MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANKIND. HUMAN SPECIES AND HUMAN RACES.
Age of the Human Race.—Causes of its Origin.—The Origin of
Human Language.—Monophyletic or Single, Polyphyletic or
Multiple Origin of the Human Race.—Derivation of Man from many
Pairs.—Classification of the Human Races.—System of Twelve
Species of Men.—Woolly-haired Men, or Ulotrichis.—Bushy-haired
(Papuans, Hottentots).—Fleecy-haired (Caffres,
Negroes).—Straight-haired men, or Lissotrichi.—Stiff-haired
(Australians, Malays, Mongols, Arctic, and American
Tribes).—Curly-haired (Dravidas, Nubians, Midlanders).—Number
of Population.—Primæval Home of Man (South Asia, or
Lemuria).—Nature of Primæval Men.—Number of Primæval Languages
(Monoglottists and Polyglottists).—Divergence and Migration of
the Human Race.—Geographical Distribution of the Human Species.
The rich treasure of knowledge we possess in the comparative anatomy and
the history of the development of Vertebrate animals, enables us even
now to establish the most important outlines of the human pedigree in
the way we have done in the last chapter. One must, however, not expect
to be able to survey satisfactorily in every detail the history or
phylogeny of the human species which will henceforth form the basis of
Anthropology, and of all other sciences. The complete development of
this most important science—of which we can only lay the first
foundation—must remain reserved for the more accurate and extensive
investigations of a future time. This applies also to those more special
questions of human phylogeny at which it is desirable before concluding
to take a cursory glance, namely, the question of the time and place of
the origin of the human race, as also of the different species and races
into which it has differentiated.
In the first place, the period of the earth’s history, within which the
slow and gradual transmutation of the most man-like apes into the most
ape-like men took place, can of course not be determined by years, nor
even by centuries. This much can, however, with full assurance be
maintained, for reasons given in the last chapter, that Man is derived
from Placental animals. Now, as fossil remains of these Placentalia are
found only in the tertiary rocks, the human race can at the earliest
have developed only within the Tertiary period out of perfected man-like
apes. What seems most probable is that this most important process in
the history of terrestrial creation occurred towards the end of the
Tertiary period, that is in the Pliocene, perhaps even in the Miocene
period, but possibly also not until the beginning of the Diluvial
period. At all events Man, as such, lived in central Europe as early as
the Diluvial period, contemporaneously with many large, long since
extinct mammals, especially with the diluvial elephant, or mammoth
(Elephas primigenius), the woolly-haired rhinoceros (Rhinoceros
tichorrhinus), the giant deer (Cervus euryceros), the cave bear (Ursus
spelæus), the cave hyæna (Hyæna spelæa), the cave lion (Felis spelæus),
etc. The results brought to light by recent geology and archæology as to
these fossil men and their animal contemporaries of the diluvial period,
are of the greatest interest. But as a closer examination of them would
occupy too much of my limited space, I must confine myself here to
setting forth their great general importance, and refer for particulars
to the numerous writings which have recently been published on the
Primæval History of Man, more especially to the excellent works of
Charles Lyell,(30) Carl Vogt,(27) Friedrich Rolle,(28) John Lubbock,(44)
L. Büchner,(43) etc.
The numerous and interesting discoveries presented to us by these
extensive investigations of late years on the primæval history of the
human race, place the important fact (long since probable for many other
reasons) beyond a doubt, that the human race, as such, has existed for
more than twenty thousand years. But it is also probable that more than
a hundred thousand years, perhaps many hundred thousands of years, have
elapsed since its first appearance; and, in contrast to this, it must
seem very absurd that our calendars still represent the “Creation of the
World, according to Calvisius,” to have taken place 5821 years ago.
Now, whether we reckon the period during which the human race, as such,
has existed and diffused itself over the earth, as twenty thousand, a
hundred thousand, or many hundred thousands of years, the lapse of time
is in any case immensely small in comparison with the inconceivable
length of time which was requisite for the gradual development of the
long chain of human ancestors. This is evident even from the small
thickness of all Diluvial deposits in comparison with the Tertiary, and
of these again in comparison with the preceding deposits. (Compare p.
22.) But the infinitely long series of slowly and gradually developing
animal forms from the simplest Moneron to the Amphioxus, from this to
the Primæval Fish, from the Primæval Fish to the first Mammal, and
again, from the latter to Man, also require for their historical
development a succession of periods probably comprising many thousands
of millions of years. (Compare vol. i. p. 129.)
Those processes of development which led to the origin of the most
Ape-like Men out of the most Man-like Apes must be looked for in the two
adaptational changes which, above all others, are distinctive of Man,
namely, _upright walk_ and _articulate speech_. These two
_physiological_ functions necessarily originated together with two
corresponding _morphological_ transmutations, with which they stand in
the closest correlation, namely, the _differentiation of the two pairs
of limbs and the differentiation of the larynx_. The important
perfecting of these organs and their functions must have necessarily and
powerfully reacted upon the differentiation of the brain and the mental
activities dependent upon it, and thus have paved the way for the
endless career in which Man has since progressively developed, and in
which he has far outstripped his animal ancestors. (Gen. Morph. ii. p.
430.)
The first and earliest of these three great processes in the development
of the human organism probably was the _higher differentiation and the
perfecting of the extremities_ which was effected by the _habit of an
upright walk_. By the fore feet more and more exclusively adopting and
retaining the function of grasping and handling, and the hinder feet
more and more exclusively the function of standing and walking, there
was developed that contrast between the hand and foot which is indeed
not exclusively characteristic of man, but which is much more strongly
developed in him than in the apes most like men. This differentiation of
the fore and hinder extremities was, however, not merely most
advantageous for their own development and perfecting, but it was
followed at the same time by a whole series of very important changes in
other parts of the body. The whole vertebral column, and more especially
the girdle of the pelvis and shoulders, as also the muscles belonging to
them, thereby experienced those changes which distinguish the human body
from that of the most man-like apes. These transmutations were probably
accomplished long before the origin of articulate speech; and the human
race thus existed for long, with an upright walk and the characteristic
human form of body connected with it, before the actual development of
human language, which would have completed the second and the more
important part of human development. We may therefore distinguish a
special (21st) stage in the series of our human ancestors, namely,
Speechless Man (Alalus), or Ape-man (Pithecanthropus), whose body was
indeed formed exactly like that of Man in all essential characteristics,
but who did not as yet possess articulate speech.
The origin of _articulate language_, and the _higher differentiation and
perfecting of the larynx_ connected with it, must be looked upon as only
a later, and the most important stage in the process of the development
of Man. It was, doubtless, this process which above all others helped to
create the deep chasm between man and animal, and which also first
caused the most important progress in the mental activity and the
perfecting of the brain connected with it. There indeed exists in very
many animals a language for communicating sensations, desires, and
thoughts, partly a language of gestures, partly a language of feeling or
touch, partly a language of cries or sounds, but a real language of
words or ideas, a so-called “articulate” language, which by abstraction
changes sounds into words, and words into sentences, belongs, as far as
we know, exclusively to Man.
