Besides the mounds, or _tlalteles_ that form the Path of the Dead,

there are numerous others of the same form and material--being, so far

as known, mere heaps of stone and earth--scattered over the plain,

some of them in lines or groups, with an approach to regularity, and

others with no apparent arrangement. They vary in height from four or

five to twenty-five or thirty feet. Respecting these tlalteles I quote

from Almaraz as follows: "In them many excavations have been made,

causing most of the dilapidation which is noted; some of them executed

for scientific purposes in search of archæological objects; others

made by ignorant and rapacious persons, impelled by a hope of finding

falsely reported treasures: Neither have there been wanting, and this

is the cause of most of the destruction, persons of evil intentions

who undertake to demolish the ruins in order to obtain the hewn blocks

of porphyry which are used in the construction of their barbarous

dwellings; and they do not even preserve the blocks, but break and

destroy them; in this manner have perished relics truly precious.

Almost under my eyes there were taken from one of the tlalteles eight

hewn blocks four by three and a half feet; the outer faces were

sculptured, representing a strange and grotesque figure, with the head

of a serpent and of some other fierce animal, like a tiger or lion;

they were curved on the outside, and all must have formed a circular

monument seventeen feet in diameter; they were broken up without pity,

although I was able to make a drawing of one of them. In the same

tlaltel were other sculptured stones.... In the houses of San Juan de

Teotihuacan are seen some of these sculptures built into the walls,

and in the Ventilla, near the ruins, I have seen stones representing

in my opinion a serpent.... Of all the objects of this class the most

notable is a monolith found among the débris of a tlaltel, and of

which I give a drawing [see next page.] It is a parallelopipedon ten

feet and a half high, and five feet and a half wide and thick,"

weighing, according to the author's calculations, over fifteen tons.

"I had an excavation made in one of the smallest, and found four walls

meeting at right angles and forming a square; they are inclined, and

within are found some steps which are parallel to it [the square]; in

the upper part of these, begin four other walls also inclined,

containing a little room:--I thought it was a tomb, although I have

some doubts about its true object."[IX-84] The people of the vicinity

said that in one of the mounds there had been found a stone box

containing a skull, beads, and various curious relics of beryl,

serpentine, heliotrope, and obsidian. They also claimed to have found

quantities of gold-dust and gold vases.

[Illustration: Monolith from a Teotihuacan Mound.]

Humboldt speaks of hundreds of these mounds arranged in streets

running exactly east and west and north and south from the pyramids.

Mayer's plan represents a square area partly enclosed by a line of

tlalteles north-east of the House of the Moon. According to Latrobe,

the mounds extend for miles towards Tezcuco; and Waddy Thompson is

confident that they are the ruins of an ancient city nearly as large

as Mexico. The Citadel he calls the public square of twenty acres with

a stone building in the centre, and he also finds traces of several

other smaller squares. The streets are marked by large piles of rock

resembling--except in size--potato-hills, formed by falling buildings.

In the opinion of this author it is simply absurd to suppose these

heaps to have been formed as separate mounds. Thompson also found a

number of circular niches two feet in diameter on the bank of a ravine

west of the other remains.[IX-85]

[Illustration: The Fainting-Stone at Teotihuacan.]

Mayer found, near _i_ of the plan--as nearly as can be determined by

his plan, which differs considerably in detail from the one I have

given--a globular mass of granite nineteen feet eight inches in

circumference; also, near _m_, the stone block shown in the cut. It is

ten feet and a half long, five feet wide, lies exactly east and west,

and is found in the centre of a group of small mounds. The cut shows

the sculpture on the face turned toward the south, that on the top and

north being very indistinct. At _b_ of the cut is a hollow described

as three inches deep at the sides, and six at top and bottom.

Notwithstanding Col. Mayer's opinion to the contrary, it is most

natural to regard this monument as an overturned pillar. The natives

believe that whoever sits or reclines on this stone will immediately

faint.[IX-86]

[Sidenote: MISCELLANEOUS RELICS.]

At the time of the Conquest statues of the sun and moon are reported

to have been found on the summits of their respective pyramids. The

gold plates which are said to have covered or decorated these idols

were of course immediately appropriated by the Spanish soldiers, and

the idols themselves broken by order of the priests. Gemelli Careri

claims to have seen fragments of their arms and legs at the base of

the pyramid, and Ramon del Moral assured Veytia that he had found the

colossal head of the statue of the moon, and that the pedestal still

remained in place; Veytia, however, could find no traces of such

relics in 1757, although Ixtlilxochitl and Boturini both claim to have

seen them.[IX-87] Mayer claims to have found well-defined traces of an

ancient road covered with cement, between the ruins and the village.

The whole surfaces of the pyramids, mounds, and much of the

surrounding plain, are literally strewn with the fragments of pottery

and obsidian; and small terra-cotta heads are offered to the visitor

in great quantities for sale, by the natives, who pick them up among

the ruins, or perhaps manufacture them when their search is not

sufficiently fruitful. Many of these heads have been brought away and

sketched, and they are very similar one to another. One of them,

sketched by Mr Vetch, is shown in the cut.[IX-88]

[Illustration: Terra-Cotta Head--Teotihuacan.]

The ruins of Teotihuacan, like the pyramid of Cholula, contain no

internal evidences of their age. Its building is attributed in

different records to the Toltecs, Olmecs, and Totonacs, in the very

earliest period of Nahua supremacy. The name Teotihuacan is one of the

very earliest preserved in Nahua annals, and there can be but little

doubt that the pyramids are older than that of Cholula, or that they

were built at least as early as the sixth century, the commencement of

what is regarded as the Toltec era in Anáhuac. The pyramids themselves

served, according to tradition, as places of sepulture, but not

altogether for this purpose, for Teotihuacan is spoken of as a great

centre of religious worship and priestly rites, a position it would

not have held had it been simply a burial place. It is altogether

probable that the houses of the Sun and Moon served the double purpose

of tombs and shrines, although there is no proof that any temples

proper ever stood on the summit as at Cholula. These structures are

said to have served as models for the Aztec teocallis of later times.

Don Lucas Alaman, a distinguished Mexican statesman and author,

believed that the numerous terra-cotta heads already spoken of were

relics distributed by the priests to the crowds of pilgrims that

assembled at the shrines.[IX-89]

At Otumba few relics of antiquity seem to have been discovered; Mayer,

however, gives a cut of a pillar ornamented with geometric sculptured

figures, which is said to have been found by Mr Poinsett. At Tizayuca,

a little north of the lake, a low hill is spoken of with a small hole

in the top, whence issues continually a current of air; I know not

whether there are evidences of anything artificial about this curious

phenomenon of more than doubtful authenticity. The same authority also

mentions some ruined buildings on the hacienda of San Miguel.[IX-90]

Brasseur de Bourbourg tells us that the ruins of Quetzalcoatl's temple

at Tulancingo were visible long after the Conquest, and also speaks of

a subterranean palace called Mictlancalco, and a stone cross

discovered on Mount Meztitlan. Veytia also speaks of the cross of

Meztitlan, sculptured together with a moon on a lofty and almost

inaccessible cliff; and Chaves barely mentions relics of antiquity not

described very definitely.[IX-91]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: OBSIDIAN MINES.]

At the Cerro de las Navajas, near Monte Jacal, about midway between

Real del Monte and Tulancingo, are the mines or quarries from which

the natives of Anáhuac are believed to have obtained the large

quantities of obsidian used by them in the manufacture of their

implements and weapons. The mines are described as openings three or

four feet in diameter and one hundred and ten to one hundred and forty

feet in extent, probably horizontal, with side drifts wherever the

obsidian is of a desirable quality and most abundant. Large quantities

of the material are found in fragments of different shapes and sizes,

which throw some light on the manner in which the Aztecs manufactured

their knives and other implements.[IX-92] In the vicinity of Actopan,

at Mixquiahuala, we are told in a Mexican government report already

often quoted, that clay relics are frequently discovered.[IX-93] At

Atotonilco el Grande, south of Guautla, Mr Burkart found pieces of

obsidian of many-sided pyramidal form, from which knives had

apparently been split off by the natives in ancient times. The art of

working this intractable material has been practically lost in modern

times.[IX-94]

At Zacualtipan, in the north-eastern portion of Mexico, a very

peculiar monument is described, consisting of a house excavated from a

single stone. A doorway on the south, with columns at its sides, leads

to an apartment measuring about twelve by seven and a half feet, and

ten feet and a half high. The room contains the remains of a kind of

altar and a sculptured cross. A stone bench extends round the sides,

being two feet high and one foot wide. This main room is connected by

a doorway on the west with another very narrow one, in the south end

of which is what is described as a kind of stone bed measuring three

by six feet, all of the same stone. Another stone near by has a bath,

so-called, and still another, known as Caparrosa, has an inscription

painted in red. These remains are of so extraordinary a character,

that in the absence of confirmation the report must be considered

doubtful or erroneous. At Tecomal, north of Lolotla, a stone is

mentioned six feet high, which has six steps leading up to the summit,

where is an oval hole a yard and a half deep.[IX-95] At Monte Penulco

Mr Latrobe speaks of some remains probably of Spanish origin, like

many others that are attributed to the antiguos.[IX-96]

* * * * *

Near San Juan de los Llanos, in the extreme north-eastern part of the

state, some forty leagues from the city of Mexico, the existence of a

ruined city was reported late in the eighteenth century on apparently

good authority; but I find no later mention of it. The description

bears some resemblance to that of Metlaltoyuca, discovered in 1865,

just across the line in Vera Cruz, twenty-five or thirty miles

north-east from San Juan. The two groups of remains may be identical,

or the earlier report may refer to other monuments, many of which very

probably exist yet undiscovered in that densely wooded district. The

ruined city near San Juan was described in 1786, by Sr Cañete, as

covering an area of one league by three fourths of a league, surrounded

by walls of hewn stone laid without mortar, five to eight feet high

and very thick. A street running from east to west was paved with

volcanic stone, worn smooth, and guarded by battlements, or side walls.

Several ruined temples, sculptured blocks of stone, stone metates and

other implements, stone statues of men and animals--including a

lion--were found here, but all of a rather coarse workmanship. A tall

pine was growing on the summit of one of the temples, and there seemed

to be some evidence that the town had been abandoned for want of a

supply of water.[IX-97]

[Sidenote: REMAINS AT TULA.]

[Illustration: Earthen Vase--Tula.]

At Tula, north-west of the city of Mexico, the ancient Tollan, the

Toltec capital, we are told that extensive ruins remained at the time

of the Conquest,[IX-98] but very few relics have survived to the

present time, although some of the few that have been found here are

of a somewhat extraordinary character. The cut shows both sides of an

earthen vase from Tula, which, as Mayer says, is "of exquisitely

grained and tempered material, and ornamented with figures in

_intaglio_, resembling those found on the monuments in Yucatan."[IX-99]

Villa-Señor y Sanchez, one of the early Spanish writers, names Tula as

one of the many localities where giants' bones had been found.[IX-100]

A commission from the Mexican Geographical Society, composed of Drs

Manfred and Ord,--the latter an old resident of California, who takes

a deep interest in the antiquities and history of the Pacific

States--with Mr Porter C. Bliss,--whose large collection of Mexican

works, with some curious relics of antiquity, has been lately added to

my library--and Sr García y Cubas, made an exploration of Tula and

vicinity in 1873, bringing to light some interesting monuments, of

which an illustrated account was published in the Boletin of the

society. The cut shows a very curious double column of basalt,

somewhat over eight feet high. The sculptured knots are interpreted by

the commissioners mentioned as the _tlalpilli_, or periods of thirteen

years. None of them occur on the reverse of the column. Other relics

discovered by this party included half of what seemed to be a kind of

calendar-stone, a large animal in basalt or monster idol, and some

hieroglyphic sculptures on the cliff of the Cerro de la Malinche.

There were also found the three fragments shown in the cut, which are

interesting as showing an aboriginal method of forming columns not

elsewhere met with in America, a round tenon on one part fitting

closely into a hole in the next. The largest of the three parts shown

is four feet long and two and three fourths feet in diameter. The

material is basalt and the sculpture is said to be well done. Most of

the Tula relics were found at the Cerro del Tesoro, west of the modern

village.[IX-101]

[Illustration: Basaltic Column--Tula.]

