[2578] App. _B. C._ i. 100. 466; cf. Cic. _Leg._ iii. 3. 9; Caes. _B. C._

i. 32; Dio Cass. xl. 51. 2.

[2579] P. 332. There were probably twelve; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 163;

Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ i. 543.

[2580] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22: “Lege Sullae viginti creati supplendo

senatui.” The eighth chapter of this law concerning the twenty quaestors

is preserved in an inscription; _CIL._ i. 202; Bruns, _Font. Iur._ p. 90;

Girard, _Textes_, p. 64. It regulates the qualifications, appointment,

and pay of the apparitores of the quaestors. An important fact derived

from the praescriptio is that the law was adopted in the tribal assembly.

Since in the case of one law the centuriate assembly is mentioned as

if exceptional (p. 422), we may infer that most of Sulla’s enactments

were tribal. On the apparitores, see Mommsen, in _Rhein. Mus._ N. F.

vi (1846). 1-57; _Röm. Staatsr._ i. 332-46; Habel, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ ii. 191-4; Keil, J., in _Wiener Studien_, xxiv (1902).

548-51.

[2581] Pomponius, in _Dig._ i. 2. 2. 32, wrongly says to ten—a number

reached by the legislation of Caesar; Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 3; p. 454

below. On the relation of the praetors to the courts, see p. 420.

[2582] Livy, ep. lxxxix, who connects it closely with the increase in

the number of senators, placing it thus among his earlier measures;

(Aurel. Vict.) _Vir. Ill._ 75. 11; Servius, _in Aen._ vi. 73; cf. Tac.

_Ann._ vi. 12; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 157; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ iv. 1559 f.; Lengle, _Sull. Verf._ 1-9. That the increase

in the last-named college was due to Sulla seems certain, though it is

nowhere stated. It is possible, too, that the increase of the epulones

from three to seven was his work; Lengle, ibid. 2.

[2583] P. 391.

[2584] Livy, ep. lxxxix; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 37. 1; Pseud. Ascon. 102;

wrongly Plut. _Caes._ 1; Serv. _in Aen._ vi. 73; cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._

iii. 157.

[2585] Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 7. 18; Lange, ibid. The Servilian agrarian

rogation, 63 (p. 435 below), drawn up before the enactment of the Atian

plebiscite of that year which restored the election of sacerdotes,

assumes that the comitia pontificis maximi were at the time in use. Most

authorities, as Wissowa, _Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm._ 418; Drumann-Gröbe,

_Gesch. Roms_, iii. 156; Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ ii. 30, have failed to

notice this important fact.

[2586] P. 106, n. 10.

[2587] P. 416.

[2588] Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ ii. 200; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ iv. 1560.

[2589] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 164.

[2590] P. 381.

[2591] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 705.

[2592] Cic. _Fam._ i. 9. 25.

[2593] Cf. Cic. _Fam._ viii. 8. 8.

[2594] Cic. _Fam._ i. 9. 25. On the relation of the Cornelian legislation

to the curiate law, see p. 193, 199.

[2595] Cic. _Fam._ iii. 6. 3, 6.

[2596] Cic. _Fam._ iii. 10. 6; _Q. Fr._ i. 1. 9, 26.

[2597] App. _B. C._ i. 103. 482; Oros. v. 22. 4; Eutrop. v. 9. Willems,

_Sén. Rom._ i. 404, calculates that the number was reduced to about a

hundred and fifty.

[2598] Livy, ep. lxxxix; cf. Cic. _Rosc. Am._ 3. 8; Dion. Hal. v. 77. 5;

Sall. _Cat._ 37.

[2599] _B. C._ i. 100. 468.

[2600] Cf. Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ iv. 1559.

[2601] P. 402. The second view, which seems more reasonable, is held by

Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 156.

[2602] No authority gives this number, which however may be deduced from

well-known facts; Willems, _Sén. Rom._ i. 405 f.

[2603] Willems, ibid. 406 f.

[2604] Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ iv. 1560.

[2605] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 156.

[2606] Vell. ii. 32. 3; Cic. _Verr._ i. 13. 37 f.; Pseud. Ascon. 99, 102,

103, 145, 149, 161; Schol. Gronov. 384, 426; Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._

436 ff.; Long, _Rom. Rep._ ii. 419 ff.; Wilmanns, in _Rhein. Mus._ N. F.

xix (1864). 528.

[2607] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22: “Lege Sullae viginti creati (quaestores)

supplendo senatui, cui iudicia tradiderat.”

[2608] P. 402.

[2609] _Dig._ i. 2. 2. 32.

[2610] Cic. _Rab. Post._ 4. 9. It took the place of the lex Servilia of

111; p. 393.

[2611] Schol. Bob. 361. From Plut. _Mar._ 5 it seems evident that a

quaestio de ambitu existed as early as 116; Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._

422, n. 3; Lengle, _Sull. Verf._ 21 f., who has collected the cases de

ambitu anterior to Sulla; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 665; Herzog, _Röm.

Staatsverf._ i. 521; Lohse, _De quaestionum perpetuarum origine,

praesidibus, consiliis_.

[2612] Cic. _Verr._ i. 13. 39; II. i. 4. 11 f.; iii. 36. 83; _Cluent._

53. 147; cf. _Mur._ 20. 42; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 665; iii. 166. The

trial of Pompeius Magnus in 86 for misappropriation of booty by his

father in 89 seems to have come before a quaestio de peculatu; Cic.

_Brut._ 64. 230; Plut. _Pomp._ 4; Lengle, ibid. 40 f. If this supposition

is right, the court must have existed before Sulla. A Cornelian law on

the subject is not expressly mentioned but may be reasonably assumed.

[2613] Mommsen, _Röm. Strafr._ 203.

[2614] Cic. _Pis._ 21. 50; Ascon. 59; cf. Cic. _Fam._ iii. 11. 2;

_Cluent._ 35. 97; _Verr._ II. i. 5. 12. This law took the place of

the lex Appuleia, probably of 100; cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 165;

Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._ 423, 507.

[2615] Cic. _Cluent._ 20. 55; 54. 148; 55. 151; 56. 154; Frag. A. ii.

(_Var._) 6; _Mil._ 4. 11; Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 44; Justin. _Inst._ iv. 18. 5

f.; _Dig._ xlviii. 8; Paul. _Sent._ v. 23. (Girard, _Textes_, p. 423).

[2616] Cic. _Verr._ i. 42. 108; Paul. _Sent._ iv. 7; v. 25; _Dig._

xlviii. 10; Justin. _Inst._ iv. 18. 7; cf. Voigt, _Röm. Rechtsgesch._ i.

271 f.

[2617] _Dig._ iii. 3. 42. 1; xlvii. 10. 5; 10. 37. 1; xlviii. 2. 12. 4;

Paul. _Sent._ v. 4. 8; Justin. _Inst._ iv. 4. 8; Mommsen, _Röm. Strafr._

203; Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._ 208, 423 f.; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ iv. 1561; Bruns, _Font. Iur._ 93. In the opinion of Lange,

_Röm. Alt._ ii. 665; iii. 166, this lex did not establish a quaestio.

[2618] Cic. _Cluent._ 20. 55; 27. 75; Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._ 442.

[2619] Cic. _Cluent._ 28. 75.

[2620] Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._ 442. On the Cornelian courts in general,

see Long, _Rom. Rep._ ii. 420 ff.; Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ i. 520

f.; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 413-6; Mommsen, _Röm. Strafr._

see index, s. Quaestio and the various crimes belonging thereto; _Röm.

Staatsr._ ii. 200 f.; Lengle, _Sull. Verf._ 17-54; Lohse, _De quaestionum

perpetuarum origine, praesidibus, consiliis_; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ iv. 1561 f.

In Lange’s opinion (_Röm. Alt._ ii. 665; iii. 166) there must have been

a lex Cornelia de adulteriis et pudicitia, for it is doubtful whether

Sulla’s ordinance περὶ γάμων καὶ σωφροσύνης could have formed part of

his lex de iniuriis; Plut. _Comp. Lys. et Sull._ 3; cf. _Dig._ xlviii.

5. 23. It seems to be demonstrated, however, by Voigt, in _Ber. sächs.

Gesellsch. d. Wiss._ xlii (1890). 244-79, that all republican regulations

of this offence, including the Cornelian, were sumptuary; cf. Cuq, in

Daremberg et Saglio, _Dict._ iii. 1141. No quaestio accordingly was

needed for the trial of the offence.

[2621] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 158.

[2622] P. 412.

[2623] Cic. _Verr._ II. i. 47. 123; Pseud. Ascon. 193.

[2624] Suet. _Caes._ 11.

[2625] Cic. _Rosc. Am._ 43. 125 f. Though Cicero says he does not know

whether the law in question was the Valerian or Cornelian, he probably

knew it was the latter, the terms of which he states: “Ut eorum bona

veneant, qui proscripti sunt, ... aut eorum, qui in adversariorum

praesidiis occisi sunt.”

[2626] Livy lxxxix; Vell. ii. 28. 4; Sall. _Hist._ i. 55. 6; Plut.

_Sull._ 31; _Cic._ 12; Dion. Hal. viii. 80. 2.

[2627] Cic. _Rosc. Am._ 44. 128.

[2628] App. _B. C._ i. 96. 100; Flor. ii. 9 (iii. 21); cf. Suet. _Ill.

Gramm._ 11.

[2629] Livy, ep. lxxxix; App. _B. C._ i. 100. 470; 104. 489; Sall.

_Hist._ i. 55. 12; Cic. _Mur._ 24. 49: _Leg. Agr._ ii. 28. 78; iii. 2. 6

ff.; 3. 12; Gromat. p. 230 ff.

[2630] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 159; cf. ii. 689; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch.

Roms_, ii. 407 f.

[2631] Lange, ibid. iii. 159.

[2632] _CIL._ i². p. 49.

[2633] Lange, ibid. iii. 161.

[2634] Cic. _Dom._ 30. 79; Sall. _Hist._ i. 55. 12; cf. Pseud. Ascon. 102.

[2635] Cic. _Caecin._ 35. 102.

[2636] App. _B. C._ i. 102. 474; cf. Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 14. 35.

[2637] Sall. _Hist._ i. 55. 11. They were then being made according

to the law of M. Octavius (p. 401), or if that was repealed by Cinna,

according to the lex Sempronia of 123 (p. 372).

[2638] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 693. The statement in iii. 161 is less

exact.

[2639] App. _B. C._ i. 102. 474.

[2640] Cic. _Off._ iii. 22. 87.

[2641] P. 409 f.

[2642] Hence it was that T. Crispinus, quaestor in the following year,

treated the Valerian law as no longer in force; Cic. _Font._ 15; Lange,

ibid. iii. 162. To this date seems to belong the lex Cornelia de sponsu

(Gaius iii. 124), which Poste, 359, reasonably assigns to the dictator.

[2643] _CIL._ i². p. 333; Vell. ii. 27. 6; Cic. _Verr._ i. 10. 31; Pseud.

Ascon. 150; Wissowa, _Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm._ 128.

[2644] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 675; iii. 162.

[2645] Its existence is assumed for the year 80; Plut. _Sull._ 35.

[2646] P. 388, n. 9.

[2647] Ibid.

[2648] Gell. ii. 24. 11; Macrob. _Sat._ iii. 17. 11.

[2649] Plut. _Sull._ 35. Here belongs also his regulation de adulteriis

et pudicitia; p. 420, n. 6 above.

[2650] _CIL._ i². p. 154. A proof that he completed his legislation in

this year is the fact that he looked upon the following as a time of

probation for his system (App. _B. C._ i. 103; Cic. _Rosc. Am._ 48. 139),

and that the newly organized criminal courts were in operation for the

first time in 80; Cic. ibid. 5. 11; 10. 28; _Brut._ 90. 312; _Off._ ii.

14. 51; Gell. xv. 28. 3; Plut. _Cic._ 3.

On the form of comitia used for the ratification of his measures, see p.

236.