The origin of human language must, more than anything else, have had an
ennobling and transforming influence upon the mental life of Man, and
consequently upon his brain. The higher differentiation and perfecting
of the brain and mental life as its highest function developed in direct
correlation with its expression by means of speech. Hence, the highest
authorities in comparative philology justly see in the development of
human speech the most important process which distinguishes Man from his
animal ancestors. This has been especially set forth by August
Schleicher, in his treatise “On the Importance of Speech for the Natural
History of Man.”(34) In this relation we see one of the closest
connections between comparative zoology and comparative philology; and
here the theory of development assigns to the latter the task of
following the origin of language step by step. This task, as interesting
as it is important, has of late years been successfully undertaken by
many inquirers, but more especially by Wilhelm Bleek, who has been
occupied for seventeen years in South Africa with the study of the
languages of the lowest races of men, and hence has been enabled to
solve the question. August Schleicher more especially discusses, in
accordance with the theory of selection, how the various forms of
speech, like all other organic forms and functions, have developed by
the process of natural selection, and have divided into many species and
dialects.
I have no space here to follow the process of the formation of language,
and must refer in regard to this to the above-mentioned important work
of Wilhelm Bleek, “On the Origin of Language.”(35) But we have still to
mention one of the most important results of comparative philology,
which is of the highest importance to the genealogy of the human
species, that is, that _human language was probably of a multiple, or
polyphyletic origin_. Human speech, as such, did not develop probably
until the genus of Speechless or Primæval Man, or Ape Man, had
separated into several kinds or species. In each of these human species,
and perhaps even in the different sub-species and varieties of this
species, language developed freely and independently of the others. At
least Schleicher, one of the first authorities on the subject, maintains
that “even the beginnings of language—in sounds as well as in regard to
ideas and views which were reflected in sounds, and further, in regard
to their capability of development—must have been different. For it is
positively impossible to trace all languages to one and the same
primæval language. An impartial investigation rather shows that there
are as many primæval languages as there are races.”(34) In like manner,
Friederich Müller(41) and other eminent linguists assume a free and
independent origin of the families of languages and their primæval
stocks. It is well known, however, that the boundaries of these tribes
of languages and their ramifications are by no means always the
boundaries of the different human species, or the so-called “races,”
distinguished by us on account of their bodily characteristics. This,
as well as the complicated relations of the mixture of races, and the
various forms of hybrids, is the great difficulty lying in the way of
tracing the human pedigree in its individual branches, species, races,
varieties, etc.
In spite of these great and serious difficulties, we cannot here refrain
from taking one more cursory glance at the ramification of the human
pedigree, and at the same time considering, from the point of view of
the theory of descent, the much discussed question of the monophyletic
or polyphyletic origin of the human race, and its species or races. As
is well known, two great parties have for a long time been at war with
each other upon this question; the _monophylists_ (or monogenists)
maintain the unity of origin and the blood relationship of all races of
men. The _polyphylists_ (or polygenists), on the other hand, are of
opinion that the different races of men are of independent origin.
According to our previous genealogical investigations we cannot doubt
that, at least in a _wide sense_, the monophyletic opinion is the right
one. For even supposing that the transmutation of Man-like Apes into Men
had taken place several times, yet those Apes themselves would again be
allied by the one pedigree common to the whole order of Apes. The
question therefore would always be merely about a nearer or remoter
degree of blood relationship. In a _narrower sense_, on the other hand,
the polyphylist’s opinion would probably be right, inasmuch as the
different primæval languages have developed quite independently of one
another. Hence, if the origin of an articulate language is considered as
the real and principal act of humanification, and the species of the
human race are distinguished according to the roots of their language,
it might be said that the different races of men had originated,
independently of one another, by different branches of primæval,
speechless men directly springing from apes, and forming their own
primæval language. Still they would of course be connected further up or
lower down at their root, and thus all would finally be derived from a
common primæval stock.
While we hold the latter of these convictions, and while we for many
reasons believe that the different species of speechless primæval men
were all derived from a common ape-like human form, we do not of course
mean to say that _all men are descended from one pair_. This latter
supposition, which our modern Indo-Germanic culture has taken from the
Semitic myth of the Mosaic history of creation, is by no means tenable.
The whole of the celebrated dispute, as to whether the human race is
descended from a single pair or not, rests upon a completely false way
of putting the question. It is just as senseless as the dispute as to
whether all sporting dogs or all race-horses are descended from a single
pair. We might with equal justice ask whether all Germans or all
Englishmen are “descended from a single pair,” etc. A “first human
pair,” or “a first man,” has in fact never existed, any more than there
ever existed a first pair or a first individual of Englishmen, Germans,
race-horses, or sporting dogs. The origin of a new species, of course,
always results from an existing species, by a long chain of many
different individuals sharing the slow process of transformation.
Supposing that we had all the different pairs of Human Apes and Ape-like
Men before us—which belong to the true ancestors of the human race—it
would even then be quite impossible (without doing so most arbitrarily)
to call any one of these pairs of ape-like men “the first pair.” As
little can we derive each of the twelve races or species of men, which
we shall consider directly, from a “first pair.”
The difficulties met with in classifying the different races or species
of men are quite the same as those which we discover in classifying
animal and vegetable species. In both cases forms apparently quite
different are connected with one another by a chain of intermediate
forms of transition. In both cases the dispute as to what is a kind or a
species, what a race or a variety, can never be determined. Since
Blumenbach’s time, as is well known, it has been thought that mankind
may be divided into five races or varieties, namely: (1) the Ethiopian,
or black race (African negro); (2) the Malayan, or brown race (Malays,
Polynesians, and Australians); (3) the Mongolian, or yellow race (the
principal inhabitants of Asia and the Esquimaux of North America); (4)
the Americans, or red race (the aborigines of America); and (5) the
Caucasian, or white race (Europeans, north Africans, and south-western
Asiatics). All of these five races of men, according to the Jewish
legend of creation, are said to have been descended from “a single
pair”—Adam and Eve,—and in accordance with this are said to be varieties
of one kind or species. If, however, we compare them without prejudice,
there can be no doubt that the differences of these five races are as
great and even greater than the “specific differences” by which
zoologists and botanists distinguish recognised “good” animal and
vegetable species (“bonæ species”). The excellent palæontologist
Quenstedt is right in maintaining that, “if Negroes and Caucasians were
snails, zoologists would universally agree that they represented two
very excellent species, which could never have originated from one pair
by gradual divergence.”
The characteristics by which the races of men are gradually
distinguished are partly taken from the formation of the hair, partly
from the colour of the skin, and partly from the formation of the skull.
In regard to the last character, two extremes are distinguished, namely,
long heads and short heads. In _long-headed men_ (Dolichocephali), whose
strongest development is found in Negroes and Australians, the skull is
extended, narrow, and compressed on the right and left. In _short-headed
men_ (Brachycephali), on the other hand, the skull is compressed in an
exactly opposite manner, from the front to the back, is short and broad,
which is especially striking in the case of the Mongolians.
_Medium-headed men_ (Mesocephali), standing between the two extremes,
predominate especially among Americans. In every one of these three
groups we find men with _slanting teeth_ (Prognathi), whose jaws, like
those of the animal snout, strongly project, and whose front teeth
therefore slope in front, and men with _straight teeth_ (Orthognathi),
whose jaws project but little, and whose front teeth stand
perpendicularly. During the last ten years a great deal of time and
trouble have been devoted to the careful examination and measurement of
the forms of skulls, which have, however, not been rewarded by
corresponding results. For within a single species, as for example
within the Mediterranean species, the form of the skull may vary so much
that both extremes are met with in the same species. Much better
starting-points for the classification of the human species are
furnished by the nature of the hair and speech, because they are much
more strictly hereditary than the form of the skull.
