5,554 pregnancies, resulting in 5,617 births, the excess of 63 births
over pregnancies being due to plural births. Eight hundred and four of
these children died under 1 year of age, making an infant mortality rate
of 149.9 for all their babies, as compared with the rate of 134 for
those born in 1911. The stillbirths of these women numbered 194, or 4.5
per cent. of the total number of births; miscarriages reported numbered
191, but these were not added to the total reportable[36] pregnancies.
Footnote 36:
“Reportable” pregnancies are those terminating either in the birth of
a live child or of a dead child when the period of gestation exceeds
28 weeks; that is, when its registration or report is required by law.
Details as to the infant mortality rates for all babies born to native
and foreign mothers included in this study, not only in the year 1911
but at any other time, are presented in the next table, which classifies
the babies according to the total number of reportable pregnancies that
their mothers had had, to and including the pregnancy resulting in the
1911 birth.
TABLE 35.—DISTRIBUTION OF MOTHERS, OF LIVE BIRTHS, AND OF DEATHS DURING
FIRST YEAR, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE FOR BABIES OF NATIVE AND FOREIGN
MARRIED MOTHERS, ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES.
═════════════════╤════════╤═════════════════╤══════════════════════════
REPORTABLE │ Number │ │
PREGNANCIES FOR │ of │NUMBER OF BABIES.│ INFANT MORTALITY RATE
MARRIED MOTHERS. │married │ │ AMONG BABIES OF—
│mothers.│ │
─────────────────┼────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┬────────
│ │ Born │Died in │ All │ Native │Foreign
│ │ alive. │ first │mothers.│mothers.│mothers.
│ │ │ year. │ │ │
─────────────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────
Total │ 1,491│ 5,363│ 804│ 149.9│ 113.1│ 184.6
═════════════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════
1 │ 339│ 322│ 35│ 108.7│ 75.9│ 183.7
2 │ 283│ 544│ 59│ 108.5│ 76.5│ 156.7
3 │ 214│ 626│ 92│ 147.0│ 118.0│ 177.6
4 │ 186│ 723│ 78│ 107.9│ 99.4│ 116.3
5 │ 147│ 704│ 103│ 146.3│ 86.1│ 191.5
6 │ 94│ 546│ 88│ 161.2│ 157.4│ 163.6
7 │ 83│ 555│ 78│ 140.5│ 100.0│ 173.8
8 │ 54│ 426│ 95│ 223.0│ 157.6│ 272.7
9 │ 33│ 283│ 41│ 144.9│ 128.4│ 155.2
10 or more │ 58│ 634│ 135│ 212.9│ 164.5│ 257.6
─────────────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────
The statistics, based upon the results of all her reportable
pregnancies, show a generally higher infant mortality rate where the
mother has had many pregnancies, but there is not always an increase
from one pregnancy to the next. This is more clearly shown when the
pregnancies are grouped as in the next table.
TABLE 36.—INFANT MORTALITY RATE FOR ALL CHILDREN BORNE BY MARRIED
MOTHERS, ACCORDING TO SPECIFIED NUMBER OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES.
════════════════════════════════════════════════╤══════════════════════
REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES FOR MARRIED MOTHERS. │Infant mortality rate.
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Total │ 149.9
════════════════════════════════════════════════╪══════════════════════
1 and 2 │ 108.5
3 and 4 │ 126.0
5 and 6 │ 152.8
7 and 8 │ 176.4
9 or more │ 191.9
────────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────
This tendency is shown in still another form of summary: Combinations of
four or less pregnancies are, for convenience, considered as group 1,
while the combinations of over four are designated group 2. The
differences in rates in the two groups are notable. The infant mortality
rate is much lower for the first than for the second group.
TABLE 37.—INFANT MORTALITY RATE FOR ALL CHILDREN BORNE BY MARRIED
MOTHERS, ACCORDING TO SPECIFIED NUMBER OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES, BY
GROUPS
════════════════════════════════════════════════╤══════════════════════
REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES FOR MARRIED MOTHERS. │Infant mortality rate.
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
│
GROUP 1. │
│
2 or less │ 108.5
3 or less │ 124.7
4 or less │ 119.2
│
GROUP 2. │
│
Over 4 │ 171.5
Over 5 │ 178.8
Over 6 │ 183.9
────────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────
This influence of the size of the family upon the infant mortality rate
is shown in the computations giving the relative infant mortality rate
for the different children borne by married mothers. The rate is most
favorable for the second-born child, being 131.2. Among first born it is
143.6; for tenth or later born children 252.3.
TABLE 38.—INFANT MORTALITY RATE FOR ALL CHILDREN BORNE BY MARRIED
MOTHERS, ACCORDING TO THE ORDER IN WHICH THE CHILD WAS BORN
════════════════════════════════════════════════╤══════════════════════
ORDER OF BIRTH. │Infant mortality rate.
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
First-born child │ 143.6
Second-born child │ 131.2
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
First and second born children │ 138.3
════════════════════════════════════════════════╪══════════════════════
Third-born child │ 144.2
Fourth-born child │ 142.0
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Third and fourth born children │ 143.2
════════════════════════════════════════════════╪══════════════════════
Fifth-born child │ 178.1
Sixth-born child │ 175.5
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fifth and sixth born children │ 177.0
════════════════════════════════════════════════╪══════════════════════
Seventh-born child │ 192.1
Eighth-born child │ 165.4
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Seventh and eighth born children. │ 181.5
════════════════════════════════════════════════╪══════════════════════
Ninth-born child │ 128.2
Tenth or later born child │ 252.3
────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Ninth and later born children │ 201.1
────────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────
The next table gives a further elaboration of the same data; that is, it
shows the infant mortality rate where such rates are lowest and highest,
respectively, according to the age of the mother at the child’s birth
and the order in which the child was born. Attention is again directed
to the fact that the statistics presented in this section on
“Reproductive histories” are based upon the total number of reportable
pregnancies; that is, in addition to the pregnancies resulting in births
in 1911, all prior pregnancies of the women considered in the
investigation have been included.
TABLE 39.—LOWEST AND HIGHEST INFANT MORTALITY RATES, ACCORDING TO AGE
OF MOTHER AT BIRTH OF CHILD AND THE ORDER IN WHICH CHILD WAS BORN.
═══════════════════════╤═══════════════════════════════════════════════
ORDER OF BIRTH. │ INFANT MORTALITY RATES, ACCORDING TO MOTHER’S
│ AGE.
───────────────────────┼───────────────────────┬───────────────────────
│ Lowest mortality. │ Highest mortality.
───────────────────────┼───────────┬───────────┼───────────┬───────────
│ Mother’s │ Mortality │ Mother’s │ Mortality
│ age. │ rate. │ age. │ rate.
───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
All children │ 20–24│ 140.0│ Under 17│ 367.3
═══════════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════════╪═══════════╪═══════════
First child │ 25–29│ 92.1│ 17–19│ 190.4
Second child │ 25–29│ 100.3│ 17–19│ 178.6
Third child │ 30–39│ 106.4│ 25–29│ 160.8
Fourth child │ 30–39│ 122.4│ 20–24│ 155.0
Fifth child │ 30–39│ 105.8│ 25–29│ 236.6
Sixth child │ 30–39│ 164.8│ 25–29│ 171.4
───────────────────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────
The difference in size of family for native and foreign mothers of
different ages are indicated in the next table. The total and average
number of live-born children, not reportable pregnancies, are given.
TABLE 40.—TOTAL AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF LIVE-BORN CHILDREN BORNE BY
MARRIED MOTHERS HAVING EITHER A LIVE BIRTH OR A STILLBIRTH IN 1911,
CLASSIFIED BY NATIVITY AND AGE OF MOTHER.
══════════════════╤══════════════════════════╤══════════════════════════
│ ALL MARRIED MOTHERS. │ NATIVE MARRIED MOTHERS.
──────────────────┼────────┬─────────────────┼────────┬─────────────────
AGE OF MOTHER AT │ │ Live-born │ │ Live-born
BIRTH OF CHILD IN │ Total. │ children. │ Total. │ children.
1911. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┼────────┬────────
│ │Number. │Average.│ │Number. │Average.
──────────────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────
All ages │ 1,465│ 5,363│ 3.7│ 801│ 2,600│ 3.2
══════════════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════
Under 20 years │ 81│ 96│ 1.2│ 62│ 70│ 1.1
20 to 24 years │ 456│ 908│ 2.0│ 258│ 483│ 1.9
25 to 29 years │ 389│ 1,261│ 3.2│ 196│ 536│ 2.7
30 to 39 years │ 459│ 2,480│ 5.4│ 240│ 1,188│ 5.0
40 years and over.│ 80│ 618│ 7.7│ 45│ 323│ 7.2
──────────────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────
══════════════════╤══════════════════════════
│ FOREIGN MARRIED MOTHERS.
──────────────────┼────────┬─────────────────
AGE OF MOTHER AT │ │ Live-born
BIRTH OF CHILD IN │ Total. │ children.
1911. │ │
──────────────────┼────────┼────────┬────────
│ │Number. │Average.
──────────────────┼────────┼────────┼────────
All ages │ 664│ 2,763│ 4.2
══════════════════╪════════╪════════╪════════
Under 20 years │ 19│ 26│ 1.4
20 to 24 years │ 198│ 425│ 2.1
25 to 29 years │ 193│ 725│ 3.8
30 to 39 years │ 219│ 1,292│ 5.9
40 years and over.│ 35│ 295│ 8.4
──────────────────┴────────┴────────┴────────
The next table shows all losses of pregnancy sustained by 628 mothers
and the rate of loss per 1,000 births for mothers having different
numbers of births or reportable pregnancies. For all mothers it was
188.4. “Loss,” as here used, means the sum of infant deaths (or deaths
in first year) and stillbirths.
TABLE 41.—AGGREGATE NUMBER OF BIRTHS, LOSSES, AND RATE OF LOSS PER
1,000 BIRTHS, ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF BIRTHS PER MOTHER.
══════════════════════════╤══════════════╤══════════════╤══════════════
NUMBER OF BIRTHS PER │ Aggregate │ Aggregate │ Rate of loss
MOTHER. │ number of │ number of │ per 1,000
│ births. │ losses. │ births.