[Illustration: Parts of a Column--Tula.]

Gondra speaks of fine pieces of basalt and other stone, about nine

feet long, recently discovered on the hacienda of Tlahuililpan near

Tula, leaving it to be inferred that the blocks were artificially

shaped if not sculptured.[IX-102] Another author says that on the same

hacienda an idol six feet high has been found,[IX-103] and mentions

some ruins of dwellings about Jacala in the Tula district, especially

at Santa María de los Alamos and Cerro Prieto, and also a pillar in

the middle of the Rio de Montezuma.[IX-104] Other remains vaguely

reported to exist in this part of the state include a subterranean

arch at Huehuetoca, between Mexico and Tula, built by the natives to

keep the water from the capital; and a group of ruins at Chilcuautla,

among which are those of a temple of stone and mortar, and a pyramid

fifty-five feet long and seven feet high, with steps in a good state

of preservation.[IX-105]

* * * * *

Still further north-west in the state of Querétaro, three groups of

antiquities are reported, but very inadequately described. At Pueblito

a league and a half south of the city of Querétaro, said to have been

a favorite resort for Mexican tourists and invalids in the last

century, there stood on a natural elevation, in 1777, the foundations

of a large rectangular building. The walls were built of stones laid

in clay, and were not, when visited, standing above the level of the

ground, one or two feet having been, however, brought to light by

excavation. On the east and west of the main building were two smaller

ones, from which many idols and other relics, including round polished

stones pierced through the centre, are said to have been taken. A

pavement of clay is also spoken of in connection with these ruins. On

the same elevation stood an artificial sugar-loaf-shaped mound, built

of alternate layers of loose stones and mud, having at its summit a

level mesa thirty-three feet in diameter. It is said that many idols,

sculptured fragments, pedestals, architectural decorations, and flint

arrow-heads from Pueblito, were sent to enrich collections in the city

of Mexico. The only writer on the subject, Sr Morfi, attempts some

descriptions of the sculpture, but as is usual with such accounts

unaccompanied by cuts, they convey no idea whatever of the subjects

treated. Certain adobe ruins of doubtful antiquity were also shown to

the author mentioned.[IX-106]

[Sidenote: CANOAS AND RANAS.]

In the Sierra de Canoas, between thirty and forty miles north-east of

Querétaro, is a steep hill known as Cerro de la Ciudad, the summit of

which is very strongly fortified. A lithographic plate showing a

general view of the hill is given in a Mexican government report, but

I do not copy it because the view is too distant to show anything

further than what has already been said; namely, that the hill is

steep, and the summit covered with strong stone fortifications.

Another plate shows simply the arrangement of the stones, which are

brick-shaped blocks, whose dimensions are not given, laid in a mortar

of reddish clay and lime. There are in all forty-five defensive works

on the hill, including a wall about forty feet in height, and a

rectangular platform with an area of five thousand square feet. Some

large trees, one of them three hundred years old by its rings, are

growing over the ruins. It is very unfortunate that we have no ground

plan of these fortifications.[IX-107]

Two or three leagues north-west of the ruins last mentioned is the

ranchería of Ranas, situated in a small valley enclosed by hills on

every side, on the summits of most of which are still to be seen

traces of an ancient population. The fortifications on these hills

seem to resemble, so far as may be determined by the slight accounts

extant, those of the barranca-girt peninsular plateaux of Vera Cruz.

One hill-summit on the north has a pyramid sixty-five feet square at

the base, with four stairways leading to the top. Near the pyramid is

a burial mound, or _cuicillo_, in which with a human skeleton were

found marine shells, pottery, and beads. The cuicillos are numerous

throughout the whole region, and marine shells are of frequent

occurrence in them. From a mound in the vicinity of San Juan Del Rio

some idols were taken as well.[IX-108]

From an article read before the Mexican Geographical Society by Sr

Ballesteros in 1872, I quote the following extracts: "What all down to

the present time called cities (Canoas and Ranas), are only the

fortified points which guarded the city proper, which was situated

between the two at the point called Ranas, where was the residence of

the monarch. In a region absolutely broken up and cut in all

directions by enormous barrancas, caused by the sinking of whole

mountains, the settlement could not be symmetrically laid out, but was

scattered, as it is still found, in the bottom of ravines, on the

slopes and tops of the hills for many leagues." A small lake, and a

perennial spring are supposed to have been the attractions of this

locality in the eyes of the ancient people. "On all the hills about

are still seen vestiges of their monuments, particularly what are

called cuicillos, scattered in every direction from the pueblo of El

Doctor to the banks of the streams that drain the valley opposite

Zimapan, and even to that of Estorax. Although beforehand I believed

that the capital was situated in the central part of Ranas, still this

idea was rather vague; but now I think I may be sure of it, since I

have found a place surrounded with little elevations, with all the

signs of a circular plaza, with many remains of monuments, which have

been destroyed through ignorance and greed. In my presence were

destroyed the last remains of a cuicillo to found a house, the work

not being checked by the presence of the bodies of a man and woman,

whose skulls, which I wished to remove, were reduced to dust by the

simple touch of the hand. This circumstance may serve to-day as a

proof that the cuicillos are nothing but mortuary monuments erected

over the sepulchres of persons of rank, more or less grand according

to the power of the pueblo, or of the relatives of the deceased." "The

idea of a remote antiquity is proved by the presence of the remains of

very large oaks which sprang up among the edifices, grew and died, and

from the ashes of which others equally large have grown up and cover

to-day the majestic remains with their shade." "The summit of the hill

on which it [the fortification] was founded is somewhat over a quarter

of a league long, and between wall and wall there is room for three

thousand men without crowding. The terrible sinking of the mountains

cut down the cliffs, which are perpendicular on the north to a height

of over eleven hundred feet. On the brow of the cliff was built the

superimposed wall of stone, of a very considerable thickness, and

terraced on the interior where the warriors were sheltered. On the

highest part of the wall there is a kind of tower, the height of which

from the bottom of the ravine is not less than sixteen hundred and

fifty feet. The hill has only one entrance, but at the same time it

has three projecting points which impeded the enemy from approaching

in sufficient numbers to make an assault. At this same point is the

tower which was perhaps the residence of the chief of the fortress,

the view from which commanded the only two roads by which the enemies

could approach." "The two fortifications (Canoas and Ranas) are about

two leagues distant one from the other, and throughout the whole

extent are seen the remains of the settlement, which territory the

natives still inhabit. That of Canoas guards the entrance of Zimapan

by way of Santo Domingo and Maconí; and that of Ranas protects the

approach to Cadereyta and Piñal de Amoles."[IX-109]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS.]

I have now mentioned all the relics of antiquity that have been found

in stated localities within the central Mexican region, which was to

constitute the geographical basis of this chapter. Besides these

relics, however, there are very many others in antiquarian

collections, public or private, in different parts of the world,

respecting which all that is known is that they are Mexican, that is,

were brought from some part of the Mexican Republic, or even from the

northern Central American states. Probably a larger part did actually

originate in that part of the Republic which has been treated of in

the present and the two preceding chapters. Very few, if any, came

from the broad northern regions, whose few scattered remains will form

the subject of the following chapter. Neither do the general remarks

of different writers on Mexican antiquities refer, except very

slightly, to any northern monuments; consequently I may introduce here

better than elsewhere such miscellaneous matter as would naturally

come at the close of my description of Nahua antiquities.

[Sidenote: THE MEXICAN MUSEUM.]

The collections in the city of Mexico, embracing relics of aboriginal

times gathered at different dates from all parts of the country, are

described by travelers as very rich, but little cared for. The public

collections were gradually united in the National Museum, where it is

to be supposed they are still preserved and cared for under government

auspices. M. de Waldeck at one time undertook the work of publishing

lithographic plates of the relics in the Museum, but never completed

it, and so far as I know no systematic catalogue has ever been given

to the public. Every visitor to the city has had something to say of

these monuments, but most have given their attention to the

calendar-stone, and a few other well-known and famous objects. Many

copies have been made by traveling artists, and such is the source

whence many of the cuts in the preceding pages have been taken.

Respecting the various private collections of Mexico, frequently

changing hands, and scattered more or less to foreign lands at every

succeeding revolution, I do not deem it important to notice them in

this place, especially as I have no information about their present

number and condition, or the effects of the French intervention.

M. de Fossey represents the Museum as containing "a hundred masks of

obsidian, of serpentine, and of marble; a collection of vases of

marble and clay; implements in clay, in wood, and in stone; metallic

mirrors; amulets and ornaments in agate, coral, and shell," all in

great confusion.[IX-110] Mr Mayer gives perhaps the most complete

account of the monuments gathered in this and some other collections

in the city of Mexico, illustrated by many cuts besides those which I

have had occasion to copy or to mention in describing the monuments of

particular localities. I make some quotations from this author

respecting miscellaneous objects. "In the city of Mexico I constantly

saw serpents, carved in stone, in the various collections of

antiquities. One was presented to me by the Conde del Peñasco, and the

drawings below represent the figures of two 'feathered serpents,'

which, after considerable labor I disinterred (I may say,) from a heap

of dirt and rubbish, old boxes, chicken-coops, and decayed fruit, in

the court-yard of the University." "The carving with which they are

covered is executed with a neatness and gracefulness that would make

them, as mere ornaments, worthy of the chisel of an ancient sculptor."

"On the benches around the walls, and scattered over the floor, are

numberless figures of dogs, monkeys, lizards, birds, serpents, all in

seemingly inextricable confusion and utter neglect." A mortar of

basalt with a coiled serpent round the rim, and a beautifully cut

human head of the same material. "In the adjoining cases [of the

Museum] are all the smaller Mexican antiquities, which have been

gathered together by the labor of many years, and arranged with some

attention to system. In one department you find the hatchets used by

the Indians; the ornaments of beads of obsidian and stone worn round

their necks; the mirrors of obsidian; the masks of the same material,

which they hung at different seasons before the faces of their idols;

their bows and arrows, and arrow-heads of obsidian, some of them so

small and beautifully cut, that the smallest birds might be killed

without injuring their plumage. In another department are the smaller

idols of the ancient Indians, in clay and stone, specimens of which,

together with the small domestic altars and vases for burning incense,

are exhibited in the following [IX-7] drawings. Many of these figures

were doubtless worn suspended around the neck, or hung on the walls of

houses, as several are pierced with holes, through which cords have

evidently passed. In the next place is a collection of Mexican vases

and cups, most of which were discovered ... in the Island of

Sacrificios," and have consequently been already mentioned. There

follow cuts of an axe and two pipes; nine small clay idols; and seven

musical instruments. Sixteen cuts of objects from the Peñasco

collection are also given.[IX-111]

[Illustration: Bronze Bells--Christy Collection.]