Comparative philology seems especially to be becoming an authority in
this matter. In the latest great work on the races of men, which
Friederich Müller has published in his excellent “Ethnography,”(42) he
justly places language in the fore-ground. Next to it the nature of the
hair of the head is of great importance; for although it is in itself of
course only a subordinate morphological character, yet it seems to be
strictly transmitted within the race. Of the twelve species of men
distinguished on the following table (p. 308), the four lower species
are characterised by the woolly nature of the hair of their heads; every
hair is flattened like a tape, and thus its section is oval. These four
species of _woolly-haired men_ (Ulotrichi) we may reduce into two
groups—tuft-haired and fleecy-haired. The hair on the head of
_tuft-haired men_ (Lophocomi), Papuans and Hottentots, grows in
unequally divided small tufts. The woolly hair of _fleecy-haired men_
(Eriocomi), on the other hand, in Caffres and Negroes, grows equally all
over the skin of the head. All Ulotrichi, or woolly-haired men, have
slanting teeth and long heads, and the colour of their skin, hair, and
eyes is always very dark. All are inhabitants of the Southern
Hemisphere; it is only in Africa that they come north of the equator.
They are on the whole at a much lower stage of development, and more
like apes, than most of the Lissotrichi, or straight-haired men. The
Ulotrichi are incapable of a true inner culture and of a higher mental
development, even under the favourable conditions of adaptation now
offered to them in the United States of North America. No woolly-haired
nation has ever had an important “history.”
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY
_Of the 12 Species of Men and their 36 Races._
(Compare Plate XV.)
-------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+-------------
_Species._ | _Races._ | _Home._ | _Immigrated_
| | | _from the_
-------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+-------------
{ 1. =Papuan= { 1. Nigritos Malacca, Philippine West
{ +Homo Papua+ { Islands
{ { 2. New Guinea men New Guinea West
{ 2. =Hottentot= { 3. Melanesians Melanesia North-west
{ +Homo+ { 4. Tasmanians Van Diemen’s Land North-east
{ +Hottentottus+
{ { 5. Hottentots The Cape North-east
{ { 6. Bushmen The Cape North-east
{ 3. =Kaffre= { 7. Zulu Kaffres Eastern South Africa North
{ +Homo Cafer+ { 8. Beschuanas Central South Africa North-east
{ { 9. Congo Kaffres Western South Africa East
{
{ 4. =Negro= { 10. Tibu negroes Tibu district South-east
{ +Homo Niger+ { 11. Soudan negroes Soudan East
{ { 12. Senegambians Senegambia East
{ { 13. Nigritians Nigritia East
.......................................................................................
{ 5. =Australian= { 14. North Australians North Australia North
{ +H. Australis+ { 15. South Australians South Australia North
{
{ 6. =Malay= { 16. Sundanesians Sunda Archipelago West
{ +Homo Malayus+ { 17. Polynesians Pacific Archipelago West
{ { 18. Natives of Madagascar Madagascar East
{
{ 7. =Mongolian= { 19. Indo-Chinese Tibet, China South
{ +Homo+ { 20. Coreo-Japanese Corea, Japan South-west
{ +Mongolus+ { 21. Altaians } Central Asia, North Asia South
{ { 22. Uralians} North-western Asia, South-east
{ { Northern Europe,
{ { Hungary
{
{ 8. =Arctic Men= { 23. Hyperboreans Extreme N.E. of Asia South-west
{ +Homo Arcticus+ { 24. Esquimaux The extreme north of West
{ { America
{
{ 9. =American= { 25. North Americans North America North-west
{ +Homo+ { 26. Central Americans Central America North
{ +Americanus+ { 27. South Americans South America North
{ { 28. Patagonians The extreme south of North
{ { South America
{ 10. =Dravidas= { 29. Deccans Hindostan East?
{ +Homo Dravida+ { 30. Singalese Ceylon North?
{
{ 11. =Nubian= { 31. Dongolese Nubia East
{ +Homo Nuba+ { 32. Fulatians Fulu-land (Central East
{ { Africa)
{
{ 12. { 33. Caucasians Caucasus South-east
{ =Mediterranese= { 34. Basque Extreme north of Spain South?
{ +Homo+ { 35. Semites Arabia, North Africa, etc. East
{ +Mediterraneus+ { 36. Indo-germanic South-western Asia, South-east
{ { tribes Europe, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Indo-Germanians
9. =Americans= Semites |
| Magyars | | Caucasians
| Esquimaux | | Basques | |
| | Fins | | | |
| | | \---v---/ \----v----/
| Hyperboreans | | |
| 8. =Arctic Men= | Samoides | |
| | Tartars | | | |
| | | | | \-------v-------/
\---v----/ | | | 12. =Mediterranese=
| Calmucks | | | Singalese |
| Tungusians | | | | | | Fulatians
| | | | | | Deccans | |
\--------v---------/ \---v---/ 10. =Dravidas= | Dongolese
=Altaians= =Uralians= | | 11. =Nubians=
| | | | |
| | | | |
Japanese \--------v---------/ \-------v--------/
| =Ural-Altaians= +Euplocomi+
| Chinese | |
Coreans | Siamese | Madagascars |
| | Tibet | | Polynesians | |
| | | | | | | | 4. =Negroes=
| | | | | | | | 3. =Kaffres= |
=Coreo-Japanese= \---v----/ | \-----v-----/ | | |
| =Indo-Chinese= | Sundanesians | | |
| | | | | \---v-----/
| | | | | +Eriocomi+
| | | | | |
\-----------v-------------/ 6. =Malays= | |
7. =Mongols= | | |
| | | |
| | | |
\-------v-------------------------------------/ |
=Promalays= 2. =Hottentots= |
| 1. =Papuans= | |
| 5. =Australians= | | |
| | | | |
| | \----v---/ |
\-----v-----/ +Lophocomi+ |
+Euthycomi+ | |
| \---------v---------/
| =Woolly-haired=
=Straight-haired= +Ulotrichi+
+Lissotrichi+ |
| |
| |
\--------------v-----------------/
+Primæval Men+
In the eight higher races of men, which we comprise as _straight-haired_
(Lissotrichi), the hair of the head is never actually woolly, although
it is very much frizzled in some individuals. Every separate hair is
cylindrical (not like a tape), and hence its section is circular (not
oval).
The eight races of Lissotrichi may likewise be divided into two
groups—stiff-haired and curly-haired. _Stiff-haired men_ (Euthycomi),
the hair of whose heads is quite smooth and straight, and not frizzled,
include Australians, Malays, Mongolians, Arctic tribes, and Americans.
Curly-haired men, on the other hand, the hair of whose heads is more or
less curly, and in whom the beard is more developed than in all other
species, include the Dravidas, Nubians, and Mediterranean races.
(Compare Plate XV.)
