placing _só_ after the numeral; e.g., _issó_ 'one burden,' _nis[vo]_ 'two,'
_sanzó_ 'three,' _jiss[vo]_ 'ten.' In the same way one counts those
furnishings called _bi[vo]bu_; two or a pair from a set is called _issó_,
etc.
The enumeration of that which in the vernacular is called a quire of paper
(_mano de papel_) is done by placing _giô_ after the numeral; e.g.,
_ichigio_ [_ichigiô_] 'one quire,' _nigio_ [_nigiô_] 'two,' _sangiô_
'three,' so on {181} to ten. Units of ten are counted by adding _socu_ to
the numeral; e.g., _issocu_ 'ten quires, or what in the vernacular is
called a half ream (_media resma_),' _nisocu_ 'twenty, or an entire ream.'
With this particle _socu_ added to numerals one also counts pairs of shoes;
e.g., _issocu_ 'a pair of shoes.'
The enumeration of substance (_substantia_) is done by placing _tai_ after
the numeral; e.g., _ittai_ 'one substance,' _nitai_ 'two,' _sandai_
'three.' _Deus no von tocoro va goittai de gozaru_ 'God as God is of one
substance and one essence.'
The enumeration of the divisions in a writing (_capitulum_) is done by
placing _cagiô_ after the numeral; e.g., _iccagiô_ 'one chapter,' (73
_nicagio_ [_nicagiô_] 'two,' _sangagio_ [_sangagiô_] 'three,' _roccagio_
[_roccagiô_] 'six,' _fiaccagio_ [_fiaccagiô_] 'one hundred.'
The enumeration of drops is done by placing _teqi_ after the numeral; e.g.,
_itteqi_ 'one drop,' _jitteqi_ 'ten.' The same meaning is obtained by
adding _xizzucu_ to the _iomi_ numeral; e.g., _fito xizzucu_ 'one drop,'
etc. In this case the _tçu_ must be removed from the numeral.
The enumeration of the pairs of small sticks (_paxillus_) with which they
eat is done by placing _tçui_ after the numeral; e.g., _itçui_ [_ittçui_]
'one pair,' _jittçui_ 'ten.'
The enumeration of bundles is done by placing _ca_ after the numeral; e.g.,
_icca_ 'one bundle,' _nica_ 'two,' _sanga_ 'three.'
The enumeration of books is done by placing _quan_ after the numeral; e.g.,
_icquan_ 'one book,' _niquan_ 'two,' _sanguan_ 'three,' _roquan_
[_rocquan_] 'six,' _jiquan_ [_jicquan_] 'ten.'
With the interrogative _nan_, when it is placed before one of these nouns,
it changes it in the same way as does the number three; e.g., _ano mmadomo
va nanbiki zo?_ 'how many horses are there?'
The enumeration of kingdoms (_regnum_) is done by placing _cacocu_ after
the numeral; e.g., _iccacocu_ 'one kingdom,' _nicacocu_ 'two,' _sangacocu_
'three,' _jiccacocu_ 'ten.' Kingdoms are divided into provinces or
districts called _gun_, and this word also is placed after the numeral;
e.g., _ichigun_ 'one province,' _nigun_ 'two,' _sangun_ 'three,' etc.
Sermons and exhortations are enumerated by placing _dan_ after the numeral;
_ichidan_ 'one sermon, or assembly.' Words are enumerated by {182} placing
_gon_ or _guen_ after the numeral; e.g., _ichigon_ 'one word,' _sanguen_
'three words.'
Placing the particle _zzutçu_ after either _coie_ or _iomi_ numerals gives
the meaning of 'each'; e.g., _ichinin ni uxi sanbiki zzutçu vo toraxeta_
'he let the men have three oxen each,' _ichinin zzutçu saqe sanbai zzutçu
vo nomareta_ 'each man drank three sake each.'
In speaking of two or three things separately, they join the two numbers;
e.g., _xigonin_ 'four or five men,' from which others may be copied.
The honorific particles are four; _vo_, _von_, _go_, and _mi_.[201] The
first two are joined to _iomi_ vocables. The last two are joined to _coie_,
or Chinese vocables. The last is the most honorific and is used when
speaking of things divine; e.g., _midexi tachi_ 'disciples of Christ the
Lord,' _goichinin vocoite cudasarei_ 'please send one from among the
Lords.'
The words which follow have honorific particles that have (74 been added by
the speaker. However, the honor is shown to the person addressed or to
those related to him; e.g., _go focô_ [_go fôcô_] 'a duty,' _von furu mai_
'a banquet,' _von cotoba_ 'a word, or a sermon,' _von mono gatari_ 'a
conversation,' _von natçucaxij_ or _von nocori vovoi_ which mean the same
as what the Portuguese call _saudades_ (nostalgia) and the Spanish call
_carino_ (affection), _von tori avaxe_ 'intercession,' _von mi mai_ 'a
visit,' _von cha_ 'that which one drinks when they invite you,' _go dancó_
'a consultation or congregation for the purpose of obtaining advice,' _von
rei_ 'an act of gratitude,' _von busata_ 'a lapse of good manners,' _vo
motenaxi_ 'to treat well and elegantly,' _go chiso_ [_go chisô_] 'esteem,'
_go iqen_ 'an opinion,' e.g., _fabacari nagara go iqen vo m[vo]xitai_
'forgive me but I would like to give you some advice,' etc.
Some Rules on the Conjugation of the Verb
in the Written Language
If the final _u_ is removed from the negative present it becomes an
affirmative verb; e.g., _oracio vo tçutomen toqi va_ 'when I say my
prayers,' {183} _xosa no tçutomen tame ni va_ 'in order to execute the
work,' _michibiqi tamavan to voboximexi_ 'thinking of leading forth.'[202]
For the affirmative future _beqi_ is added to the affirmative form with the
_ru_ removed; for the future negative _becarazu_ is added to the
affirmative form; e.g., _m[vo]su beqi_ 'you will speak,' _mósu becarazu_
'you will not speak.' When the sentence ends in the future, _beqi_ is
changed to _bexi_.
The infinitive for the future is formed by adding _coto_ to the future
tense; e.g., _iomu beqi coto_. The subjunctive is formed by adding _qereba_
to the root of the verb; e.g., _sugure qereba_.
The gerund in _Do_ is formed by adding _te_ to the root of the verb; e.g.,
_qiqi tamaite_.
The substantive verb in the written language is _nari,u_ or _qeri,u_. If it
comes at the end of the sentence it takes the root form;[203] e.g., _sadame
naqi io no ixei nari_ 'it is the dignity of a world without stability.'
The preterit is formed by adding _ari,u_ [_tari,u_] to the root; e.g.,
_suguretaru_. If the form comes at the end of a sentence _ari,u_ (75
[_tari,u_] is retained in the root form; e.g., _suguretari_.
The pluperfect is formed by placing _nari_ after the present tense; e.g.,
_ague tam[vo] nari_ 'they had shown respect.'
Even though there are other rules for the written language, if the reader
knows Japanese well enough to read books, he will be able to progress in
the language without difficulty.
_PRAISE BE TO GOD_
* * * * *
{185}
Works Consulted
Alvarez, Manuel (Emmanuel Alvarus), _De Institutione Grammatica, Libri
III_, Lisbon, 1572. (Also Amakusa, 1594. Cf. _Laures_ #14.)
Collado, Diego, O.P., _Ars Grammaticae Iaponicae Linguae_, Rome, 1632.
(Trans. by [=O]tsuka Takanobu as _Koiyaado-ch[=o] Nippon bunten_, 1934 and
revised as _Koryaado Nihon bunten_, 1957. Cf. _Laures_ #54.)
Collado, Diego, O.P., _Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae
Compendium_, Rome, 1632. (Edited by [=O]tsuka Mitsunobu as _Koryaado
Ra-Su-Nichi jiten_, 1966. Cf. _Laures_ #56.)
Collado, Diego, O.P., _Niffon no cotõba ni yô confesion_, Rome, 1632.
(Transcribed by [=O]tsuka Mitsunobu as _Koryaado zangeroku_, 1957. Cf.
_Laures_ #56.)
Doi Tadao [Japanese], _Kirishitan gogaku no kenky[=u]_ [Japanese], Tokyo,
1971.
Doi Tadao [Japanese], "Koryaado Nihon bunten no seiritsu [Japanese],"
_Nihon gogaku shink[=o] iinkai keny[=u] h[=o]koku_, #3, 1941.
Doi Tadao [Japanese], ed., _Nippo jisho_ [Japanese], Tokyo, 1960. (Japanese
edition of the _Vocabulario_.)
Doi Tadao [Japanese], trs., _Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten_ [Japanese] Tokyo,
1955. (Trans. of Rodriguez' _Arte_.)
Fukushima Kunimichi [Japanese], _Kirishitan Shiry[=o] to kokugo kenky[=u]_
[Japanese], Tokyo, 1973.
Hashimoto Shinkichi [Japanese], _Kirishitan ky[=o]gi no kenky[=u]_
[Japanese], Tokyo, 1928.
Iwai Yoshio [Japanese], _Nihongoh[=o]-shi: Muromachi-jidai hen_ [Japanese]
Tokyo, 1973.
Laures, Johannes, S.J., _Kirishitan Bunko_, Tokyo, 1957.
Lebrija, Antonio (Antonius Nebrissensis), _Introductiones Latinae_,
Salamanca, 1481.