Mr Tylor tells us that the Uhde collection at Heidelberg is a far

finer one than that in Mexico, except in the department of

picture-writings; it contains a large number of stone idols and

trinkets, pipes, and calendars. The Christy collection in London is

particularly rich in small sculptured figures, many of them from

Central America. It includes the squatting female figure carved from

hard black basalt, fifteen inches high and seven and a half inches

wide, described by Humboldt as an Aztec priestess;[IX-112] and also

bronze needles and the bronze bells shown in the cut, which I take

from Tylor. The same author also describes and illustrates various

other relics seen by him in Mexican and European collections. These

include stone and obsidian knives, spear-heads, and arrow-heads; heads

and small idols in terra cotta; pottery, consisting of vases, altars,

censers, rattles, flageolets, and whistles; and masks of obsidian,

stone, wood, and terra-cotta. Respecting obsidian relics Mr Tylor

says, "Anyone who does not know obsidian may imagine great masses of

bottle-glass, such as our orthodox ugly wine bottles are made of, very

hard, very brittle, and--if one breaks it with any ordinary

implement--going, as glass does, in every direction but the right

one." "Out of this rather unpromising stuff the Mexicans made knives,

razors, arrow- and spear-heads, and other things, some of great

beauty. I say nothing of the polished obsidian mirrors and ornaments,

nor even of the curious masks of the human face that are to be seen in

collections, for these were only laboriously cut and polished with

jewelers' sand, to us a common-place process." "We got several

obsidian maces or lance-heads--one about ten inches long--which were

taper from base to point, and covered with taper flutings; and there

are other things which present great difficulties." "The axes and

chisels of stone are so exactly like those found in Europe that it is

quite impossible to distinguish them. The bronze hatchet-blades are

thin and flat, slightly thickened at the sides to give them strength,

and mostly of a very peculiar shape, something like a "T",

but still more resembling the section of a mushroom cut vertically

through the middle of the stalk."[IX-113] These supposed hatchets

were, according to some authorities, coins. They are extremely light

to be used as hatchets. "Many specimens are to be seen of the red and

black ware of Cholula." "The terra-cotta rattles are very

characteristic. They have little balls in them which shake about, and

they puzzled us much as the apple-dumpling did good King George, for

we could not make out very easily how the balls got inside. They were

probably attached very slightly to the inside, and so baked and then

broken loose." A cut is given of a brown lava mask from the Christy

collection, which seems to have some sculptured figures on the

inside.[IX-114]

[Illustration: Mosaic Knife--Christy Collection.]

[Sidenote: MOSAIC WORK.]

There are three very remarkable mosaic relics in the Christy

collection, one of which is the knife represented in the cut, which I

take from Waldeck's fine colored plate, although most of the

information respecting these relics comes from Tylor. The blade is of

a semi-translucent chalcedony found in the volcanic regions of Mexico.

The uncolored cut gives but a faint idea of the beauty of the handle,

which is covered with a complicated mosaic work of a bright green

turquoise, malachite, and both white and red shell. It is certainly

most extraordinary to find a people still in the stone age, as is

proved by the blade, able to execute so perfect a piece of work as the

handle exhibits. Two masks of the same style of workmanship are

preserved in the same collection. "The mask of wood is covered with

minute pieces of turquoise--cut and polished, accurately fitted, many

thousands in number, and set on a dark gum or cement. The eyes,

however, are acute-oval patches of mother-of-pearl; and there are two

small square patches of the same on the temples, through which a

string passed to suspend the mask; and the teeth are of hard white

shell. The eyes are perforated, and so are the nostrils, and the upper

and lower teeth are separated by a transverse chink.... The face,

which is well-proportioned, pleasing, and of great symmetry, is

studded also with numerous projecting pieces of turquoise, rounded and

polished." The wood is the fragrant cedar or cypress of Mexico. The

knife handle is "sculptured in the form of a crouching human figure,

covered with the skin of an eagle, and presenting the well-known and

distinctive Aztec type of the human head issuing from the mouth of an

animal." "The second mask is yet more distinctive. The incrustation of

turquoise-mosaic is placed on the forehead, face, and jaws of a human

skull.... The mosaic of turquoise is interrupted by three broad

transverse bands, on the forehead, face, and chin, of a mosaic of

obsidian similarly cut (but in larger pieces) and highly polished,--a

very unusual treatment of this difficult and intractable material, the

use of which in any artistic way, appears to have been confined to the

Aztecs (with the exception, perhaps, of the Egyptians). The eye-balls

are nodules of iron-pyrites, cut hemispherically and highly polished,

and are surrounded by circles of hard white shell, similar to that

forming the teeth of the wooden mask. The Aztecs made their mirrors of

iron-pyrites polished, and are the only people who are known to have

put this material to ornamental use." These mosaic relics, and two

similar but damaged masks at Copenhagen, are probably American, if not

Aztec; but this cannot be directly proved; for while something is

known of their European history, their origin cannot be definitely

ascertained.[IX-115]

[Illustration: Image of Huitzilopochtli.]

[Sidenote: THE AZTEC HUITZILOPOCHTLI.]

The image shown in the following cut is given by Sr Gondra as

representing the Aztec deity Huitzilopochtli, although he gives no

reason for the opinion; nor does he name the material, or dimensions

of the relic. Sr Chavero also speaks of several images of the same

god, in his possession or seen by him. They are of sandstone, granite,

marble, quartz, and one of solid gold. Several had a well-defined

beard.[IX-116] Gondra gives plates of many weapons, implements of

sculpture and sacrifice, funeral urns, and musical instruments. The

_macana_, an Aztec aboriginal weapon, shown in the cut, is copied from

one of his plates. The material is probably a basaltic stone.[IX-117]

[Illustration: An Aztec Macana.]

In 1831 a report was made to the French Geographical Society on a

collection of drawings of Mexican antiquities executed by M. Franck.

This collection embraced drawings of about six hundred objects, most

of them from the National Museum in Mexico; eighty in the museum of

the Philosophical Society at Philadelphia; forty in the Peñasco

collection in Mexico, and others belonging to Castañeda and other

private individuals. They were classified as follows: one hundred and

eighty figures of men and women; fifty-five human heads in stone or

clay; thirty masks and busts; twenty heads of different animals;

seventy-five vases; forty ornaments; six bas-reliefs; six fragments;

thirty-three flageolets and whistles; and a miscellaneous collection

of weapons, implements, and divers objects.[IX-118]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.]

[Illustration: Aztec Flageolet.]

[Illustration: Terra-Cotta Musical Instrument.]

Sixteen specimens of Mexican relics, in the possession of M.

Latour-Allard in Paris, are represented by Kingsborough unaccompanied

by explanations. The objects are mostly sculptured heads, idols, and

animals. Bullock also gives plates of six Mexican idols, about which

nothing definite is said; Humboldt pictures an idol carried by him

from Mexico to Berlin; and Nebel's plates show about thirty

miscellaneous relics, in addition to those that have been already

mentioned. Humboldt also gives an Aztec hatchet of green feldspath or

jade, which has incised figures on its surface. He remarks that he

never has found this material 'in place' in Mexico, although axes made

of it are common enough.[IX-119] The two musical instruments shown in

the cuts are taken from Waldeck's plates. Their material is terra

cotta.[IX-120] Other miscellaneous cuts and descriptions are given in

the work of the German traveler Müller, and in the appendix to the

German translation of Del Rio and Cabrera.[IX-121] José María

Bustamante told Mr Lyon of an obsidian ring, carried away by Humboldt,

which was perforated round the circumference so that a straw

introduced at one side would traverse the circle and come out again at

the same opening.[IX-122] The two idols shown in the cut were copied

by Kingsborough's artist in the British Museum. The figures of the cut

are one sixth of the original size.[IX-123] Prescott tells us that "a

great collection of ancient pottery, with various other specimens of

Aztec art, the gift of Messrs Poinsett and Keating, is deposited in

the cabinet of the American Philosophical Society, at Philadelphia," a

list of the relics having been printed in the _Transactions_ of that

Society.[IX-124]

[Illustration: Aztec Idols--British Museum.]

[Illustration: Phallic Relic in National Museum.]

[Sidenote: HIEROGLYPHIC SCULPTURES.]

The preceding cut represents a serpentine relic preserved in the

National Museum, and shown to Col. Mayer--from whose album I copy

it--by Sr Gondra as a 'cosa muy curiosa.'

[Illustration: Serpentine Hieroglyphic Block.]

Four interesting sculptured stones are represented and their

inscriptions interpreted by Sr Ramirez, in a Spanish edition of

Prescott's work. The first is a cylinder twenty-six inches long,

eleven inches in diameter, representing a bundle of straight sticks

bound with a double rope at each end. There are hieroglyphic

sculptures on one side and both ends, which are interpreted by Sr

Ramirez as a record of the feast which was celebrated at the last

'binding up of the years' in 1507. The second is a block of black lava

thirteen and a half by twelve and a half inches, bearing a serpent

carved in low relief. The third is a similar block somewhat larger,

with a sculptured inscription, supposed to represent the date of

November 28, 1456. The fourth monument is that shown in the cut. It is

a block of green serpentine, measuring thirty-eight by twenty-six

inches. According to the meaning attributed to the sculptures by

Ramirez, the lower inscription is the year 8 Acatl, or 1487; the upper

part shows the day 7 Acatl, or February 19. The left hand figure is

supposed to represent Ahuitzotl, and that on the right Tizoc. The

event commemorated by the whole sculpture is thought to be the

dedication of the great temple of Mexico, begun by Tizoc and completed

by Ahuitzotl. The same block is shown in one of Waldeck's

plates.[IX-125] I may also notice a small collection of Mexican relics

in my possession, obtained by Porter C. Bliss during his travels in

the country. This collection includes a grotesque mask of clay; a head

of terra-cotta, eight inches high and six inches wide, including

head-dress; a small head carved from limestone; a wooden teponaztli; a

copper coin or hatchet; five terra-cotta faces, whose dimensions are

generally about two inches; six fragments of pottery, mostly

ornamented with raised and indented figures--one with raised figures

added after the vessel was completed, one with painted figures, one

glazed, and one apparently engraved; and seven fragments, some of

which seem to have been handles or legs of large vessels.

I close my description of Mexican Antiquities with the two following

quotations, somewhat at variance with the matter contained in the

preceding pages. "This, like other American countries, is of too

recent civilization to exhibit any monuments of antiquity."[IX-126] "I

am informed by a person who resided long in New Spain and visited

almost every province of it, that there is not, in all the extent of

that vast empire, any monument or vestige of any building more ancient

than the conquest, nor of any bridge or highway, except some remains

of the causeway from Guadaloupe to the gate of Mexico."[IX-127] I give

in a note a list of authorities which contain descriptions more or

less complete of Mexican relics, but no information in addition to

what has been presented.[IX-128]

[Sidenote: NAHUA MONUMENTS.]

No general view or résumé of Nahua monuments seems necessary here, nor

are extensive concluding remarks called for, in addition to what has

been said in connection with particular groups of monuments, and to

the conclusions which the reader of the preceding pages will naturally

form. The most important bearing of the monuments as a whole is as a

confirmation of the Nahua civilization as it was found to exist in

the sixteenth century, reported in the pages of the conquerors and

early chroniclers, and as it has been exhibited in a preceding volume.

That there were exaggerations in the reports that have come down to us

is doubtless true, as it is very natural; but a people who could

execute the works that have been described and pictured in this and

the two preceding chapters, were surely far advanced in many of the

elements of what is termed civilization. And all this they did, it

must be remembered, while practically still in their 'stone age;' for

although copper was used by them, it has been seen that implements of

that metal but rarely occur in the list of relics described. It is

doubtful if any known people ever advanced so far under similar

circumstances--that is in their 'stone age,' or in the earlier stages

of their 'bronze age'--as did the Nahuas and Mayas of this continent.

Not only do the northern monuments confirm the reported culture

existing at the Conquest, but they agree, so far as they go, with the

traditional annals of Anáhuac during the centuries preceding the

coming of the Spaniards. Teotihuacan and Cholula differ from any works

of the later Nahua epochs; while Xochicalco and Mitla are far superior

to any known works of the Aztecs proper. All remains sustain the

traditions that the Aztecs were superior to their neighbors chiefly in

the arts of war, and that the older inhabitants were more devoted to

the arts of architecture and sculpture, if not more skillful in the

practice of them, than their successors. Still, this must not be

understood to indicate anything like a permanent deterioration, or the

beginning of a backward march of civilization, whose march is ever

onward, although making but little account of centuries or

generations.

[Sidenote: NAHUA AND MAYA RELICS.]

The comparison of Nahua with Maya monuments is a most interesting

subject, into the details of which I do not propose to enter. In the

use of the pyramidal structure, common to both branches of American

civilized nations, and in a few sculptured emblems there is doubtless

a resemblance; but this likeness is utterly insufficient to support

what has been in the past a favorite theory among writers on the

subject;--namely, that of a civilized people migrating slowly

southward, and leaving behind them traces of a gradually improving but

identical culture. The resemblances in question have in my opinion

been greatly exaggerated, and are altogether outnumbered and

outweighed by the marked contrasts, which, as they exist between the

monuments of Yucatan and Chiapas, and those of Mexico and Vera Cruz,

do not need to be pointed out to one who has studied the preceding

descriptions. It is true that the best architectural specimens of

Nahua art have been entirely destroyed, still there is no reason to

doubt that if they could be partially restored they would resemble the

structures of Vera Cruz, or at best, Xochicalco, rather than those of

Uxmal and Palenque.