Now, before we venture upon the attempt hypothetically to explain the
phyletic divergence of mankind, and the genealogical connection of its
different species, we will premise a short description of the twelve
named species and of their distribution. In order clearly to survey
their geographical distribution, we must go back some three or four
centuries, to the time when the Indian Islands and America were first
discovered, and when the present great mingling of species, and more
especially the influx of the Indo-Germanic race, had as yet not made
great progress. We begin with the lowest stages, with the woolly-haired
men (Ulotrichi), all of whom are prognathic Dolichocephali.
The _Papuan_ (Homo Papua), of all the still living human species, is
perhaps most closely related to the original primary form of
woolly-haired men. This species now inhabits only the large island of
New Guinea and the Archipelago of Melanesia lying to the east of it
(Solomon’s Islands, New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, etc.). But
scattered remnants of it are also still found in the interior of the
peninsula of Malacca, and likewise in many other islands of the large
Pacific Archipelago; mostly in the inaccessible mountainous parts of the
interior, and especially in the Philippine Islands. The but lately
extinct Tasmanians, or the natives of Van Diemen’s Land, belonged to
this group. From these and other circumstances it is clear that the
Papuans in former times possessed a much larger area of distribution in
south-eastern Asia. They were driven out by the Malays and forced
eastwards. The skin of all Papuans is of a black colour, sometimes more
inclining to brown, sometimes more to blue. Their woolly hair grows in
tufts, is spirally twisted in screws, and often more than a foot in
length, so that it forms a strong woolly wig, which stands far out from
the head. Their face, below the narrow depressed forehead, has a large
turned-up nose and thick protruding lips. The peculiar form of their
hair and speech so essentially distinguishes the Papuans from their
straight-haired neighbours, from the Malays as well as from the
Australians, that they must be regarded as an entirely distinct species.
Closely related to the Papuans by the tufted growth of hair, but
geographically widely separated from them, are the _Hottentots_ (Homo
Hottentottus). They inhabit exclusively the southernmost part of Africa,
the Cape and the adjacent parts, and have immigrated there from the
north-east. The Hottentots, like their original kinsmen the Papuans,
occupied in former times a much larger area (probably the whole of
Eastern Africa), and are now approaching their extinction. Besides the
genuine Hottentots—of whom there now exist only the two tribes of the
Coraca (in the eastern Cape districts) and the Namaca (in the western
portion of the Cape)—this species also includes the Bushmen (in the
mountainous interior of the Cape). The woolly hair of all Hottentots
grows in tufts, like brushes, as in the case of Papuans. Both species
also agree in the posterior part of the body, in the female sex being
specially inclined to form a great accumulation of fat (Steatopygia).
But the skin of Hottentots is much lighter, of a yellowish brown colour.
Their very flat face is remarkable for its small forehead and nose, and
large nostrils. The mouth is very broad with big lips, the chin small
and pointed. Their speech is characterised by several quite peculiar
guttural sounds.
The next neighbours and kinsmen of Hottentots are _Kaffres_ (Homo
Cafer). This woolly-haired human species is, however, distinguished,
like the following one (the genuine Negro), from Hottentots and Papuans
by the woolly hair not being divided into tufts, but covering the head
as a thick fleece. The colour of their skin varies through all shades,
from the yellowish black of the Hottentot to the brown black or pure
black of the genuine Negro. While in former times the race of Kaffres
was assigned to a very small area of distribution, and was generally
looked upon only as a variety of the genuine Negro, this species is now
considered to include almost the whole of the inhabitants of equatorial
Africa, from the 20th degree south latitude to the 4th degree north;
consequently, all South Africans, with the exception of the Hottentots.
They include especially the inhabitants of the Zulu, Zambesi, and
Mozambique districts on the east coast, the large human families of the
Beschuans or Setschuans in the interior, and the Herrero and Congo
tribes of the west coast. They too, like the Hottentots, have immigrated
from the north-east. Kaffres, who were usually classed with Negroes,
differ very essentially from them by the formation of their skull and by
their speech. Their face is long and narrow, their forehead high, and
their nose prominent and frequently curved, their lips not so
protruding, and their chin pointed. The many languages of the different
tribes of Kaffres can all be derived from an extinct primæval language,
namely, from the Bantu language.
The genuine _Negro_ (Homo Niger)—when Kaffres, Hottentots, and Nubians
are separated from him—at present forms a much less comprehensive human
species than was formerly supposed. They now only include the Tibus, in
the eastern parts of the Sahara; the Sudan people, or Sudians, who
inhabit the south of that large desert; also the inhabitants of the
Western Coast of Africa, from the mouth of the Senegal in the north, to
beyond the estuary of the Niger in the south (Senegambians and
Nigritians). Genuine Negroes are accordingly confined between the
equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and only a small portion of the
Tibu tribe in the east have gone beyond this boundary. The Negro species
has spread within this zone, coming from the east. The colour of the
skin of genuine negroes is always more or less of a pure black. Their
skin is velvety to the touch, and characterised by a peculiar offensive
exhalation. Although Negroes agree with Kaffres in the formation of the
woolly hair of the head, yet they differ essentially in the formation of
their face. Their forehead is flatter and lower, their nose broad and
thick, not prominent, their lips large and protruding, and their chin
very short. Genuine Negroes are moreover distinguished by very thin
calves and very long arms. This species of men must have branched into
many separate tribes at a very early period, for their numerous and
entirely distinct languages can in no way be traced to one primæval
language.
To the four woolly-haired species of men just discussed, straight-haired
men (Homines Lissotrichi) stand in strong contrast, as another main
branch of the genus. Five of the eight species of the latter, as we have
seen, can be comprised as stiff-haired (Euthycomi) and three as
curly-haired (Euplocomi). We shall in the first place consider the
former, which includes the primæval inhabitants of the greater part of
Asia and the whole of America.
The lowest stage of all straight-haired men, and on the whole perhaps of
all the still living human species, is occupied by the _Australian_, or
_Austral-negro_ (Homo Australis). This species seems to be exclusively
confined to the large island of Australia; it resembles the genuine
African Negro by its black or brownish black hair, and the offensive
smell of the skin, by its very slanting teeth and long-headed form of
skull, the receding forehead, broad nose, protruding lips, and also by
the entire absence of calves. On the other hand Australians differ from
genuine Negroes as well as from their nearest neighbours the Papuans, by
the much weaker and more delicate structure of their bones, and more
especially by the formation of the hair of their heads, which is not
woolly and frizzled, but either quite lank or only slightly curled. The
very low stage of bodily and mental development of the Australian is
perhaps not altogether original, but has arisen by degeneration, that
is, by adaptation to the very unfavourable conditions of existence in
Australia. They probably immigrated to their present home from the north
or north-west, as a very early offshoot of the Euthycomi. They are
probably more closely related to the Dravidas, and hence to the
Euplocomi, than the other Euthycomi. The very peculiar language of the
Australians is broken up into numerous small branches, which are grouped
into a northern and a southern class.