──────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────
Total │ 5,617│ 1,058│ 188.4
══════════════════════════╪══════════════╪══════════════╪══════════════
1 │ 335│ 53│ 158.6
2 │ 554│ 87│ 157.0
3 │ 648│ 113│ 174.4
4 │ 748│ 109│ 145.7
5 │ 740│ 133│ 179.7
6 │ 576│ 119│ 206.6
7 │ 574│ 104│ 181.2
8 │ 432│ 102│ 236.1
9 │ 324│ 65│ 200.6
10 or more │ 686│ 173│ 252.2
──────────────────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────
The influence of the economic factor on infant mortality among the
babies born prior to 1911 can not be determined with exactness, as no
inquiry was made concerning earnings of the father when the other
children were born. But it is believed that his earnings during the year
following the birth of the 1911 baby can be regarded as an index of the
economic standing of the family for some time past. In individual cases,
of course, revolutionary changes in the family’s income may have
occurred, but for the great mass of people in the group considered it is
not likely that within such a short space of time as that covered by the
child-bearing period of the women considered—most of whom had not had
numerous pregnancies—marked changes had taken place. If these known
earnings are accepted as an index, the following variations are found to
occur in the infant mortality rate for all the babies of whom a record
was secured:
TABLE 42.—INFANT MORTALITY RATE FOR ALL CHILDREN OF MARRIED MOTHERS
INCLUDED IN THIS INVESTIGATION, DISTRIBUTED ACCORDING TO THE FATHER’S
EARNINGS.
══════════════════════════════════════════╤════════════════════════════
FATHER’S ANNUAL EARNINGS. │ Infant mortality rate.
──────────────────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────
Under $521 │ 197.3
$521 to $624 │ 193.1
$625 to $779 │ 163.1
$780 to $899 │ 168.4
$900 to $1,199 │ 142.2
$1,200 and over │ 102.2
──────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────
The infant mortality rate for the babies whose fathers earn under $521
is almost twice as great as for those born into families in the most
prosperous group. These figures strengthen the conclusion reached in the
study of the babies born in 1911, namely that the economic factor is of
far-reaching importance in determining the baby’s chance of life.
TABLE V.—DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE BIRTHS AND OF DEATHS DURING FIRST YEAR,
ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF PERSONS AND NUMBER OF ROOMS PER FAMILY.
═════════════════╤═════════════════════════════════════
│NUMBER OF BABIES WHO WERE BORN ALIVE
│AND NUMBER OF SUCH BABIES WHO DIED
│DURING FIRST YEAR IN HOMES HAVING—
─────────────────┼───────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────
PERSONS PER │ All │ │ │ │ │
FAMILY (NOT │ live │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 4 │ 5
INCLUDING BABY). │ born │room │rooms│rooms│rooms│rooms
│babies.│ │ │ │ │
─────────────────┼───────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────
{Births│ 1,463│ 33│ 165│ 147│ 526│ 222
Total {Deaths│ 196│ 3│ 29│ 24│ 79│ 20
═════════════════╪═══════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪═════
{Births│ 24│ 3│ 7│ 4│ 6│ 2
2 {Deaths│ 19│ 1│ 5│ 4│ 6│ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 275│ 14│ 46│ 35│ 96│ 29
3 {Deaths│ 31│ │ 5│ 4│ 12│ 2
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 234│ 7│ 44│ 20│ 83│ 40
4 {Deaths│ 30│ 1│ 12│ 5│ 9│ 2
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 229│ │ 27│ 24│ 88│ 31
5 {Deaths│ 22│ │ 1│ 6│ 9│ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 182│ 2│ 21│ 17│ 56│ 37
6 {Deaths│ 18│ │ 4│ │ 8│ 2
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 164│ 2│ 10│ 20│ 50│ 32
7 {Deaths│ 15│ │ 1│ 2│ 6│ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 107│ 2│ 5│ 14│ 37│ 16
8 {Deaths│ 17│ │ │ 2│ 6│ 3
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 79│ 2│ 2│ 6│ 27│ 13
9 {Deaths│ 8│ 1│ │ │ 2│ 2
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 58│ 1│ 1│ 2│ 26│ 7
10 {Deaths│ 15│ │ │ 1│ 11│ 2
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 36│ │ 1│ 1│ 16│ 3
11 {Deaths│ 4│ │ 1│ │ 1│ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 21│ │ 1│ 1│ 10│ 2
12 {Deaths│ 5│ │ │ │ 2│ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 20│ │ │ 1│ 13│ 4
13 {Deaths│ 4│ │ │ │ 3│ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 8│ │ │ 1│ 5│ 2
14 {Deaths│ 2│ │ │ │ 1│ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 6│ │ │ │ 3│ 2
15 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 4│ │ │ │ 4│
16 {Deaths│ 2│ │ │ │ 2│
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 3│ │ │ │ 1│
17 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 5│ │ │ 1│ 1│
18 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ 1│
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 2│ │ │ │ 2│
19 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 3│ │ │ │ 1│ 1
20 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 1│ │ │ │ │
22 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 1│ │ │ │ 1│
23 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
Not {Births│ 1│ │ │ │ │ 1
reported. {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────────┴───────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────
═════════════════╤═════════════════════════════════════
│NUMBER OF BABIES WHO WERE BORN ALIVE
│AND NUMBER OF SUCH BABIES WHO DIED
│DURING FIRST YEAR IN HOMES HAVING—
─────────────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬───────
PERSONS PER │ │ │ │ │ 10 │Unknown
FAMILY (NOT │ 6 │ 7 │ 8 │ 9 │rooms│number
INCLUDING BABY). │rooms│rooms│rooms│rooms│ and │ of
│ │ │ │ │over.│rooms.
─────────────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼───────
{Births│ 233│ 38│ 43│ 22│ 12│ 22
Total {Deaths│ 20│ 6│ 6│ 4│ 2│ 3
═════════════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════
{Births│ │ │ │ │ │ 2
2 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │ 2
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 37│ 4│ 6│ 1│ │ 7
3 {Deaths│ 3│ 3│ 2│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 23│ 4│ 5│ 2│ 2│ 4
4 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ 1│
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 43│ 4│ 5│ 1│ 1│ 5
5 {Deaths│ 4│ │ 1│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 34│ 5│ 7│ 2│ │ 1
6 {Deaths│ 3│ │ 1│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 30│ 9│ 6│ 3│ 1│ 1
7 {Deaths│ 3│ 1│ │ 1│ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 18│ 4│ 6│ 2│ 3│
8 {Deaths│ 1│ 2│ 1│ 1│ 1│
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 13│ 6│ 2│ 4│ 4│
9 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ 2│ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 15│ 1│ 1│ 3│ │ 1
10 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 10│ │ 3│ 2│ │
11 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 6│ │ 1│ │ │
12 {Deaths│ 1│ │ 1│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ │ │ 1│ 1│ │
13 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ │ │ │ │ │
14 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ │ │ │ │ │ 1
15 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │ 1
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ │ │ │ │ │
16 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 1│ │ 1│ │ │
17 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 1│ 1│ │ 1│ │
18 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ │ │ │ │ │
19 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 1│ │ │ │ │
20 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ 1│ │ │ │ │
22 {Deaths│ 1│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
{Births│ │ │ │ │ │
23 {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
Not {Births│ │ │ │ │ │
reported. {Deaths│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴───────
TABLE VIII.—DISTRIBUTION OF DEATHS OF INFANTS AT SPECIFIED AGE,
ACCORDING TO CAUSE OF DEATH OF INFANT AND NATIVITY OF MOTHER.
═══════════════╤══════╤═════════════════════════════════════════
│ │ AGE AT DEATH.
───────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────┬─────────────
│Total │ │
CAUSE OF DEATH │deaths│ │ 1 week but
OF INFANT AND │under │ Less than 1 week. │ less than 1
NATIVITY OF │1 year│ │ month.
MOTHER. │ of │ │
│ age. │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┬──────┬──────┬──────┼──────┬──────
│ │ │ │ │ │ │1 week
│ │ │1 day │ │ │ │ but
│ │Total.│ or │ 2 │3 to 6│Total.│ less
│ │ │less. │days. │days. │ │ than
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2.
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
All causes │ 196│ 45│ 30│ 4│ 11│ 29│ 14
═══════════════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════
Native mothers │ 85│ 25│ 18│ 3│ 4│ 9│ 2
Foreign mothers│ 111│ 20│ 12│ 1│ 7│ 20│ 12
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Diarrhea and │ 52│ 1│ │ │ 1│ 5│
enteritis │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ 17│ 1│ │ │ 1│ │
Foreign mothers│ 35│ │ │ │ │ 5│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Respiratory │ 50│ │ │ │ │ 3│ 3
diseases │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ 19│ │ │ │ │ │
Foreign mothers│ 31│ │ │ │ │ 3│ 3
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Premature │ 24│ 21│ 19│ │ 2│ 3│ 3
births │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ 11│ 11│ 11│ │ │ │
Foreign mothers│ 13│ 10│ 8│ │ 2│ 3│ 3
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Congenital │ │ │ │ │ │ │
debility or │ 19│ 10│ 7│ 1│ 2│ 6│ 2
malformation │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ 5│ 4│ 3│ │ 1│ 1│
Foreign mothers│ 14│ 6│ 4│ 1│ 1│ 5│ 2
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Injuries at │ 7│ 7│ 3│ 2│ 2│ │
birth │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ 6│ 6│ 3│ 2│ 1│ │
Foreign mothers│ 1│ 1│ │ │ 1│ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Other or not │ 44│ 6│ 1│ 1│ 4│ 12│ 6
reported │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ 27│ 3│ 1│ 1│ 1│ 8│ 2
Foreign mothers│ 17│ 3│ │ │ 3│ 4│ 4
───────────────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────
═══════════════╤═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
│ AGE AT DEATH.
───────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────
CAUSE OF DEATH │3 weeks but │
OF INFANT AND │less than 1 │ 1 week but less than 1 month.
NATIVITY OF │month. │
MOTHER. │ │
───────────────┼──────┬──────┼──────┬──────┬──────┬──────┬──────┬──────
│ 2 │ 3 │ │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 6 │
│weeks │weeks │ │month │months│months│months│ 9
│ but │ but │Total.│ but │ but │ but │ but │months
│ less │ less │ │ less │ less │ less │ less │ and
│ than │than 1│ │ than │ than │ than │ than │over.