Moran, Joseph F., _A Commentary on the Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa of João
Rodriguez, S.J.: With Particular Reference to Pronunciation_, Unpublished
doctoral thesis, Oxford, 1971.
[=O]tomo Shin'ichi [Japanese], _Muromachi-jidai no kokugo-onsei no
kenky[=u]_ [Japanese], Tokyo, 1963.
[=O]tsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., _Koryaado Ra-Su-Nichi jiten_
[Japanese], Tokyo, 1966. (Japanese edition of Collado's _Dictionarium_.)
[=O]tsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., _Koryaado zangeroku_ [Japanese],
Tokyo, 1957. (Japanese edition of Collado's _Confesion_.)
{186} [=O]tsuka Takanobu [Japanese], tr., _Koiyaado-ch[=o] Nihongo bunten_
[Japanese], Tokyo, 1934. (Revised as _Koryaado Nihon bunten_ [Japanese],
Tokyo, 1957. Translation of Collado's _Ars Grammaticae_.)
Rodriguez, João, S.J., _Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa_, Macao, 1620. (Cf.
_Laures_ #35.)
Rodriguez, João, S.J., _Arte da Lingoa de Iapam_, Nagasaki, 1604-1608.
(Translated by Doi Tadao as _Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten_, 1955. Cf.
_Laures_ #28.)
Rodriguez, João, S.J., ed., _Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam_, Nagasaki,
1603-1604. (Edited by Doi Tadao as _Nippo Jisho_, 1960. Cf. _Laures_ #27.)
Thurot, Charles, _Extraits de divers manuscrits Latins pour servir a
l'historie des doctrines grammaticales au moyen-age_, Paris, 1869.
Yuzawa K[=o]kichir[=o] [Japanese], _Muromachi-jidai gengo no Kenky[=u]_
[Japanese], Tokyo, 1958.
* * * * *
{187}
Index To Grammatical Categories
The list which follows refers to the location of the general categories
defined by Collado's description of Japanese. A broader classification of
the grammar will be found in the table of contents while the specific
grammatical elements are listed in the index which follows.
ablative (_see_ cases)
accusative (_see_ cases)
adjectival roots 114, 116, 138, 139
adjectives 114-117, 138, 139
adjectives, conditional 139
gerund 138
negative 138, 139
permissive 138
adverbial roots 115, 139, 162
adverbs 156-164
adverbs, accumulative 162
affirmative 160
comparative 161
conclusive 163
exaggerative 162
exclamatory 163
intensifying 162
interrogative 159
locational 156
negative 160
superlative 162
temporal 159
adversitive (_see_ particles)
alternative (_see_ particles)
arithmetic 174-182
auxiliaries 145-147, 149
auxiliaries, emphatic 149
humble 147
honorific 145, 146, 147
cases 111-113
cases, ablative 113
accusative 112
dative 112
genitive 112, 174
nominative 111
vocative 113
causative (_see_ verbs)
conditional (_see_ moods)
confirmation (_see_ particles)
conjugations 166, 167
comparatives 161
copulas 137
copulas, negative 137
dative (_see_ cases)
deciderative (_see_ particles)
disjunctive (_see_ particles)
disjunctive constructions 167
distributive (_see_ particles)
dubitive (_see_ particles)
emphatic (_see_ particles)
exclamatory (_see_ adverbs, particles)
future tense (_see_ verbs)
genitive (_see_ cases)
gerund (_see_ verbs)
honorific (_see_ auxiliaries, particles, verbs)
imperative (_see_ moods)
imperfect aspect (_see_ verbs)
infinitive (_see_ verbs)
intensifier (_see_ particles)
interjections 126, 132, 167, 168
interrogative (_see_ particles)
irregular verbs (_see_ verbs)
moods 125-142
moods, conditional 139, 140
imperative 125, 126, 132, 135-137
optative 126, 132
permissive 127-129, 133, 138, 139, 155
potential 140, 141
subjunctive 127, 128, 131-133, 138, 153
negative (_see_ verbs)
neutral (_see_ verbs)
nominalizers (_see_ particles)
nominative (_see_ cases)
nouns 111-118
optative (_see_ moods, particles)
participle (_see_ verbs)
particles 113-120, 148-156, 164-168, 182
particles, adversative 150, 153, 154
alternative 152
deciderative 126, 153
{188}
disjunctive 167
distributive 120, 157
dubitive 162, 163
emphatic 124, 125, 149, 167, 150
exclamatory 163
honorific 118, 119, 146, 147, 182
intensive 120, 148, 149, 162, 163, 164
interrogative 156, 159, 163, 168
nominalizing 117
optative 126, 132
pejorative 119, 120
permissive 128, 133
pluralizing 113, 114, 118, 119
presumptive 170
quotative 168, 170, 171
temporal 149, 154, 159
particles of manner 153, 154
particles of possibility 153
particles of similarity 149, 150, 161
passive (_see_ verbs)
perfect aspect (_see_ verbs)
pejorative (_see_ particles)
permissive (_see_ moods, particles)
pluralizers (_see_ particles)
pluperfect tense (_see_ verbs)
possibility (_see_ particles)
potential (_see_ moods, verbs)
prepositions 164, 165, 166
present tense (_see_ verbs)
presumptive (_see_ particles)
preterit tense (_see_ verbs)
pronouns 118-122
pronouns, first person 118, 119
second person 119
third person 120, 121
quotative (_see_ particles)
relative constructions 122
subjunctive (_see_ moods, particles)
substantive verbs (_see_ copulas)
superlatives 162
supine (_see_ verbs)
syntax 168-174
temporal (_see_ particles, adverbs)
verbal roots 123, 131, 134-136
verbs 123-156
verbs, causative 143
future 125, 135-137
gerund 129, 130, 134, 138, 154, 155, 174, 183
honorific 145-147
imperfect 152
infinitive 128-130, 133
irregular 141, 142
negative, future 132, 133, 141
pluperfect 132, 136
present 131, 136
preterit 131
neutral 172
participle 131, 134
passive 143, 172
perfect 124, 137
pluperfect 125
potential 144
present 123, 134, 135
preterit 124, 134-137
supine 130, 131, 156
vocative (_see_ cases)
written style 182, 183
* * * * *
{189}
Index to Grammatical Elements
There follows a list of those elements which Collado describes in his
grammar. To a certain degree I have regularized his morphophonological
analysis. For example, the preterit permissive form, described by Collado
as _redomo_ after a preterit verb, is cross-listed as _-ta redomo_ in order
to bring together morphologically similar forms. All forms occurring in the
text with the honorific _gozaru_, etc. are indexed as _aru_, etc. For
example, the element found in _aguenande gozaru_ 'I have not offered' will
be indexed under _-nande aru_. As a general rule in this index items
beginning with a hyphen are classified as endings, while the remaining
items are particles.
The spelling used in this index is that of the original. Those readers more
familiar with the modified Hepburn system of romanization, as reflected in
Kenky[=u]sha's Dictionary, will find the following simplified chart of
help. Syllables presented in _Kenky[=u]sha_ as beginning with the following
initial letters will have the corresponding spellings in Collado's grammar:
_e = ie_ | _k = ca, qi, cu, qe, co_
_o = vo_ | _s = sa, xi, su, xe, so_
----------| _z = za, ji, zu, je, zo_
_h = f_ | _t = ta, chi, tçu, te, to_
_y = i_ | _d = da, gi, zzu, de, do_
_w = v_ |
The citations are numbered according to their location in the translation
and are limited to those places where the element is explained or used to
demonstrate a grammatical point.