The _Malay_ (Homo Malayus), the brown race of ethnographers, although
not a large species, is important in regard to its genealogy. An extinct
south Asiatic human species, very closely related to the Malays of the
present day, must probably be looked upon as the common primary form of
this and the following higher human species. We will call this
hypothetical primary species, Primæval Malays, or Promalays. The Malays
of the present day are divided into two widely dispersed races, the
_Sundanesians_, who inhabit Malacca, the Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, etc.) and the Philippine Islands, and the _Polynesians_, who are
dispersed over the greater portion of the Pacific Archipelago. The
northern boundary of their wide tract of distribution is formed on the
east by the Sandwich Islands (Hawai), and on the west by the Marian
Islands (Ladrones); the southern boundary on the east is formed by the
Mangareva Archipelago, and on the west by New Zealand. The inhabitants
of Madagascar are an especial branch of Sundanesians who have been
driven to the far west. This wide pelagic distribution of the Malays is
explained by their partiality for nautical life. Their primæval home is
the south-eastern portion of the Asiatic continent, from whence they
spread to the east and south, and drove the Papuans before them. The
Malays, in the formation of body, are nearest akin to the Mongols, but
are also nearly allied to the curly-haired Mediterranese. They are
generally short-headed, more rarely medium-headed, and very rarely
long-headed. Their hair is black and stiff, but frequently somewhat
curled. The colour of their skin is brown, sometimes yellowish, or of a
cinnamon colour, sometimes reddish or copper brown, more rarely dark
brown. In regard to the formation of face, Malays in a great measure
form an intermediate stage between the Mongols and the Mediterranese;
they can frequently not be distinguished from the latter. Their face is
generally broad, with prominent nose and thick lips, the opening for
their eyes not so narrowly cut and slanting as in Mongols. The near
relationship between all Malays and Polynesians is proved by their
language, which indeed broke up at an early period into many small
branches, but still can always be traced to a common and quite peculiar
primæval language.
The _Mongol_ (Homo Mongolus) is, next to the Mediterranese, the richest
in individuals. Among them are all the inhabitants of the Asiatic
Continent, excepting the Hyperboreans in the north, the few Malays in
the south-east (Malacca), the Dravidas in Western India, and the
Mediterranese in the south-west. In Europe this species of men is
represented by the Fins and Lapps in the north, by the Osmanlis in
Turkey, and the Magyars in Hungary. The colour of the Mongol is always
distinguished by a yellow tone, sometimes a light pea green, or even
white, sometimes a darker brownish yellow. Their hair is always stiff
and black. The form of their skull is, in the great majority of cases,
decidedly short (especially in Kalmucks, Baschkirs, etc.) but frequently
of medium length (Tartars, Chinese, etc.) But among them we never meet
with genuine long-headed men. The narrow openings of their eyes, which
are generally slanting, their prominent cheek bones, broad noses, and
thick lips are very striking, as well as the round form of their faces.
The language of the Mongols is probably traceable to a common primæval
language; but the monosyllabic languages of the Indo-Chinese races, and
the polysyllabic languages of the other Mongol races, stand in contrast
as two main branches which separated at an early time. The monosyllabic
tribes of the Indo-Chinese include the Tibetans, Birmans, Siamese, and
Chinese. The other polysyllabic Mongols are divided into three races,
namely: (1) the Coreo-Japanese (Coreans and Japanese); (2) the Altaians
(Tartars, Kirgises, Kalmucks, Buriats, Tungusians); and (3) the Uralians
(Samoiedes, Fins). The Magyars of Hungary are descended from the Fins.
The _Polar men_ (Homo Arcticus) must be looked upon as a branch of the
Mongolian human species. We comprise under this name the inhabitants of
the Arctic Polar lands of both hemispheres, the Esquimaux (and
Greenlanders) in North America, and the Hyperboreans in north-eastern
Asia (Jukagirs, Tschuksches, Kuriaks, and Kamtschads). By adaptation to
the Polar climate, this human race has become so peculiarly transformed
that it may be considered as a distinct species. Their stature is low
and of a square build; the formation of their skull of medium size or
even long; their eyes narrow and slanting like the Mongols; their
cheek-bones prominent, and their mouth wide. Their hair is stiff and
black; the colour of their skin is of a light or dark brown tinge,
sometimes more inclined to white or to yellow, like that of the Mongols,
sometimes more to red, like that of the Americans. The languages of
Polar men are as yet little known, but they differ both from the
Mongolian and from the American. Polar men must probably be regarded as
a remnant and a peculiarly adapted branch of that tribe of Mongols which
emigrated from north-eastern Asia to North America, and populated that
part of the earth.
At the time of the discovery of America, that part of the earth was
peopled (setting aside the Esquimaux) only by a single human species,
namely, by the _Redskins_, or _Americans_ (Homo Americanus). Of all
other human species they are most closely related to the two preceding.
The form of their skull is generally a medium one, rarely short or
long-headed. Their forehead broad and very low; their nose large,
prominent, and frequently aquiline; their cheek-bones prominent; their
lips rather thin than thick. The colour of their skin is characterised
by a red fundamental tint, which is, however, sometimes pure copper-red,
or light red, sometimes a deeper reddish brown, yellow brown or olive
brown. The numerous languages of the various American races and tribes
are extremely different, yet they agree in their original foundation.
Probably America was first peopled from north-eastern Asia by the same
tribe of Mongols from whom the Polar men (Hyperboreans and Esquimaux)
have also branched. This tribe first spread in North America, and from
thence migrated over the isthmus of Central America down to South
America, at the extreme south of which the species degenerated very
much by adaptation to the very unfavourable conditions of existence. But
it is also possible that Mongols and Polynesians immigrated from the
west and mixed with the former tribe. In any case the aborigines of
America came over from the Old World, and did not, as some suppose, in
any way originate out of American apes. Catarrhini, or Narrow-nosed
Apes, never at any period existed in America.
The three human species still to be considered—the Dravidas, Nubians,
and Mediterranese—agree in several characteristics which seem to
establish a close relationship between them, and distinguish them from
the preceding species. The chief of these characteristics is the strong
development of the beard, which in all other species is either entirely
wanting or but very scanty. The hair of their heads is generally not so
lank and smooth as in the five preceding species, but in most cases more
or less curly. Other characteristics also seem to favour our classing
them in one main group of curly-haired men (Euplocomi).
The _Dravida man_ (Homo Dravida) seems to stand very near the common
primary form of the Euplocomi, and perhaps of Lissotrichi. At present
this primæval species is only represented by the Deccan tribes in the
southern part of Hindostan, and by the neighbouring inhabitants of the
mountains on the north-east of Ceylon. But in earlier times this race
seems to have occupied the whole of Hindostan, and to have spread even
further. It shows, on the one hand, traits of relationship to the
Australians and Malays; on the other, to the Mongols and Mediterranese.
Their skin is either of a light or dark brown colour; in some tribes, of
a yellowish brown, in others, almost black brown. The hair of their
heads, as in Mediterranese, is more or less curled, neither quite
smooth, like that of the Euthycomi, nor actually woolly, like that of
the Ulotrichi. The strong development of the beard is also like that of
the Mediterranese. The oval form of face seems partly to be akin to that
of the Malays, partly to that of the Mediterranese. Their forehead is
generally high, their nose prominent and narrow, their lips slightly
protruding. Their language is now very much mixed with Indo-Germanic
elements, but seems to have been originally derived from a very peculiar
primæval language.