│ 3. │month.│ │ 2. │ 3. │ 6. │ 9. │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
All causes │ 7│ 8│ 122│ 18│ 16│ 42│ 31│ 15
═══════════════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪══════
Native mothers │ 1│ 6│ 51│ 9│ 7│ 18│ 12│ 5
Foreign mothers│ 6│ 2│ 71│ 9│ 9│ 24│ 19│ 10
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Diarrhea and │ 3│ 2│ 46│ 5│ 4│ 17│ 15│ 5
enteritis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ │ │ 16│ 3│ 1│ 5│ 5│ 2
Foreign mothers│ 3│ 2│ 30│ 2│ 3│ 12│ 10│ 3
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Respiratory │ │ │ 47│ 7│ 4│ 15│ 13│ 8
diseases │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ │ │ 19│ 2│ 2│ 8│ 5│ 2
Foreign mothers│ │ │ 28│ 5│ 2│ 7│ 8│ 6
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Premature │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
births │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Foreign mothers│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Congenital │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
debility or │ 3│ 1│ 3│ 1│ 2│ │ │
malformation │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ │ 1│ │ │ │ │ │
Foreign mothers│ 3│ │ 3│ 1│ 2│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Injuries at │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
birth │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Foreign mothers│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Other or not │ 1│ 5│ 26│ 5│ 6│ 10│ 3│ 2
reported │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────
Native mothers │ 1│ 5│ 16│ 4│ 4│ 5│ 2│ 1
Foreign mothers│ │ │ 10│ 1│ 2│ 5│ 1│ 1
───────────────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────
TABLE X.—DISTRIBUTION OF BIRTHS TO MARRIED WAGE-EARNING MOTHERS,
ACCORDING TO HUSBAND’S ANNUAL EARNINGS AND NATIVITY AND EARNINGS OF
MOTHER.
═════════════════╤═══════╤═════════════════════════════════════════════
NATIVITY AND │ │
ANNUAL EARNINGS │ Total │ BIRTHS TO MARRIED WAGE-EARNING MOTHER WITH
OF MARRIED │births.│ HUSBAND EARNING ANNUALLY—
MOTHER. │ │
─────────────────┼───────┼─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┬──────┬──────
│ │Under│$521 │$625 │$780 │$900 to│$1,200│Ample.
│ │$521.│ to │ to │ to │$1,199.│ and │ [37]
│ │ │$624.│$779.│$899.│ │over. │
─────────────────┼───────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼───────┼──────┼──────
All wage-earning │ 281│ 112│ 57│ 51│ 25│ 14│ 1│ 21
mothers │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
═════════════════╪═══════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╪══════╪══════
Under $53 │ 20│ 6│ 5│ 1│ 4│ 1│ —│ 3
$53 to $103 │ 57│ 23│ 12│ 11│ 7│ 3│ —│ 1
$104 to $207 │ 89│ 46│ 16│ 19│ 3│ 3│ —│ 2
$208 to $311 │ 60│ 23│ 16│ 12│ 4│ 3│ 1│ 1
$312 and over │ 46│ 14│ 8│ 8│ 7│ 2│ —│ 7
Not reported │ 9│ —│ —│ —│ —│ —│ 2│ 7
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Native │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
wage-earning │ 26│ 9│ 3│ 4│ 6│ 1│ —│ 3
mothers │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────────┼───────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼───────┼──────┼──────
Under $53 │ 6│ 2│ 1│ —│ 2│ 1│ —│ —
$53 to $103 │ 5│ 2│ 1│ 2│ —│ —│ —│ —
$104 to $207 │ 5│ 1│ 1│ 2│ 1│ —│ —│ —
$208 to $311 │ 4│ 3│ —│ —│ 1│ —│ —│ —
$312 and over │ 3│ 1│ —│ —│ 2│ —│ —│ —
Not reported │ 3│ —│ —│ —│ —│ —│ —│ 3
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Foreign │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
wage-earning │ 255│ 103│ 54│ 47│ 19│ 13│ 1│ 18
mothers │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────────┼───────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼───────┼──────┼──────
Under $53 │ 14│ 4│ 4│ 1│ 2│ —│ —│ 3
$53 to $103 │ 52│ 21│ 11│ 9│ 7│ 3│ —│ 1
$104 to $207 │ 84│ 45│ 15│ 17│ 2│ 3│ —│ 2
$208 to $311 │ 56│ 20│ 16│ 12│ 3│ 3│ 1│ 1
$312 and over │ 43│ 13│ 8│ 8│ 5│ 2│ —│ 7
Not reported │ 6│ —│ —│ —│ —│ 2│ —│ 4
─────────────────┴───────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┴──────┴──────
Footnote 37:
See note on page 45.
TABLE XI.—DISTRIBUTION OF RESULTS OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES (LIVE BIRTHS
AND STILLBIRTHS) AND MISCARRIAGES, ACCORDING TO NUMBER PER MOTHER AND
NATIVITY OF MOTHER.
═══════════╤═════════════════════════════════════════════════════
│ REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES AND RESULTS THEREOF.
│
───────────┼────────────┬───────┬───────┬────────┬───────────────
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ Live births.
│ │ │ │ │
───────────┼────────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼───────┬───────
NUMBER OF │ │ │ │ │ │
REPORTABLE │ │ │ │ │ │
PREGNANCIES│ │ │ │ │ │
PER MOTHER │ │ │ │ │ │
AND │ │ │ │ │ │
NATIVITY OF│ │ │ │ │ │
MOTHER. │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────┼────────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼───────┼───────
│ │ │ │ │ │Number
│ │ │Excess │ Number │ │ of
│ Total │ Total │due to │ of │Number.│mothers
│pregnancies.│births.│plural │mothers.│ │having
│ │ │births.│ │ │ live
│ │ │ │ │ │births.
───────────┼────────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼───────┼───────
All married│ 5,554│ 5,617│ 63│ 1,491│ 5,363│ 1,465
mothers │ │ │ │ │ │
═══════════╪════════════╪═══════╪═══════╪════════╪═══════╪═══════
1 │ 339│ 343│ 4│ 339│ 322│ 318
2 │ 566│ 576│ 10│ 283│ 544│ 279
3 │ 642│ 650│ 8│ 214│ 626│ 214
4 │ 744│ 752│ 8│ 186│ 723│ 180
5 │ 735│ 740│ 5│ 147│ 704│ 147
6 │ 564│ 568│ 4│ 94│ 546│ 93
7 │ 581│ 586│ 5│ 83│ 555│ 83
8 │ 432│ 437│ 5│ 54│ 426│ 54
9 │ 297│ 299│ 2│ 33│ 283│ 33
10 or more │ 654│ 666│ 12│ 58│ 634│ 58
│ │ │ │ │ │
Native │ 2,717│ 2,744│ 27│ 816│ 2,600│ 801
───────────┼────────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼───────┼───────
1 │ 234│ 236│ 2│ 234│ 224│ 222
2 │ 346│ 351│ 5│ 173│ 327│ 170
3 │ 333│ 338│ 5│ 111│ 322│ 111
4 │ 376│ 377│ 1│ 94│ 362│ 94
5 │ 325│ 326│ 1│ 65│ 302│ 65
6 │ 222│ 222│ │ 37│ 216│ 37
7 │ 266│ 267│ 1│ 38│ 250│ 38
8 │ 184│ 187│ 3│ 23│ 184│ 23
9 │ 117│ 118│ 1│ 13│ 109│ 13
10 or more │ 314│ 322│ 8│ 28│ 304│ 28
│ │ │ │ │ │
Foreign│ 2,837│ 2,873│ 36│ 675│ 2,763│ 664
───────────┼────────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼───────┼───────
1 │ 105│ 107│ 2│ 105│ 98│ 96
2 │ 220│ 225│ 5│ 110│ 217│ 109
3 │ 309│ 312│ 3│ 103│ 304│ 103
4 │ 368│ 375│ 7│ 92│ 361│ 92
5 │ 410│ 414│ 4│ 82│ 402│ 82
6 │ 342│ 346│ 4│ 57│ 330│ 56
7 │ 315│ 319│ 4│ 45│ 305│ 45
8 │ 248│ 250│ 2│ 31│ 242│ 31
9 │ 180│ 181│ 1│ 20│ 174│ 20
10 or more │ 340│ 344│ 4│ 30│ 330│ 30
───────────┴────────────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴───────┴───────
═══════════╤═════════════════════════════════════════════════════
│ REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES AND RESULTS THEREOF.
│
───────────┼─────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────
│ │
│ Live births. │ Stillbirths.
│ │
───────────┼─────────────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────
NUMBER OF │ │ │
REPORTABLE │ │ │
PREGNANCIES│ │ │
PER MOTHER │ Deaths in first year. │ │
AND │ │ │
NATIVITY OF│ │ │
MOTHER. │ │ │
───────────┼───────┬───────┬─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │Number │ │ │
│ │ of │ Infant │ │ Number of
│Number.│mothers│mortality│ Number of │ mothers
│ │having │ rate. │still-births.│ having
│ │babies │ │ │still-births.
│ │ die. │ │ │
───────────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
All married│ 804│ 509│ 149.9│ 254│ 194
mothers │ │ │ │ │
═══════════╪═══════╪═══════╪═════════╪═════════════╪═════════════
1 │ 35│ 34│ 108.7│ 21│ 21
2 │ 59│ 54│ 108.5│ 32│ 28
3 │ 92│ 75│ 147.0│ 24│ 23
4 │ 78│ 64│ 107.9│ 29│ 21
5 │ 103│ 67│ 146.3│ 36│ 31
6 │ 88│ 60│ 161.2│ 22│ 13
7 │ 78│ 48│ 140.5│ 31│ 22
8 │ 95│ 42│ 223.0│ 11│ 7
9 │ 41│ 20│ 144.9│ 16│ 11
10 or more │ 135│ 45│ 212.9│ 32│ 17
│ │ │ │ │
Native │ 294│ 206│ 113.1│ 144│ 115
───────────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
1 │ 17│ 17│ 75.9│ 12│ 12
2 │ 25│ 23│ 76.5│ 24│ 21
3 │ 38│ 31│ 118.0│ 16│ 16
4 │ 36│ 31│ 99.4│ 15│ 13
5 │ 26│ 21│ 86.1│ 24│ 19
6 │ 34│ 22│ 157.4│ 6│ 5
7 │ 25│ 18│ 100.0│ 17│ 11
8 │ 29│ 17│ 157.6│ 3│ 2
9 │ 14│ 7│ 128.4│ 9│ 6
10 or more │ 50│ 19│ 164.5│ 18│ 10
│ │ │ │ │
Foreign│ 510│ 303│ 184.6│ 110│ 79
───────────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
1 │ 18│ 17│ 183.7│ 9│ 9
2 │ 34│ 31│ 156.7│ 8│ 7
3 │ 54│ 44│ 177.6│ 8│ 7
4 │ 42│ 33│ 116.3│ 14│ 8
5 │ 77│ 46│ 191.5│ 12│ 12
6 │ 54│ 38│ 163.6│ 16│ 8
7 │ 53│ 30│ 173.8│ 14│ 11
8 │ 66│ 25│ 272.7│ 8│ 5
9 │ 27│ 13│ 155.2│ 7│ 5
10 or more │ 85│ 26│ 257.6│ 14│ 7
───────────┴───────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────
═══════════════════╤══════════════════════════════
REPORTABLE│ MISCARRIAGES IN ADDITION TO
PREGNANCIES AND│ REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES.