The differences between the northern and southern remains, while far

more clearly marked than the resemblances, and constituting a much

more forcible argument against than in favor of the theory that all

American peoples are identical, must yet not be regarded as in any way

conclusive in the matter; for it may be noticed that the likeness is

very vague between the Nicaraguan idols of stone and those carved by

the hands of the northern Aztecs. Yet the peoples were doubtless

identical in blood and language, as the divinities which the

respective artists attempted to symbolize in stone were the same. The

reader will probably agree with me in the conclusion that, while a

comparison of northern and southern monuments is far from proving or

disproving the original identity of the Civilized Races of the Pacific

States, yet it goes far to show, in connection with the evidence of

language, tradition, and institutions, a Nahua and a Maya culture,

progressing in separate paths,--though not without contact, friction,

and intermingling,--during a long course of centuries.

FOOTNOTES:

[IX-1] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., p. 14, pl. xviii., fig. 53-4;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 243, vol. vi., p. 442, vol. iv., pl. xvi.,

fig. 53-4; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i., p. 47.

[IX-2] 'No subsisten de él sino unas grandes ruinas de templo y

caserías de cal y canto, situadas en ladera de unos cerritos.'

_Dupaix_, 1st exped., p. 5; _Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 211, vol. vi.,

p. 423.

[IX-3] _Dupaix_, 1st exped., p. 4, pl. iii., fig. 3; _Kingsborough_,

vol. v., p. 211, vol. vi., p. 422, vol. iv., pl. ii., fig. 5. 'On y

monte, du côté de l'ouest, par une rampe tracée de gauche à droite

pour le premier étage, de droite à gauche pour le second, et ainsi de

suite jusqu'au dernier.' _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div.

i., p. 26; _Klemm_, _Cultur-Geschichte_, tom. v., p. 157.

[IX-4] _Dupaix_, 3d exped., p. 5, pl. i., ii., fig. 1-3;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., pp. 285-6, vol. vi., p. 467, vol. iv., pl.

i., ii., fig. 1-3. According to Dupaix's plate the sides and summit

platform are covered with plaster. Kingsborough's plate omits the

coating of plaster and shows the remains of a ninth story. A scale

attached to the latter plate would indicate that the pyramid has a

base of 150 feet and is about 75 feet high. _Lenoir_, p. 69.

[IX-5] _Dupaix_, 1st exped., pp. 3-4, pl. i.-ii., fig. 1, 2; 2d

exped., p. 51, pl. lxi., fig. 117; _Kingsborough_, vol. v., pp.

209-10, vol. vi., pp. 421-2, vol. iv., pl. i., fig. 1-4; _Lenoir_, in

_Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i., pp. 22, 25-6, 63.

[IX-6] _Dupaix_, 1st exped., p. 10, pl. xii., fig. 13; _Kingsborough_,

vol. v., p. 217, vol. vi., p. 426, vol. iv., pl. vi., fig. 16;

_Lenoir_, p. 30. Kingsborough's plate makes the blocks of stone much

smaller than the other, shows no plaster, and represents the walls of

the summit building as still standing. Kingsborough also incorrectly

translates 'antes de San Andrés,' 'formerly San Andrés.' _Klemm_,

_Cultur-Geschichte_, tom. v., p. 157.

[IX-7] _Dupaix_, 1st exped., pp. 12-13, pl. xvii-xxii., fig. 19-24;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., pp. 219-20, vol. vi., pp. 427-8, vol. iv.,

pl. ix.-xi., fig. 21-4; _Lenoir_, pp. 31-3.

[IX-8] _Dupaix_, p. 11, pl. xvii., fig. 18, not in Kingsborough.

[IX-9] _Dupaix_, 1st exped., p. 13, pl. xxiii.-iv., fig. 25-6;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 220, vol. vi., p. 428, vol. iv., pl. xii.,

fig. 25-6; _Lenoir_, p. 33.

[IX-10] On the building and history of the pyramid, see, among many

others, _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., pp. 18-19, 155-6,

199-205; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iv., pp.

182-3.

[IX-11] _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. ii., pp. 33-4;

_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, pp. 239-40; _Id._, _Vues_, tom. i., pp.

96-124, pl. iii. (fol. ed. pl. vii., viii.); _Id._, in _Antiq. Mex._,

suppl. pl. ii.; _Dupaix_, 1st exped., p. ii., pl. xvi., fig. 17;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 218, vol. iv., pl. viii., fig. 20. It is

to be noted that there is not the slightest resemblance between the

two editions of Castañeda's drawing. _Nebel_, _Viage Pintoresco_, with

large colored plate. Other visitors to Cholula, whose accounts contain

more or less original information, are:--Poinsett, 1822, _Notes_, pp.

57-9; Bullock, 1823, _Mexico_, pp. 111-15--no plate, although the

author made a drawing; Ward, 1825, _Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 269;

Beaufoy, 1826, _Mexican Illustr._, pp. 193-5, with cuts; Latrobe,

1834, _Rambler in Mex._, p. 275; Mayer, 1841, _Mexico as it Was_, p.

26; _Mex. Aztec_, vol. ii., p. 228, with cut; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. vi., p. 582; Thompson, 1842, _Recollections of Mex._, p.

30; Tylor, 1856, _Anahuac_, pp. 274-7; Evans, 1869, _Our Sister

Republic_, pp. 428-32, with cut. Still other references on the

subject, containing for the most part nothing except what is gathered

from the preceding works, are:--_Robertson's Hist. Amer._ (8vo. ed.

1777), vol. i., p. 268; _Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._,

tom. iii., pp. 37-45, pl. vi.; _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p.

70; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., pp. 137-8; _Armin_, _Heutige Mex._,

pp. 63, 68, 72; _Wilson's Mex. and her Religion_, pp. 95-9; _Amer.

Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., p. 256, etc., from _Humboldt_, with

cut; _Baldwin's Anc. Amer._, p. 90; _Baril_, _Mex._, p. 193;

_Beltrami_, _Mexique_, tom. ii., pp. 283-8; _DeBercy_, _L'Europe et

L'Amér._, tom. ii., p. 235, etc.; _Brackett's Brigade in Mex._, pp.

154-5; _Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 76-7; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_,

_Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., p. 301, et seq.; _Calderon de la Barca's

Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 97; _Chevalier_, _Mex._, pp. 55-6; _Id._,

_Mex. Ancien et Mod._, pp. 174-9; _Combier_, _Voyage_, pp. 385-6;

_Dally_, _Sur les Races Indig._, p. 17; _Davis' Anc. Amer._, p. 9;

_Donnavan's Adven._, p. 98; _D'Orbigny_, _Voyage_, p. 331; _Fossey_,

_Mex._, p. 111; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 246; _Heller_, _Reisen_,

pp. 131-2; _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1835, tom. lxv., pp. 363-4;

_Delafield's Antiq. Amer._, p. 57; _Jourdanet_, _Mexique_, p. 20;

_Larenaudière_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 24, 45-6, plate from Dupaix;

_Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, pp. 48-9; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._,

tom. vi., pp. 461-2; _Marmier_, _Voyageurs_, tom. iii., pp. 328-9;

_Mexico, Country, etc._, p. 14; _Mex. in 1842_, pp. 80-1; _Mexico, A

Trip to_, pp. 59-60; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 140; _Mühlenpfordt_,

_Mejico_, tom. ii., pp. 232-3, 236; _Müller_, _Amerikanische

Urreligionen_, pp. 458-9, 581; _Pagés_, _Nouveau Voy._, tom. ii., pp.

385-7; _Prescott's Mex._, vol. i., p. 60, vol. ii., pp. 6-8, 26, vol.

iii., p. 380; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 128; _Saturday Mag._,

vol. v., pp. 175-6; _Scherr_, _Trauerspiel_, pp. 29-30; _Stapp's

Prisoners of Perote_, pp. 107-8; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, pp. 261-2;

_Tudor's Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 208-9; _Vigneaux_, _Souv. Mex._, p. 531;

_Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 32, 36, 180, 182; _Warden_,

_Recherches_, pp. 66-7; _Willson's Amer. Hist._, pp. 60-1, 73;

_Yonge's Mod. Hist._, p. 38; _Frost's Pict. Hist._, pp. 37-8;

_Hermosa_, _Manual Geog._, pp. 140-1; _Taylor's Eldorado_, vol. ii.,

p. 181; _Wortley's Trav._, pp. 230-1, etc.; _McCulloh's Researches in

Amer._, p. 252; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill_, _Col. Voy._, vol.

iv., p. 519; _Escalera_ and _Llana_, _Méj. Hist. Descrip._, pp. 205-6;

_Klemm_, _Cultur-Geschichte_, tom. v., p. 156; _Alcedo_,

_Diccionario_, tom. i., p. 550; _Democratic Review_, vol. xxvii., p.

425, vol. xxvi., pp. 546-7, vol. xi., p. 612; _Mansfield's Mex. War_,

p. 207; _Macgillivray's Life Humboldt_, pp. 292, 312-13; _Conder's

Mex. Guat._, vol. i., pp. 258-9, plate from Humboldt; _Prichard's Nat.

Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 509.

[IX-12] 'The large mound of earth at Cholula which the Spaniards

dignified with the name of temple, still remains, but without any

steps by which to ascend, or any facing of stone. It appears now like

a natural mount, covered with grass and shrubs, and possibly it was

never anything more.' _Robertson's Hist. Amer._, vol. i., p. 269. 'A

le voir de loin, on seroit en effet tenté de le prendre pour une

colline naturelle couverte de végétation.' 'Elle est très-bien

conservée du côte de l'ouest, et c'est la face occidentale que

présente la gravure que nous publions.' _Humboldt_, _Vues_, tom. i.,

pp. 104-5.

[IX-13] The dimensions of base, height, and summit platform

respectively, as given by different authorities, are as follows:

439×54x64¾ mètres, _Humboldt_; 530×66 varas, _Nebel_; 1069×204×165

feet, _Mayer_, according to a careful measurement by a U. S. official

in 1847; 40 varas square by actual measurement! _Dupaix_; 1423×177×208

feet, _Prescott_; 1425×177×175 feet, _Latrobe_; 1301×162×177 feet,

_Poinsett_; About 200 feet high, _Tylor_; 1310×205 feet, _Wilson_;

1335×172 feet, _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 345; 1355×170 feet,

_Ampère_, _Promenade_, tom. ii., pp. 374-80; 1388×170 feet, summit

13285 sq. feet, _Heller_, _Reisen_, pp. 131-2; said to cover an area

of over 43 acres and to be 179 feet high, but it seems much smaller

and higher. _Evans' Our Sister Rep._, pp. 428-32.

[IX-14] _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., pp. 155-6.

[IX-15] _Heller_, _Reisen_, pp. 131-2.

[IX-16] _Humboldt_, _Vues_, tom. i., pp. 127-8.

[IX-17] Foster, _Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 345, believes, on the contrary,

that the pyramid was erected with the sole object of enshrining in an

interior chamber of stone two corpses, showing that 'the industry of

the great mass of the population was at the absolute command of the

few.'

[IX-18] _Wilson's Mex. and its Relig._, pp. 95, 99. See a restoration

of Cholula, by Mothes, in _Armin_, _Heutige Mex._, pp. 63, 68, 72.

[IX-19] _Ampère_, _Promenade_, tom. ii., pp. 373, 380. 'On découvre

encore, du côté occidental, vis-a-vis du Cerro de Tecaxete et de

Zapoteca, deux masses parfaitement prismatiques. L'une de ces masses

porte aujourd'hui le nom d'Alcosac ou d'Istenenetl, l'autre celui du

Cerro de la Cruz; la dernière, construite en pisé, n'est élevée que de

15 mètres.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, pp. 240-1.