The _Nubian_ (Homo Nuba) has caused ethnographers no fewer difficulties
than the Dravida species. By this name we understand not merely the real
Nubians (Schangallas, or Dongolese), but also their near kinsmen, the
Fulas, or Fellatas. The real Nubians inhabit the countries of the Upper
Nile (Dongola, Schangalla, Barabra, Cordofan); the Fulas, or Fellatas,
on the other hand, have thence migrated far westward, and now inhabit a
broad tract in the south of the western Sahara, hemmed in between the
Soudanians in the north and the Nigritos in the south. The Nubian and
Fula races are generally either classed with negroes or with the Hamitic
races (thus with Mediterranese), but are so essentially different from
both that they must be regarded as a distinct species. In former times
they very probably occupied a large part of north-eastern Africa. The
skin of the Nubian and Fula races is of a yellowish or reddish brown
colour, more rarely dark brown or approaching to black. Their hair is
not woolly but curled, frequently even quite smooth; its colour is dark
brown or black. Their beard is much more strongly developed than in
negroes. The oval formation of their faces approaches more to the
Mediterranean than to the Negro type. Their forehead is high and broad,
their nose prominent and not flat, their lips not so protruding as in
the negro. The language of the Nubian races seems to possess no
relationship to those of genuine negroes.
The _Caucasian_, or _Mediterranean man_ (Homo Mediterraneus), has from
time immemorial been placed at the head of all races of men, as the most
highly developed and perfect. It is generally called the Caucasian race,
but as among all the varieties of the species, the Caucasian branch is
the least important, we prefer the much more suitable appellation
proposed by Friedrich Müller, namely, that of Mediterranean, or Midland
men. For the most important varieties of this species, which are
moreover the most eminent actors in what is called “Universal History,”
first rose to a flourishing condition on the shores of the
Mediterranean. The former area of the distribution of this species is
expressed by the name of “Indo-Atlantic” species, whereas at present it
is spread over the whole earth, and is overcoming most of the other
species in the struggle for existence. In bodily as well as in mental
qualities, no other human species can equal the Mediterranean. This
species alone (with the exception of the Mongolian) has had an actual
history; it alone has attained to that degree of civilization which
seems to raise man above the rest of nature.
The characteristics which distinguish the Mediterranean from the other
species of the race are well known. The chief of the external features
is the light colour of the skin, which however exhibits all shades, from
pure white or reddish white, through yellow or yellowish brown to dark
brown or even black brown. The growth of the hair is generally strong,
the hair of the head more or less curly, the hair of the beard stronger
than in any of the other species. The form of the skull shows a great
development in breadth; medium heads predominate upon the whole, but
long and short heads are also widely distributed. It is only in this one
species of men that the body as a whole attains that symmetry in all
parts, and that equal development, which we call the type of perfect
human beauty. The languages of all the races of this species can by no
means be traced to a single common primæval language; we must at least
assume four radically different primæval languages. In accordance with
this we must also assume within this one species four different races,
which are only connected at their root. Two of these races, the Basques
and Caucasians, now exist only as small remnants. The Basques, which in
earlier times peopled the whole of Spain and the south of France, now
inhabit but a narrow tract of land on the northern coast of Spain, on
the Bay of Biscay. The remnant of the Caucasian race (the Daghestans,
Tschercassians, Mingrelians, and Georgians) are now confined to the
districts of Mount Caucasus. The language of the Caucasians as well as
that of the Basques is entirely peculiar, and can be traced neither to
the Semitic nor to the Indo-Germanic primæval languages.
Even the languages of the two principal races of the Mediterranean
species—the Semitic and Indo-Germanic—cannot be traced to a common
origin, and consequently these two races must have separated at a very
early period. Semites and Indo-Germani are descended from different
ape-like men. The _Semitic_ race likewise separated at a very early
period into two diverging branches, namely, into the _Egyptian_ and
_Arabic_ branches. The _Egyptian_, or _African_ branch, the
_Dyssemites_—which sometimes under the name of Hamites are entirely
separated from the Semites—embraces the large group of Berbers, who
occupy the whole of north Africa, and in earlier times also peopled the
Canary Islands, and, finally, also the group of the Ethiopians, the
Bedsha, Galla, Danakil, Somali, and other tribes which occupy all the
north-eastern shores of Africa as far as the equator. The _Arabic_, or
_Asiatic_ branch, that is, the _Eusemites_, also called Semites in a
narrow sense, embrace the inhabitants of the large Arabian peninsula,
the primæval family of genuine Arabians (“primæval type of the
Semites”), and also the most highly developed Semitic groups, the Jews,
or Hebrews, and the Aramæans—the Syrians and Chaldæans. A colony of the
southern Arabs (the Himjarites), which crossed the Straits of
Bab-el-Mandeb, has peopled Abyssinia.
Lastly, the Indo-Germanic race, which has far surpassed all the other
races of men in mental development, separated at a very early period,
like the Semitic, into two diverging branches, the _Ario-Romaic_ and the
_Slavo-Germanic_ branches. Out of the former arose on the one hand the
_Arians_ (Indians and Iranians), on the other the _Græco-Roman_ (Greeks
and Albanians, Italians and Kelts). Out of the Slavo-Germanic branch
were developed on the one hand the _Slavonians_ (Russian, Bulgarian,
Tchec, and Baltic tribes), on the other the _Germani_ (Scandinavians and
Germans, Netherlanders and Anglo-Saxons). August Schleicher has
explained, in a very clear genealogical form, how the further
ramifications of the Indo-Germanic race may be accurately traced in
detail on the basis of comparative philology.(6) (Compare p. 331.)
The total number of human individuals at present amounts to between
1,300 and 1,400 millions. In our Tabular Survey (p. 333) 1,350 millions
has been assumed as the mean number. According to an approximate
estimate, as far as such a thing is possible, 1,200 millions of these
are straight-haired men, only about 150 millions woolly-haired. The most
highly developed species, Mongols and Mediterranese, far surpass all the
other human species in numbers of individuals, for each of them alone
comprises about 550 millions. (Compare Friederich Müller’s Ethnography,
p. 30.) Of course the relative number of the twelve species fluctuates
every year, and that too according to the law developed by Darwin, that
in the struggle for life the more highly developed, the more favoured
and larger groups of forms, possess the positive inclination and the
certain tendency to spread more and more at the expense of the lower,
more backward, and smaller groups. Thus the Mediterranean species, and
within it the Indo-Germanic, have by means of the higher development of
their brain surpassed all the other races and species in the struggle
for life, and have already spread the net of their dominion over the
whole globe. It is only the Mongolian species which can at all
successfully, at least in certain respects, compete with the
Mediterranean. Within the tropical regions, Negroes, Kaffres, and
Nubians, as also the Malays and Dravidas, are in some measure protected
against the encroachments of the Indo-Germanic tribes by their being
better adapted for a hot climate; the case of the arctic tribes of the
polar regions is similar. But the other races, which as it is are very
much diminished in number, will sooner or later completely succumb in
the struggle for existence to the superiority of the Mediterranean
races. The American and Australian tribes are even now fast approaching
their complete extinction, and the same may be said of the Papuans and
Hottentots.
