or else Charcoals made of
Ash, Sallow, or Beech, split in sunder, and pointed; also a wing:
having provided these your implements, you shall thus begin to worke.
First, let the thing, whose pourtrature you intend to take, stand
before you, so that the light be not hindred from falling upon it, and
with a pointed peece of charcoale draw it rustically; which when you
have done, consider a while whether all the parts thereof are
proportionable, and whether it carry the semblance of the thing that
you drew it from, which if it do not, wipe it out with your wing, and
begin anew: but if it be faulty in one part onely, wipe onely that part
out, and draw it againe; whensoever it liketh you, or that you have so
drawne it, that you can finde no great fault in it: wipe it over gently
with your wing, so that you may perceive the former strokes: then with
your blacke chalke, or blacke lead plummets; draw it as perfectly, and
as curiously as you can, and shadow it according as the light falleth
upon it; This way is workeman like, and the most difficult of all, yet
by a little practice may easily be attained unto: so that the persons
stand well affected unto the Art. Instead of white paper, you may take
light coloured blew paper, and draw upon it with charcoale, and white
chalke pointed, which will shew very wel: but note, that after you have
made your draught, you must wet it in faire water, and let it dry of it
selfe; this will make the drawing to hold fast on, which would
otherwise easily be wiped off. This may serve for such as are contented
to take some paines to attaine so noble a Science. But for others there
are divers other helps, which follow in order.
_How to take the perfect draught of any printed, or
painted Picture._
Take a sheete of Venice (or in stead thereof) of the finest white paper
that you can get: wet it all ouer with cleane sallet oyle: then wipe
the oyle off from the paper, as cleane as you can, so that the paper
may be dry, otherwise it will spoyle a printed picture by the soaking
through of the oyle: hauing thus prepared your paper, lay it upon any
painted or printed picture, and you shall see the picture through the
same more perfectly appearing, then through glasse, and so with a
blacke lead pen, you may draw it ouer with ease, and better first with
a soft char-cole, and then with a pen. After that you haue thus drawne
the picture upon the oyled paper, put it upon a sheete of cleane white
paper, and with a little sticke pointed, or (which is better) with a
feather taken out of a Swallowes wing: draw ouer the picture againe,
and so you shall haue the same very prettily and neatly drawne upon the
white paper, which you may set out with colours, as shall be taught
hereafter.
_Another way._
Having drawne the picture, first open the oyled paper, put it upon a
sheete of cleane white paper, and pricke ouer the same drawing, with a
good big pin, then from the cleane sheete, that is pricked, pounce it
upon another: that is, take some small coale, powder it fine, and wrap
it in a piece of Tiffanie or such like, and binde it up therein
loosely, and clap it lightly ouer all the pricked lines by little and
little, and afterwards draw it ouer again with a Pen or Pencill, or
otherwise as you please.
_Another way very pretty and easie to be performed._
Take some Lake, and grinde it fine, and temper it with Linseed oyle,
and afterwards with a pen, draw with this mixture (in stead of Inke)
all the out stroaks of any printed picture, also the muscles: then wet
the contrary side of the picture, and presse it hard upon a sheete of
cleane white paper, and it will leaue behinde it all the stroakes of
the said picture that you draw ouer.
_Another way much like the former._
Take Printers Blacking, grinde it fine, and temper it with faire water,
and with a pen dipt therein, draw ouer the master stroakes and out
lines of the muscles: wet then a faire paper with a spunge, and clap
the picture upon it, pressing it very hard thereupon, and you shall
finde the stroakes you drew, left upon the faire paper.
_An easie way to lessen any picture: that is, to draw
a picture from another, in a lesser compasse._
[Illustration]
First, with a ruler, and a blacke lead plummet, draw a line at the very
top: also another at the bottome paralell, or equally distant from the
other: from the upper line, let fall two perpendicular or plum-lines
euen unto the lowermost line, so those foure lines will make a square:
now you must diuide this square into diuers equall parts, with a paire
of compasses, and draw lines with a ruler and blacke lead plummet,
quite over the picture: so the lesselines will divide the picture into
equall parts or squares: then take a faire paper, and make as many
squares upon it, as there is in the picture: you may make them as
little as you will, but be sure that they are equall, and of just
number with those in the picture. Having thus crossed your picture, and
drawne over your faire paper into squares, take a blacke lead pen, and
draw the picture by little and little, passing from square unto square,
untill you have finished the whole: still observing the order of the
squares as they stand in either: then draw it ouer with a pen, in which
second drawing of it over, you may easily mend any fault: when it is
dry, rub it over with the crum of white bread, and it will take off all
the blacke lead strokes, and your draught onely will remaine faire upon
the paper or parchment. Here I might have entred into discourse of
drawing paralels, perpendiculars, making of squares, and such like: but
to deal truely, I was as loth to trouble my selfe, as to wearie you:
you shall neede onely to provide a ruler of thin brasse or copper,
having a crosse thwart one end of it: the charge will not be much, nor
the use tedious: the figure followeth, noted A, B.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
Let _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, be a line given, whereon to erect a
perpendicular or plumb line: lay the ruler so, that the crosse over the
end of it, may lye full upon the Line, then draw a Line by the side of
the rule, and it is done.