[IX-20] _Dupaix_, 1st exped., pp. 10-11, pl. xiii.-v., fig. 14-16;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 218; vol. vi., p. 427, vol. iv., pl.

viii., fig. 17-18; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i., pp.

23, 30.

[IX-21] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., p. 52.

[IX-22] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., pp. 52-3, pl. lx., lxii., fig. 118-19;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 279, vol. vi., p. 464, vol. iv., pl. lii.,

fig. 120-1; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, p. 63.

[IX-23] _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. ii., pp. 265-6.

[IX-24] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., pp. 53-5, pl. lxii.-vii., fig. 120-8;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., pp. 279-81, vol. vi., pp. 464-5, vol. iv.,

pl. lii.-liv., fig. 121-5; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div.

i., pp. 64-6.

[IX-25] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., pp. 55-56, pl. lxviii.-ix., fig. 129-30;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 282, vol. vi., p. 466, vol. iv., pl. lv.,

fig. 129-30; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i., pp. 66-7;

_Larenaudière_, _Mex. Guat._, pl. vii., from Dupaix; _Almaraz_, _Mem.

Metlaltoyuca_, p. 33, lithograph without description.

[IX-26] 'On voit encore beaucoup de restes de cette grande muraille,

conservés avec d'autant plus de soin qu'il s'y trouve des quartiers de

roc de plus de vingt pieds d'épaisseur.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_,

_Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iv., p. 135; _Lorenzana_, in _Cortés_, _Hist.

N. España_, pp. vi.-vii.; _Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 104-5.

Additional references to slight notices of ruins and relics in the

region about Tlascala, containing no available information, are as

follows: _Camargo_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1843, tom.

xcviii., pp. 135-7; _Helps' Span. Conq._, vol. ii., p. 423;

_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pp. 238, 240. The _Historical

Magazine_, vol. x., pp. 308-10, has an extract from a Mexican

newspaper, in which reference is made to an official report of a

prefect of the department, announcing the discovery of two magnificent

cities. They were probably identical with some of the ruins already

described in Vera Cruz.

[IX-27] _Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., p.

691.

[IX-28] _Id._, p. 694.

[IX-29] Pp. 467-9 of this volume.

[IX-30] Respecting the figures within the circle, Dupaix, 1st exped.,

p. 14, says 'la parte derecha dividida en dos cuarteles. En el

superior aparece como un plano de ciudad á la orilla de un lago (cual

puede ser la de Chalco).' 'Au-dessus est une tête, que Dupaix désigne

comme celle d'un aigle, mais que je crois être une pièce d'armure,

savoir, un casque ou morion.' _Lenoir_, _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div.

i., p. 34.

[IX-31] 'Il semble porter, à la partie antérieure de l'aîle, le bâton

augural, ce qui lui donnerait un caractère religieux. L'aigle, emblême

du Mexique, était affecté à Vitzlipuztli, et cette seule circonstance

donne de l'importance à cette représentation, qui a donné son nom au

lieu où elle fut trouvée: _Quautetl_ ou _aigle de pierre_. Dans toute

l'Antiquité, l'aigle fut mis au rang des oiseaux sacrés. Il était

affecté, en Grèce, à Jupiter, et en Égypte, à Osiris. C'était

l'_accipiter_ ou épervier qui, selon Ælien, était l'image, du dieu

_Horus_, ou d'Apollon. A Thèbes, au solstice d'hiver, on plaçait cet

oiseau sur l'autel d'Osiris; il était richement paré, mitré ou

courronné du _pschent_, et portant sur l'épaule le bâton pastoral,

dans la même position que l'aigle Mexicain que nous avons sous les

yeux. Ceci est digne de remarque.' _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom.

ii., div. i., p. 35. On the Cuernavaca sculptures see _Dupaix_, 1st

exped., pp. 13-14, pl. xxvii-xxx., fig. 29-32; _Kingsborough_, vol.

v., pp. 221-2., vol. vi., p. 429, vol. iv., pl. xiii-v., fig. 29-31;

_Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., p. 549.

[IX-32] _Descripcion de las Antigüedades de Xochicalco_, supplement to

_Gaceta de Literatura_, Nov. 1791, also reprint of _Id._, tom. ii.;

also preliminary mention in _Id._, February 8, 1791, tom. ii., p. 127.

Dr Gamarra made a compendium of the MS. before its publication, and

sent the same to Italy. An Italian translation of Alzate's account was

published with the original plates in _Marquez_, _Due Antichi

Monumenti_, pp. 14-29, and re-translated from Marquez, in _Dupaix_,

1st exped., pp. 18-20.

[IX-33] _Humboldt_, _Vues_, tom. i., pp. 129-37, (fol. ed. pl. ix.);

_Id._, _Essai Pol._, pp. 189-90; _Id._, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i.,

div. ii., pp. 15-17. 'M. Humboldt, ... n'a-t-il pas suivi à la lettre

l'inexacte description de la pyramide de Xochicalco par le P. Alzate,

et n'a-t-il pas fait dans le dessin qu'il donne de ce monument, une

seconde édition des erreurs de son modèle?' _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._,

p. 69; _Nebel_, _Viage Pintoresco_, pl. ix.-x., xix.-xx.; _Revista

Mexicana_, tom. i., pp. 539-50, reprinted in _Diccionario Univ.

Geog._, tom. x., pp. 938-42; _Dupaix_, 1st exped., pp. 14-18, pl.

xxxi.-ii., fig. 33-6; _Kingsborough_, vol. v., pp. 222-4, vol. iv.,

pl. xv.-vi.; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i., pp. 35-6.

Tylor pronounces Castañeda's drawings grossly incorrect. Other

accounts by visitors, are found in _Latrobe's Rambler_, pp. 241-3;

_Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 180-7; _Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol.

ii., pp. 283-5, with cuts; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi.,

pp. 583-4, pl. xi.; _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 183-95; _Löwenstern_,

_Mexique_, pp. 208-12, 273-81. Other references to compiled accounts

are:--_Prescott's Mex._, vol. iii., pp. 403-4; _Carbajal_, _Hist.

Mex._, tom. i., pp. 203-4; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mex._, pp. 98-9, cut;

_Baldwin's Anc. Amer._, pp. 89-90; _Hartmann_, _Californien_, tom.

ii., p. 86; _Fossey_, _Mex._, pp. 302-3; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_,

_Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., p. 329; _Larenaudière_, _Mex. Guat._, pp.

46-9, plate; _Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 78-9; _Malte-Brun_,

_Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 460; _Democratic Review_, vol. xi.,

p. 612; _Baril_, _Mexique_, p. 70; _Cortés' Despatches_, p. 244;

_Priest's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 276-7; _Macgillivray's Life of Humboldt_,

p. 308; _Delafield's Antiq. Amer._, p. 58; _Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex._,

pp. 49-53, cut; _Norman's Rambles in Yuc._, p. 171; _Frost's Great

Cities_, pp. 295-300, cut; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. i., pp. 339-40;

_Illustrated London News_, June 1, 1867, cut.

[IX-34] Xochicalco, 'castle of flowers,' according to _Diccionario

Univ. Geog._, tom. x., p. 938.

[IX-35] Alzate's barometrical observations, as reckoned by himself,

made the height 289 feet; from the same observations Humboldt makes it

384; 279 feet, _Dupaix_; 369, _Nebel_; about 400, _Tylor_; about 333,

_Revista Mex._

[IX-36] According to the _Revista_, the gallery leads south 193 feet

(_a_, _b_, of plan 83 feet), then west 166 feet (not on plan), and

terminates in what seems and is said by the natives to be an

intentional obstruction. 83 feet from the entrance (_a_, _c_, of plan

16½ feet) a branch leads east 138 feet (_c_, _k_, of plan 81 feet) to

the room. I have no doubt that these dimensions are more accurate than

Dupaix's. The _Revista_ account of the room, so far as it is

intelligible, agrees well enough with the plan.

[IX-37] These are the dimensions given in the _Revista_, 100 by 87

mètres. Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 15, says 89 by 102 varas.

[IX-38] Dimensions in English feet--length east and west, width north and

south, and height of 1st story, always in the same order--according to

different authorities:--64½ by -- by 16 feet, _Nebel_, plate; 69 by 61

by --, _Dupaix_; -- by 43 by 9½, _Id._, plate; 58 by 69 by 11,

_Alzate_ and _Humboldt_; 63 by 58 by 19, _Revista Mex._ The side shown

in Dupaix's plate as 43 feet may be the northern or southern, instead

of the eastern or western, according as the stairway is on the north

or west.

[IX-39] 'Pórfido granítico,' _Revista Mex._, p. 548. 'Basalto

porfírico,' _Nebel_. Basalt, _Löwenstern_, _Mex._, pp. 209-10. 'La

calidad de piedra de esta magnífica arquitectura es de piedra

vitrificable, y por la mayor parte de aquella piedra con que forman

las muelas ó piedras para moler trigo: tambien hay de color

blanquecino, siendo de notar, que en muchas leguas à la redonda no se

halla semejante calidad de piedra.' _Alzate_, p. 8.

[IX-40] Kingsborough's edition of Castañeda's drawing bears not the

slightest likeness to that in the _Antiq. Mex._, copied above. It is

possible that the latter was made up at Paris from Alzate's plate.

[IX-41] 'El primer destruidor, comparable al zapatero que quemó el

templo de Diana Efesina, fué un fulano Estrada; su atrevimiento

permanezca en oprobio para con los amantes de la antigüedad.'

_Alzate_, p. 8. Humboldt, _Vues_, tom. i., p. 132, gives 1750 as the

date when the five stories yet remained in place.

[IX-42] _London Illustrated News_, June 1, 1867. Alzate and Mayer also

give restorations.

[IX-43] 'A part ce monument, Mexico ne possède intact et debout aucun

vestige de constructions antiques.' _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, p. 72.

'No se puede poner en duda el destino absolutamente militar de estos

trabajos, ni rehusarse á creer que tuvieron por objeto especial la

defensa del monumento que encerraban, cuya importancia puede

apreciarse, atendiendo á los medios empleados para su seguridad.'

'Todos los viageros convienen en la nobleza de la estructura y en la

regularidad de proporciones del monumento. La inclinacion de las

paredes, la elegancia del friso y la cornisa, _son de un efecto

notable_.' In the sculptures 'se hallan proporciones regulares, y

mucha espresion en las cabezas y en el adorno de las figuras; mientras

que en las otras (Aztec) no se descubren sino vestígios de barbarie.

Las estatuas aztecas, informes y desproporcionadas, en nada

manifiestan la imitacion de la naturaleza; y si en ellas se observa

frecuentemente una ejecucion algo correcta, con mas frecuencia se ven

todavia cabezas desmedidas, narices ecsageradas y frentes deprimidas

hasta la estravagancia.' _Revista Mex._, tom. i., pp. 539, 542, 549.

'Les naturels du village voisin de Tetlama possèdent une carte

géographique construite avant l'arrivée des Espagnols, et à laquelle

on a ajouté quelques noms depuis la conquête; sur cette carte, à

l'endroit où est situé le monument de Xochicalco, on trouve la figure

de deux guerriers qui combattent avec des massues, et dont l'un est

nommé Xochicatli, et l'autre Xicatetli. Nous ne suivrons pas ici les

antiquaires mexicains dans leurs discussions étymologiques, pour

apprendre si l'un de ces guerriers a donné le nom à la colline de

Xochicalco, ou si l'image des deux combattans désigne simplement une

bataille entre deux nations voisines, ou enfin si la dénomination de

_Maison des fleurs_ a été donnée au monument pyramidal, parce que les

Toltèques, comme les Péruviens, n'offroient à la divinité que des

fruits, des fleurs et de l'encens.' _Humboldt_, _Vues_, tom. i., pp.

135-6.

[IX-44] _Mex._, _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., p.

649.

[IX-45] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., p. 13, pl. xvii., fig. 52;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 243, vol. vi., p. 442, vol. iv., pl. xv.,

fig. 52; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i., p. 46.

[IX-46] _Dupaix_, 1st exped., p. 13, pl. xxv.-vi., fig. 27-8;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., p. 221, vol. vi., pp. 428-9, vol. iv., pl.

xii., fig. 27-8; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i., pp.