[2651] The general character of these proposals, among which the

frumentarian alone was adopted, can be gathered from the _Oration_ of

Lepidus, in Sall. _Hist._ i. 55; cf. Gran. Licin. x. p. 44: “Legem

frumentariam nullo resistente adeptus est, ut annonae quinque modi populo

darentur, et alia multa pollicebantur: exules reducere, res gestas

a Sulla rescindere”; Tac. _Ann._ iii. 27; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ i. 554 f.

[2652] P. 414.

[2653] Sall. _Hist._ ii. 49; Ascon. 66, 78; Pseud. Ascon. 200; Lange,

_Röm. Alt._ iii. 178 f.; Long, _Rom. Rep._ iii. 3; Herzog, _Röm.

Staatsverf._ i. 531 f.; Klebs, ibid. ii. 2483.

Cicero, _Cornel._ i. 18 (Frag. A. vii), states that Cotta proposed to

the senate the repeal of his own laws, whereupon Asconius comments that

he can find the mention of no law of his except the one concerning

retired tribunes above described. Cicero, however, attributes to him a

lex de iudiciis privatis, which his brother caused to be repealed in the

following year; _Cornel._ i. 19. It is not otherwise known.

[2654] Sall. _Cat._ 31; Gaius ii. 45; Cuq, in Daremberg et Saglio,

_Dict._ iii. 1159. For the cases coming before this court, see Greenidge,

_Leg. Proced._ 424, n. 6.

[2655] Cic. _Verr._ iii. 8. 9. C. Scribonius, consul in the preceding

year, may have been author of the lex Scribonia de usucapione servitutum

(_Dig._ xli. 3. 4. 28; cf. Cic. _Caecin._ 26. 74), or it may belong to

the tribune of the same name of the year 50; p. 450, n. 2.

[2656] P. 413, n. 4. The consuls of 73 passed a frumentarian measure—the

lex Cassia Terentia, considered below; p. 444, n. 6.

[2657] Sall. _Hist._ iv. 1, in Gell. xviii. 4. 4. Sallust speaks of

nothing more than the promulgation of the law; but we know that afterward

an attempt was made to collect the moneys; Ascon. 72; cf. Lange, _Röm.

Alt._ iii. 190, 221; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 467. Münzer,

in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ iv. 1380, speaks of the measure as a

proposal.

The same consul with his colleague, L. Gellius Poplicola, proposed and

carried a law for confirming the grants of citizenship already made by

Pompey in Spain; Cic. _Balb._ 8. 19; 14. 32 f.; Pliny, _N. H._ v. 5. 36.

Their joint proposal that provincials should not in their absence be

tried on a capital charge took the form merely of a senatus consultum;

Cic. _Verr._ II. ii. 38. 95; Münzer, ibid.; Drumann-Gröbe, ibid.

In 71 (_CIL._ i. 593 = vi. 1299) and in 62 (_CIL._ i. 600 = vi. 1305)

there was a curator viarum e lege Visellia. The law mentioned could not

have been later than 71, but may have been many years earlier. There were

curatores viarum in 115; _CIL._ vi. 3824; Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsv._ ii.

89, n. 6.

[2658] Cic. _Flacc._ 3. 6; Ascon. 15; cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 191.

[2659] Cic. _Q. Fr._ ii. 13. 3; _Fam._ i. 4. 1; cf. _Q. Fr._ ii. 2. 3;

_Fam._ viii. 8. 5; _Sest._ 34. 74; Caes. _B. C._ i. 5.

[2660] Cic. _Att._ i. 14. 5; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 43. 3. As consul in 63

Cicero adjourned the assembly in order to hold a meeting of the senate on

a certain comitial day; Cic. _Mur._ 25. 51; Plut. _Cic._ 14.

[2661] The first chapter of this law is preserved in an inscription;

_CIL._ i. 204; Bruns, _Font. Iur._ p. 94; Girard, _Textes_, p. 66.

[2662] P. 423.

[2663] Gran. Licin. x. p. 44. It was charged against him by Philippus

in the senate that for the sake of concord he wished to restore the

tribunician power; Sall. _Hist._ i. 77. 14.

[2664] Sall. _Hist._ iii. 48. 8; Pseud. Ascon. 103.

[2665] P. 423 f.

[2666] Cic. _Verr._ II. i. 60.

[2667] Cic. _Cluent._ 34. 93 f.; Ascon. 103; Plut. _Lucull._ 5.

[2668] Licinius Macer, _Oratio ad plebem_, in Sall. _Hist._ iii. 48.

11 (cf. iv. 71); Cic. _Cluent._ 22. 61; 27. 74; 28. 77; 29. 79; Pseud.

Ascon. 141; Schol. Gronov. 386, 395, 441.

[2669] Sall. _Hist._ iii. 48; Cic. _Brut._ 67. 238.

[2670] Suet. _Caes._ 5.

[2671] Plut. _Pomp._ 21; App. _B. C._ i. 121. 560; Sall. _Hist._ iv.

44 (“Magnam exorsus orationem”) probably refers to his speech in this

contio. Frag. 45 (“Si nihil ante adventum suum inter plebem et patres

convenisset, coram se daturum operam”) seems also to be from this speech.

[2672] Sall. _Hist._ iv. 46.

[2673] Cic. _Verr._ i. 16. 46 f.

[2674] Ibid. 15. 44; Pseud. Ascon. 147.

[2675] _CIL._ i². p. 154.

[2676] Livy, ep. xcvii; Cic. Frag. A. vii (_Cornel._ i). 47; Ascon. 75;

Pseud. Ascon. 103.

[2677] Sall. _Cat._ 38; Vell. ii. 30. 4; Cic. _Leg._ iii. 9. 22; ii. 26;

Plut. _Pomp._ 22; App. _B. C._ ii. 29. 113; cf. Cic. _Verr._ v. 63. 163;

68. 175; Schol. Gronov. 397; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 192 f.; Long, _Rom.

Rep._ iii. 49-51; Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ i. 553.

[2678] Cic. _Verr._ i. 15. 45.

[2679] P. 424. Pompey found it popular to give his assent; Plut. _Pomp._

22; cf. Neumann, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 75.

[2680] Cicero, in his _In Verrem Actio_ I, is unacquainted with the

rogation and expresses the hope that the condemnation of Verres will

restore confidence in the senatorial courts. In _Actio_ II, composed

after the exile of Verres and not delivered, he assumes the existence of

such a rogation (cf. v. 69. 177).

[2681] Cic. _Verr._ ii. 71. 174 f.; iii. 96. 223 f.; v. 69. 177 f.; Livy,

ep. xcvii; Plut. _Pomp._ 22; Pseud. Ascon. 127.

[2682] On the tribuni aerarii, see p. 64, n. 3. See also Cic. _Phil._ i.

8. 20; _Rab. Perd._ 9. 27; _Cat._ iv. 7. 15; Ascon. 16; Schol. Bob. 339.

[2683] P. 402.

[2684] Cic. _Cluent._ 43. 121.

[2685] Cic. _Att._ i. 16. 3; _Phil._ i. 8. 20; Ascon. 16, 30, 53, 67, 78,

90; Pseud. Ascon. 103; Schol. Bob. 229, 235, 339; Schol. Gronov. 384,

386; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 197 f.; Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ i. 533;

Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._ 442 ff.; Long, _Rom. Rep._ iii. 51-3; Klebs, in

Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ ii. 2485 f.

The reference to a lex Aurelia in Cic. _Q. Fr._ i. 3. 8, seems to be, not

to a lex de ambitu, as Lange, ibid. iii. 198, supposes, but to the lex

iudiciaria under discussion.

[2686] _Röm. Alt._ ii. 199 (cf. ii. 671). It must have been passed

between the death of Sulla and 57; Gell. ii. 24. 13; Macrob. _Sat._ iii.

17. 13; Cic. _Fam._ vii. 26. 2.

[2687] Q. Cic. _Petit. Cons._ 11. 44.

[2688] Cic. _Cluent._ 55. 152 (year 66).

[2689] Cic. _Att._ i. 17. 9; _Off._ iii. 22. 88; cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._

iii. 202.

[2690] Cf. Neumann, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 141.

[2691] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30.

[2692] Cic. Frag. A. vii (_Cornel._ i). 52; Ascon. 78.

[2693] Cic. _Phil._ ii. 18. 44; Hor. _Epist._ i. 1. 61; Juv. iii. 159;

xiv. 324.

[2694] Livy, ep. xcix; Tac. _Ann._ xv. 32; Ascon. 79; Cic. _Mur._ 19. 40;

Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42. 1; cf. Hor. _Epod._ iv. 15. The censors of 194 had

given front seats to the senators; p. 356 f.

[2695] Vell. ii. 32. 3; Cic. _Mur._ 19. 40; p. 356 f. above.

[2696] Cic. _Q. Fr._ ii. 11. 3.

[2697] Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 526.

[2698] P. 425.

[2699] Cic. _Q. Fr._ ii. 13. 3; cf. _Fam._ i. 4. 1.

[2700] Cic. _Alt._ v. 21. 12; vi. 2. 7. Loans were sometimes made in

violation of the law (_Flacc._ 20. 46 f.), and sometimes the senate

granted a dispensation from it; _Att._ v. 21. 11 f.; vi. 2. 7; Lange,

_Röm. Alt._ iii. 203.

[2701] Ascon. 56.

[2702] Ibid. 57.

[2703] P. 307 f.

[2704] Cic. Frag. A. vii (_Cornel._ i). 5; _Valin._ 2. 5; Ascon. 57 f.;

Quintil. _Inst._ x. 5. 3 (iv. 4. 8).

[2705] Ascon. 58; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 39. 4.

[2706] Cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 214; Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ iii.

337 f.; Long, _Rom. Rep._ iii. 107. Dio Cassius, xxxvi. 39, has wholly

misunderstood the matter. Ferrero’s account (_Rome_, i. 194) of the

Cornelian legislation is inaccurate in all points.

[2707] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38. 4; Cic. Frag. A. vii (_Cornel._ i). 40.

[2708] _CIL._ 1², p. 156; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ i. 256

f.; Münzer, ibid. iii. 1376 f.

[2709] Ascon. 75.

[2710] Schol. Bob. 361; Ascon. 68, 89; Cic. _Mur._ 23. 46; 32. 67. It was

opposed by the people, who preferred the stricter measure of Cornelius;

but Piso with a crowd of followers forced it through the assembly; Dio

Cass. xxxvi. 38. 1.

[2711] Schol. Bob. 361; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38; xxxvii. 25. 3; Greenidge,

_Leg. Proced._ 425, 508, 521 f.; Mommsen, _Röm. Strafr._ 867; Long,

_Rom. Rep._ iii. 105 f. It was supplemented by the lex Fabia de numero

sectatorum, apparently a plebiscite of 66; Cic. _Mur._ 34. 71; Mommsen,

ibid. 871; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 527.

[2712] XXXVI. 40. 1 f. (Foster’s rendering); cf. Ascon. 58; Cic. _Fin._

ii. 22. 74; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 656; iii. 215; Long, _Rom. Rep._ iii.

107 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 527; Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._

95, 97 f., 122.

[2713] Ascon. 58. The restriction, however, was only partial; Erman,

in _Mélanges_ Ch. Appleton (1903), 201-304. The author of the law

seems to have been a man not only of excellent heart but of remarkably

statesmanlike views, though the optimates naturally classed him as

seditious. On Cornelius in general, see Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ iv. 1252-5; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 526-9.

[2714] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 23 ff.; Plut. _Pomp._ 25; Vell. ii. 31; App.

_Mithr._ 94.

[2715] Vell. ii. 31; Cic. _Verr._ ii. 3. 8; iii. 91. 213; Pseud. Ascon.

122, 176, 206; Schol. Bob. 234; Sall. _Hist._ iii. 4 f.

[2716] P. 428 f.

[2717] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30. 2; cf. the deposition of Octavius, p. 367.

[2718] Cic. _Imp. Pomp._ 15. 44; Livy, ep. xcix; Eutrop. vi. 12.