RESULTS THEREOF.│
───────────┬───────┼────────────┬─────────────────
│Still- │ │Number of mothers
│births.│ │ reporting
│ │ │ miscarriages.
───────────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┬────────
NUMBER OF │ │ │ │
REPORTABLE │ │ │ │
PREGNANCIES│ │ │ │
PER MOTHER │ │ │ │
AND │ │ │ │
NATIVITY OF│ │ │ │
MOTHER. │ │ │ │
───────────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼────────
│ │ │ │
│ Per │ Number of │ │ Per
│ cent. │miscarriages│ Total │cent. of
│of all │ reported. │mothers.│ all
│births.│ │ │mothers.
│ │ │ │
───────────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼────────
All married│ 4.5│ 191│ 130│ 8.7
mothers │ │ │ │
═══════════╪═══════╪════════════╪════════╪════════
1 │ 6.1│ 8│ 8│ 2.4
2 │ 5.6│ 23│ 16│ 5.7
3 │ 3.7│ 26│ 18│ 8.4
4 │ 3.9│ 22│ 18│ 9.7
5 │ 4.9│ 20│ 14│ 9.5
6 │ 3.9│ 23│ 14│ 14.9
7 │ 5.3│ 27│ 15│ 18.1
8 │ 2.5│ 15│ 9│ 16.7
9 │ 5.4│ 13│ 8│ ([38])
10 or more │ 4.8│ 14│ 10│ 17.2
│ │ │ │
Native │ 5.2│ 136│ 92│ 11.3
───────────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼────────
1 │ 5.1│ 7│ 7│ 3.0
2 │ 6.8│ 18│ 13│ 7.5
3 │ 4.7│ 21│ 15│ 13.5
4 │ 4.0│ 13│ 10│ 10.6
5 │ 7.4│ 13│ 10│ 15.4
6 │ 2.7│ 17│ 9│ ([38])
7 │ 6.4│ 25│ 13│ ([38])
8 │ 1.6│ 8│ 5│ ([38])
9 │ 7.6│ 4│ 3│ ([38])
10 or more │ 5.6│ 10│ 7│ ([38])
│ │ │ │
Foreign│ 3.8│ 55│ 38│ 5.6
───────────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼────────
1 │ 8.4│ 1│ 1│ 1.0
2 │ 3.6│ 5│ 3│ 2.7
3 │ 2.6│ 5│ 3│ 2.9
4 │ 3.7│ 9│ 8│ 8.7
5 │ 2.9│ 7│ 4│ 4.9
6 │ 4.6│ 6│ 5│ 8.3
7 │ 4.4│ 2│ 2│ ([38])
8 │ 3.2│ 7│ 4│ ([38])
9 │ 3.9│ 9│ 5│ ([38])
10 or more │ 4.1│ 4│ 3│ ([38])
───────────┴───────┴────────────┴────────┴────────
Footnote 38:
Not shown when base is less than 50.
TABLE XII.—DISTRIBUTION OF RESULTS OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES (LIVE
BIRTHS AND STILLBIRTHS) AND MISCARRIAGES, ACCORDING TO NUMBER PER MOTHER
AND AGE OF MOTHER AT EACH PREGNANCY.
═════════════╤════════════════════════════════════╤════════════════
NUMBER OF │ │
REPORTABLE │ │
PREGNANCIES │ │
AND AGE OF │ REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES. │ LIVE BIRTHS.
MOTHER AT │ │
BIRTH OF BABY│ │
BORN IN 1911.│ │
─────────────┼──────┬────────────────────┬────────┼───────┬────────
│ │ Resulting births. │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┬────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
│ │ │Excess over │ Number │ │ Number
│Total.│Number.│pregnancies.│ of │Number.│ of
│ │ │ [39] │mothers.│ │mothers.
│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
All married │ 5,554│ 5,617│ 63│ 1,491│ 5,363│ 1,465
mothers │ │ │ │ │ │
═════════════╪══════╪═══════╪════════════╪════════╪═══════╪════════
Under 20 │ 107│ 108│ 1│ 89│ 96│ 81
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 933│ 946│ 13│ 461│ 908│ 456
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 1,316│ 1,329│ 13│ 395│ 1,261│ 389
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 2,570│ 2,595│ 25│ 466│ 2,480│ 459
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years │ 628│ 639│ 11│ 80│ 618│ 80
and over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
28 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
1 reportable │ 339│ 343│ 4│ 339│ 322│ 318
pregnancy │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Under 20 │ 74│ 75│ 1│ 74│ 67│ 66
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 178│ 179│ 1│ 178│ 176│ 175
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 57│ 58│ 1│ 57│ 54│ 53
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 30│ 31│ 1│ 30│ 25│ 24
years │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
23 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
2 reportable │ 566│ 576│ 10│ 283│ 544│ 279
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Under 20 │ 24│ 24│ │ 12│ 21│ 12
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 312│ 317│ 5│ 156│ 302│ 154
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 148│ 151│ 3│ 74│ 141│ 73
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 78│ 80│ 2│ 39│ 76│ 38
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 4│ 4│ │ 2│ 4│ 2
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
25 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
3 reportable │ 642│ 650│ 8│ 214│ 626│ 214
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Under 20 │ 9│ 9│ │ 3│ 8│ 3
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 231│ 234│ 3│ 77│ 227│ 77
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 285│ 288│ 3│ 95│ 277│ 95
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 108│ 110│ 2│ 36│ 105│ 36
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 9│ 9│ │ 3│ 9│ 3
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
26 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
4 reportable │ 744│ 752│ 8│ 186│ 723│ 186
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
20 to 24 │ 156│ 160│ 4│ 39│ 148│ 39
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 300│ 301│ 1│ 75│ 290│ 75
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 252│ 255│ 3│ 63│ 249│ 63
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 36│ 36│ │ 9│ 36│ 9
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
29 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
5 reportable │ 735│ 740│ 5│ 147│ 704│ 147
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
20 to 24 │ 50│ 50│ │ 10│ 49│ 10
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 280│ 283│ 3│ 56│ 266│ 56
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 375│ 377│ 2│ 75│ 361│ 75
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 30│ 30│ │ 6│ 28│ 6
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
30 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
6 reportable │ 564│ 568│ 4│ 94│ 546│ 93
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
20 to 24 │ 6│ 6│ │ 1│ 6│ 1
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 132│ 133│ 1│ 22│ 127│ 21
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 360│ 362│ 2│ 60│ 347│ 60
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 66│ 67│ 1│ 11│ 66│ 11
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
33 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
7 reportable │ 581│ 586│ 5│ 83│ 555│ 83
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
25 to 29 │ 98│ 99│ 1│ 14│ 90│ 14
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 392│ 395│ 3│ 56│ 377│ 56
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 91│ 92│ 1│ 13│ 88│ 13
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
34 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
8 reportable │ 432│ 437│ 5│ 54│ 426│ 54
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
25 to 29 │ 16│ 16│ │ 2│ 16│ 2
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 408│ 413│ 5│ 51│ 403│ 51
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 8│ 8│ │ 1│ 7│ 1
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
35 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
9 reportable │ 297│ 299│ 2│ 33│ 283│ 33
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
30 to 39 │ 207│ 208│ 1│ 23│ 195│ 23
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 90│ 91│ 1│ 10│ 88│ 10
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
37 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
10 or more │ 654│ 666│ 12│([41])58│ 634│ 58
reportable │ │ │ │ │ │
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
30 to 39 │ 360│ 364│ 4│ 33│ 342│ 33
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 294│ 302│ 8│ 25│ 292│ 25
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
39 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┴──────┴───────┴────────────┴────────┴───────┴────────
═════════════╤══════════════════════════╤══════════════════════════
NUMBER OF │ │
REPORTABLE │ │
PREGNANCIES │ BABIES DYING IN FIRST │
AND AGE OF │ YEAR. │ STILLBIRTHS.
MOTHER AT │ │
BIRTH OF BABY│ │
BORN IN 1911.│ │
─────────────┼───────┬────────┬─────────┼───────┬────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
│ │ Number │ Infant │ │ Number │Per cent.
│Number.│ of │mortality│Number.│ of │ of all
│ │mothers.│ rate. │ │mothers.│ births
│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
All married │ 804│ 509│ 149.9│ 254│ 194│ 4.5
mothers │ │ │ │ │ │
═════════════╪═══════╪════════╪═════════╪═══════╪════════╪═════════
Under 20 │ 12│ 11│ 125.0│ 12│ 12│ 11.1
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 140│ 115│ 154.2│ 38│ 29│ 4.0
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 185│ 132│ 146.7│ 68│ 55│ 5.1
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 382│ 207│ 154.0│ 115│ 84│ 4.4
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years │ 85│ 44│ 137.5│ 21│ 14│ 3.3
and over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
28 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
1 reportable │ 35│ 34│ 108.7│ 21│ 21│ 6.1
pregnancy │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Under 20 │ 8│ 7│ 119.4│ 8│ 8│ 10.7
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 18│ 18│ 102.3│ 3│ 3│ 1.7
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 4│ 4│ 74.1│ 4│ 4│ 6.9
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 5│ 5│ ([40]) │ 6│ 6│ ([40])
years │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
23 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
2 reportable │ 59│ 54│ 108.5│ 3│ 28│ 5.6
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Under 20 │ 3│ 3│ ([40]) │ 3│ 3│ ([40])
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 42│ 37│ 139.1│ 15│ 13│ 4.7
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 9│ 9│ 63.8│ 10│ 9│ 6.6
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 5│ 5│ 65.8│ 4│ 3│ 5.0
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ │ │ │ ...│ │
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
25 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
3 reportable │ 92│ 75│ 147.0│ 24│ 23│ 3.7
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Under 20 │ 1│ 1│ ([40]) │ 1│ 1│ ([40])
years │ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 40│ 31│ 176.2│ 7│ 6│ 3.0
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 41│ 33│ 148.0│ 11│ 11│ 3.8
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 8│ 8│ 76.2│ 5│ 5│ 4.5
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 2│ 2│ ([40]) │ │ │
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
26 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
4 reportable │ 78│ 64│ 107.9│ 29│ 21│ 3.9
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
20 to 24 │ 28│ 21│ 189.2│ 12│ 6│ 7.5
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 26│ 23│ 89.7│ 11│ 10│ 3.7
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 21│ 17│ 84.3│ 6│ 5│ 2.4
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 3│ 3│ ([40]) │ │ │
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
29 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
5 reportable │ 103│ 67│ 146.3│ 36│ 31│ 4.9
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
20 to 24 │ 9│ 7│ 183.7│ 1│ 1│ 2.0
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 51│ 31│ 191.7│ 17│ 15│ 6.0
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 40│ 27│ 110.8│ 16│ 14│ 4.2
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 3│ 2│ ([40]) │ 2│ 1│ ([40])
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
30 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
6 reportable │ 88│ 60│ 161.2│ 22│ 13│ 3.9
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
20 to 24 │ 3│ 1│ ([40]) │ │ │
years │ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 23│ 17│ 181.1│ 6│ 1│ 4.5
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 54│ 36│ 155.6│ 15│ 11│ 4.1
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 8│ 6│ 121.2│ 1│ 1│ 1.5
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
33 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
7 reportable │ 78│ 48│ 140.5│ 31│ 22│ 5.3
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
25 to 29 │ 23│ 13│ 255.6│ 9│ 5│ 10.0
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 45│ 28│ 119.4│ 18│ 15│ 4.6
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 10│ 7│ 113.6│ 4│ 2│ 4.3
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
34 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
8 reportable │ 95│ 42│ 223.0│ 11│ 7│ 2.5
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
25 to 29 │ 8│ 2│ ([40]) │ │ │
years │ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 87│ 40│ 215.9│ 10│ 6│ 2.4
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ │ │ │ 1│ 1│ ([40])
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
35 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
9 reportable │ 41│ 20│ 144.9│ 16│ 11│ 5.4
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
30 to 39 │ 32│ 15│ 164.1│ 13│ 8│ 6.3
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 9│ 5│ 102.3│ 3│ 3│ 3.3
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
37 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
10 or more │ 135│ 45│ 212.9│ 32│ 17│ 4.8
reportable │ │ │ │ │ │
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
30 to 39 │ 85│ 26│ 248.5│ 22│ 11│ 6.0
years │ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and │ 50│ 19│ 171.2│ 10│ 6│ 3.3
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │ │ │ │
39 years. │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────
═════════════╤═══════════════════════════
NUMBER OF │
REPORTABLE │
PREGNANCIES │
AND AGE OF │ MISCARRIAGES.