33-4.

[IX-47] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., pp. 11-13, pl. xv.-vii., fig. 44-51;

_Kingsborough_, vol. v., pp. 241-3, vol. vi., p. 441, vol. iv., pl.

xiii.-xv., fig. 44-51; _Lenoir_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. i.,

pp. 45-6; _Baldwin's Anc. Amer._, pp. 122-3--with a remark that

'telescopic tubes' have been found in Mississippi mounds and in Peru.

[IX-48] _Dupaix_, 2d exped., pp. 3-11, pl. i.-xiv., fig. 1-43;

_Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. v., pp. 228-40, vol. vi., pp.

432-40, vol. iv., pl. i.-xii., fig. 1-43; _Lenoir_, _Parallèle_, pp.

37-45; _Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., pp.

477, 486, 500, 502, 521; _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., p. 21;

_Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., pp. 66-9, pl.

xii.

[IX-49] _Leon y Gama_, _Dos Piedras_, pt. ii., p. 80; _Lyon's

Journal_, vol. ii., p. 113; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat.

Civ._, tom. iv., p. 11; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 268;

_Prescott's Mex._, vol. i., p. 142; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, pp. 124-5;

_Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., pp. 230-1; _Latrobe's Rambler_, p. 176.

[IX-50] _Alzate y Ramirez_, _Gacetas_, Oct. 2, 1792, reprint, tom.

ii., pp. 457-9; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, pp. 260-5, and scattered

remarks, pp. 273-81; _Id._, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p.

107.

[IX-51] _Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, p. 78, with reference to _Latrobe_;

_Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, pp. 258-60; _Baril_, _Mexique_, p. 70.

[IX-52] _Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., pp.

241-2.

[IX-53] _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 244.

[IX-54] 4 by 4 by 1 mètres, circle 3.4 mètres in diameter. _Humboldt_,

_Vues_, tom. ii., p. 85, (or 3.04 mètres, 9 feet 6½ inches, according

to _Antiq. Mex._) 'La nature de cette pierre n'est pas calcaire, comme

l'affirme M. Gama, mais de porphyre trappén gris-noirâtre, à base de

wacke basaltique. En examinant avec soin des fragments détachés, j'y

ai reconnu de l'amphibole, beaucoup de cristaux très alongés de

feldspath vitreux, et, ce qui est assez remarquable, des paillettes de

mica. Cette roche, fendillée et remplie de petites cavités, est

dépourvue de quarz, comme presque toutes les roches de la formation de

trapp. Comme son poids actuel est encore de plus de quatre cent

quatre-vingt-deux quintaux (24,400 kilogrammes).' _Id._, in _Antiq.

Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p. 22, supl. pl. v.; _Id._, _Vues_, tom. i.,

p. 332, et seq., tom. ii., pp. 1, et seq., 84, pl. viii. (fol. ed.,

pl. xxiii.). 4½ by 4½ by 1 varas, diameter of circle a little over 4

varas. 'La figura de esta piedra debió ser en su orígen un

paralelepípedo rectángulo, lo que manifiesta bien (aunque la faltan

algunos pedazos considerables, y en otros partes está bastante

lastimada) por los ángulos que aun mantiene, los que demuestran las

extremidades que permanecen menos maltratadas.' _Leon y Gama_, _Dos

Piedras_, pt. i., pp. 92, 2-3; _Id._, _Saggio Astron._, Rome, 1804. p.

130. Reply to Alzate's criticism, _Id._, pt. ii., pp. 24-5. See

_Alzate y Ramirez_, _Gacetas_, tom. ii., p. 421. Original weight as it

came from the quarry nearly 50 tons. _Prescott's Mex._, vol. i., p.

142. Dug up on Dec. 17, 1790. _Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq.

Mex._, tom. iii., pp. 47-54, pl. viii. 11 feet 8 inches in diameter.

_Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 126-8. 12 feet in diameter, of porous

basalt. _Bullock's Mexico_, pp. 333-4. 'Basalto porfírico,' circle 9

feet in diameter. _Nebel_, _Viaje_. 11 feet diameter. _Fossey_,

_Mexique_, p. 217. 27 feet in circumference. _Bradford's Amer.

Antiq._, p. 109.

[IX-55] _Charnay_, _Ruines Amér._, phot. i.

[IX-56] Additional references on the Calendar-Stone:--_Tylor's

Anahuac_, pp. 238-9; _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. i., p. 117,

cuts; Id., in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 590, with plate;

_Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., pp. 70,

94-103, 114.

[IX-57] _Leon y Gama_, _Dos Piedras_, pt. ii., pp. 46-73. Discovered

December 17, 1791; 3 varas, 1 pulgada, 4½ lineas in diameter; 1 vara,

1 pulgada high; material a hard, dark-colored, fine grained stone,

which admits of a fine polish. Humboldt gives the dimensions 3 mètres

diameter, 11 décimètres high; he also says the groups are 20 in

number. _Vues_, tom. i., pp. 315-24, (fol. ed. pl. xxi.); _Id._, in

_Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., pp. 20-1, suppl. pl. iv., showing

the rim. Nebel, _Viaje_, gives plates of upper surface,--showing,

however, no groove--all the groups on the rim, and one group on a

larger scale. He says the material is 'basalto porfírico,' and the

dimensions 9×3 feet. Bullock, _Mexico_, pp. 335-6, says, 25 feet in

circumference. He also took a plaster cast of this stone. A mass of

basalt 9 feet in diameter, and 3 feet high, believed by the author to

be in reality a sacrificial stone. _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp.

119-22; _Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. i., pp. 114-15; _Id._, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 586, with plates and cuts in each

work. According to Fossey, _Mexique_, p. 214, the sculptured figures

represent a warrior as victorious over 14 champions. 'I think that it

is the best specimen of sculpture which I have seen amongst the

antiquities of Mexico.' _Thompson's Mex._, p. 122; _Latrobe's

Rambler_, pp. 171-2; _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. v., p. 340,

vol. iv., pl. unnumbered; _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 224; _Bradford's Amer.

Antiq._, p. 108; _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. i., p. 85, with

plate.

[IX-58] See vol. iii., pp. 396-402, of this work, for a résumé of

Gama's remarks on this idol.

[IX-59] Respecting the god Huitzilopochtli, see vol. iii., pp.

288-324, of this work.

[IX-60] 3.0625 by 2 by 1.83 varas; of sandstone: '156 de las piedras

arenarias que describe en su mineralogía el Señor Valmont de Bomare,

dura, compacta, y dificil de extraer fuego de ella con el acero;

semejante á la que se emplea en los molinos.' _Leon y Gama_, _Dos

Piedras_, pt. i., pp. 1-3, 9-10, 34-44, with 5 plates. Reply to

Alzate, _Gacetas_, tom. ii., p. 416, who pronounced the stone a kind

of granite. _Id._, pt. ii., pp. 8-10. 'Plus de trois mètres de hauteur

et deux mètres de largeur.' 'La pierre qui a servi à ce monument, est

une _wakke_ basaltique gris bleuâtre, fendillée et remplie de

feldspath vitreux.' 'En jetant les yeux sur l'idole figurée ... telle

qu'elle se présente ... on pourrait d'abord être tenté de croire que

ce monument est un _teotetl_, _pierre divine_, une espèce de bétyle,

orné de sculptures, une roche sur laquelle sont gravés des signes

hiéroglyphiques. Mais, lorsqu'on examine de plus près cette masse

informe, on distingue, à la partie supérieure, les têtes de deux

monstres accolés; et l'on trouve, à chaque face, deux yeux et une

large gueule armée de quatre dents. Ces figures monstrueuses

n'indiquent peut-être que des masques: car, chez les Mexicains, on

étoit dans l'usage de masquer les idoles à l'époque de la maladie d'un

roi, et dans toute autre calamité publique. Les bras et les pieds sont

cachés sous une draperie entourée d'énormes serpents, et que les

Mexicains désignoient sous le nom de _cohuatlicuye_, _vêtement de

serpent_. Tous ces accessoires, surtout les franges en forme de

plumes, sont sculptés avec le plus grand soin.' _Humboldt_, _Vues_,

tom. ii., pp. 148-61, (fol. ed., pl. xxix.); _Id._, _Antiq. Mex._,

tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl. pl. vi., fig. 9. 9 feet high.

_Nebel_, _Viaje_, with large plate. Dug up for Bullock, who made a

plaster cast in 1823. _Bullock's Mexico_, pp. 337-42. Description with

plates in _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. i., pp. 108-11; _Id._,

_Mex. as it Was_, pp. 109-14; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

vi., pp. 585-6, pl. viii. 5 feet wide and 3 feet thick. 'The most

hideous and deformed that the fancy can paint.' _Latrobe's Rambler_,

pp. 171, 175-6; _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 221-3; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p.

214.

[IX-61] _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 123-4; _Leon y Gama_, _Dos

Piedras_, pt. ii., p. 73-4.

[IX-62] _Humboldt_, _Vues_, tom. ii., p. 158; _Id._, in _Antiq. Mex._,

tom. i., div. ii., p. 27; _Leon y Gama_, _Dos Piedras_, pt. i., pp.

11-12, pt. ii., pp. 73-111.

[IX-63] _Mayer_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 589, pl. vi.;

_Id._, _Mex. as it Was_, pp. 100-1; _Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol.

ii., p. 274; _Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii.,

pp. 89-90, pl. xvi.

[IX-64] _Mosaico Mex._, tom. iii., pp. 402-3, with plates; _Calderon

de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., p. 203; _Mayer's Mex. as it

Was_, pp. 85-8, 97; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., pl. v.,

fig. 3.

[IX-64] _Bullock's Mexico_, pp. 326-8. Plates of six other relics,

perhaps found in the city.

[IX-65] _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 31-2, 85-8. 'Indio triste' also

in _Mosaico Mex._, tom. iii., pp. 165-8.

[IX-66] _Anahuac_, p. 138.

[IX-67] _Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., pp.

103-8, pl. xxi-ii.

[IX-68] _Chavero_, in _Gallo_, _Hombres Ilustres_, Mex. 1873, tom. i.,

p. 151.

[IX-69] See vol. iii., pp. 355-7, 413-15, of this work.

[IX-70] Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iv., pp. 303-5,

speaks of 'les murs gigantesques de ses palais, les statues mutilées,

à demi enfoncés dans le sol, les blocs énormes de basalte et de

porphyre sculptés, épars dans les champs de Tetzcuco.' Bullock,

_Mexico_, pp. 381-7, 399-400, says, 'you pass by the large aqueduct

for the supply of the town, still in use, and the ruins of several

stone buildings of great strength.... Foundations of ancient buildings

of great magnitude.... On entering the gates, to the right are seen

those artificial tumuli, the teocalli of unburnt brick so common in

most Indian towns.' The site of the palace of the kings of Tezcuco

extended 300 feet on sloping terraces with small steps; some terraces

are still entire and covered with cement. It must have occupied some

acres of ground, and was built of huge blocks of basalt 4 or 5 by 2½

or 3 feet. 'The raised mounds of brick are seen on all sides, mixed

with aqueducts, ruins of buildings of enormous strength, and many

large square structures nearly entire.... Fragments of sculptured

stones constantly occur near the church, the market-place, and

palace.' Both Brasseur and Bullock are somewhat given to exaggeration,

and they also refer, probably, to other remains in the vicinity yet to

be described. 'The ruins of tumuli, and other constructions of unbaked

bricks, intermingled with platforms and terraces of considerable

extent, are still to be traced; and it is asserted, that many of the

Spanish edifices are constructed out of the ruins of the Teocallis.'

_Latrobe's Rambler_, pp. 184-5. Other authorities on Tezcuco: _Nebel_,

_Viaje_; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, p. 221; _Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._,

vol. ii., pp. 274-6; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., pl.

v., fig. 7; _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 96, 150, 236, 262-3, with cuts;

_Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 76, 83, 110; _Beaufoy_, in _Antiq.

Mex._, tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 70-1; _Mexico_, _Anales del Ministerio

de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., pp. 448-9, 719; _Willson's Amer. Hist._,

p. 73; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. i., p. 332; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._,

p. 132.