[2719] Plut. _Pomp._ 26; Dio Cass, xxxvi. 37. 1; Cic. _Imp. Pomp._ 19. 57

f.

[2720] Sall. _Hist._ v. 13; cf. Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._

i. 256.

[2721] Cf. Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 76. Another comitial act on

foreign affairs was the plebiscite of unknown authorship providing for a

commission of ten to aid Lucullus in settling the affairs of Asia; Dio

Cass. xxxvi. 43. 2.

[2722] Ascon, p. 64 ff.; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42. 1-3.

[2723] Cic. Frag. A. vii (_Cornel._ i). 3.

[2724] Cic. _Mur._ 23. 47.

[2725] Ascon. 65 f. The Cn. Manlius mentioned by Ascon. 45 f. is probably

to be identified with this Manilius; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii.

19, n. 9.

[2726] XXXVI. 42. 3.

[2727] Ascon. 66, or more simply the “lex de imperio Cn. Pompeii”; Cic.

_Imp. Pomp._ Inscr.

[2728] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42.4; Plut. _Pomp._ 30; _Lucull._ 35; App.

_Mithr._ 97; Livy, ep. c; Vell. ii. 33. 1; Eutrop. vi. 12.

[2729] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 219; Willems, _Sén. Rom._ ii. 586 f.

[2730] Cic. _Imp. Pomp._ 17. 51 ff.; 20. 59 ff.; Plut. _Pomp._ 30.

[2731] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 43. 2, and especially Cicero’s oration _De

imperio Pompeii ad quirites_. Long, _Rom. Rep._ iii. 131 f., severely

criticises Dio Cassius for his treatment of Cicero’s motives.

[2732] P. 354.

[2733] P. 370.

[2734] P. 397; Cic. _Off._ iii. 11. 47; _Brut._ 16. 63; _Balb._ 21. 48;

23. 52; 24. 54; _Arch._ 5. 10; _Leg. Agr._ i. 4. 13; Ascon. 67; Schol.

Bob. 296, 354; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 9. 5; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 229;

Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 140.

[2735] Gell. i. 12. 11 f.; Suet. _Aug._ 31; Lange, ibid. ii. 675 f.; iii.

229; Wissowa, _Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm._ 439.

[2736] P. 391.

[2737] P. 416. On the lex Atia, see Dio Cass. xxxvii. 37. 1; Lange, _Röm.

Alt._ iii. 243. This act had no effect on the supreme pontificate, which

had remained elective (p. 416 above) and which was conferred on Caesar

soon after (Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 155 f.) the enactment of

the Atian law; Dio Cass. ibid.; Suet. _Caes._ 13; Vell. ii. 43. 3. The

same Atius, together with T. Ampius Balbus, a colleague, proposed and

carried a plebiscite for granting to Pompey the privilege of wearing the

triumphal ornaments in the Circensian games and the toga praetexta and

laurel (or golden?) crown at the theatres; Vell. ii. 40. 4; Dio Cass.

xxxvii. 21. 3 f.

[2738] Cic. _Leg. Agr._ iii. 2. 4.

[2739] Ibid. i. 2. 4; ii. 5. 13.

[2740] Ibid. ii. 7. 16-8; 8. 21.

[2741] Ibid. ii. 13. 34; 24. 64.

[2742] Ibid. ii. 9. 24.

[2743] Ibid. i. 5. 15; ii. 13. 33; 27. 72.

[2744] From (1) an extensive sale of houses, lands, and other property

belonging to the state (ibid. i. 1. 3; 3. 10; ii. 14. 35; 15. 38). (2)

vectigalia (i. 4. 10; ii. 21. 56), and (3) other public moneys (i. 4. 12

f.; ii. 22. 59).

[2745] Ibid. ii. 25. 66.

[2746] Ibid. i. 5. 16 f.; ii. 13. 34; 20. 55; 24. 63; 25. 66; 26. 68; 27.

74 f.

[2747] These are the second and third _Orations on the Agrarian Law_,

the first having been delivered in the senate. On the purpose of the

rogation, see Neumann, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 223 ff.; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch.

Roms_, iii. 143; Ferrero, _Rome_, i. 231-3.

[2748] P. 431.

[2749] Cic. _Mur._ 32. 67.

[2750] Cic. _Vat._ 15. 37; p. 359 above.

[2751] _CIL._ i². p. 156.

[2752] Cic. _Mur._ 2. 3; 3. 5; 23. 47; 32. 67; Schol. Bob. 269, 309, 324,

362.

[2753] Cic. _Mur._ 23. 47.

[2754] Cic. _Vat._ 15. 37; _Sest._ 64. 133 (cf. _Har. Resp._ 26. 56);

Schol. Bob. 309.

[2755] Cic. _Mur._ 23. 47; 41. 89; _Planc._ 34. 83; Schol. Bob. 269, 362;

Dio Cass. xxxvii. 29. 1.

[2756] Cic. _Mur._ 23. 47. On the law in general, see Lange, _Röm. Alt._

iii. 245; Hartmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ i. 1801.

[2757] Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 9. 24, proves that no such law existed at

the beginning of 63, and in 62 its existence is assumed by the Caecilian

rogation for dispensing Pompey from its provisions; Schol. Bob. 302.

In 61 M. Aufidius Lurco, tribune of the plebs, attempted a curious

modification of the statute concerning corruption at elections,

proposing that promises of money to the tribes should not be binding,

but that a candidate who actually paid should be liable for life to a

payment—apparently annual—of three thousand sesterces to the tribe.

His measure failed to become a law; Cic. _Att._ i. 16. 12 f.; 18. 3;

Hartmann, ibid. i. 1802.

[2758] Cic. _Fam._ xi. 1. 2; _Att._ ii. 18. 3.

[2759] Cic. _Leg._ iii. 8. 18.

[2760] Cic. _Fam._ xii. 21.

[2761] Cic. _Leg. Agr._ i. 3. 8; 17. 45; _Flacc._ 34. 86.

[2762] Cic. _Leg._ iii. 8. 18.

[2763] Cic. _Flacc._ 34. 86; _Fam._ xii. 21; _Att._ ii. 18. 3; xv. ii. 4;

Suet. _Tib._ 31; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 244.

Several unpassed bills of the year 63 are mentioned. (1) The rogation

of L. Caecilius, tribune of the plebs, for lightening the penalty upon

P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, who had been condemned for

ambitus; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 25. 3; Cic. _Sull._ 22 f.; cf. _Leg. Agr._

ii. 3. 8; 4. 10.—(2) A proposal to restore to the children of those whom

Sulla had proscribed the right to become candidates for offices; Dio

Cass. ibid.; Plut. _Cic._ 12; Cic. _Att._ ii. 1. 3.—(3) A proposal for

the cancellation of debts and (4) another for the allotment of lands in

Italy. All these measures were quashed by Cicero; Dio Cass. ibid. § 3 f.

[2764] Suet. _Caes._ 28. 3; Plut. _Cat. Min._ 17.

[2765] Schol. Bob. 310. These same magistrates established a penalty for

violations of the lex Caecilia Didia (Cic. _Phil._ v. 3. 8), whether by

the law above mentioned or a separate enactment cannot be determined.

[2766] Val. Max ii. 8. 1. In 62 falls the unpassed bill of Q. Caecilius

Metellus Nepos, tribune of the plebs (cf. p. 437, n. 1), directing Pompey

to come to the defence of Italy against Catiline; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 43;

Schol. Bob. 302. In the following year (61) the consuls, M. Pupius Piso

and M. Valerius Messala, proposed a resolution for the appointment of

a special commission to try Clodius on charge of having intruded in a

religious festival exclusively for women; Cic. _Att._ i. 13. 3; _Mil._

5. 13; 22. 59; 27. 73; Ascon. 53; Suet. _Caes._ 6; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 46.

The bill provided that the jurors should not be drawn by lot in the usual

way but appointed by the praetor; Cic. _Att._ i. 14. 1. It was withdrawn

in favor of the plebiscite de religione for the same purpose but more

favorable to the accused, presented by Q. Fufius Calenus, and accepted by

the tribes; Cic. _Att._ i. 16. 2; _Parad._ iv. 2. 31; Plut. _Caes._ 10;

Mommsen, _Röm. Strafr._ 198 f.

[2767] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 51. 3; Cic. _Att._ ii. 16. I; _Q. Fr._ i. 1. 11.

33; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 274. These taxes were made unnecessary by

Pompey’s acquisitions in the East.

[2768] Cic. _Att._ i. 18. 6; 19. 4; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 50; Plut. _Cat.

Min._ 31.

[2769] P. 162.

[2770] P. 386.

[2771] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 4. On the later inclusion of this territory,

see p. 440 below.

[2772] Suet. _Caes._ 20.

[2773] Cic. _Fam._ xiii. 4. 2.

[2774] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 4 f.; Cic. _Dom._ 9. 23.

[2775] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 3; App. _B. C._ ii. 10. 35; Plut. _Cat.

Min._ 31; _Pomp._ 47; _Cic._ 26.

[2776] App. _B. C._ iii. 2. 5; 7. 24.

[2777] Varro, _R. R._ i. 2. 10; Cic. _Att._ ii. 6. 2; 7. 3; ix. 2 a. 1;

Vell. ii. 45. 2; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 6 f.; Suet. _Aug._ 4.

[2778] Dio Cass. ibid.

[2779] _CIL._ vi. 3826 (Elogium of M. Valerius Messala, consul in 61);

Cic. _Att._ ii. 7. 4; _Prov. Cons._ 17. 41.

[2780] _Röm. Staatsr._ ii. 628, n. 4.

[2781] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 2.

[2782] Ibid. 3 f.; Plut. _Caes._ 14; App. _B. C._ ii. 10.

[2783] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 6. 1.

[2784] P. 116.

[2785] The assembly met in the Forum, and was therefore tribal; Suet.

_Caes._ 20; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 6. 2; Plut. _Cat. Min._ 32.

[2786] Cic. _Att._ ii. 18. 2: “Ut ex legibus Iuliis” seems to be official

language. The explanation of Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsv._ i. 114 f., which

identifies one of the Julian laws with the lex Mamilia, Roscia, etc., is

not satisfactory, though accepted by Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii.

182. A plurality is also mentioned by Livy, ep. ciii; Schol. Bob. 302;

Plut. _Pomp._ 47 f.; _Caes._ 14; App. _B. C._ ii. 10-2.

[2787] _Att._ ii. 18. 2.

[2788] _Att._ ii. 3. 3 (Dec. 60); 6. 2; 7. 3.

[2789] _Att._ ii. 16. 1.

[2790] XXXVIII. 1. 4; 7. 3.

[2791] _Cat. Min._ 31, 33.

[2792] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 279-88, maintains that there were two

agrarian laws; cf. Ferrero, _Rome_, i. 287-91. The opposite view is held

by Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsv._ i. 114 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_,

iii. 182.

[2793] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 7. 3; _Cat. Min._ 33; Suet. _Caes._ 20; Vell.

ii. 44. 4. Whereas Cicero was of the opinion that this district could

provide not more than five thousand with lots of ten iugera, Suetonius

and Velleius state that twenty thousand were settled in it. Some

Campanian land remained undivided in 51; Cic. _Fam._ viii. 10. 4. Many

settlements under the Julian law are mentioned in the _liber coloniarum_,

in Gromat. 210, 220, 231, 235, 239, 259, 260.

It was in accord with Caesar’s policy of colonization and of the

extension of the franchise that P. Vatinius, tribune of the plebs in this

year, carried a law for sending five thousand new settlers to Comum, a

Latin colony in northern Italy. Some of the new residents he honored with

the citizenship; Strabo v. 16; Suet. _Caes._ 28; App. _B. C._ ii. 26. 98;

Plut. _Caes._ 29; Cic. _Att._ v. 11. 2; _Fam._ xiii. 35. 1. The franchise

was afterward withdrawn by a decree of the senate; Suet. and Plut. ibid.