MOTHER AT │
BIRTH OF BABY│
BORN IN 1911.│
─────────────┼─────────┬─────────────────
│ │ Mothers
│ │ reporting.
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┬────────
│ │ │ Per
│ Number │Number. │cent. of
│reported.│ │ all
│ │ │mothers.
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
All married │ 191│ 130│ 8.7
mothers │ │ │
═════════════╪═════════╪════════╪════════
Under 20 │ │ │
years │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 19│ 18│ 3.9
years │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 46│ 27│ 6.8
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 95│ 66│ 14.2
years │ │ │
40 years │ 31│ 19│ 23.8
and over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
28 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
1 reportable │ 8│ 8│ 2.4
pregnancy │ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Under 20 │ │ │
years │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 3│ 3│ 1.7
years │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 3│ 3│ 5.3
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 2│ 2│ ([40])
years │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
23 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
2 reportable │ 23│ 16│ 5.7
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Under 20 │ │ │
years │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 6│ 6│ 3.8
years │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 5│ 3│ 4.1
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 12│ 7│ ([40])
years │ │ │
40 years and │ │ │
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
25 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
3 reportable │ 26│ 18│ 8.4
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Under 20 │ │ │
years │ │ │
20 to 24 │ 7│ 6│ 7.8
years │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 14│ 7│ 7.4
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 4│ 4│ ([40])
years │ │ │
40 years and │ 1│ 1│ ([40])
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
26 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
4 reportable │ 22│ 18│ 9.7
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
20 to 24 │ 3│ 3│ ([40])
years │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 10│ 6│ 8.0
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 6│ 6│ 9.5
years │ │ │
40 years and │ 3│ 3│ ([40])
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
29 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
5 reportable │ 20│ 14│ 9.5
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
20 to 24 │ │ │
years │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 6│ 4│ 7.1
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 12│ 8│ 10.7
years │ │ │
40 years and │ 2│ 2│ ([40])
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
30 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
6 reportable │ 23│ 14│ 14.9
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
20 to 24 │ │ │
years │ │ │
25 to 29 │ 6│ 3│ ([40])
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 13│ 9│ 15.0
years │ │ │
40 years and │ 4│ 2│ ([40])
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
33 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
7 reportable │ 27│ 15│ 18.1
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
25 to 29 │ 2│ 1│ ([40])
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 19│ 11│ 19.6
years │ │ │
40 years and │ 6│ 3│ ([40])
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
34 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
8 reportable │ 15│ 9│ 16.7
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
25 to 29 │ │ │
years │ │ │
30 to 39 │ 15│ 9│ 17.6
years │ │ │
40 years and │ │ │
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
35 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
9 reportable │ 13│ 8│ 24.2
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
30 to 39 │ 5│ 4│ ([40])
years │ │ │
40 years and │ 8│ 4│ ([40])
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
37 years. │ │ │
│ │ │
10 or more │ 14│ 10│ 17.2
reportable │ │ │
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
30 to 39 │ 7│ 6│ ([40])
years │ │ │
40 years and │ 7│ 4│ ([40])
over │ │ │
Average age: │ │ │
39 years. │ │ │
─────────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────
Footnote 39:
Excess of births over pregnancies due to plural births.
Footnote 40:
Rate not computed because of small base.
Footnote 41:
Includes 21 having 10 pregnancies; 16 having 11; 11 having 12; 6
having 13; 3 having 14; 1 having 16.
TABLE XIII.—DISTRIBUTION OF RESULTS OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES (LIVE
BIRTHS AND STILLBIRTHS) AND MISCARRIAGES, ACCORDING TO NUMBER PER MOTHER
AND HUSBAND’S EARNINGS.
═════════════╤════════════════════════════════════╤════════════════
SPECIFIED │ │
NUMBER OF │ │
PREGNANCIES │ │
FOR ALL │ │
MARRIED │ REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES. │ LIVE BIRTHS.
MOTHERS AND │ │
ANNUAL │ │
EARNINGS OF │ │
HUSBAND. │ │
─────────────┼──────┬────────────────────┬────────┼───────┬────────
│ │ Resulting births. │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┬────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
│ │ │Excess over │ Number │ │ Number
│Total.│Number.│pregnancies.│ of │Number.│ of
│ │ │ [42] │mothers.│ │mothers.
│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
All │ │ │ │ │ │
reportable │ 5,554│ 5,617│ 63│ 1,491│ 5,363│ 1,465
pregnancies │ │ │ │ │ │
═════════════╪══════╪═══════╪════════════╪════════╪═══════╪════════
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 938│ 946│ 8│ 233│ 902│ 227
$521 to $624│ 691│ 700│ 9│ 174│ 668│ 173
$625 to $779│ 816│ 826│ 10│ 229│ 797│ 227
$780 to $899│ 611│ 616│ 5│ 166│ 588│ 163
$900 to │ 574│ 581│ 7│ 146│ 548│ 143
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 196│ 199│ 3│ 50│ 186│ 49
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 1,728│ 1,749│ 21│ 493│ 1,674│ 483
│ │ │ │ │ │
1 reportable │ 339│ 343│ 4│ 339│ 322│ 318
pregnancy │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 48│ 48│ │ 48│ 43│ 43
$521 to $624│ 23│ 23│ │ 23│ 22│ 22
$625 to $779│ 46│ 48│ 2│ 46│ 46│ 44
$780 to $899│ 35│ 35│ │ 35│ 32│ 32
$900 to │ 38│ 39│ 1│ 38│ 36│ 35
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 13│ 13│ │ 13│ 13│ 13
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 136│ 137│ 1│ 136│ 130│ 129
│ │ │ │ │ │
2 reportable │ 566│ 576│ 10│ 283│ 544│ 279
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 62│ 64│ 2│ 31│ 62│ 31
$521 to $624│ 72│ 74│ 2│ 36│ 68│ 36
$625 to $779│ 110│ 111│ 1│ 55│ 108│ 55
$780 to $899│ 56│ 56│ │ 28│ 53│ 28
$900 to │ 46│ 46│ │ 23│ 41│ 23
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 16│ 16│ │ 8│ 14│ 7
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 204│ 209│ 5│ 102│ 198│ 99
│ │ │ │ │ │
3 reportable │ 642│ 650│ 8│ 214│ 626│ 214
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 114│ 115│ 1│ 38│ 110│ 38
$521 to $624│ 102│ 104│ 2│ 34│ 101│ 34
$625 to $779│ 84│ 84│ │ 28│ 82│ 28
$780 to $899│ 87│ 87│ │ 29│ 83│ 29
$900 to │ 57│ 58│ 1│ 19│ 55│ 19
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 6│ 7│ 1│ 2│ 7│ 2
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 192│ 195│ 3│ 64│ 188│ 64
│ │ │ │ │ │
4 reportable │ 744│ 752│ 8│ 186│ 723│ 186
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 104│ 104│ │ 26│ 101│ 26
$521 to $624│ 88│ 89│ 1│ 22│ 86│ 22
$625 to $779│ 136│ 137│ 1│ 34│ 129│ 34
$780 to $899│ 96│ 97│ 1│ 24│ 95│ 24
$900 to │ 56│ 58│ 2│ 14│ 55│ 14
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 40│ 41│ 1│ 10│ 39│ 10
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 224│ 226│ 2│ 56│ 218│ 56
│ │ │ │ │ │
5 reportable │ 735│ 740│ 5│ 147│ 704│ 147
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 130│ 131│ 1│ 26│ 125│ 26
$521 to $624│ 90│ 91│ 1│ 18│ 85│ 18
$625 to $779│ 100│ 100│ │ 20│ 99│ 20
$780 to $899│ 110│ 110│ │ 22│ 106│ 22
$900 to │ 65│ 66│ 1│ 13│ 60│ 13
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 30│ 30│ │ 6│ 26│ 6
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 210│ 212│ 2│ 42│ 203│ 42
│ │ │ │ │ │
6 reportable │ 564│ 568│ 4│ 94│ 546│ 93
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 132│ 132│ │ 22│ 124│ 21
$521 to $624│ 60│ 60│ │ 10│ 59│ 10
$625 to $779│ 114│ 115│ 1│ 19│ 110│ 19
$780 to $899│ 48│ 48│ │ 8│ 48│ 8
$900 to │ 72│ 74│ 2│ 12│ 70│ 12
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 12│ 12│ │ 2│ 11│ 2
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 126│ 127│ 1│ 21│ 124│ 21
│ │ │ │ │ │
7 reportable │ 581│ 586│ 5│ 83│ 555│ 83
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 91│ 92│ 1│ 13│ 88│ 13
$521 to $624│ 56│ 56│ │ 8│ 51│ 8
$625 to $779│ 98│ 101│ 3│ 14│ 97│ 14
$780 to $899│ 35│ 35│ │ 5│ 32│ 5
$900 to │ 84│ 84│ │ 12│ 79│ 12
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 21│ 22│ 1│ 3│ 22│ 3
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 196│ 196│ │ 8│ 186│ 28
│ │ │ │ │ │
8 reportable │ 432│ 437│ 5│ 54│ 426│ 54
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 120│ 120│ │ 15│ 117│ 15
$521 to $624│ 96│ 98│ 2│ 12│ 94│ 12
$625 to $779│ 40│ 41│ 1│ 5│ 41│ 5
$780 to $899│ 48│ 49│ 1│ 6│ 46│ 6
$900 to │ 24│ 24│ │ 3│ 24│ 3
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 16│ 16│ │ 2│ 16│ 2
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 88│ 89│ 1│ 11│ 88│ 11
│ │ │ │ │ │
9 reportable │ 297│ 299│ 2│ 33│ 283│ 33
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 81│ 82│ 1│ 9│ 80│ 9
$521 to $624│ 72│ 72│ │ 8│ 70│ 8
$625 to $779│ 18│ 18│ │ 2│ 15│ 2
$780 to $899│ 18│ 19│ 1│ 2│ 17│ 2
$900 to │ 18│ 18│ │ 2│ 18│ 2
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 18│ 18│ │ 2│ 16│ 2
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 72│ 72│ │ 8│ 67│ 8
│ │ │ │ │ │
10 or more │ │ │ │ │ │
reportable │ 654│ 666│ 12│ 58│ 634│ 58
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼──────┼───────┼────────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 56│ 58│ 2│ 5│ 52│ 5
$521 to $624│ 32│ 33│ 1│ 3│ 32│ 3
$625 to $779│ 70│ 71│ 1│ 6│ 70│ 6
$780 to $899│ 78│ 80│ 2│ 7│ 76│ 7
$900 to │ 114│ 114│ │ 10│ 110│ 10
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 24│ 24│ │ 2│ 22│ 2
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 280│ 286│ 6│ 25│ 272│ 25
─────────────┴──────┴───────┴────────────┴────────┴───────┴────────
═════════════╤══════════════════════════╤══════════════════════════
SPECIFIED │ │
NUMBER OF │ │
PREGNANCIES │ │
FOR ALL │ BABIES DYING IN FIRST │
MARRIED │ YEAR. │ STILLBIRTHS.