In now turning to the equally interesting and difficult question of the
relative _connection_, _migration_, and _primæval home_ of the twelve
species of men, I must premise the remark that, in the present state of
our anthropological knowledge, any answer to this question must be
regarded only as a provisional hypothesis. This is much the same as with
any genealogical hypothesis which we may form of the origin of kindred
animal and vegetable species, on the basis of the “Natural System.” But
the necessary uncertainty of these special hypotheses of descent, in no
way shakes the absolute certainty of the general theory of descent. Man,
we may feel certain, is descended from Catarrhini, or narrow-nosed apes,
whether we agree with the polyphylites, and suppose each human species,
in its primæval home, to have originated out of a special kind of ape;
or whether, agreeing with the monophylites, we suppose that all the
human species arose only by differentiation from a single species of
primæval man (Homo primigenius).
For many and weighty reasons we hold the monophyletic hypothesis to be
the more correct, and we therefore assume a _single primæval home_ for
mankind, where he developed out of a long since extinct anthropoid
species of ape. Of the five now existing continents, neither Australia,
nor America, nor Europe can have been this primæval home, or the
so-called “Paradise,” the “cradle of the human race.” Most
circumstances indicate southern Asia as the locality in question.
Besides southern Asia, the only other of the now existing continents
which might be viewed in this light is Africa. But there are a number of
circumstances (especially chorological facts) which suggest that the
primæval home of man was a continent now sunk below the surface of the
Indian Ocean, which extended along the south of Asia, as it is at
present (and probably in direct connection with it), towards the east,
as far as further India and the Sunda Islands; towards the west, as far
as Madagascar and the south-eastern shores of Africa. We have already
mentioned that many facts in animal and vegetable geography render the
former existence of such a south Indian continent very probable.
(Compare vol. i. p. 361.) Sclater has given this continent the name of
Lemuria, from the Semi-apes which were characteristic of it. By assuming
this Lemuria to have been man’s primæval home, we greatly facilitate the
explanation of the geographical distribution of the human species by
migration. (Compare the Table of Migrations XV., and its explanation at
the end.)
We as yet know of no fossil remains of the hypothetical primæval man
(Homo primigenius) who developed out of anthropoid apes during the
tertiary period, either in Lemuria or in southern Asia, or possibly in
Africa. But considering the extraordinary resemblance between the lowest
woolly-haired men, and the highest man-like apes, which still exist at
the present day, it requires but a slight stretch of the imagination to
conceive an intermediate form connecting the two, and to see in it an
approximate likeness to the supposed primæval men, or ape-like men. The
form of their skull was probably very long, with slanting teeth; their
hair woolly; the colour of their skin dark, of a brownish tint. The hair
covering the whole body was probably thicker than in any of the still
living human species; their arms comparatively longer and stronger;
their legs, on the other hand, knock-kneed, shorter and thinner, with
entirely undeveloped calves; their walk but half erect.
This ape-like man very probably did not as yet possess an actual human
language, that is, an articulate language of ideas. Human speech, as has
already been remarked, most likely originated after the divergence of
the primæval species of men into different species. The number of
primæval languages is, however, considerably larger than the number of
the species of men above discussed. For philologists have hitherto not
been able to trace the four primæval languages of the Mediterranean
species, namely, the Basque, Caucasian, Semitic, and Indo-Germanic to a
single primæval language. As little can the different Negro languages be
derived from a common primæval language; hence both these species,
Mediterranean and Negro, are certainly _polyglottonic_, that is, their
respective languages originated after the divergence of the speechless
primary species into several races had already taken place. Perhaps the
Mongols, the Arctic and American tribes, are likewise polyglottonic. The
Malayan species is, however, _monoglottonic_; all the Polynesian and
Sundanesian dialects and languages can be derived from a common, long
since extinct primæval language, which is not related to any other
language on earth. All the other human species, Nubians, Dravidas,
Australians, Papuans, Hottentots, and Kaffres are likewise
monoglottonic. (Compare p. 333.)
Out of speechless primæval man, whom we consider as the common primary
species of all the others, there developed in the first place—probably
by natural selection—various species of men unknown to us, and now long
since extinct, and who still remained at the stage of speechless ape-men
(Alalus, or Pithecanthropus). Two of these species, a woolly-haired and
a straight-haired, which were most strongly divergent, and consequently
overpowered the others in the struggle for life, became the primary
forms of the other remaining human species.
The main branch of woolly-haired men (Ulotrichi) at first spread only
over the southern hemisphere, and then emigrated partly eastwards,
partly westwards. Remnants of the eastern branch are the Papuans in New
Guinea and Melanesia, who in earlier times were diffused much further
west (in further India and Sundanesia), and it was not until a late
period that they were driven eastwards by the Malays. The Hottentots are
the but little changed remnants of the western branch; they immigrated
to their present home from the north-east. It was perhaps during this
migration that the two nearly related species of Caffres and Negroes
branched off from them; but it may be that they owe their origin to a
peculiar branch of ape-like men.
The second main branch of primæval straight-haired men (Lissotrichi),
which is more capable of development, has probably left a but little
changed remnant of its common primary form—which migrated to the
south-east—in the ape-like natives of Australia. Probably very closely
related to these latter are the South Asiatic _primæval Malays_, or
_Promalays_, which name we have previously given to the extinct,
hypothetical primary form of the other six human species. Out of this
unknown common primary form there seem to have arisen three diverging
branches, namely, the true Malays, the Mongols, and the Euplocomi; the
first spread to the east, the second to the north, and the third
westwards.
The primæval home, or the “Centre of Creation,” of the Malays must be
looked for in the south-eastern part of the Asiatic continent, or
possibly in the more extensive continent which existed at the time when
further India was directly connected with the Sunda Archipelago and
eastern Lemuria. From thence the Malays spread towards the south-east,
over the Sunda Archipelago as far as Borneo, then wandered, driving the
Papuans before them, eastwards towards the Samoa and Tonga Islands, and
thence gradually diffused over the whole of the islands of the southern
Pacific, to the Sandwich Islands in the north, the Mangareva in the
east, and New Zealand in the south. A single branch of the Malayan tribe
was driven far westwards and peopled Madagascar.
The second main branch of primæval Malays, that is, the Mongols, at
first also spread in Southern Asia, and, radiating to the east, north,
and north-west, gradually peopled the greater part of the Asiatic
continent. Of the four principal races of the Mongol species, the
Indo-Chinese must perhaps be looked upon as the primary group, out of
which at a later period the other Coreo-Japanese and Ural-Altaian races
developed as diverging branches. The Mongols migrated in many ways from
western Asia into Europe, where the species is still represented in
northern Russia and Scandinavia by the Fins and Lapps, in Hungary by the
kindred Magyars, and in Turkey by the Osmanlis.