[2794] Dio Cassius, xxxviii. 7. 1 f. (cf. Schol. Bob. 302; App. _B. C._

ii. 12. 42), is probably wrong in saying that death was the penalty for

refusal to swear. Cicero (_Sest._ 28. 61) and Plutarch (_Cat. Min._ 32)

speak simply of heavy penalties.

[2795] Cic. _Att._ ii. 18. 2. The provision regarding the oath was not

introduced till it was found that the senate opposed.

Supplementary to these Julian laws is the lex Mamilia Roscia Peducaea

Alliena Fabia, three articles of which are contained in Gromat. 263-6;

Bruns, _Font. Iur._ 96-8; Girard, _Textes_, 69 f. Other references to

a lex Mamilia are Gromat. 11. 5; 12. 12; 37. 24; 144. 19; 169. 7; Cic.

_Leg._ i. 21. 55. The last proves it to have been passed before 51. The

seeming citation of the third article as an agrarian law of Gaius Caesar

by _Dig._ xlvii. 21. 3, may indicate merely a borrowing of this article

from the earlier law of Caesar, just as article 2 is substantially

repeated in _Lex Col. Genet._ 104. Mommsen, in _Röm. Feldmess._ ii.

221-6; _Röm. Staatsr._ ii. 628, n. 4, considers it the work of a second

sub-committee (Vviri) of the vigintiviri provided for by the agrarian

law, enacted to furnish rules for the administration of the latter. Lange

(_Röm. Alt._ ii. 690; iii. 288) and more decidedly Willems (_Sén. Rom._

i. 498, n. 5) prefer to regard it as a tribunician law and to assign it

to 55.

[2796] Cf. Polyb. vi. 17. 5; p. 345 above.

[2797] Suet. _Caes._ 20; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 7. 4; App. _B. C._ ii. 13.

48; Cic. _Att._ ii. 16. 2; Schol. Bob. 259, 261.

[2798] Cic. _Fam._ viii. 8. 3.

[2799] Pompey in his second consulship, 55, attempted in vain to displace

it by a still severer measure; p. 448.

[2800] Cic. _Att._ v. 10. 2; 16. 3.

[2801] Cic. _Pis._ 16. 37; 21. 49 f.; 37. 90; _Dom._ 9. 23; _Prov. Cons._

4. 7.

[2802] Cic. _Pis._ 37. 90.

[2803] Cic. _Att._ vi. 7. 2; _Fam._ ii. 17. 2, 4; v. 20. 2, 7; _Pis._ 25.

61; cf. Plut. _Cat. Min._ 38; Dio Cass. xxxix. 23. 3.

[2804] _Dig._ xlviii. 11.

[2805] Cic. _Rab. Post._ 4. 8 f.; 11. 30.

[2806] Suet. _Caes._ 43; _Otho_, 2; Tac. _Hist._ i. 77; Paul. _Sent._ v.

28.

[2807] _Vat._ 12. 29. See further on the law, _Sest._ 64. 135; Schol.

Bob. 310, 321; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 195-7; Lange, _Röm.

Alt._ iii. 292; Mommsen, _Röm. Strafr._ 709; Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._

427, 483, 485.

[2808] Ci. _Vat._ ii. 27; _Planc._ 15. 36; Schol. Bob. 235, 321, 323. “It

is indifferently described as a method of challenging alternate benches

(consilia) and alternate iudices”; Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._ 451. It

seems to have permitted the rejection not simply of individual jurors as

heretofore, but of an entire panel; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii.

197.

[2809] Dio Cass, xxxviii. 8. 1; Schol. Bob. 235.

[2810] Pliny, _N. H._ xxxiii. 10. 136; Joseph. _Ant. Iud._ xiv. 34 f.

[2811] Cic. _Att._ ii. 16. 2.

[2812] Caes. _B. C._ iii. 107. 6; Suet. _Caes._ 54; Dio Cass, xxxix. 12.

1; Cic. _Rab. Post._ 3. 6.

[2813] Dio Cass, xxxviii. 7. 5; App. _B. C._ ii. 13. 46; Plut.

_Lucull._ 42; _Pomp._ 48; Vell. ii. 44. 2; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 289;

Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 194. Several other laws on foreign

affairs, having especial reference to treaties, were proposed and carried

by P. Vatinius, tribune of the plebs in this year, acting probably as

Caesar’s instrument; Cic. _Vat._ 12. 29; _Fam._ i. 9. 7; _Att._ ii. 9. 1.

[2814] P. 163.

[2815] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 8. 5; Suet. _Caes._ 22; Cic. _Sest._ 64. 135;

_Vat._ 15. 35 f.; _Prov. Cons._ 15. 36; Caes. _B. G._ ii. 35. 2; iii. 7.

1; v. 1. 5.

[2816] Caes. _B. G._ i. 10.

[2817] Caes. _B. G._ i. 21.

[2818] Suet. _Caes._ 22; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 8. 5; Plut. _Caes._ 14;

_Pomp._ 48; _Crass._ 14; _Cat. Min._ 33. The resolutions of people and

senate are combined by App. _B. C._ ii. 13. 49; Vell. ii. 44. 5; Zon. x.

6; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 198 f.

[2819] Cf. Ferrero, _Rome_, i. 290.

[2820] Drumann-Gröbe, ibid.

[2821] On the consulship of Caesar see further Long, _Rom. Rep._ III. ch.

xix; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 278-96; Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ i. 550-3;

Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 177 ff.; the histories of Mommsen,

Peter, Ferrero, etc., and the various biographies of Caesar.

[2822] Cic. _Sest._ 25. 55; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. 1; Ascon. 9; Schol.

Bob. 300 ff.

[2823] Six and a third asses to the modius; p. 372. The frumentarian

law of Appuleius Saturninus for lowering the price to five-sixths of an

_as_ had been annulled (p. 395 f.), and the law in force in 82, whether

the Sempronian or the Octavian, was repealed by Sulla (p. 422). Lepidus,

consul in 78, carried a law for the distribution of five modii of grain

to the citizen, at what price and at what interval is not stated (p. 423,

n. 8). There was also a lex frumentaria of the consuls of 73, C. Cassius

Varus and M. Terentius Varro (Cic. _Verr._ iii. 70. 163; v. 21. 52; cf.

Sall. _Hist._ iii. 48. 19). It must have restored, or maintained, the

Sempronian price, which according to the sources was displaced by the

Clodian provision for free grain. Probably by an article of this law,

rather than by a new enactment, Sex. Clodius, a dependent of the tribune,

was given charge of the distribution; Cic. _Dom._ 10. 25. See further

Humbert, in Daremberg et Saglio, _Dict._ ii. 1346 f.

[2824] Cic. _Sest._ 25. 55.

[2825] Cic. ibid.; _Red. in Sen._ 13. 33; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. 1 f.;

Plut. _Cic._ 30.

[2826] Cic. _Pis._ 4. 9; _Sest._ 25. 55; Ascon. 9, 67; Dio Cass. xxxviii.

13. 2; Liebenam, _Röm. Vereinswes._ 21; Waltzing, _Corp. prof._ i. 92.

[2827] Cf. Ferrero, _Rome_, i. 300.

[2828] P. 117.

[2829] Cic. _Sest._ 15. 33; p. 471.

[2830] Ascon. 9: Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. 2; Schol. Bob. 300; cf. Cic.

_Pis._ 4. 9; _Sest._ 25. 55.

[2831] Suet. _Dom._ 9. 3: Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 308.

[2832] Vell. ii. 45. 1; Livy, ep. ciii; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 14. 4; Plut.

_Cic._ 30; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 208 f.

[2833] P. 371.

[2834] We hear many echoes of this theory in the speeches of Cicero which

refer to the Catilinarian conspiracy; cf. _Cat._ ii. 2. 3; 8. 17; iv. 5.

10 (admitted by C. Caesar); 7. 15; 10. 22.

[2835] This act accorded with earlier usage; p. 249, 267, 395. On

the original rogation of Clodius concerning the exile of Cicero and

its amendment, see Gurlitt, in _Philol._ N. F. xiii (1900). 578-83;

Sternkopf, ibid. 272-304; xv (1902). 42-70. See also Mommsen, _Röm.

Strafr._ 970, n. 2, 978, n. 1.

The remaining Clodian laws may pass with briefer mention: (1) A

plebiscite which converted the kingdom of Cyprus into a province,

confiscated the property of the reigning king, and commissioned Cato to

bring the treasury of the latter to Rome; Livy, ep. civ; Cic. _Dom._ 8.

20; _Sest._ 26. 57; 27. 59; Schol. Bob. 301 f.; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 30.

5; App. _B. C._ ii. 85 f.—(2) The plebiscite de inuriis publicis, the

terms of which are not known; Cic. _Dom._ 30. 81.—(3) The plebiscite

which transferred the title of king and the priesthood of the Great

Mother at Pessinus from Deiotarus to his son-in-law Brogitarus; Cic.

_Sest._ 26. 56; _Har. Resp._ 13. 28 f.; 27. 59; _Dom._ 50. 129; _Q.

Fr._ ii. 7. 2; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 308; Niese, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ iv. 2401-4.—(4) The plebiscite de provinciis and (5) de

permutatione provinciarum, which assigned to the outgoing consuls of the

year provinces according to their desires; Cic. _Sest._ 25. 55; _Dom._ 9.

23 f.; 26. 70; _Prov. Cons._ 2. 3; Plut. _Cic._ 30; (Aurel. Vict.) _Vir.

Ill._ 81. 4. There were, too, several unpassed rogations. In general on

Clodius and his legislation, see Lange, ibid. 296 ff.; Long, _Rom. Rep._

III. ch. xxi; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, ii. 202 ff.; Fröhlich, in

Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ iv. 82-8; White, _Cicero, Clodius, and

Milo_, 16 ff.

[2836] Cic. _Dom._ 33. 90; _Pis._ 15. 35 f.; _Red. in Sen._ 11. 27; p.

127 above. Among the tribunician rogations for the purpose, preceding the

enactment of the centuriate law, were the Ninnia (Dio Cass. xxxviii. 30.

4; Cic. _Sest._ 31. 68), the Messia (Cic. _Red. in Sen._ 8. 21), that of

eight tribunes (Cic. _Sest._ 33. 72; Pis. 15. 35; _Fam._ i. 9. 16), and

the Fabricia (Cic. _Red. in Sen._ 8. 22; _Mil._ 14. 38). The last was

proposed early in 57; the others near the end of 58.

[2837] Cic. _Att._ iv. 1. 7; Livy, ep. civ; Dio Cass. xxxix. 9. 2 f.;

Plut. _Pomp._ 49; App. _B. C._ ii. 18. 67.

In 56 a rogation of C. Porcius Cato, tribune of the plebs, for abrogating

the proconsular imperium of P. Cornelius Lentulus failed to become a

law (Cic. _Q. Fr._ ii. 3. 1; _Fam._ 1. 5 a. 2); also the rogation of

his colleague L. Caninius for commissioning Pompey with pretorian power

for the purpose of restoring Ptolemy, the exiled king of Egypt, to his

throne; Dio Cass. xxxix. 12 ff.; Cic. _Q. Fr._ ii. 2. 3; Plut. _Pomp._ 49.

[2838] An interregnum was forced in order to secure a more favorable

chairman for the elections than were the consuls of 56.

[2839] Plut. _Caes._ 21; _Pomp._ 51; _Crass._ 14; _Cat. Min._ 41; App.

_B. C._ ii. 17. 62 f. The postponement of the comitia was effected by C.

Porcius Cato (Dio Cass. xxxix. 27. 3; Livy, ep. cv; Cic. _Q. Fr._ ii. 4.

6) and a colleague in the tribunate (Cic. _Att._ iv. 15. 4).

[2840] Cic. _Att._ iv. 9. 1; Dio Cass. xxxix. 33. 1 f.; Plut. _Cat. Min._

43; _Crass._ 15; _Pomp._ 52; App. _B. C._ ii. 18. 65; Livy, ep. cv; Vell.

ii. 46. 1 f.; p. 442 above.

[2841] Dio Cass. xxxix. 34 f.; Plut. and Livy, ibid.