The following abbreviations are used:
abl. ablative excl. exclamatory part. participle
adj. adjective fut. future perf. perfect
adv. adverb gen. genitive perm. permissive
advers. adversitive ger. gerund pot. potential
acc. accusative hon. honorific plup. pluperfect
aff. affirmative imp. imperative prep. preposition
alt. alternative ind. indicative pres. present
aux. auxiliary verb inf. infinitive pret. preterit
concl. conclusive interj. interjection pron. pronoun
cond. conditional interr. interrogative quot. quotative
conj. conjunction intens. intensive subj. subjunctive
const. construction irr. irregular temp. temporal
cop. copula loc. locative v. verb
dat. dative n. noun voc. vocative
disj. disjunctive neg. negative writ. written style
dist. distributive nom. nominative 1st 1st conjugation
dub. dubitive opt. optative 2nd 2nd conjugation
emph. emphatic p. particle 3rd 3rd conjugation
{190}
_-aba_ (cond., 2nd) 139
_-ai_ (adj.) 114, 138
_-ai_ (imp.) 135, n. 91
_-ai_ (v. root, 3rd) 135
_ai_ (emph.) 149
_ai_ (hort.) 163
_aidani_ (temp.) 149
_-ananda_ (neg. pret., 2nd) 135
_-anu_ (neg. pres., 2nd) 135
_arisama_ (p. of manner) 154
_ari,u_ (hon. aux.) 145, 146
_arui va_ (conj.) 166
_avare_ (interj.) 168;
(w. opt.) 126, 132
_-azu_ (neg. root, 2nd) 135
_-ba_ (cond.) 139
_-ba atte mo_ (advers.) 153
_bacari_ (intens.) 164
_-baia_ (w. fut.) 125
_-ba tote_ (perm.) 133
_baxi_ (dub.) 163
_becarazu_ (neg. fut., writ.) 183
_beqi_ (fut., writ.) 183
_beqi coto_ (fut. inf., writ.) 183
_bexi_ (fut., writ.) 183
_ca_ (interr.) 156, 163;
(temp.) 159;
(conj.) 167
_cai-_ (intens.) 149
_caia_ (interr.) 163
_cana_ (interj.) 168
_canavanu_ (w. const. showing necessity) 155
_cara_ (nom.) 111;
(abl.) 113;
(w. subj.) 127;
(w. neutral v.) 172;
(w. passive v.) 172
_-carananda_ (neg. pret. adj.) 139
_-caranu_ (neg. pres. adj.) 139
_-carazu_ (neg. adj. root) 139
_-catte_ (neg. adj. ger.) 138
_caxi_ (w. opt.) 126, 132;
(w. subj.) 128
_coso_ (advers.) 150;
(w. ind. ending in _-e_) 150;
(neg. meaning w. aff. ger.) 154
_coto_ (w. inf.) 129, 133;
(w. pot.) 154
_coto gia_ (p. w. no special meaning) 152
_coto mo arózu_ (w. pot.) 141
_-da_ (see _-ta_)
_-dari_ (see _-tari_)
_-de_ (see _-te_)
_de_ (prep.) 165, 166;
(w. subj.) 127, 153
_-demo_ (see _-temo_)
_dógu_ (nominalizer) 117
_-domo_ (perm.) 127, 133, 138
_domo_ (p. of necessity) 155
_domo_ (n. pluralizer) 113, 114, 119
_-e_ (ind. w. _coso_) 150
_-e_ (see _-te_)
_-e_ (v. root, 1st) 123
_-e_ (imp.) 135, 136, 137
_-eba_ (pres. cond., 1st) 139
_-edomo_ (see _redomo_)
_-ei_ (adj.) 114, 138
_-enu_ (neg. pres., 1st) 131
_-eô_ (adv.) 115, 156
_-eô_ (fut., 1st) 125
_-eôda_ (pret., 1st) 135
_-ezu_ (neg. v. root, 1st) 131
_faia_ (emph.) 124, 125
_faxi-_ (intens.) 149
_fito_ (w. part.) 131, 134
_fodo_ (w. gen.) 174
_furi-_ (p. of similarity) 150
_ga_ (nom.) 111;
(gen.) 112;
(acc.) 112;
(w. inf.) 129;
(in relative const.) 122
_ga_ (intens. w. pron.) 120
_ga_ (conj.) 148
_ga gotoqu_ (p. of similarity) 149
_gana_ (w. opt.) 126, 132
_go_ (hon.) 182
_goto_ (dist.) 120
_goto_ (nominalizer) 117
_gotoqu_ (p. of similarity) 150, 161
_guena_ (presumptive) 170
_ha_ (interj.) 168
_hat_ (interj.) 168
_-i_ (adj.) 116
_-i_ (imp.) 135, 136
{191}
_-i_ (v. root, 2nd) 134
_-i_ (irr. v. root, 1st) 123
_ia_ (excl.) 163
_ia_ (interj.) 168
_iai_ (excl.) 163
_iara_ (interj.) 168;
(w. disj. const.) 167
_iare_ (excl.) 163
_-iasui_ (w. supine) 156
_icani_ (voc.) 113;
(w. plurals) 113
_-i caxi_ (perm.) 129
_-ide_ (neg. ger.) 134
_-ide arózu_ (neg. plup. showing completed action) 137
_-ide aru_ (neg. plup.) 132
_-ide atta_ (neg. plup.) 132
_-ide canavanu_ (ending showing necessity) 155
_-idemo_ (neg. fut. perm.) 133, 154
_-ide naranu_ (ending showing necessity) 155
_-ide nochi_ (neg. ger.) 134
_-ide va_ (ending showing necessity) 155
_ie_ (acc.) 112;
(dat.) 112;
(prep.) 165;
(w. subj.) 127
_ie_ (w. neg. possibility) 153
_ie,uru_ (aux. of neg. possibility) 152
_iei_ (interr.) 168
_igo_ (w. subj.) 127
_-ij_ (adj.) 114, 138
_io_ (intens.) 163
_io_ (imp.) 125
_ió_ (p. of manner) 153
_io caxi_ (w. opt.) 126
_ióni_ (w. inf.) 129;
(w. quot.) 170
_iori_ (nom.) 111;
(abl.) 113;
(w. inf.) 130;
(w. ger.) 174;
(w. comparative const.) 161;
(w. relative const.) 122
_iori mo_ (w. comparative const.) 161
_iori mo nao_ (w. comparative const.) 161
_-i tomo_ (perm. adj.) 138
_-iú_ (adv.) 115, 156
_jibun_ (w. ger.) 130
_ma-_ (v. intensifier) 149
_macari-_ (p. showing modesty) 149
_made_ (prep.) 166
_made gia_ (p. w. no special meaning) 152
_madeio_ (w. perm.) 128, 133;
(p. of confirmation) 152
_mai_ (dist.) 120
_mai_ (neg. fut.) 132
_mai coto_ (neg. fut. inf.) 133
_mai coto mo arózu_ (neg. fut. pot.) 141
_maieni_ (w. neg. v.) 133
_mai mono_ (neg. ger.) 134
_mai mono vo_ (neg. opt.) 132
_mai qereba_ (neg. subj.) 133
_mai qeredomo_ (neg. perm.) 133, 155
_mairaxi,u_ (hon. aux.) 147
_mai tomo_ (neg. fut. perm.) 133
_mai tote_ (neg. ger.) 134
_maji_ (neg. fut., cf. _mai_) 132
_maji qere_ (neg. cond.) 139
_majiqu va_ (neg. cond.) 140
_mamaio_ (w. perm.) 128, 133
_maraxi,u_ (hon. aux.) 145
_mata_ (conj.) 166
_mata va_ (conj.) 166
_me_ (pejorative, w. pron.) 119, 120
_me_ (p. showing terminus of action) 117
_me-_ (feminine) 114
_mega_ (pejorative, w. pron.) 119, 120
_mexi-_ (hon.) 147
_mi-_ (hon.) 118, 182
_mo_ (conj.) 166;
(dist.) 157;
(advers. w. ger.) 154;
(w. subj.) 128
_mono_ (p. showing performer of action) 117
_mono_ (w. part.) 131, 134;
(w. pot.) 141
_mono de arózu_ (w. cond.) 141
_mono vo_ (w. opt.) 126, 132
_motte_ (emph.) 167
_moxi_ (excl.) 163
_moxi va_ (conj.) 166
_-n_ (pres., writ.) 182
_na_ (concl.) 163
_na_ (neg. imp.) 132, 137
{192}
_na_ (adj.) 115, 117, 138
_na caxi_ (neg. opt.) 132
_-nagara_ (ger.) 155
_nal coto mo arózu_ (neg. pot. w. adj.) 141
_-naide_ (neg. ger.) 134
_-naide cara_ (neg. ger.) 134
_-naidemo_ (neg. perf. perm.) 133
_nama_ (p. showing incomplete action) 148
_-nanda_ (neg. pret.) 132
_-nanda coto_ (neg. pret. inf.) 133
_-nanda mono_ (neg. ger.) 134
_-nanda mono de arózu_ (neg. perf. pot.) 141
_-nandaraba_ (neg. perf. cond.) 139
_-nanda reba_ (neg. perf. subj.) 133
_-nanda reba tote_ (neg. perf. perm.) 133
_-nanda redomo_ (neg. perf. subj.) 133
_-nanda ritomo_ (neg. perf. perm.) 133
_-nanda to_ (neg. perf. inf.) 133
_-nande aru_ (neg. plup.) 132
_-nande atta_ (neg. plup.) 132
_-nanzzu ró_ (neg. perf. pot.) 141
_-naraba_ (cond.) 139
_naranu_ (w. const. showing necessity) 155
_nari,u_ (pot. aux. w. adj.) 141
_nasare,uru_ (hon. aux.) 145
_na ... so_ (neg. imp.) 132, 137
_-neba_ (neg. subj.) 132
_-neba tote_ (neg. perm.) 133
_-nedomo_ (neg. perm.) 133
_negavacu va_ (w. opt.) 126, 132
_ni_ (dat.) 112;
(abl.) 113;
(prep.) 164, 165;
(w. ger.) 130, 134;
(w. cond.) 138;
(w. subj.) 127;
(w. supine) 130, 131;
(w. passive v.) 172;
(adv. form of _na_) 121
_ni iotte_ (prep.) 164;
(w. indefinite pron.) 121
_ni itatte_ (prep.) 165
_ni tai xite_ (prep.) 164
_ni tçuite_ (prep.) 164;
(w. inf.) 130
_ni totte_ (prep.) 165
_ni va_ (w. cond.) 139
_ni voite va_ (prep.) 165;
(w. cond.) 139, 140
_ni xitagatte_ (prep.) 165
_ni xitagóte_ (see _ni xitagatte_)
_ni xite_ (w. ger.) 130, 138
_no_ (nom.) 111;
(gen.) 112;
(w. quote.) 171;
(to form adj.) 114;
(in relative const.) 122
_nó_ (p. of confirmation) 163
_nochi_ (w. subj.) 127
_no gotoqu_ (prep., dialect) 166
_no iori_ (prep.) 165
_-nu_ (neg. pres., 1st) 131