_A verie easie way, to describe a Towne, or Castle:
being within the full sight thereof._
For the effecting of this, you must have a frame made, and crossed into
equall squares with Lute strings, and figured at the end of each
string: this frame must have a foot, wherein it must be made to be
lifted higher or lower as occasion serveth; also you must divide your
paper that you are to draw upon into so many equal squares as your
frame containeth: having the like figures at the ends of each line that
there is on the frame; before this frame must be placed a style or
bodkin having a little glasse on the top of it for to direct the sight.
Note now that the nearer any thing commeth unto the Center, the lesser
it appeareth: hence it is that a Towne of a mile, or more long, or a
huge great Castle, at a distance may be comprehended, and that easily
within the limits of so small a frame; By the stile direct your sight
from one part to another, beginning at one square, and proceeding
through the rest in order as they lie; Marke well the following figure.
[Illustration]
_How to make a Deske: by meanes whereof you may
draw, and that most exactly with great facilitie
any printed picture, or sollid Image._
First let there be a frame made, and with hinges let be joynted unto a
board of equall breadth unto it: let this frame also have two stayes at
the top, at each end one, by meanes whereof the deske may be raised
higher, or lower, as need shall require; then fasten to the frame a
peece of pure cleare glasse fitted thereunto, and it is finished. The
figure followeth.
[Illustration: _The Deske._]
The manner of using this Deske is thus. If the picture that you intend
to draw be a printed one, then first fasten it next unto the Deske with
waxe, paste, or such like: upon it fasten a sheet of faire paper: If it
be in the day-time place the backe of it towards the Sunne; if it be in
the night that you worke, place a lampe behinde it, and so you shall
see perfectly every (even the least) stroake of the picture, which with
your penne you may draw as acurately as any Limmer whatsoever. If it be
a solid peece, then place it behinde the Deske, betweene the light and
the Deske: then fasten a sheet of cleane white paper upon the Deske;
raise then the Deske higher, or lower untill you see the perfect shadow
of the image through your Deske, and paper, and then draw the posture
of the Image, and shadow it afterwards (without the Deske) as light
falleth upon it.
_An easie way to take the naturall, and lively shape
of the leafe of any hearbe or tree, which thing passeth
the Art of man to imitate with Pen or Pensill._
First take the leafe that you would have, and gently bruise the ribs
and veines on the backe side of it, afterwards wet that side with
Linseed-oyle, and then presse it hard upon a peece of cleane white
paper, and so you shall have the perfect figure of the said leafe, with
every veine thereof, so exactly exprest as being lively coloured, it
would seeme to bee truly naturall, by this we learne, that Nature being
but a little adjuvated or seconded with Art, can worke wonders.
Now for the farther information of such as are desirous of exemplarie
instruction, I have set downe in order following the delineation of the
proportion of such things as in my judgement seemed most necessarie for
young beginners, and those in such easie demonstrations as for the most
part they consist of equall squares, and require no more for their
right understanding, then diligent observation, I might have filled a
whole Booke of such like: but having considered that what I had done,
was a sufficient ground for a farther procession, I thought fitting to
leave each person to the exercise and practice of his best Invention.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
_I thought fitting to give you a word or two, wherefore
I have not made the crosse pricked lines to passe
through the figures._
The reason is, 1 because the figure would have beene thereby somwhat
defaced; 2 because some chuse rather to draw without such rules; 3 for
others with a ruler and black lead plummet they may crosse the figures
through, and with white bread crums take out the same againe at
pleasure.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Of Painting.
The principall end and subject of this Art, is to set out things both
in proportion of parts, and livelinesse of colour.
For the former, the proportion of parts, I have given sufficient
information for the meanest capacitie in the precedent part of this
tractat: now therefore I will speake of the other, the colouring or
setting out in colours. But first provide a frame or Easel called by
Artists, which is very necessary to worke upon, especially in greater
pieces of worke: the forme whereof followeth.
[Illustration: _The Easel._]
Also you must provide divers little shels to put your colours in, also
pensils of all sorts, both for priming and other: a light ruler of one
foot and a halfe, or two foot long: and colours of all sorts ground
very fine upon a porphire or marble. Having provided these, you shall
set to worke, observing the subsequent directions.