[IX-71] On Nezahualcoyotl's country palace at Tezcocingo, see vol.

ii., pp. 168-73, of this work.

[IX-72] Bath 12 by 8 feet, with well in centre 5 feet in diameter and

4 feet deep, surrounded by a parapet 2½ feet high, 'with a throne or

chair, such as is represented in ancient pictures to have been used by

the kings.' _Bullock's Mexico_, pp. 390-3. 'His majesty used to spend

his afternoons here on the shady side of the hill, apparently sitting

up to his middle in water like a frog, if one may judge by the height

of the little seat in the bath.' _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 152-3;

_Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr._, pp. 194-5; _Id._, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom.

ii., div. ii., p. 70. The aqueduct 'is a work very nearly or quite

equal in the labor required for its construction to the Croton

Aqueduct.' _Thompson's Mex._, pp. 143-6; _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._,

vol. ii., pp. 276-8; _Id._, _Mex. as it Was_, pp. 86, 233-4, with the

cut copied, another of the aqueduct, and a third representing an idol

called the 'god of silence;' _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., pp. 296-7;

_Prescott's Mex._, vol. i., pp. 182-4; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, pp.

252-3; _Vigne's Travels_, vol. i., p. 27; _Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex._,

pp. 54-8; _Id._, _Great Cities_, pp. 302-4.

[IX-73] _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 155-6; _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol.

ii., pp. 278-9; _Latrobe's Rambler_, pp. 190-1.

[IX-74] _Latrobe's Rambler_, p. 192.

[IX-75] _Bullock's Mexico_, pp. 395-9. This author also speaks of a

'broad covered way between two huge walls which terminate near a

river,' on the road to Tezcuco. _Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr._, pp. 196-7,

cut of idol; _Latrobe's Rambler_, pp. 184-5; _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp.

153-4, with cut of bridge; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 296; _Mexico,

Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., p. 615; _Conder's

Mex. Guat._, vol. i., p. 335; _Aubin_, in _Brasseur de Bourbourg_,

_Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., p. 355; _Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 78,

85; _Beaufoy_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70.

[IX-76] _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., pp.

148-51.

[IX-77] _Almaraz_, _Apuntes sobre las Pirámides de San Juan

Teotihuacan_, in _Id._, _Mem. de los Trabajos ejecutados por la

Comision de Pachuca_, 1864, pp. 349-58. Linares, _Soc. Mex. Geog.,

Boletin_, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5, wrote an account which seems

to be made up from the preceding. See also: _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant.

del Messico_, tom. ii., pp. 34-5; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i.,

pp. 187-9; _Id._, _Vues_, tom. i., pp. 100-2; _Id._, in _Antiq. Mex._,

tom. i., div. ii., pp. 11-12; _Bullock's Mexico_, pp. 411-18, with

pl.; _Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr._, pp. 189-93, with cut; _Ward's Mexico_,

vol. ii., pp. 214-15, 295; _Latrobe's Rambler_, pp. 194-217; _Mayer's

Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 279; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,

vol. vi., p. 583; _Thompson's Mex._, pp. 139-43; _Tylor's Anahuac_,

pp. 96, 141-4; _García_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii.,

pp. 198-200. The preceding authorities are arranged chronologically:

the following are additional references:--_Nouvelles Annales des

Voy._, 1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9; _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom.

i., pp. 239-40, 247-9; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 315-16; _Brasseur de

Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., pp. 15, 148-51, 197-8;

_Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 514;

_Bullock's Across Mex._, pp. 165-6; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, pp.

248-50, 272-81; _Heller_, _Reisen_, p. 157; _Tudor's Nar._, vol. ii.,

pp. 277-9; _Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., pp.

38-41; _Chevalier_, _Mexique_, p. 51; _Nebel_, _Viaje_, plates of

terra-cotta heads; _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., pp. 254-5;

_Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 80-1; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. i.,

pp. 336-9; _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., pp. 236-7;

_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 131; _Müller_, _Amerikanische

Urreligionen_, p. 459; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 509;

_Delafield's Antiq. Amer._, pp. 56-7; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p.

186; _McCulloh's Researches in Amer._, pp. 252-3; _García y Cubas_, in

_Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. i., p. 37; _Klemm_,

_Cultur-Geschichte_, tom. v., p. 155; _Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex._, pp.

53-4; _Id._, _Great Cities_, pp. 298-303; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom.

i., pp. 138-9; _Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, pp. 24, 44-5;

_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 460; _Willson's Amer.

Hist._, p. 598; _Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom.

i., pp. 530-1, 719; _Baril_, _Mexique_, p. 70; _Mühlenpfordt_,

_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 269; _Beaufoy_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom.

ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, pp. 103-5;

_Vigne's Travels_, vol. i., p. 28; _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 117-18.

[IX-78] These are the dimensions given by Almaraz, except those of the

summit platform, which are only an estimate by Beaufoy. The following

are the dimensions as given by different authors: 130 by 156 by 42

mètres. _Almaraz_; 44 mètres high. _Humboldt_, according to

measurements of Sr Oteyza; 360 by 480 by 150 feet. _Gemelli Careri_;

---- by 645 by 170 feet. _Heller_; 130 by 156 by 44 mètres. _Linares_.

Others take the dimensions generally from Humboldt.

[IX-79] 'On les prendrait pour ces turgescences terrestres qu'on

trouve dans les lieux jadis bouleversés par les feux souterrains.'

_Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 315. Veytia, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., pp.

247-9, says the pyramid was round instead of rectangular, and that it

had three terraces, although in Boturini's time no traces of them

remained. 'It required a particular position whence to behold them,

united with some little _faith_, in order to discover the pyramidal

form at all.' _Tudor's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 277. 'To say the truth, it

was nothing but a heap of earth made in steps like the pyramids of

Egypt; only that these are of stone.' _Gemelli Careri_, in

_Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 514. 'Ils formoient quatre

assises, dont on ne reconnoit aujourd'hui que trois.' 'Un escalier

construit en grandes pierres de taille, conduisoit jadis à leur cime.'

'Chacune des quatres assises principales étoit subdivisée en petits

gradins d'un mètre de haut, dont on distingue encore les arrêtes.'

_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 188. Mayer, _Mex. as it Was_, p.

223, says that three stories are yet distinctly visible. 'The line

from base to summit was broken by three terraces, or perhaps four,

running completely round them.' _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 142-3.

[IX-80] 'Leur noyau est d'argile mêlée de petites pierres: il est

revêtu d'un mur épais de _tezontli_ ou amygdaloïde poreuse.'

_Humboldt_, _Vues_, tom. i., pp. 101-2. 'On y reconnoît, en outre, des

traces d'une couche de chaux qui enduit les pierres par dehors.'

_Id._, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 157. 'In many places, I discovered

the remains of the coating of cement with which they were incrusted in

the days of their perfection.' _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, p. 223.

'Arcilla y piedras,' covered with a conglomerate of tetzontli and mud,

and a coating of polished lime, which has a blue tint. _Linares_, in

_Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5. 'En argile

... avec révêtement en pierre.' _Chevalier_, _Mexique_, p. 50. 'No

trace of regular stone work or masonry of any kind.' _Bullock's Across

Mex._, p. 165. Originally covered with a white cement bearing

inscriptions. _Glennie_, according to _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._,

1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9. Built of clay and stone. _Heller_,

_Reisen_, p. 157. Salmon-colored Stucco. _Latrobe._ Unhewn stones of

all shapes and sizes. _Thompson._ Stones and pebbles, faced with

porous stone. _García._ Adobes, stones, clay, and mortar, with a

casing of hewn stone and smooth stucco. _Tylor._ A conglomerate of

common volcanic stones and mud mortar with the faces smoothed.

_Beaufoy._ Masses of falling stone and masonry, red cement, 8 or 10

inches thick, of lime and pebbles. _Bullock._ 'It is true, that on

many parts of the ascent masses of stone and other materials, strongly

cemented together, announce the devices and workmanship of man; but on

penetrating this exterior coating nothing further was perceptible than

a natural structure of earth' like any natural hill with many loose

stones. An American engineer who had made excavations confirmed the

idea that the pyramids were natural, although artificially shaped.

_Tudor's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 278.

[IX-81] Humboldt's dimensions, according to Oteyza's measurements are,

208 mètres (682 feet) long and 55 mètres (180 feet) high. 645 feet

square, _Bullock_; 480 by 600 feet, _Beaufoy_; 182 feet square,

_García_; 221 feet high, _Mayer_; 221 feet high, _Thompson_. Round,

297 varas in diameter, 270 varas (745 feet!) high, _Veytia_, according

to Boturini's measurements; 60 mètres high, _Löwenstern_; 720 by 480

by 185 feet, _Gemelli Careri_.

[IX-82] See pp. 74, 380, of this volume.

[IX-83] Linares, _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 3ra época, tom. i., pp.

103-5, calls it Mijcahotle. Brasseur, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., pp.

148-51, applies the name to the whole plain, called by the Spaniards

Llano de los Cues.

[IX-84] _Almaraz_, _Apuntes_, pp. 354-5, with plate.

[IX-85] 'It is certain, that where they stand, there was formerly a

great city, as appears by the vast ruins about it, and by the grots or

dens, as well artificial as natural.' _Gemelli Careri_, in

_Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 514. Ruins of streets and

plazas. _Linares_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 3ra época, tom. i.,

p. 104.

[IX-86] _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 222-5, with cut. Thompson,

_Mex._, p. 140, alluding probably to the same monument, locates it 'a

few hundred yards from the pyramids, in a secluded spot, shut closely

in by two small hillocks,' pronounces it undoubtedly a sacrificial

stone, and estimates the weight at 25 tons. Beaufoy also speaks of an

unsculptured sacrificial stone 11 by 4 by 4 feet. 'Une fort grande

pierre semblable à une tombe, couverte d'hiéroglyphes.' _Fossey_,

_Mexique_, p. 316. 'A massive stone column half buried in the ground.'

_Bullock's Across Mex._, p. 166.

[IX-87] _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., pp. 239-40, 247-9;

_Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., p. 39;

_Gemelli Careri_, p. 514. Bullock, _Across Mex._, p. 165, says he saw

as late as 1864, on the summit of the House of the Moon, an altar of

two blocks, covered with white plaster evidently recent, with an

aperture in the centre of the upper block, supposed to have carried

off the blood of victims.

[IX-88] _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. vii., p. 10. 'One may shut his

eyes and drop a dollar from his hand, and the chances are at least

equal that it will fall upon something of the kind.' _Thompson's

Mex._, p. 140. Plates of 12 terra-cotta heads in _Nebel_, _Viaje_.

Cuts of 8 heads, some the same as Nebel's, in _Mayer's Mex. as it

Was_, p. 227.

[IX-89] Sr Antonio García y Cubas, a member of the commission whose

description of Teotihuacan I have used as my chief authority, has

since published an _Ensayo de un Estudio comparativo entre las

Pirámides Egípcias y Mexicanas_, Mexico, 1871, which I have received

since writing the preceding pages. He gives the same plan and view

that I have used, also a plan of the Egyptian pyramids in the plain of

Ghizeh, and a plate representing part of a human face in stone from

Teotihuacan. The author made some additional observations subsequently

to the exploration of the commission, and gives the following

dimensions, which vary somewhat from those I have given, especially

the height: Sun--232 by 220 by 66 mètres; summit, 18 by 32 mètres;

slope, north and south 31° 3´, east and west 36°; direction, E. to W.

southern side, 83° N.W.; direction, N. to S. eastern side, 7° N.E.

Direction, 'road of the dead' 8° 45´ N.E.; line through centres of the

two pyramids, 10° N.W. Moon--156 by 130 by 46 mètres; eastern slope,

31° 30, southern slope, 36°; summit, 6 by 6 mètres; direction, north

side, 88° 30´ N.W., east side, 1° 30´ N.E. The author thinks the

difference in height may result from the fact that the ground on which

the pyramids stand slopes towards the south, and the altitude was

taken in one case on the south, in the other on the north.

