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THE YOUNG FARMER'S PRACTICAL LIBRARY
EDITED BY ERNEST INGERSOLL
HEALTH ON THE FARM
BY
H. F. HARRIS
The Young Farmer's Practical Library
EDITED BY ERNEST INGERSOLL
Cloth 16mo Illustrated 75 cents _net_ each.
=From Kitchen to Garret.= By VIRGINIA TERHUNE VAN DE WATER.
=Neighborhood Entertainments.= By RENEE B. STERN, of the Congressional
Library.
=Home Water-works.= By CARLETON J. LYNDE, Professor of Physics in
Macdonald College, Quebec.
=Animal Competitors.= By ERNEST INGERSOLL.
=Health on the Farm.= By DR. H. F. HARRIS, Secretary, Georgia State Board
of Health.
=Co-operation Among Farmers.= By JOHN LEE COULTER.
=Roads, Paths and Bridges.= By L. W. PAGE, Chief of the Office of Public
Roads, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
=Farm Management.= By C. W. PUGSLEY, Professor of Agronomy and Farm
Management in the University of Nebraska.
=Electricity on the Farm.= By FREDERICK M. CONLEE.
=The Farm Mechanic.= By L. W. CHASE, Professor of Farm Mechanics in the
University of Nebraska.
=The Satisfactions of Country Life.= By DR. JAMES W. ROBERTSON, Principal
of Macdonald College, Quebec.
HEALTH ON THE FARM
A MANUAL OF RURAL SANITATION AND HYGIENE
BY
H. F. HARRIS
SECRETARY OF THE GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
=New York=
STURGIS & WALTON COMPANY
1911
_All rights reserved_
Copyright 1911
By STURGIS & WALTON COMPANY
Set up and electrotyped. Published July, 1911
INTRODUCTION
BY THE GENERAL EDITOR
This is the day of the small book. There is much to be done. Time is
short. Information is earnestly desired, but it is wanted in compact
form, confined directly to the subject in view, authenticated by real
knowledge, and, withal, gracefully delivered. It is to fulfill these
conditions that the present series has been projected--to lend real
assistance to those who are looking about for new tools and fresh ideas.
It is addressed especially to the man and woman at a distance from the
libraries, exhibitions, and daily notes of progress, which are the main
advantage, to a studious mind, of living in or near a large city. The
editor has had in view, especially, the farmer and villager who is
striving to make the life of himself and his family broader and brighter,
as well as to increase his bank account; and it is therefore in the
humane, rather than in a commercial direction, that the Library has been
planned.
The average American little needs advice on the conduct of his farm or
business; or, if he thinks he does, a large supply of such help in
farming and trading as books and periodicals can give, is available to
him. But many a man who is well to do and knows how to continue to make
money, is ignorant how to spend it in a way to bring to himself, and
confer upon his wife and children, those conveniences, comforts and
niceties which alone make money worth acquiring and life worth living. He
hardly realizes that they are within his reach.
For suggestion and guidance in this direction there is a real call, to
which this series is an answer. It proposes to tell its readers how they
can make work easier, health more secure, and the home more enjoyable and
tenacious of the whole family. No evil in American rural life is so great
as the tendency of the young people to leave the farm and the village.
The only way to overcome this evil is to make rural life less hard and
sordid; more comfortable and attractive. It is to the solving of that
problem that these books are addressed. Their central idea is to show how
country life may be made richer in interest, broader in its activities
and its outlook, and sweeter to the taste.
To this end men and women who have given each a lifetime of study and
thought to his or her specialty, will contribute to the Library, and it
is safe to promise that each volume will join with its eminently
practical information a still more valuable stimulation of thought.
ERNEST INGERSOLL.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I IMPORTANCE OF OUR SUBJECT 3
II CARE OF THE PERSON 12
III SANITATION IN AND ABOUT THE HOUSE 35
IV HYGIENE OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 63
V PROPER EATING--THE SECRET OF GOOD HEALTH 92
VI BREAD AND ITS RELATIONS 104
VII MEATS, SUGARS AND MILK 117
VIII FOOD-VALUE OF VEGETABLES 130
IX DANGER IN FRUITS AND PICKLES 144
X DRINKS--PROPER AND HARMFUL 148
XI IMPORTANCE OF GOOD COOKING 164
XII SEVEN AVOIDABLE DISEASES 171
XIII HYGIENE OF THE SICK ROOM 217
XIV EMERGENCIES AND ACCIDENTS 223
XV WHAT TO DO WHEN POISONED 251
APPENDIX 273
HEALTH ON THE FARM
CHAPTER I
IMPORTANCE OF OUR SUBJECT
Notwithstanding the extraordinary advances in a material way that have
been accomplished in this country within the last few decades, it is a
significant and most alarming fact that progress in hygienic matters has
lagged far behind. Why this is, it would be very difficult to say,--for
the reason that the causes are perhaps many. Chief among these, probably,
is the fact that our progress along industrial lines has occupied the
entire time of the majority of our best intellects, and it is also in no
small degree the consequence of a fatalism that regards disease as a
direct visitation of providence and therefore a thing which man may not
avoid. Another cause in some instances is the pride of our people in
their homes and respective localities, which causes them to repel with
indignation the suggestion that any special measures are necessary in
order to conserve the public health where they reside. Ignorant as the
average man is of the causes that produce sickness and the means by which
this result is accomplished, he is naturally not in a position to form a
correct judgment concerning such matters, and as a consequence, sees no
reasons for taking the precautions that are necessary in order to ward
off disease. This ignorance, it must be confessed with sorrow, is in a
measure the fault of the medical profession, which has not in the vast
majority of instances lived up to its ideals in this connection. Petty
and unworthy rivalry has played an extremely important part in this
failure of medical men to do their duty in this particular--none of the
physicians of a community being, as a rule, willing that others should
instruct the public, however vital this might be for the general good. As
a consequence, that class of vultures known as medical quacks has
furnished to the laity by far the greater proportion of their
instruction on hygienic subjects, with the result that the average man
has a greater misconception and less real knowledge of such matters than
of anything else in which he is vitally interested.