_-nu madeio_ (neg. pres. perm., 1st) 133
_-nu maie ni_ (w. aff. meaning) 151
_-nu mamaio_ (neg. pres. perm., 1st) 133
_o_ (form of _vo_ after _n_) 171
_-ó_ (pres., 3rd) 135
_-ó_ (fut., 2nd) 135;
(fut. imp., 2nd) 135
_-ó_ (adv.) 115, 156
_-ô_ (pres., 3rd) 136
_-ô_ (fut., 1st) 125;
(fut. imp., 1st) 125
_-ô_ (adv.) 115, 156
_-ô coto_ (fut. inf., 1st) 129
_-ô coto mo arózu_ (fut. pot., 1st) 141
_-óda_ (pret., 2nd) 134
_-ôda_ (pret., 2nd) 134
_-ô fito_ (fut. part., 1st) 131
_-oi_ (adj.) 114, 138
_-oi_ (v. root, 3rd) 135
_-ô mono_ (fut. part., 1st) 131
_-ô ni_ (ger., 1st) 130
_-ô tame_ (ger., 1st) 130
_-óte_ (adj. ger.) 138
_-ôte_ (adj. ger.) 138
_-ô to_ (fut. inf., 1st) 129
_-ô toqi_ (fut. subj., 1st) 127
_-ô tote_ (ger., 1st) 130
_-ó xite_ (adj. ger.) 138
_-ôzu_ (fut., 2nd) 135
_-ôzu_ (imp., 1st) 125
_-ôzu mono vo_ (perf. opt., 1st) 126
_-ôzure_ (fut., 1st, w. _coso_) 151
_-ôzuru_ (fut., 2nd) 135
{193}
_-ôzuru_ (fut., 1st) 125
_-ôzuru coto no saqi ni_ (plup. subj., 1st) 128
_-ôzuru ni_ (plup. subj., 1st) 128
_-ôzuru tocoro ni_ (plup. subj., 1st) 128
_-ôzu tomo_ (fut. perm., 1st) 128
_qere_ (p. of confirmation) 150
_qereba_ (w. subj.) 133, 138
_qeredomo_ (w. perm.) 133, 139
_-qi_ (adj.) 116
_qiri,u_ (emph. aux.) 149
_-qu_ (adj. root) 138
_-qu tomo_ (adj. perm.) 138
_-qu va_ (adj. cond.) 139
_-qu xite_ (adj. ger.) 138
_ra_ (pluralizer) 113, 114, 118, 119
_-raba_ (cond.) 139
_-rare,uru_ (pot., 1st) 144;
(hon., 1st) 145;
(passive, 1st) 143
_-re,uru_ (pot., w. 2nd & 3rd) 144;
(hon., w. 2nd & 3rd) 145, 147;
(passive, w. 2nd & 3rd) 143
_-re_ (pret. ending after _coso_, see _-tare_) 150
_-reba_ (subj., 1st) 127
_reba_ (w. perf. subj.) 132;
(w. cop.) 138
_-redomo_ (perm., 1st) 128
_redomo_ (w. perf. perm.) 133;
(w. inf.) 130;
(w. cop.) 138
_-ri_ (alt.) 152
_ritomo_ (w. perf. perm.) 128, 133
_ró_ (pot.) 140
_-ru_ (see _-uru_)
_sa_ (nominalizer for adj.) 117
_sai_ (imp.) 126
_saie_ (emph.) 150;
(w. cond.) 140;
(w. neg. const.) 150
_sama_ (prep., dialect) 166
_sama_ (temp.) 154
_sama_ (hon.) 119
_saqini_ (w. neg. v.) 151
_saraba_ (conj.) 167
_sareba sareba_ (conj.) 167
_sari nagara_ (conj.) 167
_satemo_ (interj.) 167
_satemo satemo_ (interj.) 167
_sate sate_ (interj.) 167
_-saxe,uru_ (causative) 143
_saxemaxi,u_ (hon. aux.) 145
_-saxerare,uru_ (hon.) 146
_só aru tocoro de_ (conj.) 167
_sóna_ (p. of presumption) 170
_-ta_ (pret., 1st) 124, 134, 136;
(w. adj. function) 116
_-tacatta_ (pret. of _-tai_) 153
_tachi_ (pluralizer) 113, 119
_-ta coto_ (pret. inf., 1st) 129
_-ta fito_ (pret. part., 1st) 131
_-tagari,u_ (2nd & 3rd person deciderative) 153
_-tai_ (deciderative) 153;
(w. imp. meaning) 126
_-ta madeio_ (per. perm., 1st) 128
_tamai,ó_ (hon. aux.) 145
_-ta mamaio_ (perf. perm., 1st) 128
_tame_ (prep.) 164;
(w. ger.) 130, 134
_tameni_ (w. supine) 130
_-ta mono_ (pret. part., 1st) 131
_-ta mono de arózu_ (perf. pot., 1st) 141
_-taraba_ (perf. cond., 1st) 139
_-taraba iocaró mono va_ (perf. opt., 1st) 126
_-tare_ (pret. ending w. _coso_) 150
_-ta reba_ (perf. subj., 1st) 127
_-ta reba tote_ (perf. perm., 1st) 128
_-ta redomo_ (perf. perm., 1st) 128
_-tari_ (pret. writ.) 183
_-tari_ (alt.) 152
_-ta ritomo_ (perf. perm., 1st) 128
_-taró ni va_ (perf. cond., 1st) 139
_-taró va_ (perf. opt.) 126
_-tarózu_ (plup., 1st) 125
_tate matçuri,u_ (humble aux.) 147
_-ta to_ (pret. inf., 1st) 129
_tatoi_ (w. perm.) 128
_-tçu_ (alt.) 152
_tçui-_ (intens.) 148
_-tçu ró_ (perf. pot., 1st) 140, 151
_-te_ (ger.) 129, 130, 155, 183;
(inf.) 129
_-te_ (part.) 131
_-te aranu_ (neg. pret., completed action) 137
_-te aró_ (fut., completed action) 137
{194}
_-te aró ni va iocaró mono vo_ (perf. opt.) 126
_-te arózu_ (perf.) 124, 137
_-te atta_ (perf.) 124, 137;
(w. perf. subj.) 127
_-te atta reba_ (plup. subj.) 127
_-te cara_ (plup. subj.) 127
_-te coso_ (w. neg. meaning) 154
_tei_ (p. of manner) 154
_-te igo_ (plup. subj.) 127
_-te mo_ (subj.) 128;
(w. advers.) 154
_-te nochi_ (plup. subj.) 127
_to_ (gen.) 112
_to_ (conj.) 166
_to_ (w. inf.) 129, 133
_to_ (quot.) 168;
(w. adv. of sound) 163
_tocacu_ (disj.) 167
_tocoro_ (w. subj.) 127;
(p. of completed action) 151
_tocoro gia_ (p. w. no special meaning) 151
_tocoro no_ (w. relative const.) 122
_-tomo_ (w. perm.) 128, 133, 138, 150
_to mo_ (quot.) 170
_-tó mo nai_ (neg. of _-tai_) 153
_toqi_ (w. subj.) 127;
(w. pret. imperfect) 152
_tori-_ (intens.) 149
_tote_ (w. perm.) 128, 133;
(w. ger.) 134
_to tomo ni_ (prep.) 165
_to xite_ (w. ger.) 130
_-tta_ (pret., 2nd) 134
_-u_ (pres., 2nd) 134
_-ú_ (adv.) 115, 156
_-ú_ (pres., 3rd) 136
_uchi-_ (intens.) 149
_-ui_ (adj.) 115, 138
_-ui_ (v. root, 3rd) 135
_uie_ (prep.) 166
_uie iori_ (prep.) 164
_-unda_ (pret., 2nd) 134
_-ureba_ (pres. cond.) 139
_-uru_ (pres., 1st) 123
_-uru fito_ (pres. part., 1st) 131
_-uru iori_ (pres. inf., 1st) 130
_-uru jibun_ (ger., 1st) 130
_-uru madeio_ (pres. perm., 1st) 128
_-uru mamaio_ (pres. perm., 1st) 128
_-uru mo_ (fut. perm., 1st) 128
_-uru mono_ (pres. part., 1st) 131
_-uru ni_ (ger., 1st) 130
_-uru ni tçuite_ (pres. inf., 1st) 130
_-uru tame_ (ger., 1st) 130
_-uru tameni_ (supine, 1st) 130
_-uru tomo_ (fut. perm., 1st) 128
_-uru tote_ (ger., 1st) 130
_-uru vo motte_ (pres. inf., 1st) 128
_va_ (nom.) 111;
(acc.) 112;
(w. subj.) 127;
(w. inf.) 130;
(w. cond.) 139;
(w. other p.) 114;
(replacing other p.) 114;
(w. const. showing necessity) 155
_va_ (p. of confirmation) 149
_-vaba_ (cond., 3rd) 139
_-vananda_ (neg. pret., 3rd) 136
_-vanande aru_ (neg. pret., 3rd) 136
_-vanande atta_ (neg. pret., 3rd) 136
_-vanu_ (neg. pres., 3rd) 136
_-vazu_ (neg. root, 3rd) 136
_vo_ (acc.) 113;
(w. subj.) 127;
(w. neutral v.) 172;
(becomes _o_ after _n_) 171
_vo-_ (hon.) 146, 182
_vo-_ (masculine) 114
_-vó_ (fut., 3rd) 136
_voba_ (acc.) 112
_voi-_ (intens.) 149
_vo motte_ (prep.) 165;
(w. inf.) 130
_von-_ (hon.) 118, 182
_vôxe-_ (hon.) 147
_-vózu_ (fut., 3rd) 136
_-vózuru_ (fut., 3rd) 136
_-xe,uru_ (causative) 143
_xemaxi,u_ (hon. aux.) 145
_-xerare,uru_ (hon.) 146
_-xi_ (adj.) 116
_xicareba_ (conj.) 167
_xidai_ (prep.) 165
_xite_ (w. neg. ger.) 131, 134
_xu_ (n. pluralizer) 113
_-zaru_ (neg. pres., dialect) 131
{195}
_-zatta_ (neg. pret., dialect) 131
_-zatta reba_ (neg. perf. subj. dialect) 131
_zo_ (interr.) 156, 159, 163;
(temp.) 159;
(dub.) 162;
(intens.) 162
_-zu_ (neg. v. root, 1st) 131
_-z[~u]ba_ (neg. cond.) 139
_-zumba_ (see _z[~u]ba_)
_-zu tomo_ (neg. perf. perm., 1st) 133
_-zu va_ (neg. cond.) 139
_-zu xite_ (neg. ger., 1st) 131, 134
_-zzu_ (alt.) 152
_-zzu ró_ (perf. pot.) 140, 151
* * * * *
Notes
[1] Diego Collado, O.P., _Niffon no Cotoba no Yô Confesion_, etc. (Rome,
1632). For further bibliographic data cf. Johannes Laures, _Kirishitan
Bunko_ (Tokyo, 1957). Cf. also [=O]tsuka Mitsunobu, _Koriyaado zangeroku_
(Tokyo, 1967), for a Japanese transliteration and concordance. It should be
noted that the material in this work had no direct influence upon the
concurrently written grammar. The only example in the _Ars Grammaticae_
which might have been borrowed from the _Confesion_ is on p. 23 where we
find _doco de qiqi marasuru mo, sono sata va mósanu_ 'although this is
heard everywhere, I have heard nothing of it.' which parallels the
_Confesion_, p. 6, l. 18; _docu _[_sic_]_ de qiqi marasuru mo; sono sata ga
gozaranu_ 'one hears about this everywhere; but, it doesn't seem to be so.'