PEDIGREE OF SEMITES
Amharites +Moors+ +Jews+
| Tigrites | Samaritans (Hebrews)
| Harrarites | | | Phœnicians |
| | | | | | |
| | | | Chaldeans | |
\-------v------/ | Syrians | \----v-----/
+Abyssinians+ | | | Canaanites
Ekilians | | | | (+Palestinese+)
| | | \---v---/ |
| Himiarites | +Aramæans+ |
| | | | |
| | | | |
\---v---/ | | |
+South+ +North+ \----------v------------/
+Arabians+ +Arabians+ +Primæval Jews+
| | +North-Semites+
\-------v-----------/ |
+Arabians+ (+South Semites+) |
| |
| |
\----------------------------------------v-----/
Guanchites +Eusemites+ (+Primæval Semites+)
Schuluhs | Algerians (Semites in a narrow sense)
| | Tunese | \------------------------v---/
| | | | |
| | | | Tripolitans |
\---v---/ | | | |
Moroccans \----v----/ | +Tuaric+ |
| Cabyles | (+Imoscharh+) |
| | | | |
\--------------v--------------/ | |
+Berbers+ (+Amazirh+) | |
Gallites | | |
| Somalites | | |
| | \------------v-------------/ |
\---v---/ Bedschites +Libians+ Babylonians +Eusemites+
| | Egyptians | Primæval | |
| | (+Copts+) | Phœnicians | Assyrians |
\----v-----/ | | | | | |
+Ethiopians+ | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
\------------v----------/ \-------v------/ |
+Ancient Egyptians+ +Mesopotamians+ |
| (extinct) |
| | |
| | |
\------------v-----------------/ |
+Hamites+ (+Dyssemites+) |
| |
\---------------v--------------/
+Semites+
----------------------------------------------------------------
PEDIGREE OF THE INDO-GERMANI
Ancient Prussians +Anglo-Saxons+ +High Germans+
Lithuanians | | Low Germans |
| Letts | | | Netherlanders |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
\-----v----/ | | \----v---/ |
| | | Ancient Saxons |
| | | | |
\-------v-/ | | |
+Baltic Races+ \------v----/ |
Sorbians, or | Saxons Friesians |
Wends | | | |
Poles | | | | |
| | | \----v----/ |
Czecs | | | +Low Germans+ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
\--v-----------/ | Scandinavians \-----v------/
West Sclavonians | | Goths +Germans+
| Russians | | | |
| South | | | | |
| Sclavonians| | \----v----------------------/
| | | | +Primæval Germans+ Ancient Britons
| | | | | |
| \---v---/ | | Ancient Scots | Gauls
| South-eastern | | +Romans+ Irish | | |
| Sclavonians | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | \--v-/
| | | | | \--v-/ Brittanese
| | | | | +Latins+ Gaels |
\----v----/ | | | | | |
+Sclavonians+ | | | | | |
| | | \--v--/ \----v-----/
| | | Italians +Kelts+
\------v------/ | | |
+Sclavo-Letts+ | | |
| | \--------v---------/
| | +Italo-Kelts+
\--v-----------------/ |
+Sclavo-Germans+ +Albanese+ +Greeks+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| \----v-----/ |
| +Primæval Thracians+ |
| +Indians+ | |
| | +Iranians+ \-------v-------/
| | | +Græco-Romans+
| \---v--/ |
| +Arians+ |
| | |
| \-----v----------/
| +Ario-Romans+
| |
\-------v-------/
+Indo-Germans+
On the other hand, a branch of the Mongols migrated from north-eastern
Asia to America, which was probably in earlier times connected with the
former continent by a broad isthmus. The Arctic tribes, or Polar men,
the Hyperboreans of north-eastern Asia, and the Esquimaux of the
extreme north of America, must probably be regarded as an offshoot of
this branch, which became peculiarly degenerated by unfavourable
conditions of existence. The principal portion of the Mongolian
immigrants, however, migrated to the south, and gradually spread over
the whole of America, first over the north, later over South America.
The third and most important main branch of primæval Malays, the
curly-haired races, or Euplocomi, have probably left in the Dravidas of
Hindostan and Ceylon, that species of man which differs least from the
common primary form of the Euplocomi. The principal portion of the
latter, namely, the Mediterranean species, migrated from their primæval
home (Hindostan?) westwards, and peopled the shores of the
Mediterranean, south-western Asia, north Africa, and Europe. The
Nubians, in the north-east of Africa, must perhaps be regarded as an
offshoot of the primæval Semitic tribes, who migrated far across central
Africa almost to the western shores. The various branches of the
Indo-Germanic race have deviated furthest from the common primary form
of ape-like men. During classic antiquity and the middle ages, the
Romanic branch (the Græco-Italo-Keltic group), one of the two main
branches of the Indo-Germanic species, outstripped all other branches in
the career of civilization, but at present the same position is occupied
by the Germanic. Its chief representatives are the English and Germans,
who are in the present age laying the foundation for a new period of
higher mental development, in the recognition and completion of the
theory of descent. The recognition of the theory of development and the
monistic philosophy based upon it, forms the best criterion for the
degree of man’s mental development.
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF THE TWELVE HUMAN SPECIES.
N.B.—Column A denotes the Average Number of the Population in
millions. Column B shows the Degree of the Phyletic Development of
the Species, thus Pr = Progressive Diffusion; Co = Comparative
Stability; Re = Retrogression and Extinction. Column C denotes the
Character of the Primæval Language; Mn (Monoglottonic) signifies that
the Species had one Simple Primæval Language; Pl (Polyglottonic) a
Compound Primæval Language.
----------------------+--------------------+--------+-------+--------+-----------------------------
_Tribe._ | _Human | A. | B. | C. | _Home._
| Species._ | | | |
----------------------+--------------------+--------+-------+--------+-----------------------------
TUFT-HAIRED { | | |
+Lophocomi+ { 1. PAPUAN | 2 | Re | Mn { New Guinea and Melanesia,
{ | | | { Philippine Islands, Malacca
(about 2 millions) { 2. HOTTENTOT | 1/20 | Re | Mn { The extreme south of Africa
{ | | | { (The Cape)
| | |
FLEECY-HAIRED { 3. KAFFRE | 20 | Pr | Mn { South Africa (between 30°
{ | | | { S. Lat. and 5° N. Lat.)
+Eriocomi+ { 4. NEGRO | 130 | Pr | Pl { Central Africa (between the
{ | | | { Equator and 30° N. Lat.)
(about 150 millions) { | | |
| | |
{ 5. AUSTRALIAN | 1/12 | Re | Mn { Australia
{ 6. MALAY | 30 | Co | Mn { Malacca, Sundanesia, Polynesia,
{ | | | { and Madagascar
STRAIGHT-HAIRED { | | |
+Euthycomi+ { 7. MONGOL | 550 | Pr | Mn? { The greater part of Asia
{ | | | { and northern Europe
(about 600 millions) { 8. ARCTIC | 1/25 | Co | Pl? { The extreme north-east of
{ MAN | | | { Asia and the extreme north
{ | | | { of America
{ 9. AMERICAN | 12 | Re | Mn? { The whole of America with
{ | | | { the exception of the extreme
{ | | | { north
| | |
{ 10. DRAVIDAS | 34 | Co | Mn { South Asia (Hindostan and
{ | | | { Ceylon)
{ | | |
{ 11. NUBIAN | 10 | Co | Mn? { Central Africa (Nubia and
{ | | | { Fula-land)
CURLY-HAIRED { | | | { In all parts of the world,
{ | | | { having migrated from South
+Euplocomi+ { 12. MEDITERRANEAN | 550 | Pr | Pl { Asia to North Africa and
{ | | | { South Europe
(about 600 millions) { | | |
{ | | |
| | | { In all parts of the world,
13. HYBRIDS | 11 | Pr | Pl { but predominating in America
OF THE | | | { and Asia
SPECIES | | |
--------------------+--------+ |
TOTAL 1350