MOTHERS AND │ │
ANNUAL │ │
EARNINGS OF │ │
HUSBAND. │ │
─────────────┼───────┬────────┬─────────┼───────┬────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
│ │ Number │ Infant │ │ Number │Per cent.
│Number.│ of │mortality│Number.│ of │ of all
│ │mothers.│ rate. │ │mothers.│ births
│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
All │ │ │ │ │ │
reportable │ 804│ 149.9│ 509│ 254│ 194│ 4.5
pregnancies │ │ │ │ │ │
═════════════╪═══════╪════════╪═════════╪═══════╪════════╪═════════
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 178│ 197.3│ 110│ 44│ 31│ 4.7
$521 to $624│ 129│ 193.1│ 75│ 32│ 25│ 4.6
$625 to $779│ 130│ 163.1│ 88│ 29│ 21│ 3.5
$780 to $899│ 99│ 168.4│ 61│ 28│ 23│ 4.5
$900 to │ 78│ 142.3│ 48│ 33│ 24│ 5.7
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 30│ 161.3│ 18│ 13│ 9│ 6.5
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 160│ 95.6│ 109│ 75│ 61│ 4.3
│ │ │ │ │ │
1 reportable │ 35│ 108.7│ 34│ 21│ 21│ 6.1
pregnancy │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 11│ │ 11│ 5│ 5│
$521 to $624│ 2│ │ 2│ 1│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 6│ │ 5│ 2│ 2│
$780 to $899│ 3│ │ 3│ 3│ 3│
$900 to │ 4│ │ 4│ 3│ 3│
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 1│ │ 1│ │ │
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 8│ 61.5│ 8│ 7│ 7│ 5.1
│ │ │ │ │ │
2 reportable │ 59│ 108.5│ 54│ 32│ 28│ 5.6
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 11│ 176.4│ 11│ 2│ 2│ 3.1
$521 to $624│ 8│ 177.6│ 6│ 6│ 6│ 8.1
$625 to $779│ 17│ 157.4│ 16│ 3│ 3│ 2.7
$780 to $899│ 9│ 169.8│ 7│ 3│ 3│ 5.4
$900 to │ 2│ │ 2│ 5│ 5│
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 1│ │ 1│ 2│ 1│
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 11│ 55.6│ 11│ 11│ 8│ 5.3
│ │ │ │ │ │
3 reportable │ 92│ 147.0│ 75│ 24│ 23│ 3.7
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 27│ 245.5│ 23│ 5│ 4│ 4.3
$521 to $624│ 16│ 158.4│ 13│ 3│ 3│ 1.9
$625 to $779│ 13│ 158.5│ 11│ 2│ 2│ 2.4
$780 to $899│ 6│ 72.3│ 6│ 4│ 4│ 4.6
$900 to │ 11│ 200.0│ 8│ 3│ 3│ 5.2
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 1│ │ 1│ │ │
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 18│ 95.7│ 13│ 7│ 7│ 3.6
│ │ │ │ │ │
4 reportable │ 78│ 107.9│ 64│ 29│ 21│ 3.9
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 13│ 128.7│ 9│ 3│ 2│ 1.9
$521 to $624│ 10│ 116.3│ 9│ 3│ 1│ 3.4
$625 to $779│ 19│ 147.3│ 15│ 8│ 6│ 5.8
$780 to $899│ 13│ 136.8│ 12│ 2│ 1│ 2.1
$900 to │ 4│ 72.7│ 2│ 3│ 1│ 5.2
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 5│ │ 4│ 2│ 2│
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 14│ 64.2│ 13│ 8│ 8│ 3.5
│ │ │ │ │ │
5 reportable │ 103│ 146.3│ 67│ 36│ 31│ 4.9
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 21│ 168.0│ 12│ 6│ 6│ 4.6
$521 to $624│ 20│ 235.3│ 12│ 6│ 5│ 6.6
$625 to $779│ 18│ 181.8│ 13│ 1│ 1│ 1.0
$780 to $899│ 13│ 122.6│ 8│ 4│ 4│ 3.6
$900 to │ 6│ 100.0│ 5│ 6│ 4│ 10.0
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 10│ │ 6│ 4│ 3│
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 15│ 73.9│ 11│ 9│ 8│ 4.2
│ │ │ │ │ │
6 reportable │ 88│ 161.2│ 60│ 22│ 13│ 3.9
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 26│ 209.7│ 14│ 8│ 3│ 6.1
$521 to $624│ 9│ 152.5│ 8│ 1│ 1│ 1.7
$625 to $779│ 14│ 127.3│ 11│ 5│ 2│ 4.3
$780 to $899│ 7│ │ 6│ │ │
$900 to │ 12│ 171.4│ 9│ 4│ 3│ 5.4
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 3│ │ 1│ 1│ 1│
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 17│ 137.1│ 11│ 3│ 3│ 2.4
│ │ │ │ │ │
7 reportable │ 78│ 140.5│ 48│ 31│ 22│ 5.3
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 13│ 147.7│ 8│ 4│ 4│ 4.3
$521 to $624│ 15│ 294.1│ 6│ 5│ 4│ 8.9
$625 to $779│ 16│ 164.9│ 9│ 4│ 3│ 4.0
$780 to $899│ 6│ │ 5│ 3│ 2│
$900 to │ 7│ 88.6│ 5│ 5│ 2│ 6.0
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 1│ │ 1│ │ │
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 20│ 107.5│ 14│ 10│ 7│ 5.1
│ │ │ │ │ │
8 reportable │ 95│ 223.0│ 42│ 11│ 7│ 2.5
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 31│ 265.0│ 12│ 3│ 2│ 2.5
$521 to $624│ 22│ 234.0│ 10│ 4│ 2│ 4.1
$625 to $779│ 11│ │ 4│ │ │
$780 to $899│ 11│ │ 5│ 3│ 2│
$900 to │ 6│ │ 3│ │ │
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 3│ │ 2│ │ │
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 11│ 125.0│ 6│ 1│ 1│ 1.1
│ │ │ │ │ │
9 reportable │ 41│ 144.9│ 20│ 16│ 11│ 5.4
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 15│ 187.5│ 6│ 2│ 2│ 2.4
$521 to $624│ 10│ 142.9│ 6│ 2│ 1│ 2.8
$625 to $779│ │ │ │ 3│ 1│
$780 to $899│ 5│ │ 2│ 2│ 2│
$900 to │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ │ │ │ 2│ 1│
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 9│ 134.3│ 4│ 5│ 4│ 6.9
│ │ │ │ │ │
10 or more │ │ │ │ │ │
reportable │ 135│ 212.9│ 45│ 32│ 17│ 4.8
pregnancies│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────
Husband │ │ │ │ │ │
earns: │ │ │ │ │ │
Under $521 │ 10│ 192.3│ 4│ 6│ 1│ 10.3
$521 to $624│ 17│ │ 3│ 1│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 16│ 228.6│ 4│ 1│ 1│ 1.4
$780 to $899│ 26│ 342.1│ 7│ 4│ 2│ 5.0
$900 to │ 24│ 218.2│ 8│ 4│ 3│ 3.5
$1,199 │ │ │ │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 5│ │ 1│ 2│ 1│ 8.3
over │ │ │ │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 37│ 136.0│ 18│ 14│ 8│ 4.9
─────────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────
═════════════╤═══════════════════════════
SPECIFIED │
NUMBER OF │
PREGNANCIES │
FOR ALL │
MARRIED │ MISCARRIAGES.
MOTHERS AND │
ANNUAL │
EARNINGS OF │
HUSBAND. │
─────────────┼─────────┬─────────────────
│ │ Mothers
│ │ reporting.
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┬────────
│ │ │ Per
│ Number │Number. │cent. of
│reported.│ │ all
│ │ │mothers.