Painting may be performed either with water colours, or with oyle
colours.
First I will speake of water colours, wherein I shall observe two
things.
First, the diversitie of colours, and preparations. Secondly, their
mixture, and manner of laying them on the ground.
First of the first, the diversitie of colours and their preparation.
Colours are either simple or compounded, meerely tinctures of
vegetables, or substances of minerals, or both: the simple colours are
such as of themselves, being tempered with the water or oyle, doe give
a colour. The compounded are such, whose ingredients do exceed the
number of one. Vegetables are rootes, juces, berries, and such like
things as grow out of the earth. Minerals are such as are dig'd out of
the earth, as earth, and stones, &c. All which follow in order, as well
their preparations, as description. First note that every colour to be
ground, ought first to be ground with the gall of a neat: then let them
dry of themselves in a cold place, afterwards grinde them with gumme
water for your use.
Now I am come to the second thing observable (to wit) the mixture and
laying the colours on the grounds, which is thus: your colours prepared
for use, ought to be tempered according unto direction, still observing
a meane: and to that end, mixe them by little and little, till the
colour please you; first you must lay on the ground colour, and let it
dry throughly: then with a small pensill, pricke on the second colour,
else it will be apt to run abroad, nor can you worke it so well, to
make it seeme liuely, as you may by pricking it one, specially in small
peeces.
If you are to paint ouer maps, or printed pictures that haue writing in
them, they use to lay on the thinnest colours, and alwaies before you
lay any colours upon paper, wet the backe side of it with faire water,
wherein store of Allum hath been dissolued, and let it dry of it selfe:
after wet it againe, and let it dry: doe it the third time, for this
will strengthen the paper, that the colour shall not sinke through it,
and moreouer it will make the colour shew the brighter, and last, the
better.
_To make Gum water to temper your Colours with._
Take cleane water, and put into it of gum Arabicke a little, and let it
stand untill the gumme be dissolued. Now you must haue a care that it
be neither too thicke, by reason of the Gumme, nor yet too thin: for
with the one you cannot worke well, and the other will not binde the
colour fast.
_A Purple colour._
Take two pound of Heidleber, two ounces of Allum, halfe an ounce of
ashes of Copper, halfe a pound of water; put them into a Skillet, and
let them boyle till a third be consumed: when it is cold, straine it
into a cleane vessell, and let it stand a while, then straine it into
another, and then let it stand till it be thicke enough.
_A Crane Colour._
You must onely grinde blacke Lead with Gum water.
_Browne Colour._
Take good browne, and grinde it with Gumme water: his false colour is
made with two parts browne, and a third part white lead, sad it with
the same browne.
_Hayre Colour._
Take Vmber or Spanish browne, grinde it, temper it with Gumme water.
_A Blew._
Boyle Mulberries with Allum.
_An Emerauld Colour._
Take Verdigreese, and grinde it first dry, and put unto it a little of
the Gall of a neat: also of Saffron, and the juyce of Rew, of each a
little: grinde them together, and put them into a shell, and let it dry
there: when you would use it, grinde it againe with Vineger or Verjuce,
and a little neats gall dissolved in either of them. His false colour
is two parts greene, and a third ceruse: it must bee sadded with a good
greene.
_A Motlie greene._
This colour is compounded of red and greene.
_A blacke Colour._
First you must lay on a light blacke, mingled with white lead, and
afterwards when it is dry, sad it with good blacke; for sad blacke,
mixe Indie Baudias with Gumme water.
_A marble or ashe colour._
This is compounded of blacke and white.
_A russet or sad Browne._
This colour is made by compounding a little white, with a good quantity
of red.
_A browne Blew._
Take two parts of Indie Baudias, and a third of ceruse and temper them
with gumme water.
_A Brasse Colour._
This is compounded of Masticot and Vmber.
_A gold yellow for Armes._
Take Orpment, and Masticot, grinde each by themselves: but in grinding
of the Masticot, adde a little Saffron, and worke with them. Note you
may alay your Orpment with chalke, and sadde it with browne of Spain or
Oker de Luke.
_Azure._
Take of white lead foure ounces, of Indicum two ounces, put them into a
leaden pot with vinegar: boyle them well, and that which swimmes on the
top is the colour.
_A purple or violet Colour._
This is a compounded colour, and it is made either by mixing a
quantitie of Azure, and a portion of Turnsole: or else by mixing a
quantitie of cusset, and a quantitie of Azure.
_Sanguine or Blood-colour._
TThis is likewise a compounded colour, and it is made by mixing a good
quantitie of Cinaper with a little blacke.