[2842] Dio Cass. xxxix. 33. 3 f.

[2843] Dio Cass. xxxix. 37. 1.

[2844] Cic. _Planc._ 15. 36; 16. 40; 17. 41.

[2845] Ibid. 15. 36 ff.; Schol. Bob. 253 f., 261.

[2846] Cic. _Planc._ 16. 40; Schol. Bob. 262; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 340

f.

[2847] Cic. _Att._ x. 4. 8; xiii. 49. 1; App. _B. C._ ii. 23. 87; Dio

Cass. xl. 52. 3; 55. 2; Plut. _Cat. Min._ 48; _Pomp._ 55.

[2848] Paul. _Sent._ v. 24; _Dig._ xlviii. 9; cf. i. 2. 2. 2. 32, which

is inexact; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 667.

[2849] Cic. _Rab. Post._ 6. 13. As the equites did not participate in the

government of Italy and the provinces, they had not been rendered liable

to the earlier leges repetundarum, although it was possible to bring

action against them for corrupt jury service; cf. p. 378, n. 3.

[2850] Dio Cass. xxxix. 37.

[2851] Cic. _Pis._ 39. 94; _Phil._ i. 8. 20; Ascon. 16; Pseud. Sall.

_Rep. Ord._ ii. 3. 2 f.; cf. 7. 11 f.; 12. 1; cf. Greenidge, _Leg.

Proced._ 448.

[2852] Cic. _Mil._ 5. 13; 6. 15; 26. 70; 29. 79; Ascon. 31 ff., 37, 40,

53; Schol. Bob. 276; Schol. Gronov. 443; Gell. x. 20.

[2853] Cic. _Att._ vii. 1. 4; 3. 4; viii. 3. 3; _Fam._ vi. 6. 5; xvi. 12.

3; _Phil._ ii. 10. 24; Suet. _Caes._ 26; Caes. _B. C._ i. 32; Dio Cass.

xl. 51. 2.

[2854] Dio Cass. xl. 56. 1; Suet. _Caes._ 28. 3.

[2855] Dio Cass. xl. 46. 2.

[2856] Ibid, and 56. 1; cf. 30. 1.

[2857] P. 381.

[2858] Hirschfeld, in _Klio_, iv (1904). 76-87; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch.

Roms_, iii. 720 ff.

[2859] It suffices to mention (1) the unpassed bill of C. Lucilius Hirrus

and M. Coelius Vinicianus, 53 (in rivalry with a tribunician rogation

for the establishment of tribuni militum consulari potestate), to name

Pompey dictator; Cic. _Fam._ viii. 4. 3; _Q. Fr._ iii. 8. 4; Plut.

_Pomp._ 54.—(2) The repeal of the Clodian plebiscite of 58 concerning the

censorial stigma (p. 445) by a law of Q. Caecilius Metellus, colleague of

Pompey in 52; Dio Cass. xl. 57. 1.—(3) The unpassed bill of the famous P.

Clodius, praetor in 52, concerning the suffrage of the libertini—somewhat

similar to the Manilian law of 67 (p. 433); Ascon. 52; Schol. Bob.

346.—(4) Possibly a lex Scribonia de usucapione servitutum was the work

of C. Scribonius Curio, tribune in 50, though more probably it belongs

to an earlier date; p. 424, n. 4.—(5) An unpassed alimentary rogation of

the same Scribonius for ordering the aediles to control the weights and

measures of the markets in a way to give justice to the poor; Cic. _Fam._

viii. 6. 5; App. _B. C._ ii. 27. 102.—(6) Another unpassed Scribonian

bill for limiting the travelling expenses of senators; Cic. _Att._ vi.

1. 25.—(7) An unpassed Scribonian bill concerning the Campanian land;

Cic. _Fam._ viii. 10. 4.—(8) An unpassed Scribonian rogatio viaria, like

the agrarian rogation of Servilius Rullus (p. 435); Cic. _Fam._ viii.

6. 5.—(9) An unpassed Scribonian bill for confiscating the realm of

King Juba; Caes. _B. C._ ii. 25; Dio Cass. xli. 41. 3. One or two other

unpassed bills of the same tribune are still less important.

[2860] Dio Cass. xli. 36. 1 f.; Caes. _B. C._ ii. 21; App. _B. C._ ii.

48. 196; Plut. _Caes._ 37.

[2861] Caes. _B. C._ iii. 2; App. _B. C._ ii. 48. 196 f.; Plut. _Caes._

37.

[2862] Here seems to belong the plebiscite of A. Hirtius concerning the

partisans of Pompey (Cic. _Phil._ xiii. 16. 32; _CIL._ i. p. 627 f.;

Willems, _Sén. Rom._ i. 592), though Mommsen (_CIL._ l. c.) assigns it to

46.

[2863] Dio. Cass. xlii. 20.

[2864] Ibid. 21. That his appointment was for an indefinite time, not for

a year as Dio Cassius, ibid. 20, states, is proved by _CIL._ i.² p. 28,

41. He held the office till news of the victory at Thapsus reached Rome.

[2865] Dio Cass. xlii. 20.

[2866] Dio Cass. xliii. 14; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 48 f.

[2867] Dio Cassius, xliii. 42-6, describes them at great length, whereas

Suetonius, _Caes._ 76, is content with a brief enumeration.

[2868] Dio Cass. xliii. 44; _CIL._ ix. 2563; cf. Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._

ii. 767, n. 1.

[2869] The right to the consulship was granted according to Dio Cassius,

xliii. 45. 1 (προεχειρίσαντο), by a vote of the people. In general it is

impossible to determine which senatus consulta for conferring these and

future honors were ratified by the comitia. The perpetual dictatorship

was assumed February, 44; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 739.

[2870] Dio Cass. xliv. 5. 3.

[2871] Ibid. 7. 3; Suet. _Caes._ 52. 3. Two laws of the consul M.

Antonius were also enacted in his honor, the first changing the name of

the month Quinctilis to Julius (Macrob. _Sat._ i. 12. 34), the second

dedicating to Caesar the fifth day of the Roman games (Cic. _Phil._ ii.

43. 110).

[2872] Cf. Bondurant, _Dec. Jun. Brut._ 40.

[2873] Caes. _B. C._ iii. 1; Cic. _Att._ vii. 11. 1.

[2874] Caes. _B. C._ iii. 1; Suet. _Caes._ 42; Dio Cass. xli. 37 f.; App.

_B. C._ ii. 48. 198; Plut. _Caes._ 37. Possibly the lex Iulia de bonorum

cessione (Gaius iii. 78; Theod. Cod. iv. 20; Justin. Cod. vii. 71. 4) may

be identical with this law.

[2875] Dio Cass. xli. 38. 1 f.; Cic. _Att._ ix. 9. 4.

[2876] Agitation leading to this measure found expression in a rogation

of M. Caelius Rufus, praetor in 48, for the payment of debts in six years

without interest (Caes. _B. C._ iii. 20) and somewhat later in a rogation

for an extensive, perhaps complete, abolition of debts (Caes. _B. C._

iii. 21; Livy, ep. cxi; Vell. ii. 68. 1 f.; Dio Cass. xlii. 22-5); in a

rogation of P. Cornelius Dolabella, tribune of the plebs in 47, for the

complete abolition of debts (Livy, ep. cxiii; Plut. _Ant._ 9; Dio Cass.

xlii. 29. 32); and in rogations by these two officials respectively for

the remission of rents (treated by the sources in connection with their

bills on insolvency).

[2877] Suet. _Caes._ 38; Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 1.

[2878] On the similar measure of Octavianus, see p. 459. See also Lange,

_Röm. Alt._ ii. 694; iii. 435.

[2879] This measure seems to have been brought about by no law but merely

through his censorial power; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 448; Drumann-Gröbe,

_Gesch. Roms_, iii. 557.

[2880] A Julian colonial law is mentioned by _Lex Col. Genet._ 97. The

veterans were settled in Italy probably under the agrarian law of 59;

Suet. _Caes._ 81. 1. The known colonies founded under the dictatorial

law are included in Kornemann’s list, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._

iv. 524 ff.; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 604-6. His most

famous colonies were Carthage (App. _Lib._ 136; Dio Cass. xliii. 50. 3

f.; Plut. _Caes._ 57; Strabo xvii. 3. 5) and Corinth (Dio Cass. ibid. §

4; Plut. ibid.; Strabo viii. 6. 3; xvii. 3. 15; Paus. ii. 1. 2; 3. 1).

The colonia Genetiva Iulia Urbanorum in Spain was founded in 44 after

the death of Caesar, but iussu C. Caesaris dict. imp. et lege Antonia

senat(us)que c(onsulto) pl(ebi)que (scito)—by a consular law of Antonius

for the founding of the colony, supplemented by a plebiscite of unknown

authorship.

The inscription known as the lex Coloniae Genetivae Iuliae (_CIL._ ii.

supplb. 5439; Bruns, _Font. Iur._ 123-40; Girard, _Textes_, 87-103) is

a part of the lex data (§ 67), or charter, granted the colony by its

founder. It was called Urbanorum because it was made up of proletarians

from Rome; cf. Kornemann, ibid. 527.

[2881] Suet. _Caes._ 42. At the same time measures were taken to prevent

those residents of Italy who were liable to military service from

absenting themselves unduly from the country. To give employment to the

poor, the owners of herds were ordered to make up one-third of their

shepherds from freemen; ibid.

[2882] Dio Cass. xli. 18. 2; xliv. 47. 4; Plut. _Caes._ 37; Suet. _Caes._

41; cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 416.

[2883] Caes. _B. C._ iii. 1; cf. Suet. _Caes._ 41.

[2884] Cic. _Phil._ xii. 4. 10; Tac. _Ann._ xi. 24; Dio Cass. xli. 36.

3; cf. xxxvii. 9. 3-5. Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ iii. 134; 159, n. 1;

Krüger-Brissaud, _Sourc. d. droit Rom._ 97, for the authorship of the law.

The so-called lex Rubria de Gallia Cisalpina (_CIL._ i. 205 = xi. 1146;

Bruns, _Font. Iur._ 98-102; Girard, _Textes_, 70-76) seems to be a lex

data, probably of 49 [Mommsen, in _Wiener Studien_, xxiv (1902). 238 f.;

_Ephem. Ep._ ix. 1903. p. 4]. As the lex Rubria cited in § 20 is not this

document but an earlier plebiscite, the name of the author has not been

determined. It regulated the administration of justice in Cisalpina,

which remained a province till 42. The fragment of a law found at Ateste

(Bruns, ibid. 102 f.; Girard, _Textes_, (76-8) is of the same nature

and belongs to the same period, though probably not to the Rubrian law

itself, as Mommsen (_Hermes_, xvi. 24-41) once assumed.

[2885] Dio Cass. xli. 24. 1; cf. Livy, ep. cx. The monarchical quality of

his rule shows itself in his bestowal of the citizenship on individuals

at his own pleasure; cf. Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ iii. 134.

In 44 the lex Iulia de Siculis, published by Antonius after the death

of Caesar, gave the full citizenship to the Sicilians, who had received

the Latinitas from Caesar. This law, Antonius asserted, had been carried

through the comitia by the dictator, whereas Cicero, _Att._ xiv. 12. 1,

states positively that no mention was even made of such a proposition in

the dictator’s lifetime.

[2886] Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 4; Suet. _Caes._ 41; wrongly Pomponius, in

_Dig._ i. 2. 2. 2. 32. The two additional aediles (cereales) were not

instituted till 44; Dio Cass. xliii. 51. 3.

[2887] Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 3; cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 437; p. 416

above. The addition of one to the fifteen members of the great sacerdotal

colleges (Dio Cass. ibid.; cf. Cic. _Fam._ xiii. 68. 2) refers to his

right to commend candidates for supernumerary membership (Wissowa, in

Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ ii. 2317), and hence does not imply a

comitial act.

[2888] Cic. _Phil._ vii. 6. 16.