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
All │ │ │
reportable │ 191│ 130│ 8.7
pregnancies │ │ │
═════════════╪═════════╪════════╪════════
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 27│ 17│ 7.31
$521 to $624│ 22│ 14│ 8.0
$625 to $779│ 21│ 15│ 6.6
$780 to $899│ 30│ 19│ 11.4
$900 to │ 25│ 18│ 12.3
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 8│ 6│ 12.0
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 58│ 41│ 8.3
│ │ │
1 reportable │ 8│ 8│ 2.4
pregnancy │ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ │ │
$521 to $624│ 1│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 2│ 2│
$780 to $899│ │ │
$900 to │ │ │
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ │ │
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 5│ 5│
│ │ │
2 reportable │ 23│ 16│ 5.7
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ │ │
$521 to $624│ 3│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 2│ 2│ 4.4
$780 to $899│ 4│ 2│
$900 to │ 4│ 4│
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 1│ 1│
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 9│ 6│ 5.9
│ │ │
3 reportable │ 26│ 18│ 8.4
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 5│ 3│
$521 to $624│ 1│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 3│ 2│
$780 to $899│ 5│ 4│
$900 to │ 7│ 3│
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ │ │
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 5│ 5│ 7.8
│ │ │
4 reportable │ 22│ 18│ 9.7
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 4│ 2│
$521 to $624│ 2│ 2│
$625 to $779│ 3│ 2│
$780 to $899│ 3│ 3│
$900 to │ 2│ 2│
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 2│ 2│
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 6│ 5│ 8.9
│ │ │
5 reportable │ 20│ 14│ 9.5
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 3│ 3│
$521 to $624│ 3│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 3│ 2│
$780 to $899│ 3│ 2│
$900 to │ │ │
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 2│ 1│
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 6│ 5│
│ │ │
6 reportable │ 23│ 14│ 14.9
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 2│ 2│
$521 to $624│ 6│ 2│
$625 to $779│ 3│ 2│
$780 to $899│ 4│ 2│
$900 to │ 4│ 3│
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ │ │
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 4│ 3│
│ │ │
7 reportable │ 27│ 15│ 78.1
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 4│ 2│
$521 to $624│ 1│ 1│
$625 to $779│ │ │
$780 to $899│ 3│ 1│
$900 to │ 5│ 3│
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 2│ 1│
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 12│ 7│
│ │ │
8 reportable │ 15│ 9│ 16.7
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 5│ 2│
$521 to $624│ 1│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 2│ 1│
$780 to $899│ 5│ 3│
$900 to │ 1│ 1│
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ 1│ 1│
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ │ │
│ │ │
9 reportable │ 13│ 8│
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 3│ 2│
$521 to $624│ 3│ 3│
$625 to $779│ 1│ 1│
$780 to $899│ │ │
$900 to │ │ │
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ │ │
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 6│ 2│
│ │ │
10 or more │ │ │
reportable │ 14│ 10│ 17.2
pregnancies│ │ │
─────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────
Husband │ │ │
earns: │ │ │
Under $521 │ 1│ 1│
$521 to $624│ 1│ 1│
$625 to $779│ 2│ 1│
$780 to $899│ 3│ 2│
$900 to │ 2│ 2│
$1,199 │ │ │
$1,200 and │ │ │
over │ │ │
Ample[43] │ 5│ 3│
─────────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────
Footnote 42:
Excess of births over pregnancies due to plural births.
Footnote 43:
See note on page 45.
TABLE XIV.—DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF PREGNANCIES AND AGE
GROUPS OF MARRIED MOTHERS CLASSIFIED BY NATIVITY.
═══════════════════════╤═══════════════╤═══════════════╤═══════════════
MOTHER’S AGE AND NUMBER│ │ │ FOREIGN
OF REPORTABLE │ ALL MOTHERS. │NATIVE MOTHERS.│ MOTHERS.
PREGNANCIES. │ │ │
───────────────────────┼───────┬───────┼───────┬───────┼───────┬───────
│Number.│ Per │Number.│ Per │Number.│ Per
│ │ cent. │ │ cent. │ │ cent.
───────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
Total pregnancies │ 1,491│ 100.0│ 816│ 100.0│ 675│ 100.0
═══════════════════════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════
1 │ 339│ 22.7│ 234│ 28.7│ 105│ 15.6
2 │ 283│ 19.0│ 173│ 21.2│ 110│ 16.3
3 │ 214│ 14.4│ 111│ 13.6│ 103│ 15.3
4 │ 186│ 12.5│ 94│ 11.5│ 92│ 13.6
5 │ 147│ 9.8│ 65│ 8.0│ 82│ 12.1
6 │ 94│ 6.3│ 37│ 4.5│ 57│ 8.4
7 │ 83│ 5.6│ 38│ 4.7│ 45│ 6.7
8 │ 54│ 3.6│ 23│ 2.8│ 31│ 4.6
9 │ 33│ 2.2│ 13│ 1.6│ 20│ 3.0
10 and over │ 58│ 3.9│ 28│ 3.4│ 30│ 4.4
│ │ │ │ │ │
Under 20 years, total│ 89│ 100.0│ 66│ 100.0│ 23│ 100.0
pregnancies │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
1 │ 74│ 83.1│ 55│ 83.3│ 19│ 82.6
2 │ 12│ 13.5│ 10│ 15.2│ 2│ 8.7
3 │ 3│ 3.4│ 1│ 1.5│ 2│ 8.7
│ │ │ │ │ │
20 to 24 years, total│ 461│ 100.0│ 261│ 100.0│ 200│ 100.0
pregnancies │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
1 │ 178│ 38.6│ 114│ 43.7│ 64│ 32.0
2 │ 156│ 33.8│ 86│ 33.0│ 70│ 35.0
3 │ 77│ 16.7│ 42│ 16.1│ 35│ 17.5
4 │ 39│ 8.5│ 14│ 5.4│ 25│ 12.5
5 │ 10│ 2.2│ 4│ 1.5│ 6│ 3.0
6 │ 1│ .2│ 1│ 0.4│ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
25 to 29 years, total│ 395│ 100.0│ 199│ 100.0│ 196│ 100.0
pregnancies │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
1 │ 57│ 14.5│ 45│ 22.6│ 12│ 6.1
2 │ 74│ 18.7│ 46│ 23.1│ 28│ 14.3
3 │ 95│ 24.1│ 40│ 20.1│ 55│ 28.1
4 │ 75│ 19.0│ 40│ 20.1│ 35│ 17.9
5 │ 56│ 14.2│ 17│ 8.5│ 39│ 19.9
6 │ 22│ 5.6│ 7│ 3.6│ 15│ 7.7
7 │ 14│ 3.5│ 4│ 2.0│ 10│ 5.1
8 │ 2│ .4│ │ │ 2│ 1.0
│ │ │ │ │ │
30 to 39 years, total│ 466│ 100.0│ 245│ 100.0│ 221│ 100.0
pregnancies │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
1 │ 30│ 6.4│ 20│ 8.2│ 10│ 4.5
2 │ 39│ 8.4│ 29│ 11.8│ 10│ 4.5
3 │ 36│ 7.7│ 25│ 10.2│ 11│ 5.0
4 │ 63│ 13.5│ 33│ 13.5│ 30│ 13.6
5 │ 75│ 16.1│ 40│ 16.3│ 35│ 15.8
6 │ 60│ 12.9│ 24│ 9.8│ 36│ 16.3
7 │ 56│ 12.0│ 28│ 11.4│ 28│ 12.7
8 │ 51│ 10.9│ 23│ 9.4│ 28│ 12.7
9 │ 23│ 4.9│ 8│ 3.3│ 15│ 6.8
10 and over │ 33│ 7.1│ 15│ 6.1│ 18│ 8.1
│ │ │ │ │ │
40 years and over, │ 80│ 100.0│ 45│ 100.0│ 35│ 100.0
total pregnancies │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
2 │ 2│ 2.5│ 2│ 4.4│ │
3 │ 3│ 3.8│ 3│ 6.7│ │
4 │ 9│ 11.3│ 7│ 15.6│ 2│ 5.7
5 │ 6│ 7.5│ 4│ 8.9│ 2│ 5.7
6 │ 11│ 13.8│ 5│ 11.1│ 6│ 17.1
7 │ 13│ 16.3│ 6│ 13.3│ 7│ 20.0
8 │ 1│ 1.3│ │ │ 1│ 2.9
9 │ 10│ 12.5│ 5│ 11.1│ 5│ 14.3
10 and over │ 25│ 31.3│ 13│ 28.9│ 12│ 34.3
───────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────
TABLE XV.—DISTRIBUTION OF MARRIED MOTHERS BY LOSSES SUSTAINED, ACCORDING
TO NATIVITY OF MOTHER AND NUMBER OF POSSIBLE LOSSES.
═════════╤════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════════
NUMBER OF│ │
BIRTHS OR│ │
POSSIBLE │ │
LOSSES │ │DISTRIBUTION OF MOTHERS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF
AND │ │ LOSSES.
NATIVITY │ │
OF │ │
MOTHER. │ │
─────────┼────────┼──────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬───────
│ Number │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 4 │ 5 │ 6
│ of │loss. │losses.│losses.│losses.│losses.│losses.
│mothers.│ │ │ │ │ │
─────────┼────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
All │ 1,491│ 399│ 121│ 60│ 24│ 13│ 8
mothers │ │ │ │ │ │ │
═════════╪════════╪══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════
1 birth │ 335│ 53│ │ │ │ │
2 births│ 277│ 67│ 10│ │ │ │
3 births│ 216│ 73│ 14│ 4│ │ │
4 births│ 187│ 55│ 13│ 8│ 1│ │
5 births│ 148│ 48│ 19│ 11│ 1│ 2│
6 births│ 96│ 44│ 13│ 8│ 2│ 1│ 2
7 births│ 82│ 22│ 19│ 10│ 2│ │ 1
8 births│ 54│ 18│ 8│ 10│ 4│ 2│ 2
9 births│ 36│ 9│ 10│ 5│ 1│ 1│ 2
10 or │ │ │ │ │ │ │
more │ 60│ 10│ 15│ 4│ 13│ 7│ 1
births │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Native │ 816│ 199│ 59│ 19│ 5│ 6│ 1
mothers│ │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────┼────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
1 birth │ 232│ 29│ │ │ │ │
2 births │ 170│ 36│ 5│ │ │ │
3 births │ 111│ 35│ 7│ 1│ │ │
4 births │ 98│ 33│ 6│ 3│ │ │
5 births │ 65│ 19│ 10│ 4│ │ │
6 births │ 38│ 19│ 7│ 1│ │ 1│
7 births │ 37│ 10│ 8│ 3│ │ │ 1
8 births │ 21│ 8│ 5│ 3│ │ │
9 births │ 15│ 4│ 4│ 3│ 1│ │
10 or │ │ │ │ │ │ │
more │ 29│ 6│ 7│ 1│ 4│ 5│
births │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Foreign│ 675│ 200│ 62│ 41│ 19│ 7│ 7
mothers│ │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────┼────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────
1 birth │ 103│ 24│ │ │ │ │
2 births │ 107│ 31│ 5│ │ │ │
3 births │ 105│ 38│ 7│ 3│ │ │
4 births │ 89│ 22│ 7│ 5│ 1│ │
5 births │ 83│ 29│ 9│ 7│ 1│ 2│
6 births │ 58│ 25│ 6│ 7│ 2│ │ 2
7 births │ 45│ 12│ 11│ 7│ 2│ │
8 births │ 33│ 10│ 3│ 7│ 4│ 2│ 2
9 births │ 21│ 5│ 6│ 2│ │ 1│ 2
10 or │ │ │ │ │ │ │
more │ 31│ 4│ 8│ 3│ 9│ 2│ 1
births │ │ │ │ │ │ │
─────────┴────────┴──────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────
═════════╤═══════════════
NUMBER OF│
BIRTHS OR│DISTRIBUTION OF
POSSIBLE │ MOTHERS
LOSSES │ ACCORDING TO
AND │ NUMBER OF
NATIVITY │ LOSSES.