[2] The bibliographical data on these and other works directly related to
the study of Collado's Grammar will be found in the section on bibliography
which follows.
[3] Other works by Collado have come down to us; cf. a memorial by him
published in 1633 (Laures, _Kirishitan Bunko_, item 411). Such material is,
however, only peripherally related to the study of language.
[4] For a brilliantly written biography see Michael Cooper, S.J.,
_Rodrigues the Interpreter: An Early Jesuit in Japan and China_ (Tokyo,
1974).
[5] The Press of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith was
founded in 1626 when the Congregation was at the height of its activity.
Grammars of the major non-European languages published during this period
are:
_Date_ _Language_ _Grammarian_
1628 Syrian Abraham Ecchell
1630 Ethiopian V. M. Rearino
1631 Arabic Thomas Obicini
1632 Japanese Diego Collado
1636 Coptic A. Kircher
1637 Arabic Germano de Silesia
1642 Arabic P. Guadagnoli
1643 Georgian F. M. Maggio
1645 Armenian Clemente Galano
1647 Syrian J. Acurense
1650 Arabic Antonio de Aguila
1661 Persian Ignazio de Jesu
[6] Rodriguez' own work is strongly influenced by the format found in
Manuel Alvarez (1526-1582), _De Institutione Grammatica, Libri III_
(Lisbon, 1572). So much a part of the training in the Society of Jesus was
this work that an edition was printed in 1594 as one of the earliest
products of the Mission Press at Amakusa.
[7] The palatal semi-vowel is represented, as in most the Christian
materials, by a number of transcriptional devices such as _i_, _e_, _h_,
and palatal consonants; e.g., _fiacu_, _agueô_, _cha_, and _xô_.
[8] See the translation, p. [82], n. 8.
[9] Collado's and Rodriguez' analyses agree in classifying the _ni-dan_
verbs and _suru_ into one conjunction, the _yo-dan_ verbs into a second,
and the _ha-gy[=o]_ of the _yo-dan_ into a third.
[10] It should be recalled that the _Ars Grammaticae_ is numbered by the
page and the _Arte_ by the leaf.
[11] See p. 14, under _Dos nomes adiectivos_, where the initial distinction
is drawn between nominal and verbal adjectives.
[12] Rodriguez does not treat the substantive verb in _Arte Breve_, but
refers the reader to his earlier work for its description.
[13] _Verbo pessoal_ as contrasted with _verbo substantivo_ and _verbo
adjectivo_.
[14] Rodriguez defines this term elsewhere (_Arte_, 56) as the vowels, _A_,
_I_, _V_, _Ye_, _Vo_, in that order. See also the introduction to the
_Vocabulario_.
[15] This term, not found in the _Arte_, is applied to the entire complex
of "spelling" rules which Rodriguez introduces into his description. While
no clear-cut influences can be established, it is generally held by Doi and
others that these rules are based upon _Kanazukai no chikamichi_ or some
similar work. See _Kokugogaku taikei_, Vol. 9 (Tokyo, 1964), pp. 69-77.
[16] Latin _liquesco_, "to become fluid, or melt." Used here as a term to
describe the palatal and labial series.
[17] This last phrase is to be understood in the context of the following
passages which deal with euphonic change in the absence of a devise,
_nigori ten_, to show voicing.
[18] Rodriguez used _Vma_ regularly in the _Arte_, but notes the variant
_Muma_ on 178v.
[19] Presumably a reference to such variants as _Samurô_ for _Saburô_.
[20] _Liurinho_, presumably a treatise such as the _Kanazukai no
chikamichi_, by Ichij[=o] Kanera.
[21] In this passage Rodriguez is suggesting that certain European
grammarians, out of ignorance of native grammatical theory, have
misinterpreted the formational rules; and that, perhaps for pedogogical
convenience, he has retained some of these "unnatural" rules in his
description.
[22] Read _Taxxi_.
[23] Read _tatesai_. The punctuation _Tateyo_. _Tatei_, _tatesai_, is in
all likelihood a typesetter's error for _Tateyo_, _tatei_, _tatesai_.
[24] The conjugational display (27v) lists _motomuruni_ and
_motomurutocoroni_.
[25] Rodriguez is here confusing the usage of the classical particle _ran,
ramu_ with the construction _te + ara + mu_.
[26] In the conjugational charts we find:
_motomeô_ }
_motometar[vo]_ } _toki_
_motomeôzuru_ }
[27] The following notes are necessary to correct the printer's errors that
occur in this listing:
a. In the perfect conditional of _Vabi_ read _bitaraba_ for _bitaraaba_.
b. The form _Fitobi_ should in all likelihood read _Fotobi_ 'to be wet.'
c. The forms _Fotobi_, _Fokorobi_, and _Fusabi_ are all given present
indicatives in _bu_. There seems to be no reason for the ending appropriate
to the classical _sh[=u]shikei_ to be used for these particular verbs and
the _bu_ is taken as a misprint of _buru_. The _Arte_ (28) lists these
forms as regular.
d. In the perfect conditional of _Mochiy_ read _ytaraba_ for _yttaraba_.
e. The form _Coru_ should read _Cori_.
f. It will be noticed in the final segment of this listing, beginning with
Y, Rodriguez makes no effort to distinguish among _Kami-ichidan_,
_kami-nidan_, and the irregular verb _Ki_ 'to come.'
[28] By this single rule Rodriguez brings the two _na-hen_ verbs into the
second conjugation.
[29] Read _najûda_ and _nijûda_.
[30] Although the spelling _auogh[vo]_ would contain a redundancy it would
agree with such forms as _aghuru_, _coghanu_ and _cogh[vo]_ found
elsewhere.
[31] This use of the imperative reflects a purely formal solution to the
morphological problem.
[32] Read _Yôdareba_.
[33] This rule, which consciously or unconsciously associates the future
and the conditional, is also applied to the third conjugation, while the
first conjugation uses the root.
[34] The future is the same as the present.
[35] This spelling of the final root consonant with a _c_ is irregular for
verbs. Cf. _cakanu_ just below.
[36] The association of the negative with the future, and by extension with
the conditional, suggests a keen awareness of the underlying system,
particularly since the _Canadzucai_ rules to which he refers require the
formation be made from the present. It should be noted that this rule is
significantly more elegant than that which derives the negative from the
root.
[37] The _ij_ in the original is the digraph _ij_, as elsewhere.
[38] Read _Redomo_.
[39] _Majij_ with the digraph would be more regular.
[40] A photostatic copy of the entire text has been made available by Shima
Sh[=o]z[=o], _Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten_ (Tokyo, Bunka Shob[=o], 1969).
[41] [=O]tsuka's comparison of the Spanish manuscript with the printed
version of the text suggests that many of the typographical errors found in
our text are the result of material being too hastily transcribed from a
more correct original while the work was being translated from Latin.
[42] This Reference is to _Arte_ of 1604-8. The _Arte Breve_, printed in
1620 in Macao, was not available to Collado.
[43] The _Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae_, which was in fact
published at the same time.
[44] See the Introduction for the regularized usage of these symbols in the
translation. (The transcription of _gacux[vo]_, and the _aia[vu]_ below,
are at variance with the rule for the translation and are here transcribed
as printed.)