Another, and very curious explanation for our general disregard of the
laws of health is that our strong belief in ourselves impels us to think
that however much others may suffer from things generally regarded as
unhygienic, we, ourselves, will be immune. This belief is fostered by the
fact that in early life there often seems no end to our capacity to
endure, and we find ourselves constantly defying without apparent harm,
what we are told by others is directly contrary to all rules of proper
living. But it is unfortunately true also that the reserve force and
great power of resistance that enables us to do these things begins to
wane towards the end of the third decade of life, and we, therefore, find
ourselves sooner or later breaking down after we have become thoroughly
convinced that we were made of iron, and that while other people might
not be able to do as we were, it could not possibly result in evil in our
own cases.
What a pity it is that the young will not learn from the experience of
those who have gone before them! Could they only do so, how much
suffering and woe could be avoided in this world. Unfortunately, however,
there are few men so constituted that they are willing to be guided by
the experience of those who have preceded them, and there is but a faint
possibility, therefore, that any good can be accomplished by warning the
coming generation of the troubles in store for them should they not heed
the advice of those who have suffered before them. Notwithstanding this,
the writer feels that these words of warning should be spoken to the
young, since they, alas, are the only ones to be benefited by such
advice.
_As you value your happiness materially, and as you desire a healthy old
age and a long life, inform yourselves as to the few simple laws that
govern human existence, and attempt so far as lies in your power to
follow them. If you do not do this, disaster will follow as surely as the
night follows the day._
_Apathy of the Public as to Hygiene._--As a partial consequence,
probably, of all the reasons mentioned, along with others, there exists
in the popular mind a curious apathy concerning hygienic matters--an
apathy so great that it is scarcely possible to get the average man to
discuss, much less to put in practice the all-important laws that govern
health. As a result of the work of the various State boards of health and
of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, this condition of
affairs happily shows some signs of abatement, and we certainly have
reasons to believe that the future promises great things along these
lines. No sign of this change is more significant than the awakening of
the press of the country to the vast importance of instructing the public
in health matters, and their changed attitude toward the charlatans and
quacks who live by promising the impossible. Largely subsidized by the
infamous vendors of patent medicine, our newspapers and magazines still
lend their columns to these human vampires who prey pre-eminently on the
ignorance and credulity of the hopelessly-diseased poor; but within
recent years some of our foremost journals show signs of an awakening of
conscience, and a very few have even gone so far as to exclude
advertisements of this character altogether.
It has been said, certainly with more or less truth, that we are
creatures of our surroundings, but whether we accept this in its broadest
sense or not, there can be no question that our well being is most
intimately connected with those things with which we come into every day
contact. _Nothing is more important for us to recognize than that our
diseases are contracted from neighboring subjects just in proportion as
we are closely associated with them._ From our fellowmen we contract, as
everyone knows, a large number of diseases, either by direct contact or
by means of the air that surrounds us. From the earth we get hook-worms
and other animal parasites, either by coming directly in contact with it
or through eating uncooked fruits and vegetables. From water we get
typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, and many other parasitic diseases.
From our food we likewise contract dangerous maladies such as tapeworms
from uncooked meats and fish and the deadly trichina from raw hog meat.
With decomposed breads we take the poisons that produce pellagra,
kak-ke, ergotism and acrodinia. From uncooked fruits and vegetables we
get dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, and parasitic diseases. Spoiled
beans give us the deadly lathyrismus. From decomposed meat and fish we
get ptomaine poisoning. Mosquitoes convey to us malaria, yellow fever and
a parasite known as the filaria. The dreaded sleeping-sickness of Africa
comes through the bites of a small fly; the bedbug is believed to be the
means of conveying a frightful disease known as kala-azar, and the
house-fly often brings to us the germs that produce typhoid fever,
dysentery, and probably other diseases as well.
The bubonic plague, which is one of the most frightful diseases known, is
conveyed to man by the rat and mouse.[1] Hydrophobia is usually
contracted from the bite of the dog, and it is a well-known fact that
this animal often harbors a minute tapeworm, a single egg of which, when
swallowed by the human being, is often followed by death. Both dogs and
cats probably convey diphtheria, and both unquestionably often have
within their intestinal tracts tapeworms that occasionally infect
children. With the exception of the rare disease known as glanders, the
horse is not believed to be directly responsible for any of the maladies
from which the human being suffers, but it is well established that fully
95 per cent. of house-flies hatch in the manure of these animals, and
they, therefore, become indirectly responsible for some of the most
serious diseases affecting the human being. It is thus seen that almost
every object with which man comes in intimate contact is capable of
conveying to him the poison of one or more diseases. If it were possible
for us to separate ourselves completely from everything with which we are
ordinarily associated there can be no question that the span of human
life would be greatly increased, and that death from bacterial and
parasitic diseases generally would no longer occur. All this is said not
with the object of startling the reader, but to warn him of the dangers
that surround him on every hand, and to urge a recognition of that which
can so materially prolong his life. Fortunately these sources of
infection may be almost entirely done away with by a few simple rules of
life, and the health and longevity of mankind must necessarily be
directly proportionate to the care with which we observe them.
It is now in order to discuss in detail the subject of personal hygiene.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] See the volume in this Library, _Animal Competitors_, by ERNEST
INGERSOLL, for the agency of rats and mice in the introduction and
dissemination of plague and other diseases; and the means of destroying
these pests of the farm.