OF │
MOTHER. │
─────────┼───────┬───────
│ 8 │ 10 or
│losses.│ more
│ │losses.
─────────┼───────┼───────
All │ 1│ 2
mothers │ │
═════════╪═══════╪═══════
1 birth │ │
2 births│ │
3 births│ │
4 births│ │
5 births│ │
6 births│ │
7 births│ │
8 births│ │
9 births│ │
10 or │ │
more │ 1│ 2
births │ │
│ │
Native │ 1│
mothers│ │
─────────┼───────┼───────
1 birth │ │
2 births │ │
3 births │ │
4 births │ │
5 births │ │
6 births │ │
7 births │ │
8 births │ │
9 births │ │
10 or │ │
more │ 1│
births │ │
│ │
Foreign│ │ 2
mothers│ │
─────────┼───────┼───────
1 birth │ │
2 births │ │
3 births │ │
4 births │ │
5 births │ │
6 births │ │
7 births │ │
8 births │ │
9 births │ │
10 or │ │
more │ │ 2
births │ │
─────────┴───────┴───────
POPULATION, REGISTERED BIRTHS, DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER 1 YEAR OF AGE,
AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES FOR REGISTRATION STATES AND REGISTRATION
CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF AT LEAST 50,000 IN 1910.
═══════════════════════╤═══════════╤═══════════╤═══════════════════════
AREA. │ │ │ DEATHS[44] OF INFANTS
│ │ │ UNDER 1 YEAR OF AGE.
───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┬───────────
│Population │Births.[45]│ Number. │ Per 1000
│ in 1910. │ │ │births.[46]
───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
REGISTRATION STATES. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Connecticut │ 1,114,756│ 27,291│ 3,476│ 127
Maine │ 742,371│ 15,578│ 2,108│ 135
Massachusetts │ 3,366,416│ 86,765│ 11,377│ 131
Michigan │ 2,810,173│ 63,566│ 7,912│ 124
New Hampshire │ 430,572│ 9,385│ 1,373│ 146
Pennsylvania │ 7,665,111│ 202,631│ 28,377│ 140
Rhode Island │ 542,610│([47])6,595│([47])1,111│ ([47])168
Vermont │ 355,956│ 7,343│ 791│ 168
│ │ │ │
REGISTRATION CITIES OF │ │ │ │
50,000 POPULATION OR │ │ │ │
OVER IN 1910. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Connecticut: │ │ │ │
Bridgeport │ 102,054│ 2,976│ 367│ 123
Hartford │ 98,915│ 2,411│ 286│ 119
New Haven │ 133,605│ 3,772│ 406│ 108
Waterbury │ 73,141│ 2,150│ 320│ 149
│ │ │ │
Washington, D. C. │ 331,069│ 7,016│ 1,068│ 152
Portland, Me. │ 58,571│ 1,163│ 167│ 144
│ │ │ │
Massachusetts: │ │ │ │
Boston │ 670,585│ 17,760│ 2,246│ 126
Brockton │ 56,878│ 1,359│ 134│ 99
Cambridge │ 104,839│ 2,462│ 293│ 119
Fall River │ 119,295│ 4,591│ 854│ 186
Holyoke │ 57,730│ 1,702│ 362│ 213
Lawrence │ 85,892│ 3,165│ 529│ 167
Lowell │ 106,294│ 2,630│ 607│ 231
Lynn │ 89,336│ 2,218│ 216│ 97
New Bedford │ 96,652│ 3,873│ 685│ 177
Somerville │ 77,236│ 1,728│ 174│ 101
Springfield │ 88,926│ 2,438│ 302│ 124
Worcester │ 145,986│ 3,918│ 536│ 137
│ │ │ │
Michigan: │ │ │ │
Detroit │ 465,766│ 11,960│ 2,138│ 179
Grand Rapids │ 112,571│ 2,693│ 329│ 122
Saginaw │ 50,510│ 897│ 130│ 145
│ │ │ │
Manchester, N. H. │ 70,063│ 1,939│ 375│ 193
│ │ │ │
New York, N. Y. │ 4,766,883│ 129,316│ 6,159│ 125
Bronx Borough │ 430,980│ 10,926│ 11,047│ 96
Brooklyn Borough │ 1,634,351│ 43,128│ 5,063│ 117
Manhattan Borough │ 2,331,542│ 66,112│ 8,900│ 135
Queens Borough │ 284,041│ 7,095│ 865│ 122
Richmond Borough │ 85,969│ 2,055│ 284│ 138
│ │ │ │
Pennsylvania: │ │ │ │
Allentown │ 51,913│ 1,406│ 202│ 144
Altoona │ 52,127│ 1,392│ 166│ 119
Erie │ 66,525│ 1,713│ 197│ 116
Harrisburg │ 64,186│ 1,308│ 169│ 129
Johnstown │ 55,482│ 1,628│ 268│ 165
Philadelphia │ 1,549,008│ 38,666│ 5,334│ 138
Pittsburgh │ 533,905│ 15,059│ 2,259│ 150
Reading │ 96,071│ 2,370│ 336│ 142
Scranton │ 129,867│ 3,512│ 520│ 148
Wilkes-Barre │ 67,105│ 1,840│ 269│ 146
│ │ │ │
Rhode Island: │ │ │ │
Pawtucket │ 51,622│ ([48]) │ 191│ ([48])
Providence │ 224,326│ ([48]) │ 827│ ([48])
───────────────────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────
Footnote 44:
Exclusive of stillbirths.
Footnote 45:
Provisional figures; exclusive of stillbirths.
Footnote 46:
Based on provisional figures for births.
Footnote 47:
The figures for Rhode Island are exclusive of Providence and
Pawtucket.
Footnote 48:
Returns of births not received from State board in time for inclusion.
It will be seen by this table that Johnstown is among the 10 cities of
more than 50,000 population which had an infant mortality rate of 1910
in excess of 150 per 1,000 births. These 10 cities and their respective
rates are as follows: Lowell, Mass., 231; Holyoke, Mass., 213;
Manchester, N. H., 193; Fall River, Mass., 186; Detroit, Mich., 179; New
Bedford, Mass., 177; Lawrence, Mass., 167; Johnstown, Pa., 165;
Washington, D. C., 152; and Pittsburgh, Pa., 150.
It should be borne in mind that the absolute infant mortality rate of
134, computed for the group of babies included in this investigation,
that is, for those born in Johnstown in 1911, can not be compared with
any of the approximate rates in the foregoing table, since the basis of
computation is entirely different. But the method used in this report
seemed to be the only practicable one for our purpose, namely, to
measure the infant mortality rate in different districts of the city
where the babies are subjected to varying conditions.
Conditions similar to those existing in Johnstown were found in Chicago
by Dr. Alice Hamilton, Bacteriologist in the Memorial Institute for
Infectious Diseases, Hull House. The results of a study made of 1,600
families in the neighborhood was published in 1910. The investigation
was undertaken to find out the truth or falsity of a general feeling
among the district nurses that a high birth rate was accompanied by a
high death rate. It was found that a high birth rate was not so much
accompanied as outrun by a high death rate. The number of children
live-born was compared with the number of children who reached the age
of three, so it is a study of child mortality, rather than of infant
mortality. The child mortality rate rises and falls very much as does
the infant mortality rate in Johnstown. A table calculated from the data
of all the families shows an ascending mortality rate:
No. in Family Child Mortality Rate
4 children and less 118
6 children and more 267
7 children and more 280
8 children and more 291
9 children and more 303
Expressed in words this table says that child mortality increases as the
number of children per family increases, until we have a death rate in
families of eight and more, which is two and a half times as great as
that in families of four children and under.
FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF, CHILDREN’S BUREAU, U. S. DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR, Washington,
October 7, 1916
INFANT MORTALITY—MANCHESTER
The findings of the bureau’s earlier study in Johnstown, Pa., are
confirmed in many respects by the findings in Manchester—the coincidence
of a high infant mortality rate with low earnings, poor housing,
mother’s work, and large families.
The mortality rate among the 1,564 live-born babies studied in
Manchester was 165 per 1,000 births, which is considerably higher than
the estimated rate for the whole country.
Manchester is primarily a textile town, and the textile mills employed
36.3 per cent. of all the fathers of babies born in Manchester during
the 12 months covered by the study. Of the fathers, 13.7 per cent. were
earning less than $450 per year; 48.5 per cent. less than $650; 22.9 per
cent. $850 or more; 6.4 per cent. $1,250 or more.
Of the babies with fathers earning less than $450, about 1 in 4 died
before it was 12 months old. The great majority of the babies had
fathers in the wage group from $450 to $849, and of these about 1 in 6
died. Of the babies whose fathers earned $850 but less than $1,050, 1 in
8 failed to survive. Where the fathers earned $1,050 or more, 1 baby in
16 died in the first year.
Where families lived two or more persons per room, the infant death rate
was twice as high as where they lived less than one person per room. The
babies living in houses occupied by a single family died at the rate of
86.1 per 1,000, but those in tenements occupied by more than six
families died at the rate of 236.6 per 1,000.
When the mother was a wage earner the baby’s chances of living were less
than when she was not. Babies of mothers who had worked at some time
during the year before the baby’s birth died at the rate of 199.2 per
1,000, while babies of nonworking mothers died at the rate of 133.9.
Babies of mothers employed away from home some time during the year
after childbirth while the baby was still alive and under four months
old had a rate of 277.3, while babies of mothers not employed during
that time had a rate of 122.
Babies of foreign-born mothers did not fare so well as babies of native
mothers. The differences of rates, however, are only partly accounted
for by their lower earnings. The largest foreign element in Manchester
is Canadian French, and among them the infant mortality rate, 224 per
1,000 live births, is greater than that among any other group of the
population, although their earnings are in general higher than those of
other foreigners.
Sheer size of family appears to be one factor in this high
Canadian-French rate, one-third of their babies being sixth or later in
order of birth, while over one-sixth of these mothers had had from 9 to
18 children. These Canadian-French babies in families of 6 or more
children died at the rate of 246.2 per 1,000 and the rate rises to 277.2
per 1,000 when only babies ninth or later in order of birth are
considered.