_Orange-tawny._
This colour is compounded of a bright red, and a bright yellow.
_A Lyon-tawny._
This colour is made by mixing red lead and Masticot together.
_A Carnation, or Flesh-colour._
First you must lay on a white colour tempered with gumme-water, and
when it is drie you must go it over againe with Vermillion or lake, or
else you must temper ceruse and vermilleon together, and being dry, go
over it againe with lake or vermillion.
_A Peach Colour._
This is compounded of Ceruse and Vermillion.
_A Skie Colour._
This colour is compounded of vermilleon and azure.
_A Blood red._
This colour is made of Cinaper, and afterwards sadded with Vermilleon
at the sides, or else with a browne colour. A bloudy colour, grinde
Cinaper, Lake, and Cinaper tops, put them into good water, and if they
be too light, put to them a little Turnsole.
_A Lincoln-greene._
This colour is compounded of a good greene and Saffron.
_A Poppin-jay greene._
This colour is compounded of azure, and masticot.
_A good yellow._
Take Saffron, or Cambugium, and temper it with gum-water. Sad it with
Vermilleon.
_A sable or blacke._
Take a Torch, hold it under a lattyn Bason, temper that blacke with
gumme-water.
_A velvet-blacke._
Bvrne harts-horne on a Colliers hearth; then grinde it with the gaul of
a neat, put it into a shell, and let it dry in the shade: when you
would use it, grinde it againe with gumme-water.
_To write gold with Pen or Pensil._
Take a shell of gold, and put a little gum-water unto it, and temper it
together, and then you may write with it as with other colours.
_To make Azure, or bise sadder._
Take blew Turnsole, wet it in gum-water, and then wring it out, and
mixe it either with Bise, or else over-shadow the Bise with it.
_Red Colour._
Take Vermillion, and temper it with gumme water: His false colour is
two parts vermillion, and a third part ceruse.
_Another Red._
Take russet, and temper it with gumme-water, clay it with ceruse, and
sad it with it selfe.
_Another Red._
Take Brassill in grosse powder, allum in powder: steep them in gum
water a night and a day: then straine it, and keepe it for use.
_A greene Colour._
Take Copper plates, put them in a copper pot, & put distilled vineger
to them: set them in a warme place till the vinegar become blew, then
put it out into another leaded pot, and poure more vinegar into it
again; let it stand so till it become blew; this do so many times till
you thinke you have enough: then let it stand till it be thicke.
_To make good Inke._
Take two handfuls of gauls, cut each gaul into three or foure peeces,
poure into them a pint of beere or wine, then let it stand eight
houres; straine it from the gauls, and put vitreoll therein, and to the
vitreoll a third part of gumme, set it on the fire to warme; but let it
not seethe, and it will be good Inke, and of these gauls you may make
Inke foure or five times more.
_To seethe Brasill._
Take an ounce of Brasill, twelve ounces of beere, wine, or vinegar, put
it in a new pot, let it stand a night; and in the morning set it on the
fire, and let it seethe till halfe be consumed: then put into it two
peny worth of allum beaten together, and as much beaten gum-Arabicke:
stirre them well together, and let them seethe againe; if you desire to
have it somewhat darke, then scrape a little chalke into it when it
seetheth: let it not seethe over the pot: when it is cold straine it
through a cloth, and put it into a glass well stopt.
_Aurum Musicum._
Take one ounce of Salarmoniack, one ounce of quicksilver of
counterfein, halfe an ounce of brimstone, bruise the brimstone, and set
it on the fire, but let it not be over hot (lest it burne) then take
the Salarmoniacke, and the quicksilver being in powder: mixe them well
together, then mingle with them the brimstone: stirre them well, and
quickly with a sticke till the brimstone become hard, then let it
coole, grinde it on a stone, and put it in a glasse well stopt with
waxe, and set it in a pan with ashes; make a fire under it, and let it
stand halfe a day in that manner (but not over hot) till a yellow smoke
riseth on it, and when the yellow smoke is gone it is prepared.
_Argentum Musicum._
Take an ounce of Tynne, melt it, and put thereto one ounce of tartar,
and one ounce of quicksilver, stirre them well till they be cold: then
beat all in a morter, and grinde it on a stone; temper it with
gumme-water, and write therewith, and afterward polish it.
_To write a gold colour._
Take a new hennes egge, make a hole at one end, and let the substance
out, then take the yolke without the white, and foure times as much in
quantitie of quicksilver; grinde them well together, and put them into
the shell; stop the hole thereof with chalke, and the white of an egge,
then lay it under an henne that sitteth with sixe more, let her sit on
it three weeks, then breake it up, and write with it.
_To write with gold out of a Pensil._