[2889] Suet. _Caes._ 41; cf. Dio Cass. xliii. 51. 3. The pretext was the

impending Parthian war. In 46 he had been given the right to name all the

magistrates but had rejected it; Dio Cass. xliii. 14. 5; 45. 1; 47. 1;

cf. Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 612, n. 3.

[2890] Livy, ep. cxvi; Dio Cass. xliv. 10. 1-3; xlvi. 49. 2. In the

following year a tribune was similarly deposed by a plebiscite of P.

Titius, a colleague (Dio Cass. xlvi. 49. 1); and in 43, before the

establishment of the triumvirate, the city praetor was deprived of his

office by his colleagues, probably through a comitial act; App. _B. C._

iii. 95. 394 f.; Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ i. 630, n. 4.

[2891] P. 427.

[2892] Suet. _Caes._ 41; Dio Cass. xliii. 25. 1. Cicero, _Phil._ i. 8.

19, intimates, without positively stating, that this was a centuriate

law; p. 236 above.

[2893] Cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 455; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_,

iii. 558.

[2894] We are informed that he increased the penalties for crimes, and

enacted that a person condemned to exile should forfeit half his estate,

and the murderer of a relative the whole; Suet. _Caes._ 42; cf. Dio Cass.

xliv. 49. 3.

[2895] Cic. _Phil._ i. 9. 23.

[2896] The Julian laws on these subjects in the _Digesta_, xlviii. 4 (de

maiestate), 6 f. (de vi) prove by their contents to belong to Augustus;

Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 560. 4; cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii.

455. The leges Iuliae which abolished what remained of the legis actiones

(Gaius iv. 30) are also supposed to belong to Augustus; Poste, _Gaius_,

474.

[2897] Cic. _Att._ xiii. 7.

[2898] Cic. _Fam._ ix. 15. 5; 26. 3; Suet. _Caes._ 43.

[2899] Cic. _Att._ xii. 35; 36. 1.

[2900] Cic. _Att._ xiii. 7; Suet. _Caes._ 43; Dio Cass. xliii. 25. 2; cf.

Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 559; Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 450. The

officials failed to enforce it effectively; Suet. ibid.

[2901] P. 164.

[2902] Dio Cass. xliii. 25; Cic. _Phil._ i. 8. 9; iii. 15. 38; v. 3. 7;

viii. 9. 28. The lex Iulia et Titia, which gave provincial governors

the right to name tutors (Gaius i. 185, 195; Ulp. xi. 18; frag. d. Sin.

20; _Inst._ i. 20) may be a part of the lex de provinciis (Voigt, _Röm.

Rechtsgesch._ i. 840 f.), or a supplement to it. The expression may refer

either to one law or to two related laws. The Julian lex de liberis

legationibus, limiting their duration (Cic. _Att._ xv. 11. 4), also

belongs to 46.

[2903] _CIL._ i. 206; Bruns, _Font. Iur._ 104-13; Dessau, ii. 6085;

Girard, _Textes_, 78-87. The extant fragment, originally known as the

Table of Heraclea (Lucania) from the place where it was found, is

inscribed on a bronze tablet now in the National Museum at Naples. As it

disqualified for office any who had taken part in the proscriptions (§

121), it must have followed the downfall of the Cornelian régime in 70,

and the mention of the month Quinctilis (§ 98) proves that it preceded

the renaming of that month in 43. A reference to one of its provisions

(§§ 94, 104) by Cicero, _Fam._ vi. 18. 1 (Jan., 45) as of a law freshly

passed, proves it to be no later than January, 45; cf. Savigny, _Verm.

Schr._ iii (1850). 279-412; Karlowa, _Röm. Rechtsgesch._ i. 438; Girard,

_Textes_, 78. It must have been passed, therefore, before Caesar set out

for Spain, about November, 46; Drumann-Gröbe, _Gesch. Roms_, iii. 569.

[2904] For the various hypotheses, see Hackel, in _Wiener Studien_, xxiv

(1902). 552-62.

[2905] Kalb, in _Jahresb. ü. Altwiss._ 1906. 37. The identification of

this law with the lex Iulia municipalis cited in an inscription found

at Padua (_CIL._ v. 2864) and with the lex municipalis of the _Digesta_

(1. 9. 3; _Cod._ vii. 9. 1), proposed by Savigny, ibid., is not certain;

Girard, _Textes_, 78.

[2906] _Lex Iul. Mun._ 1-19.

[2907] _Lex Iul. Mun._ 20-82.

[2908] Ibid. 83-142.

[2909] Ibid. 143-59.

[2910] Ibid. 160-4.

[2911] Savigny, _Verm. Schr._ iii. 329, was of the opinion that the

inclusion of articles 1 and 2 with articles 3-5 formed a lex satura (p.

396) having no other motive than convenience. Hackel, _Wien. Stud._ xxiv.

560, supposes that Caesar had intended to bring the provisions of this

measure before the comitia as two separate laws, but in his haste to be

off for Spain, combined them in one. At all events the interpretation

given above is true of the result if not of the intention.

[2912] Many of his regulations were effected through edicts. Such were

probably the imposition of duties on goods imported into Italy—an

abolition of the law of 60 (Suet. _Caes._ 43; cf. p. 438), the leasing of

the emery mines in Crete (_Dig._ xxxix. 4. 15), and the suppression of

the collegia which had been organized under the Clodian law of 58; Suet.

_Caes._ 42; Joseph. _Ant. Iud._ xiv. 10. 8. 213 ff.; Lange, _Röm. Alt._

iii. 435; Liebenam, _Röm. Vereinswes._ 27.

[2913] Cic. _Phil._ v. 4. 10; App. _B. C._ iii. 5. 16; 22. 81; Dio

Cass. xliv. 53. 2; xlv. 23. After the Antonian laws had been annulled

by the senate, February, 43, on the ground that they had been passed

with violence and contrary to the auspices (Cic. _Phil._ vi. 2. 3; Dio

Cass. xlv. 27), the acts of Caesar are confirmed anew by a centuriate

law of C. Vibius Pansa, consul in that year; Cic. _Phil._ x. 8. 17;

Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 526. The policy of using the departed Caesar as a

means of self-aggrandizement readily lent itself to Octavianus, at whose

instigation Q. Pedius, his colleague in the consulship in 43, caused a

comitial act to be passed for the establishment of a special court to try

the murderers of the dictator. The act specified the punishment to be

inflicted on the guilty and offered rewards to informers; Vell. ii. 69.

5; Suet. _Ner._ 3; _Galb._ 3; Dio Cass. xlvi. 48 f.; App. _B. C._ iii.

95; Aug. _Mon. Ancyr._ i. 10; Mommsen, _Röm. Strafr._ 199.

The lex Rufrena in honor of Caesar (_CIL._ i. 626) probably belongs to

42; Lange, ibid. 556; Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ ii. 89, n. 3. In te

same year falls the lex of the triumvirs which changed the birthday of

Caesar from July 12 to 5 (Fowler, _Rom. Fest._ 174) and compelled all to

celebrate it; Dio Cass. xlvii. 18. 5.

[2914] Cic. _Phil._ v. 4. 10; _Lex Col. Genet._ 104.

[2915] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 499. After this law had been annulled by a

senatus consultum (p. 457, n. 7), the settlements made by Antonius were

confirmed by a centuriate law of C. Vibius Pansa, consul in 43; Cic.

_Phil._ xiii. 15. 31.

[2916] Dio Cass. xlv. 9. 1.

[2917] Cicero, _Phil._ v. 3. 7, says all Italy; 7. 20; vi. 5. 13.

[2918] Ibid. v. 7. 21; vi. 5. 14; viii. 9. 26; xii. 9. 23.

[2919] Ibid. v. 7. 21; vii. 6. 17.

[2920] Ibid. ii. 38. 99; v. 12. 33; _Alt._ xv. 19. 2.

[2921] Cic. _Phil._ v. 3; vi. 5. 14; xi. 6. 13.

[2922] Dio Cass. xliv. 53. 7; cf. Livy, ep. cxvii; Vell. ii. 63. 1; cf.

p. 341, 391. No comitial act is suggested, and it may have been one of

the false laws of Caesar. Ferrero’s theory (_Rome_, iii. 38) has nothing

in its favor.

[2923] P. 455.

[2924] Cic. _Phil._ i. 8. 19; v. 5 f.; viii. 9. 27; cf. Greenidge, _Leg.

Proced._ 449 f. This law with his others was annulled in the following

year by the senate; Cic. xiii. 3. 5; p. 457, n. 7.

[2925] Cic. _Phil._ i. 9. 21 f.

[2926] Ibid.

[2927] Cic. _Phil._ v. 4. 10; p. 457, n. 7. The lex Antonia on the

dictatorship was doubtless renewed by a lex Vibia; Cic. l. c.

[2928] Dio Cass. xlvi. 55. 3.

[2929] Aug. _Mon. Ancyr._ i. 8; App. _B. C._ iv. 7. 27; Herzog, _Röm.

Staatsverf._ ii. 84, 89.

[2930] Dio Cass, xlvii. 15. 4 (ἐψηφίσαντο ordinarily implies a comitial

vote); cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 680. The grant of lictors to the

Vestals in 42 may also have been effected by a comitial act; Dio Cass.

xlvii. 19. 4. In the same year a consular lex of L. Munatius Plancus

ordered the erasure of the names of L. Julius Caesar and Sergius from the

list of the proscribed; App. _B. C._ iv. 37. 158; 45. 193.

[2931] Dio Cass. xlviii. 9. 5. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ iii. 565, assumes a

vote of the comitia.

[2932] Dio Cass. xlviii. 33. 5; Gaius ii. 227; _Dig._ 35. 2. Closely

related is the lex Glitia of unknown date, mentioned by Gaius only

(_Dig._ v. 2. 4), which aimed to prevent a parent from ill-humoredly

wronging a child in his testament. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 662, regards

the word Glitia as a copyist’s error for Falcidia.

[2933] Dio Cass. xlvii. 13. 3.

[2934] Dio Cass. xlix. 38. 1.

[2935] Aug. _Mon. Ancyr._ ii. 1; Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25; Dio Cass. lii. 42.

5; cf. Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ ii. 130.

[2936] Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 9; Cic. _Att._ iii. 23. 4; Lange, _Röm. Alt._

ii. 649; Karlowa, _Röm. Rechtsgesch._ i. 427.

[2937] Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 5. 13; Dion. Hal. x. 57. 5; Livy iii. 34. 1;

Dio Cass. xlii. 32. 2 f. A bronze tablet was sometimes used for a mere

rogation; Cic. _Mil._ 32. 87; Suet. _Caes._ 28. For leges promulgatae,

see Livy iii. 9. 5; iv. 1. 1; 48. 1, 9; vi. 35. 4; 39. 1; x. 6. 6;

xliii. 16. 6. On the requirement of the trinum nundinum, see p. 397. The

proposer was called rogator or lator (Livy iv. 48. 10); his supporters

adscriptores; Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 9. 22. The names of the latter,

provided they were magistrates, were often published with the bill for

the sake of influence; Cic. _Pis._ 15. 35; _Red. in Sen._ 2. 4; 9. 22;

_Sest._ 33. 72; _Fam._ i. 9. 16.

[2938] Cic. _Att._ i. 19. 4; _Inv._ ii. 45. 130 f.; Ascon. 57; Livy iii.

34. 4 ff.

[2939] Cic. _Sull._ 22. 62.

[2940] Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 9. 22.

[2941] Frontinus, _De aquis urbis Romae_, ch. 129; Bruns, _Font. Iur._

115; Girard, _Textes_, 103-5; _Lex Agr._ 1 (_CIL._ i. 200).

[2942] The Italics supply lacunae. See also Cic. _Phil._ i. 10. 26;

Probus, in _Gramm. Lat._ iv. 272 (Keil).

[2943] Or the several names of a group of rogatores (cf. Livy iv. 1.

2; Cic. _Sest._ 33. 7. 2), as in the _Lex de Termessibus_ (p. 425) and

the lex Mamilia Roscia, etc. (p. 441, n. 1); see also Mommsen, _Röm.

Staatsr._ iii. 315, n. 2.