[45] This convention is not transcribed in the translation (cf.
Introduction).
[46] More regularly _synaloephy_--the contraction of two syllables into
one.
[47] The geminates that actually appear in the text are; _tt_, _xx_, _zz_,
_cq_, _ij_ & _pp_, as well as _cc_ (_cch_), _mm_, _nn_, and _ss_. Two
appear initially _mm_, as in _mma_ 'horse,' and _zz_, as in _zzuru_ 'to
leave.' The form _qq_ which would be phonetically equivalent to _cq_ is not
recorded.
[48] This sequence is not used in the body of the grammar, rather the less
phonetically accurate _ia_, _ie_, etc. It should be noted that the
_Dictionarium_, which was written contemporaniously, does use _y_ for the
semivowel.
[49] For _s_ read _g_. The _Arte_ (177v) discusses this phenomenon as being
characteristic of vowels before _d_, _dz_, and _g_.
[50] Since in fact the accent has been carelessly recorded in the text--in
places added in an almost random fashion by either the author, his helpers,
or the printer--we have not included its marking in the translation. (Cf.
Introduction.)
[51] The _Dictionarium_ has the spelling _fibicàxi_ in one entry and in the
only other it is transcribed as above.
[52] Acts, 19:20. Referring to the servant in the parable of the pounds who
is condemned for keeping his money "laid away in a napkin."
[53] The text uses _reduplicatiuus_, with the grammatical meaning of plural
singular; e.g., the singular I with the meaning of myself and those around
me.
[54] Both the _Dictionarium_ and the _Vocabulario_ have either _Nifon_ or
_Nippon_, but do not record this form. It seems not to be a simple
typographical error since the spelling is used in the title of the
companion piece to this work, the _Confesion_, and since the text itself
has _niffion_ and it is changed to _niffon_ in the _errata_. _Nifon_
appears on page 43.
[55] The _Arte_ and the _Vocabulario_ use the forms _goran_ and _gor[vo]_
in free variation. Collado here and in the _Dictionarium_ uses what appears
to be the less phonetically accurate transcription. The Spanish manuscript
has _goranjerarei_.
[56] May I submit this as a candidate for the most exotic bit of
anti-semitism in Christendom.
[57] The text reads _funè-de_, and apparently Collado is attempting to
indicate both accent and nasalization at the same time. He does not
continue this practice.
[58] The text has _caper silvester_ 'the wild he-goat' presumably the
_capreolus capreolus_ which is similar in appearance to the Japanese deer,
_cervus sika_.
[59] While this rule is operative for _caij_, it creates difficulties after
_x_. Rodriguez' rule is _ij_ becomes _[vu]_ with the example of
_atarax[vu]_. Collado's rule would create _ataraxiú_. (Cf. p. 33.)
[60] Neither Collado nor Rodriguez make a clear distinction between the
quantitative function of _no_ and the qualitative function of _na_.
[61] Collado usually make a clear distinction between colloquial and
literary forms. He apparently is suggesting that these non-colloquial forms
are heard in the spoken language. Here, not only is the style left
unexplained, but the translation _faciendo bonam consultationem_ is less
than ellucidating. Here the _ioqu_ is in fact adverbial.
[62] From _kobu_ 'to flatter.' An abbreviation of _kobita kotoba_, and used
to indicate refined speech; i.e., that speech containing Chinese
borrowings. See Doi Tadao, _Kirishitan gogaku no kenky[=u]_ (Tokyo, 1942,
pp. 67-70). The term is also found in the introduction to the _Vocabulario_
in the expression _palauras Cobitas_.
[63] The text reads _De pronomine secundae personae_....
[64] This list, unquestionably derived from the _Arte_ (67v), has been in
several ways confounded. The _mi_ is out of order and the second _vare_ is
clearly in error. If we put aside the genitive forms from Rodriguez' list,
the first four forms should be _vare_, _varera_, _vatacuxi_, and
_soregaxi_. Rodriguez' second set consists of _mi_, _midomo_, and
_midomora_. We would suggest that Collado meant to include _ura_, which is
listed by Rodriguez as the genitive form _vraga_. I offer _vatacuxi_,
_soregaxi_, _vare_, _varera_, _mi_, _midomo_, _midomora_, and _ura_ as the
intended list, with the order of _mi_ and _varera_ reversed to accommodate
the sentence which follows.
[65] The forms for the second person are derived from the _Arte_ (68).
Throughout this section the accent marks are quite erratic. In several
places, for example, Collado has _sónata_ and even _sónatá_.
[66] In the material which follows Collado has brought together items from
several sections of the _Arte_; for the interrogatives see (65-65v), the
indefinites (66), and the demonstratives (68).
[67] These reduplicated forms are not derived from Rodriguez' description
and are apparently misstatements of the forms _care_ and _are_ which would
otherwise be missing.
[68] An abbreviated form of _monomósu_; cf. _Arte_ (139v).
[69] Collado is here speaking with reference to the normal order in Latin.
[70] The treatment of the verbal system by Collado follows in a general way
the _Arte_ (6v-54v). In the material that follows specific references will
be made when a comparison of the two works is suggested.
[71] The text has _secundae coniugationis_. This error, which is repeated
throughout the text, is not present in the Spanish manuscript.
[72] The text again has _secundae coniugationis_.
[73] This list covering the _Kami-ichidan_ and _Kami-nidan_ verbs is
derived from a similarly defined sub-group of the first conjugation in the
_Arte_ (28). Since the verbs _cabi_, _sabi_, and _deqi_ are in no way
indicated as extraordinary in Rodriguez' presentation, I have amended the
text to include their present tense form.
[74] The text reads for this gloss _fucore afficior_. The proper word is
_mucore_ 'mould,' with the literal translation being 'I am affected by
mould.'
[75] The _Dictionarium_ has this verb listed as _kami-nidan_, _xij_, _uru_,
and therefore not exceptional.
[76] Cf. _Arte_ (7) where a similar list is presented.
[77] For the source of Collado's description of the future tense cf. _Arte_
(7v).
[78] The text reads _secundae coniugationis_.
[79] Rodriguez more correctly has this rule as the root plus _i_ or _yo_;
e.g., _aguei_ or _agueyo_. The form _aguei_ is used by Collado in the
construction of the optative below.
[80] This form is correct but does not follow his rule for the formation of
the imperative (see note 79).
[81] Rodriguez has _baquemono_ 'evil spirit' and the Spanish manuscript
_baqemono_, rather than _banguemono_ 'soothsayer.'
[82] Extracted from Rodriguez' version of a sentence in the Amakusa edition
of Esop's Fables (p. 417). The original reads, _Arutoqi Xantho chinsui xite
yraruru tocoroye, fitoga qite daicaino vxiuouo fitocuchino nomi tçucusaruru
michiga ar[vo]cato tôni_,... 'One time when Xantho [Esop's master] was
drunk, a man came and asked if there was a way to drink all the waters of
the ocean in one swallow....' it is abbreviated by Collado in such a way as
to obscure the construction.
[83] Also apparently extracted from the _Esopo_ (p. 477). The original has,
... _ri[vo]b[vo]ni tachiuacarete yru tocoroni qitçunega yosocara coreuo
mite, futatçuno nacani vocareta fittçu jiuo totte cur[vo]ta_, 'when they
[two lions] had gone their separate ways, the fox, seeing this from afar,
took the sheep which had been between the two of them and ate it.' By
changing _ri[vo]b[vo]_ to _nhóbó_ Collado created a less than satisfactory
example.
[84] Modeled on _Iyeuo idzuru tocorouo cubiuo quiri votoita_ 'when he went
outside his head was cut off.'
[85] Modeled on _Missauo asobasaruru tocoroye vôjei faxe atçumatta_ 'when
mass was being celebrated, many came running and gathered around.'
[86] Apparently modelled after _Arte_ (20v) _nantomo voxiare caxi_
'whatever you say,' with the imperative formation again confounded.
[87] Rodriguez (25v) specifies the location of this usage as Ch[=u]goku,
Bungo, Hakata, and other _Ximo_ districts.
[88] This example, together with _so zonze na_ below, reflects the loss of
a distinction between _z_ and _j_ which was taking place during this
period.
[89] The text has _secundae coniugationis_.
[90] The _Arte_ (27) records here _aguenedomo_, _aguenuto m[vo]xedomo_,
_aguezutomo_, _aguenebatote_, and _agueidemo_. Neither _aguenaidemo_ nor
the participle _aguenaide_, below, are found in the _Arte_, though they are
attested to elsewhere. Cf. Yuzawa K[=o]kichir[=o], _Edo kotoba no
kenky[=u]_ (Tokyo, 1954), p. 626.
[91] This rule, derived from Rodriguez (_Arte_, 29), is misformulated by
Collado. Rodriguez' rule is correct; change the _nu_ of the negative
present to _i_. It is formulated correctly for the third conjugation,
below.
[92] Collado's rule clearly confuses the formulation of the present with
that of the future. Significantly in the _Arte_ Rodriguez never refers to
the future forms of any verb other than his model _narai_. If Collado had
had access to the _Arte Breve_ he would have found (41) the following
principal parts for _vomoi_; _ vomoi_, _vomô_, _vomôta_, _vomov[vo]_,
_vomoye_. The only other use in the _Ars Grammaticae_ of this form is on
page 62 where Collado has the incorrect form _vomovô_. The manuscript does
not record this form.