The following quotation contains the most important opinion advanced

in the essay in question:--'The pyramids of Teotihuacan, as they exist

to-day, are not in their primitive state. There is now a mass of loose

stones, whose interstices covered with vegetable earth, have caused to

spring up the multitude of plants and flowers with which the faces of

the pyramids are now covered. This mass of stones differs from the

plan of construction followed in the body of the monuments, and

besides, the falling of these stones, which has taken place chiefly on

the eastern face of the Moon, has laid bare an inclined plane

perfectly smooth, which seems to be the true face of the pyramid. This

isolated observation would not give so much force to my argument if it

were not accompanied by the same circumstances in all the monuments.'

The slope of these regular smooth surfaces of the Moon is 47°,

differing from the slope of the outer surface. The same inner smooth

faces the author claims to have found not only in the pyramids, but in

the tlalteles, or smaller mounds. Sr García y Cubas thinks that the

Toltecs, the descendants of the civilized people that built the

pyramids, covered up these tombs and sanctuaries, in fear of the

depredations of the savage races that came after them.

Respecting miscellaneous remains at Teotihuacan the author says, 'The

river empties into Lake Tezcuco, with great freshets in the rainy

season, its current becoming at such times very impetuous. Its waters

have laid bare throughout an immense extent of territory, foundations

of buildings and horizontal layers of a very fine mortar as hard as

rock, all of which indicates the remains of an immense town, perhaps

the Memphis of these regions. Throughout a great extent of territory

about the pyramids, for a radius of over a league are seen the

foundations of a multitude of edifices; at the banks of the river and

on both sides of the roads are found the horizontal layers of lime;

others of earth and mud, of tetzontli and of volcanic tufa, showing

the same method of construction; on the roads between the pyramids and

San Juan are distinctly seen traces of walls which cross each other at

right angles.' He also found excavations which seem to have furnished

the material for all the structures.

As to the chief purpose for which the _ensayo_ was written, the author

claims the following analogies between Teotihuacan and the Egyptian

pyramids: 1. The site chosen is the same. 2. The structures are

oriented with slight variation. 3. The line through the centres of the

pyramids is in the 'astronomical meridian.' 4. The construction in

grades and steps is the same. 5. In both cases the larger pyramids are

dedicated to the sun. 6. The Nile has a 'valley of the dead,' as in

Teotihuacan there is a 'street of the dead.' 7. Some monuments of each

class have the nature of fortifications. 8. The smaller mounds are of

the same nature and for the same purpose. 9. Both pyramids have a

small mound joined to one of their faces. 10. The openings discovered

in the Moon are also found in some Egyptian pyramids. 11. The interior

arrangement of the pyramids is analogous.

[IX-90] _Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., pp.

382-3; _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 282.

[IX-91] _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., p. 258;

_Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., pp. 171-5; _Chaves_, _Rapport_,

in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série ii., tom. v., p. 300.

[IX-92] _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 96, 100, with cut of a knife or

spear-head; _Burkart_, _Mexico_, tom. i., pp. 124-5. Löwenstern speaks

of the obsidian mines of Guajolote, which he describes as ditches one

or two mètres wide, and of varying depth; having only small fragments

of the mineral scattered about. _Mexique_, p. 244.

[IX-93] _Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., p.

277.

[IX-94] _Burkart_, _Mexico_, tom. i., p. 51.

[IX-95] _Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i., pp.

623-4, 719; _Huasteca_, _Noticias_, pp. 48-9, 69.

[IX-96] _Latrobe's Rambler_, p. 75.

[IX-97] _J. F. R. Cañete_, in _Alzate y Ramirez_, _Gaceta de

Literatura_, Feb. 20, 1790; also in _Id._, reprint, tom. i., pp.

282-4. Sr Alzate y Ramirez, editor of the _Gaceta_, had also heard

from other sources of ruins in the same vicinity.

[IX-98] _Prescott's Mex._, vol. i., p. 13.

[IX-99] _Mayer_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 588, pl. iii.,

fig. 1, 2.; _Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 268; _Id._, _Mex.

as it Was_, pp. 107-8.

[IX-100] _Theatro_, tom. i., pp. 86-7.

[IX-101] _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 185-7,

with 10 fig.

[IX-102] _Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., p.

94.

[IX-103] _Mexico_, _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, 1854, tom. i.,

p. 263.

[IX-104] _Id._, p. 334.

[IX-105] _Id._, pp. 417, 299-300.

[IX-106] _Morfi_, _Viage_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv.,

pp. 312-14. Alegre, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 164, also

speaks of some small mounds at Pueblito.

[IX-107] _Mexico_, _Mem. de la Sec. Justicia_, 1873, pp. 216-17, two

plates.

[IX-108] _Id._, p. 217.

[IX-109] _Ballesteros_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom.

iv., pp. 774-8.

[IX-110] _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 213-14.

[IX-111] _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 31-2, 84-5, 87-106, 272-9;

_Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., pp. 265-74; _Id._, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., pl. i.-vii.

[IX-112] _Humboldt_, _Vues_, tom. i., pp. 51-6, plate of front and

rear; _Id._, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., pp. 9-10, suppl.,

pl. i. Remarks on the statue by Visconti, in _Id._, p. 32; Plates in

_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, pl. xxviii., p. 48; _Prescott_,

_Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. i., p. 389; and _Delafield's Antiq. Amer._,

p. 61.

[IX-113] See p. 382, for a cut of a similar article.

[IX-114] _Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 95-103, 110, 195, 225-6, 235-6.

[IX-115] _Waldeck_, _Palenqué_, p. viii., pl. xliv.; _Tylor's

Anahuac_, pp. 110, 337-9. Mr Tylor notes that in an old work,

_Aldrovandus_, _Musæum Metallicum_, Bologna 1648, there were drawings

of a knife and wooden mask with mosaic ornamentation, but of a

different design.

[IX-116] _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., p. 70, pl. xiii.;

_Chavero_, in _Gallo_, _Hombres Ilustres_, tom. i., pp. 146-7;

_Gilliam's Trav._, pp. 44-5.

[IX-117] _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., pp. 82, 87, 99,

101, pl. xv.-xx.

[IX-118] _Soc. Géog., Bulletin_, tom. v., No. 95, p. 116, No. 98, p.

283, et seq.; _Warden_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., pp.

36-40.

[IX-119] _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. iv., unnumbered plates

following those of Castañeda; _Bullock's Mexico_, p. 326; _Humboldt_,

_Vues_, tom. ii., pp. 207, 146, (fol. ed. pl. xl., xxviii.); _Id._, in

_Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 10,

pl. vi., fig. 8; _Nebel_, _Viaje_.

[IX-120] _Waldeck_, _Palenqué_, pl. lvi.; other miscellaneous relics,

pl. iii.-v., xliii., xlv.-vi., lv.

[IX-121] _Müller_, _Reisen_, tom. ii., p. 292, et seq.; _Cabrera_,

_Beschreibung einer alten Stadt_, appendix.

[IX-122] _Lyon's Journal_, vol. ii., p. 119.

[IX-123] _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. iv.

[IX-124] _Prescott's Mex._, vol. i., p. 143; _Amer. Phil. Soc.,

Transact._, vol. iii., p. 510.

[IX-125] _Ramirez_, _Notas_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom.

ii., suppl., pp. 106-24; _Waldeck_, _Palenqué_, pl. liii.

[IX-126] _Bigland's View of the World_, vol. v., p. 523.

[IX-127] _Robertson's Hist. Amer._, vol. i., p. 269.

[IX-128] _Ampère_, _Prom. en Amér._, tom. ii., pp. 266-7, 287-92;

_Armin_, _Das Alte Mex._, pp. 47-50; _Andrews' Illust. W. Ind._, pp.

73-4; _Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr._, pp. 198-9; _Bonnycastle's Span.

Amer._, vol. i., p. 52; _Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 108-13;

_Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 50-4; _Calderon de la Barca's Life in

Mex._, vol. i., p. 93, vol. ii., p. 136; _Chambers' Jour._, 1834, vol.

ii., pp. 374-5, 1838, vol. vi., pp. 43-4; _Chevalier_, _Mexique_, p.

10; _Id._, _Mex. Ancien et Mod._, pp. 50-3, 453-4; _Conder's Mex.

Guat._, vol. i., p. 272; _Cortés' Despatches_, pp. 82-3, 265;

_Democratic Review_, vol. xi., pp. 611-13; _Davis' Anc. Amer._, pp.

6-7; _Delafield's Antiq. Amer._, pp. 30, 56, 61; _Domenech_, _Jour._,

pp. 289, 371; _D'Orbigny_, _Voyage_, p. 336; _Edinburgh Review_, July,

1867; _Elementos de Geog. Civil_, p. 29; _Evans' Our Sister Rep._, pp.

330-3; _Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex._, pp. 44-6; _Gilliam's Trav._, pp.

95-9; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, pp. 45-6; _Id._, _Ancient

Mex._, vol. i., pp. 201-8; _Gregory's Hist. Mex._, p. 17; _Grone_,

_Briefe_, pp. 91-2, 96-7; _Heller_, _Reisen_, pp. 148-50; _Helps'

Span. Conq._, vol. i., pp. 288-90, vol. ii., p. 141; _Hazart_,

_Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 499; _Hill's Travels_, vol. ii.,

pp. 238-42; _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 271; _Kendall's Nar._, vol.

ii., p. 328; _Klemm_, _Cultur-Geschichte_, tom. v., pp. 5-6, 8, 17-19,

137-43, 153-63; _Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, pp. 30, 44, 46-50,

53, 264, 326-7; _Lang's Polynesian Nat._, pp. 218-24; _Latrobe's

Rambler_, pp. 168-76; _Lemprière's Notes in Mex._, pp. 88-9; _Linati_,

_Costumes_, pl. 29; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, p. 106, et seq., _Lyon's

Journal_, vol. ii., pp. 119-21; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._,

tom. vi., pp. 293, 295, 406, 446, 460; _McSherry's El Puchero_, pp.

154-5; _Mexique, Études Hist._, p. 7; _Mexico, Mem. de la Sec.

Estado_, 1835, pp. 42-4; _Mexikanische Zustände_, pp. 372-6; _Mexico,

Trip to_, p. 66; _Mexico, Stories of_, pp. 87, 105; _Mexico in 1842_,

pp. 86-7; _Monglave_, _Résumé_, pp. 5, 11-13, 57-8; _Morton's Crania

Amer._, p. 149; _Moxó_, _Cartas Mej._, pp. 86, 90-3, 132, 349-59;

_Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 219; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom.

i., p. 229, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 295, 318-19, 352; _Müller_,

_Amerikanische Urreligionen_, pp. 45, 457-9, 463-4, 466-8, 498-9,

543-5, 549-62, 642-6; _Norman's Rambles in Yuc._, pp. 277-80; _Id._,

_Rambles by Land and Water_, pp. 199-210; _Nott and Gliddon's Indig.

Races_, pp. 184-7; _Pimentel_, _Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena_, pp.

9-10, 54-5; _Prescott's Mex._, vol. iii., pp. 402-4; _Prichard's

Researches_, vol. v., pp. 345-8; _Poinsett's Notes Mex._, pp. 73-6,

111; _Priest's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 255-7; _Ranking's Hist. Researches_,

pp. 353-62, 401-3; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 47; _Id._, in _Nouvelles

Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45-6; _Saturday Magazine_,

vol. vi., p. 42; _Simon's Ten Tribes_, pp. 155, 157, 196, 283; _Soc.

Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. i., p. 37; _Shuck's Cal.

Scrap-Book_, p. 657; _Tayac_, in _Comité d'Arch. Amér._, 1866-7, p.

142; _Taylor's Eldorado_, vol. ii., pp. 159-60; _Thompson's Mex._, pp.

116-17, 213; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, pp. 134-5, 182-3, 246-7, 330;

_Tudor's Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 239-40, 253-5; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._,

p. 72; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 186, 188, 192, 196; _Wise's

Los Gringos_, pp. 255-6; _Willson's Amer. Hist._, pp. 73-4, 87-9;

_Wortley's Trav._, pp. 194-8; _Young's Hist. Mex._, p. 21.