[2944] Cf. Probus, in _Gramm. Lat._ iv. 272.

[2945] He was either taken by lot or appointed by the presiding

magistrate; Cic. _Planc._ 14. 35.

[2946] As in the _Lex de Termess._ 1.

[2947] Ex h(ace) l(ege) plebive scito; _Lex Lat. Bant._ (3). 15; Bruns,

_Font. Iur._ 55; Girard, _Textes_, 31; _Lex Agr._ 2 (_CIL._ i. 200).

[2948] Sometimes K. (kaput) or K. L. (kaput legis) followed by a number

is used, or the title may be preceded by R. (rubrica); Egbert, _Lat.

Inscr._ 349; Cagnat, _Épigr. Lat._ 266.

[2949] _Dig._ xlviii. 19. 41; Cic. _Att._ iii. 23. 2 f. The substance of

the sanctio comprising the extant fragment of the _Lex Lat. Bant._ is

given on p. 379. On the lex sacrata, see p. 264 f.

[2950] Macrob. _Somn. Scip._ ii. 17. 13. A lex minusquam perfecta

prescribes a penalty but allows the violating act to stand. The lex Furia

testamentaria (p. 352), for instance, declares that the beneficiary of

a legacy above the legal limit must pay fourfold, but does not rescind

the legacy itself; Ulp. _Reg._ 1. A lex perfecta not only prescribes a

penalty but nullifies a contravening act. These distinctions apply only

to the civil law. Cf. Ulp. l. c.; Karlowa, _Röm. Rechtsgesch._ i. 428;

Poste, _Gaius_, 566. Other terms connected with the enactment, repeal,

and alteration of laws are explained by Ulp. _Reg._ 3: “Lex est rogatur,

id est fertur, aut abrogatur, id est prior lex tollitur, aut derogatur,

id est pars primae legis tollitur, aut subrogatur, id est adiicitur

aliquid primae legi, aut obrogatur, id est mutatur aliquid ex prima

lege.” The classification of laws as curiate, centuriate, and tribal

according to the form of the comitia, and as consular, tribunician, etc.

according to the office of the lator does not need explanation.

[2951] _Dig._ xiii. 2. 1; Gromat. 265.

[2952] Cf. _Frag. Atest._ in Bruns, _Font. Iur._ 101; Girard, _Textes_,

78; _Lex Acil. rep._ 78 (_CIL._ i. 198).

[2953] “Si quid ius non est rogarier, eius ea lege nihilum rogatur”; Cic.

_Caec._ 33. 95; _Dom._ 40. 106; _Lex Tudert._ (_CIL._ i. 1409) 10 f. A

far more detailed formula is given by Cic. _Att._ iii. 23. 3.

[2954] “Si quid sacri sancti est, quod non iure sit rogatum, eius hac

lege nihil rogatur”; Probus, in _Gramm. Lat._ iv. 273.

[2955] P. 233 f.

[2956] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ in _CIL._ vi. 930; Bruns, _Font. Iur._ 193

f.; Girard, _Textes_, 106: “Si quis huiusce legis ergo adversus leges

rogationes plebisve scita senatusve consulta fecit fecerit, sive, quod

eum ex lege rogatione plebisve scito senatusve consulto facere oportebit,

non fecerit huius legis ergo, id ei ne fraudi esto, neve quit ob eam rem

populo dare debeto, neve cui de ea re actio neve iudicatio esto, neve

quis de ea re apud se agi sinito.” Although this document may have been a

senatus consultum, it has the form of a law and is so called by itself;

cf. Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ ii. 876-9. All such formulae were indicated

by the series of initial letters of the component words; Probus, in

_Gramm. Lat._ iv. 272 f.

[2957] Fest. 314. 29: “Neve per saturam abrogato aut derogato”; _Lex

Tudert._ 9; Cic. _Att._ iii. 23. 3.

[2958] This is true of the Lex Lat. Bant. (p. 380), the Appuleian laws

(p. 395), and the Julian agrarian law of 59 (p. 440).

[2959] As by forbidding tribunician intercession; _Lex Mal._ 58; Cic.

_Leg. Agr._ ii. 12. 30.

[2960] Cic. _Att._ iii. 23. 2.

[2961] Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 652.

[2962] Livy iii. 57. 10; Cic. _Phil._ i. 10. 26; Tac. _Hist._ iv. 40;

Suet. _Vesp._ 8; Serv. _in Aen._ vi. 622. In earlier time wooden tables

were used for laws as well as for rogations; Dion. Hal. iii. 36. 4; iv.

43. 1.

[2963] P. 438. Plebis cita and the senatus consulta pertaining thereto

were originally kept by the aediles of the plebs in the temple of Ceres;

p. 278 f.

[2964] “Unde de piano recte legi possit”; Probus, in _Gramm. Lat._ iv.

273, for example, the Forum; Dion. Hal. x. 57. 7. Plebiscites and senatus

consulta of international importance could be found in the temple of

Faith on the Capitoline hill; Suet. _Vesp._ 8; Obseq. 68. For other

places, see Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 652 f.

[2965] Under the aedile for judicial business only; p. 325.

[2966] P. 276.

[2967] Cf. p. 304.

[2968] For judicial business only; p. 292.

[2969] P. 327.

[2970] P. 141. For instance, the dictator; p. 416, n. 1.

[2971] Livy xxv. 3. 14; xxxiii. 25. 7; xxxiv. 1. 4; 53. 2; xliii. 16. 9;

xlv. 36. 1; App. _B. C._ i. 15. 64; Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 17; _C. Gracch._

13; _Aemil._ 31; Ascon. 77.

[2972] Dion. Hal. vii. 17. 2; ix. 41. 4; x. 9. 3; Livy viii. 14. 12;

Varro, _R. R._ i. 2. 9. For legislation in the Forum, see _Lex Quinct. de

Aq._ praescriptio.

[2973] Varro, _R. R._ iii. 2. 5; Cic. _Planc._ 9. 16; _Att._ i. 1. 1; iv.

3. 4; _Fam._ vii. 30. 1.

[2974] Livy iii. 54. 15; xxvii. 21. 1; cf. Richter, _Top. v. Rom_, 48,

212; Platner, _Top. and Mon. of Anc. Rome_, 343.

[2975] Livy iii. 20. 7.

[2976] P. 297. Meetings distant from the city were soon afterward

forbidden by law.

[2977] Vocare tribus in (or ad) suffragium (Cic. _Planc._ 20. 49; Livy

iii. 71. 3; iv. 5. 2; vi. 38. 3; x. 9. 1; xxv. 3. 15), citare tribus ad

suffragium ineundum (Livy vi. 35. 7), or mittere tribus in suffragium

(Livy iii. 64. 5).

[2978] Livy xxv. 3. 16; _Lex Mal._ 53; Fest. 127. 1. These sources prove,

against Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 483, that the right to vote in a tribe

drawn thus by lot was not restricted to those who were virtually citizens

awaiting enrolment. It is probable that, at least in early time, not even

residence was a requirement; cf. Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ iii. 232, n. 2,

396 f., 643 f.

[2979] In the opinion of Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ iii. 397, n. 4, 411,

n. 7; _Abhdl. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss._ ii (1857). 426, n. 107, the

principium had nothing to do with the order of voting. His argument

is based chiefly on the fact that according to the _Lex Mal._ 55—a

constitution evidently based in large part on that of Rome—the curiae

voted simultaneously. Reference to the preliminary vote of a single

Roman tribe, however, is made by Plut. _Aemil._ 31; App. _B. C._ i. 12.

52. Furthermore it is difficult to understand why so great importance

should attach to the principium on Mommsen’s supposition that it had

merely to do with the order of announcement after the simultaneous vote

of all the tribes. His view is accepted by Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa,

_Real-Encycl._ iv. 684, but rejected by Lange, _Kl. Schr._ ii. 477 f.;

Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ 1184, and ignored by most other writers,

including Liebenam, inconsistently; ibid. 706.

[2980] “Sitellam deferre.” It was filled with water, the lots were

thrown in, and the drawing was effected by pouring out the water, which

caused the pieces to fall one by one. The process was supervised by the

custodes; cf. Ascon. 70; Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 9. 22.

[2981] Dion. Hal. vii. 59. i; App. _B. C._ iii. 30. 117.

[2982] Serv. _in Bucol._ i. 33; Ovid, _Fast._ i. 53; Cic. _Mil._ 15. 41.

[2983] The marble building, known as the Saepta Julia, begun in 54 by

Julius Caesar (Cic. _Att._ iv. 16. 14), was finished by Agrippa in 27

B.C. A plan is given by Platner, _Top. and Mon. of Anc. Rome_, 365, who

describes it at length; cf. Richter, _Top. v. Rom_, 230 ff.

[2984] Cic. _Sest._ 51. 109; p. 129 above.

[2985] The act could take place during the deliberation, the placing of

the urn, the sortition, and the separation of the people in their voting

groups; Ascon. 70; (Cic.) _Herenn._ i. 12. 21; Cic. _N. D._ i. 38. 106.

It was most convenient, however, for the tribune to interpose his veto by

forbidding the reading of the bill; Ascon. 57 f. (p. 430 above); App. _B.

C._ i. 12.

[2986] P. 115.

[2987] Livy ix. 46. 2; Gell. vii (vi). 9. 2.

[2988] Dion. Hal. vii. 59. 9; 64. 6.

[2989] This is true of the comitia centuriata (Cic. _Div._ ii. 35. 75;

_N. D._ ii. 4. 10), and doubtless applies as well to other forms of

assembly; Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ iii. 403, n. 4. The rogator must have

kept a tally of the votes in rogations in some such way as in elections,

in which for each vote he placed a mark (punctum) after the name of the

candidate in whose favor it was given; Mommsen, ibid. 404.

[2990] P. 359, 390.

[2991] U. R. and presumably A.; Cic. _Att._ i. 14. 5; Mommsen, _Röm.

Staatsr._ iii. 402, n. 2. There were corresponding abbreviations for

trials; Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ iv. 692; cf. p. 178 f.

above.

[2992] Plut. _Cat. Min._ 46; Suet. _Caes._ 80. These names might also be

abbreviated; Cic. _Dom._ 43. 112.

[2993] Sisenna, Frag. 118 (Peter, _Reliq._ i. 293); (Cic.) _Herenn._ i.

12. 21; Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 11. The voting within the curiae was also by

heads; Livy i. 43. 10; Dion. Hal. iv. 20. 2.

[2994] Cic. _Red. in Sen._ 11. 28; _Pis._ 15. 36; _Lex Mal._ 55 (Bruns,

_Font. Iur._ 149; Girard, _Textes_, 112). As they also counted the votes,

they were termed diribitores. In the last century of the republic they

were drawn from the album iudicum (Pliny, _N. H._ xxxiii. 2. 31), and

hence included some of the most influential men in the state; cf. Cic.

_Leg._ iii. 3. 10; 15. 33 f.

[2995] Cic. _Planc._ 20. 49; _Pis._ 5. 11; 15. 36; Varro, _R. R._ iii. 5.

18.

[2996] Cic. _Planc._ 14. 35. The order of announcement of the curial

votes was likewise determined by lot; _Lex Mal._ 57. Livy, ix. 38. 15,

refers to the sortition for the principium.

[2997] Varro, in Gell. x. 1. 6; Cic. _Pis._ 1. 2; _Mur._ 17. 35; Plut.

_C. Gracch._ 3; _Caes._ 5; Suet. _Vesp._ 2. In the case of censors alone

no declaration was made unless two were elected; Livy ix. 34. 25.

[2998] _Lex Mal._ 57; Cic. _Mur._ 1. 1; Gell. xii. 8. 6. In like manner

in the comitia curiata a majority of the curiae decided; Dion. Hal. ii.

14. 3.

[2999] As in the vote to depose Trebellius from the tribunate in 67 (p.

432); cf. the deposition of Octavius in 133; p. 367. The voting as well

as the announcement might be interrupted by an evil omen (p. 109, 111,

248), in which case the assembly had to be adjourned. Sometimes the

president arbitrarily adjourned the meeting; Livy xlv. 36. 1-6, 10; Plut.