[93] Although Collado's transcription permits this rule to yield the
appropriate forms, it obscures the fact that the final _i_ of the root is a
vowel, while the _i_ of the imperative is a semivowel. Rodriguez'
transcription better reflects the phonological facts; _naraye_, _vomoye_,
and _cuye_.
[94] This completes Collado's treatment of the third negative conjugation.
The two paragraphs which follow are part of his treatment of the
substantive verb. There is no section heading for the affirmative
substantive verb; and clearly a portion of the text has been deleted. The
Spanish manuscript (cf. [=O]tsuka's 1957 edition, p. 45) includes a new
section which begins by recording the following substantive verb forms;
_ari:aru_, _gozari:gozaru_, _i:iru_, and _vori:voru_.
[95] Collado's presentation of the substantive verbs is obscure. The text
reads: _Verba verò substantiua sunt_, gozaru, gozaranu, voru, uori nai, dea
_vel_ gia: deuanai, aru:aranu, _vel_, gozaranu uoru ùôrinai, _&_ .... The
translation attempts to punctuate the list to reflect the contrast between
affirmative and negative forms. The main confusion is the apparent effort
to contrast _voru_ and _vorinai_. _Voru_ (glossed by the supplement of the
_Vocabulario_ as _estar_, and used in the _Dictionarium_ as the gloss for
_existo_, _etc._) is not used by Rodriguez in the _Arte_. _Vorinai_
(unglossed in the dictionaries) is clearly defined by Rodriguez as the
negative of the polite verb _voriaru_, which is derived by him from _von
iri+aru_ (_Arte_, 165v). Possibly Collado had intended to contrast _voru_
with _voranu_ and _voriaru_ with _vorinai_ but confounded the two pairs and
then repeated his error at the end of the list; or again he may, in the
absence of Rodriguez' guidance, have simply misunderstood the matter.
Putting the alternative forms aside, the list should read
_gozaru:gozaranu_, _vori aru:vori nai_, _gia:devanai_, _aru:aranu_, and
_voru:voranu_. Collado's treatment is patterned only loosely after the
_Arte_ (2v-6v).
[96] Collado seems to be unaware of the irregularity of _vonaji_.
[97] Collado is following the general rule established on p. 10 for such
forms as _caij_. He might better have followed Rodriguez who would
transcribe _canax[vu]te_, as do we.
[98] The missing 'closed o' aside, Collado's transcription of this form
with an _n_ is indicative of the clarity with which he perceived the
nasalization in this context.
[99] Cf. _Arte_ (18v-19v).
[100] The text reads _cú vaau ni voite va_, with the errata changing the
verb to _cuvazu_.
[101] This historically inaccurate rule is derived from the _Arte_ (18v).
[102] In the one example of this construction, on page 62, Collado has the
form _tovazunba_.
[103] The original is in the _soro_ style; _I[vo]j[vo]ni voiteua uquetori
m[vo]subequ soro._
[104] Cf. _Arte_ (19v).
[105] Here and throughout the section Collado transcribes as _ro_ the
potential particle which should correctly be written _ró_ (cf. _Arte_,
11v). It will be noticed that all but one instance of the 'open o' on p. 35
of the text has been left unmarked.
[106] Collado has derived this list from the _Arte_ (45-47). His
terminology is, however, rather misleading. What he classifies as _verba
irregularia_ are those which Rodriguez considers deponent, that is _verbo
defectiuo_, with the term _verbo irregular_ being used by Rodriguez for the
adjective. Given this misunderstanding Collado begins his list with an
explanation of the irregularities of _qi,uru_. This verb is on Rodriguez'
list only because "it lacks certain forms in the affirmative" (45v).
Rodriguez has a list of 43 deponent verbs, beginning with _tari_, from
which Collado has selected the first 14 and then a few from the remainder.
[107] In the restricted context of an adjectival; cf. modern _arayuru
koto_.
[108] Cf. _Arte_ (45v) where Rodriguez transcribes _vreyeyo_.
[109] Loc. cit. Rodriguez presents _vreôru_ as an alternative form for
_vreô_ in the present tense and then selects that variant for the
infinitive.
[110] Formation (_formatio_) is to be understood here in the sense of
derivation, and diversity (_differentia_) in the sense of class membership.
[111] The opening paragraphs of this section follow the _Arte_ (68-70 and
96-108v). The list of particles, beginning with _maraxi_, follows 160-168.
[112] The text, here and in the next sentence, reads _secundae
coningationis_.
[113] The form _dojucu_ is incorrect. It is taken by [=O]tsuka to be
_d[=o]shuku_ 'a person living in the same house.' The _Vocabulario_ records
the item _dôjucu_ 'a young boy who serves a priest.' _Dôjucu_ best fits
Collado's translation.
[114] The text again reads _secundae coniugationis_.
[115] Cf. _Arte_ (160-164) from which this list and the following material
have been derived.
[116] Throughout his treatment of the respect language Collado glosses his
verb forms in the first person, even though that translation might be
inappropriate to any context.
[117] Rodriguez (_Arte_, 162v) specifies the distribution of _vo_ and _go_,
using _gosacu atta_ as his example of the construction in context of a
Chinese vocabulary item. Collado does not refer to this distinction.
[118] The text reads _secundae coniugationis_.
[119] The text reads _secundae coniugationis_.
[120] [=O]tsuka (1957) suggests _maraxi_ is correct and alters the example.
Since the list begins with _maraxi_, I assume the error to be in the
citation.
[121] The material for this section is derived from the _Arte_ (164v-168).
[122] While the material for this section is drawn from various sections of
the _Arte_, the bulk of the particles and their descriptions are derived
from Rodriguez' treatment of postpositional (73-77) and adverbial
constructions (112v-125).
[123] Rodriguez' list (77v) runs as follows; _vchi_, _voi_, _faxe_, _ai_,
_tori_, _mexi_, _tçui_, and _voxi_. On the basis of Collado's examples
_voxi_ should have been included in his list.
[124] Collado's transcription _qinpen_ is phonemically correct while being
phonetically less accurate than Rodriguez' _quimpen_.
[125] Collado has altered Rodriguez' version from _Nippon_, even though the
_Dictionarium_ glosses _consuetudo japonica_ as _Nippon catagui_.
[126] Collado, in the _Dictionarium_ and here, prefers _mmu_ to _uma_.
[127] This particle is not described in the _Arte_.
[128] Rodriguez (_Arte_, 116) records _Core coso yocar[vo]zure_ and states
that in this context _coso_ has the same meaning as _Queccu_ and _Cayette_.
[129] Cf. the _Arte_ (117) where the list is given as _Reba_, _Ni_, _Tomo_,
the potential, and _Te_.
[130] Rodriguez' version runs _Iesu Christo fitono vontocoroua_. (For
Collado's use of _reduplicatiuus_ see note 53.)
[131] As the first example indicates, the _zzu_ variant is not restricted
to the negative preterit, but is the form which appears for _da_ in all
contexts, as here with the preterit of _iomu_.
[132] In the absence of other examples it is not possible to determine if
Collado assumed the present tense form to be _iuru_ or _uru_. The
correction here follows the spelling used consistently in the _Arte_.
[133] Both Collado and Rodriguez agree that verbs ending in _tai_ govern
the accusative case; cf. _Nanigaxiuo yobitai_ (_Arte_, 14v).
[134] The text reads _secunda persona_.
[135] Rodriguez has _Vatacuxiua nantomo buchôfôde tof[vo] ga gozanai_ [...
_buchôf[vo]de_ ...].
[136] Rodriguez uses the transcription _gor[vo]jerarei_ in the example from
which this sentence is derived. (The ten other occurrences in the _Arte_
have _goran_.) The _Dictionarium_ uses only _goron_, while the
_Vocabulario_ lists both _goran_ and _goron_. The Spanish manuscript has
_goran_.
[137] Rodriguez has _mairade canauanu_.
[138] The _Arte_ has the plain form _mair[vo]cotode attaredomo_.
[139] The _Arte_ has _mairumajiqueredomo_.
[140] Perhaps an attempt to follow the rule, established in the syntax
below, that states the _v_ of the accusative particle is lost after _n_. If
this is the intent, the comma is in error.
[141] Rodriguez treats adverbs in two sections of the _Arte_; under the
parts of speech (73v-77), and under the syntax (113-125). As has been
observed in the introduction, there is little consistancy of classification
between Rodriguez and Collado in this area of grammatical description.
[142] The interrogatives are derived from the _Arte_ (110v) and are
presented in substantially the same order. The adverbial particles which
begin with _uie_ are taken from (140-148v) and classified by Rodriguez as
_posposiçao_.
[143] The errata has; page 50, line 10, _doco_ read _coco_. This would
require the _doco zo_ above to read _coco zo_. It seems that the errata
should have read; page 50, line 16, which would have corrected this error.
The punctuation is not corrected by the errata.
[144] Rodriguez has the complete version; _Fitocuchi futacuchi c[vu] cotoua
c[vu]ta vchideua nai_.
[145] Rodriguez uses _vonna_ for _vonago_.
[146] The material for this section is derived from the _Arte_ (74v and
76v).
[147] Rodriguez has _Ayamari nai vyeua_, ...
[148] For the temporal interrogatives cf. _Arte_ (89v-90v) and for the
remaining forms 107-107v.
[149] Cf. the _Dictionarium_ under _cras_.
[150] The _Vocabulario_ has _sãnuru_ and _sannuru_ as the _ombin_ form of
the attributive perfective _sarinuru_.
[151] Cf. _Arte_ (74v).
[152] The Spanish manuscript has _iya iya_.
[153] Cf. _Arte_ (74v).
[154] Cf. _Arte_ (75, 94v, and 123v-124v).
[155] Cf. _Arte_ (94v) _Quixoua ano fito fodono gacux[vo]deua nai._
[156] Cf. _Arte_ (95 and 141).
[157] Cf. _Arte_ (75).
[158] The _Dictionarium_ has a selection of a dozen intensifying adverbs
listed under _valde_.
[159] Cf. _Arte_ (74v, 75, and 76).
[160] Cf. _Arte_ (74, 75, and 75v).
[161] The _Dictionarium_ also has the spelling _moxi_ which suggests that
Collado perceived a different vowel quantity than Rodriguez who has
_m[vo]xi_, as does the _Vocabulario_.
[162] The Latin particle is _nonne_, which expects an affirmative answer.
[163] Rodriguez, and consequently Doi (_Nihon daibunten_, p. 449), have
_xidai_ for _xisai_. The original source is the _Esopo no Fabulas_ where on
p. 493 the form is _xisai_.
[164] While the material for this section has been drawn from various
portions of the _Arte_, Rodriguez handles the bulk of the matters dealt
with here on 106v-108v and 140-148v.
[165] The text is not clear at this point. It reads: Tame, _significat ni
vel erga: v.g._ ... where one would expect: Tame _vel_ ni _significat erga:
v.g._ ... [=O]tsuka translates this passage as if it were the later, as do
I.
[166] Collado has recast into the colloquial a quote from the _Shikimoku_.
Rodriguez records: _Mata daiquanni itatteua ichininnomi sadamubequi nari_.
[167] The text reads: itatte _v.g._ totte.... where the _v.g._ is clearly a
misprint of _vel_.
[168] Cf. _Arte_ (130-137).
[169] This item is the only one in this paragraph which Rodriguez does not
list as a _casane cotoba_ on 134v of the _Arte_. Collado is apparently
interpreting this construction as a repetition of two adverbs, as for
example _coco caxico_. If so, the form should be spelled _vomoxirô_,
_vocaxiú_ (if we follow his rule for the formation of adverbs from _ij_
ending adjectives). However, the form which he seems to be recording is
more likely the compound adverb which is listed in the _Vocabulario_ as
_vomoxirovocax[vu]_ and glossed as _contemporizando de boa maneira_
'temporizing in a carefree manner.' The spelling that we suggest is derived
from the attested lexical item without the application of Collado's
formational rules.
[170] Cf. _Arte_ (125-130v).
[171] This interjection, together with _hat_ below, are the only uses of
initial _h_ found in the description. Rodriguez transcribes the latter item
as _at_ or _vat_ (_Arte_, 127) which suggests a close relationship between
the labial and glottal aspirates.
[172] Rodriguez has _Benquei satemo yasaxij yatçubaraya_.
[173] Rodriguez has: ... _nituaye b[vo]no saxivorosu_. The entire passage
would be, 'Benkei, seeing this, thought, "Oh, this isn't very important,"
and dropped the stick into the garden.' which Rodriguez explains to mean
being sorry for not paying sufficient attention to a matter.
[174] The material for this section is derived from various sections in
Book II of the _Arte_.
[175] Matthew, 6:24.
[176] Rodriguez has the spelling _touazumba_. In transcribing the form
Collado failed to follow the rule he established in his treatment of
conditional constructions.
[177] The model for this sentence appears to be _Arte_ (62): _Ichidan
medzuraxij yenoco, que nag[vo], uquino gotoqu xir[vo]_ [_sic_], _me curô,
cauo icanimo airaxijuo cureta._ If this is the source of Collado's example,
he is clearly demonstrating his sensitivity to the nasalization of such
items such as _nag[vo]_. The _Dictionarium_ under _longus_ has _nagai_.
[178] Collado's transcription is unable accurately to express the proper
phonological, or morphological, form of _shin'i_ 'indignation.' He would
have been well advised to follow Rodriguez' model and transcribe this item
as _xiny_ with the specification that consonant plus _y_ indicates a
morphological juncture.
[179] Rodriguez has the spelling _Quiso_, which agrees with the _Amakusaban
Heike_ (p. 239), the ultimate source of the sentence. Collado's spelling in
the translation is _quiuzo_. The Spanish manuscript has _Kiso_.
[180] One might expect the more literal 'I do not believe that it will be
finished,' but Collado has _credo quod non finietur_.
[181] This rule, which might more appropriately have been included with the
phonology, is not followed in Collado's description, with the possible
exception of p. 48 where the same construction is apparently used.
[182] Collado here demonstrates the absorbitive capacity of Latin as he
creates an accusative singular adjective from the past attributive of the
verb _kobu_.
[183] The use of _abiru_, where one would expect _aburu_, may be a simple
typographical error or evidence that Collado accepted the shift from
_ni-dan_ to _ichi-dan katsuy[=o]_ as unworthy of notice. Rodriguez (_Arte_,
101v) has _midzuuo aburu_.
[184] This list is derived from the _Arte_ (101v-102v). From _abi,uru_ on,
the list is in the same order as that made by Rodriguez. _Fanaruru_,
_zzuru_, _nosquru_, _noru_, _vovaru_, and _mairu_ are Collado's
contributions.
[185] Cf. _Arte_ (101v).
[186] Cf. _Arte_ (100).
[187] Cf. _Arte_ (98).
[188] Cf. _Arte_ (104).
[189] Cf. _Arte_ (64 and 79).
[190] The material presented in this section is gleaned from the exhaustive
treatment of the numerical system which makes up the last 20 leaves of
Rodriguez' grammar.
[191] This compound does not follow the rule, since _cu_ is not a _iomi_
numeral. See also _cu ninai_ below.
[192] Rodriguez has _fitoi_ or _fifitoi_ (Arte, 228v).
[193] While this form fits the general rule for combining counters and
days, Rodriguez (_Arte_, 228v) has _t[vo]ca_, which is a misprint for
_tôca_, cf. Doi, _Daibunten_, p. 818.
[194] Spelled with a tilde, _sãguat_, as are all the other forms before
_guat_.
[195] For the _s[vo]_ and _sa_ allomorph of _san_ cf. _Arte_ (173v).
[196] Rodriguez gives the following equivalents in the monetary system on
217-217v of the _Arte_: ... ten _Rin_ in one _Fun_, ten _Fun_ in one
_Momme_, one thousand _Momme_ in one _Quamme_.
[197] The text is confused at this point. It runs: Ixxacu, _unus palmus seu
tertia quam Hispania vocant_ sanjacu. _tres_, ...
[198] The text has _culus_ 'posterior,' but the errata changes the word to
_anus_. The original seems closer to the Japanese.
[199] The examples here lag one behind the glosses.
[200] Here and elsewhere Collado combines homophonous enumerators which
Rodriguez keeps distinct. Cf. _Arte_ (220-223v) for an extensive list of
enumerators.
[201] Cf. _Arte_ (159-159v).
[202] This rule, apparently an invention of Collado's, has no precedent in
Rodriguez or in linguistic derivation. The _n_ in this construction is the
contracted form of the classical _mu_, the source for what Collado calls
the future.
[203] These forms might better have been presented as _nari,i_ and _qeri,i_
to indicate that the sentence-ending forms are _nari_ and _qeri_.
* * * * *
Corrections made to printed original.
p. 14. `BOOK II. The Rudamenta' corrected to `Rudimenta'.
Ib. `While the Arts Grammaticae presents ...' corrected to `Ars
Grammaticae'.
p. 16. `booklet which teaches Canaduzcai' changed to much other uses as
`Canadzucai'.
p. 17. `Tassuru, taxxita, taxxeò ...' the last amended to match the
paradigm `taxxeô'.
p. 19. `Motoneô.' in future column, amended to fit the paradigm `Motomeô'.
p. 20. Heading, `Conjuctive' corrected to `Conjunctive'.
p. 21. Table of irregular verbs, the left hand column has separate entries
`A' and `Bi', these appear to mean a single entry `Abi'.
p. 24. `Those ending in çu change to T[vo]' - `to' omitted in text.
Ib. `thus governs the genative' corrected to `genitive'.
p. 116. `There are ennumerable nouns' corrected to `innumerable'.
p. 117. `a visable thing' corrected to `visible'.
p. 118. `primative pronouns' corrected to `primitive'.
p. 132. `I did not decend.' corrected to `descend'.
p. 136. `vomi:vomô', from the context and other references (and the Latin
text) the root should be `vomoi'.
p. 179. `xi ban me forth' corrected to `fourth'.
Footnote 27 a is applied to `Nobi', this should be `Vabi'.
Footnote 62. `The term is also found in the introduction to the
Vorabulario', corrected to `Vocabulario'.
Footnote 106. `verbo defectino' (from Portuguese text) corrected to
`defectiuo' as a more likely corruption than from `defectivo'.
Footnote 109. `selects that varient' corrected to `variant'.
Footnote 131. `the zzu varient' corrected to `variant'.
Footnote 169. `temperizing in a carefree manner' corrected to
`temporizing'.
Footnote 169. `Spelled with a tilda' corrected to `tilde'.