_Aemil._ 31.

[3000] _Twelve Tables_ i. 9: “Solis occasus suprema tempestas esto”;

Documents in Varro, _L. L._ vi. 87, 92; _Declam. in Cat._ 19; cf. Livy x.

22. 7 f.

[3001] For the presidency of the tribunus celerum, see Livy i. 59. 7;

cf. Humbert, in Daremberg et Saglio, _Dict._ i. 1377. It is denied by

Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ iv. 682.

[3002] Livy ix. 38. 15; p. 112 above.

[3003] P. 195 f.

[3004] Cic. _Rep._ ii. 13. 25; 17. 31.

[3005] Cic. _Leg. Agr._ ii. 11. 28.

[3006] P. 155.

[3007] P. 154.

[3008] Livy v. 52. 15; Dio Cass. xli. 43.

[3009] Varro, _L. L._ v. 155; Livy, ibid.; cf. Fest. ep. 38.

[3010] P. 154.

[3011] Gell. xv. 27. 2.

[3012] Dion. Hal. ii. 8. 4; p. 31 above; cf. Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._

iii. 386.

[3013] On the procedure, see Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._

iv. 682-4.

[3014] P. 103, 140, 203, 244, 245. The censors convoked it for the census

and the lustrum only; p. 204.

[3015] He could not hold these comitia for elections; Livy xxii. 33. 9.

[3016] See references in the next to the last note above.

[3017] Livy v. 52. 15; Gell. xv. 27. 5; Cic. _Rab. Perd._ 4. 11.

[3018] Varro, _L. L._ vi. 88, 91; cf. Verg. _Georg._ ii. 539.

[3019] P. 203, n. 2.

[3020] P. 150.

[3021] Livy xxvi. 22. 11; Juv. vi. 529; Serv. _in Bucol._ i. 33.

[3022] 70 of the first class—1 prerogative + 18 equestrian.

[3023] Cic. _Att._ i. 14. 5; (Cic.) _Herenn._ i. 21; Fest. 334. 16.

[3024] P. 359, 390, 467.

[3025] P. 211, 226 f.

[3026] Cic. _Fam._ vii. 30.

[3027] In the comitia centuriata in addition to the prerogative there

had to be at least four, and possibly seven, successive votings before

a majority could be reached. In the tribal assembly there was but one

in addition to the principium. After the comitia curiata had come to be

represented by thirty lictors the votes could be taken in a few minutes.

[3028] Varro, _L. L._ vi. 29: “Comitiales dicti quod tum ut coiret

populus constitutum est ad suffragium ferendum nisi si quae feriae

conceptae essent, propter quas non liceret, (ut) Compitalia et Latinae”;

Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 14: “Comitiales sunt, quibus cum populo agi licet,

et fastis quidem lege agi potest, cum populo non potest, comitialibus

utrumque potest”; Verrius Flaccus, in _Fast. Praen._ ad Ian. 3 (_CIL._

i². p. 231); Ovid, _Fast._ i. 53; Fest. ep. 38.

[3029] For the various local Italian calendars with Mommsen’s comment,

see _CIL._ i². p. 203 ff. Especially useful is the Diei notarum

laterculus, ibid. p. 290 ff.

[3030] On the distinction between dies fasti and dies nefasti, see Varro,

_L. L._ vi. 29 f., 53; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 14; _Fast. Praen._ ad Ian.

2; Ovid, _Fast._ i. 47; Fest. ep. 93; Gaius iv. 29.

[3031] March 24 and May 24; p. 159, n. 8.

[3032] June 15. For the meaning of this expression and the one given

just above, see Varro, _L. L._ vi. 31 f.; Ovid, _Fast._ v. 727; vi. 225;

Mommsen, in _CIL._ i². p. 289. These three days were called fissi; Serv.

_in Aen._ vi. 37.

[3033] Dies endotorcisi or intercisi; Varro, _L. L._ vi. 31; Macrob.

_Sat._ i. 16. 3; Ovid, _Fast._ i. 49; Mommsen, in _CIL._ i². p. 290.

[3034] Cf. Varro, _L. L._ vi. 30; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 14. In a wider

sense comitial days were fasti. Naturally judicial business could be

transacted on those comitial days on which the assembly did not actually

meet, or after its adjournment if time remained; p. 315. A Clodian law of

58 permitted comitial legislation on all dies fasti; p. 445.

[3035] Mommsen, in _CIL._ i². p. 296; 109 according to Wissowa, _Relig.

u. Kult. d. Röm._ 368 f.

[3036] Mommsen, ibid. Wissowa, ibid., reckons 192 comitial days, which

would give 43 non-comitial fasti. The following were the dies comitiales

according to Mommsen:

Jan. 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 16-28, 31—in all xix.

Feb. 18-20, 22, 25, 28—vi.

Mar. 3-6, 9-12, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28-31—xvii.

Apr. 3, 4, 24, 27-30—vii.

May, 3-6, 10, 12, 14, 17-20, 25-31—xviii.

June, 4, 16-28, 30—xvi.

July, 10-14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26-31—xv.

Aug. 3, 4, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 31—xv.

Sept. 4, 7-11, 16-22, 24-28, 30—xix.

Oct. 3-6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 20-31—xxi.

Nov. 3, 4, 7-12, 15-28, 30—xxiii.

Dec. 4, 7-10, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24-28, 31 —xv.

[3037] Wissowa, ibid. 378.

[3038] Varro, in Macrob, _Sat._ i. 16. 19; _L. L._ vi. 29.

[3039] Varro, _R. R._ ii. praef. 1; Serv. _in Georg._ i. 275.

[3040] That judicial business was done on those nundinae which were

not marked N(efasti) is clearly proved by the Twelve Tables, iii. 1-6

(Girard, _Textes_, p. 13), in Gell. xx. i. 45 ff.; cf. especially §

47: “Trinis nundinis continuis ad praetorem in comitium producebantur,

quantaeque pecuniae iudicati essent, praedicabatur.”

[3041] Dion. Hal. vii. 59. 3: Ἐν δὲ ταύταις (ἀγοραῖς) συνιόντες ἐκ τῶν

ἀγρῶν εἰς τὴν πόλιν οἱ δημοτικοί τὰς τ’ ἀμείψεις ἐποιοῦντο τῶν ὠνίων κὰι

τὰς δίκας παρ’ ἀλλήλων ἐλάμβανον, τά τε κοινά, ὅσων ἦσαν κύριοι κατὰ

τοὺς νόμους καὶ ὅσα ἡ βουλὴ ἐπιτρέψειεν αὐτοῖς, ψῆφον ἀναλαμβάνοντες

ἐπεκύρουν; Rutilius, in Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 34: “Romanos instituisse

nundinas, ut octo quidem diebus in agris rustici opus facerent, nono

autem die intermisso rure ad mercatum legesque accipiendas Romam

venirent.” The words of Dionysius and Rutilius apply to all voting

assemblies, not simply to those of the plebs.

[3042] Gran. Licinian. in Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 30 (quoted p. 315, n. 2).

[3043] Cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 518 f.

INDEX

Abbreviations: c. = consular, d. = dictatorial, p. = pretorian, t. =

tribunician. The numbers in parentheses are dates B.C.

Abacti, 391.

Abjuration of social rank, 156, 162, 163, 165.

Abrogation, of imperium, 324, n. 1, 342, 360, 390, 404;

of tribunician power, 366, 367 f., 432, 455;

of pretorian power, 455, n. 3.

Accensi velati, 66, 80 f., 207, 208, 228.

Accensus, summons comitia centuriata, 469.

Accerani, receive citizenship, 304.

Acclamation, 152, 202, 276.

Acculeia (curia), 11, n. 7.

Accusation, fourth, 260.

Acilius Glabrio, M’., trial of (189), 319.

Adlectio of senators, 166, 418.

Adoptions, 160, 166;

testamentary, 161.

Adrogatio, 156, 160 f.;

of Clodius, 30, 443;

formula of, 161;

for transitio ad plebem, 162, 443.

Adscriptivi, 80, n. 5.

Adsidui, 61.

Aediles, election of, 127;

presidency of contio, 141;

of comitia, 292, 465;

jurisdiction of before Hortensius, 290-2;

after Hortensius, 325-7;

limited by standing courts, 326 f.

Aediles cereales, 454, n. 5.

Aediles, curule, and lex curiata, 189;

instituted, 234, 291;

presidency of comitia, 292, 465;

jurisdiction before Hortensius, 291 f.;

after Hortensius, 325-7.

Aediles, plebeian, instituted, 262;

election of, 262, 272;

bailiffs of tribunes, 264, n. 5;

sacrosancti, n. 7, 274;

Valerian-Horatian law on, 274, 278 f.;

relation to tribunes, 290;

jurisdiction, before Hortensius, 195, 290-2;

after Hortensius, 325-7;

presidency of comitia, 292, 465.

Aemilius Lepidus, M., his imperium abrogated (136), 360, 367.

Aemilius Lepidus, M., consul (78), 423, 425.

Aemilius Paulus, L., trial of (218), 318.

Aemilius Scaurus, M., trial of, for neglect of duty (103), 323;

for maiestas (91), 257, n. 5.

Aerarii, 60, 62, 64, 65, 212, 318.

Aerarium, 62.

Aes equestre et hordearium, 93 f.

Aetates, in comitia centuriata, 222.

Africa, organized under lex Livia, 349;

agrarian conditions of, 387.

Ager, privatus, ownership of, 48 f.;

registration in tribes, 50, 54, 60 f., 64;

publicus, agitation for assignment of, 270, 272, 295, 310 f., 360,

373 f., 435 f.;

laws for assignment of, see Legislation, agrarian.

Ager compascuus, 365.

Ager, effatus, etc., 108.

Agrarian laws, see Legislation, agrarian.

Alba Longa, three tribes in, 4, n. 3.

Alban Mount, triumphs on, 293, 335, n. 2, 350.

Aliens, treatment of, 38;

under jurisdiction of senate, 254;

of people, 255;

expulsions of, 273, 354, 370, 397, 434;

enrolment in colonies, 353;

see Italians, Latins.

Allies, unfair treatment of, 352;

under lex Iulia repetundarum, 442;

see Italians, Latins.

Ambitus, laws on, 295, 296 f., 348 f., 419, 431, 436 f., 448, 454,

474.

Aniensis iuniorum, 217, 227, n. 2.

Annius Luscus, T., prosecution of (133), 322.

Annius Milo, T., prosecution of, 327.

Anquisitio, 259.

Antias, Valerius, on Scipionic trial, 319, n. 7.

Antiquo, 467.

Antonius, L., tribune (45-44), 455.

Antonius, M., misuses oblativa, 113;

tribune (49), 453 f.;

consul (44), 454, n. 4, 457-9.

Apparitores, 416, n. 1.

Appeal, to comitia curiata, 182, 239;

to centuriata, 239 ff., 259, 287;

to tributa, 259, 266, 268, 286 f., 292, 317, 325, 327;

limited by first milestone, 241;

from military imperium, 251 f.;

from tribunes in capital cases, 268;

when most used, 328;

right offered as reward, 378.

Appian, on new tribes (90), 57 f.;

reëlection of tribunes, 369;

liability of jurors for bribery, 378, n. 8;

lex Boria (?), 385;

lex Livia iudiciaria, 398;

lex Cornelia Pompeia (88), 407;

election of senators, 418.

Appuleius Decianus, C., tribune (98), 323 f.

Appuleius Saturninus, L., weakens veto, 117;

interdicts Metellus, 257, n. 5;

murdered, 258 f., 396;

tribune (103, 100), 393-6.

Ἀρχαιρεσία, 406, n. 6.

Archives, for senatus consulta, 278 f.;

for statutes, 437 f., 465.

Ardea, disputes with Aricia, 294.

Ardeates, concilium of, 122.

Aricia, disputes with Ardea, 294.

Army, relation of to folk, 2, 35;

pre-Servian, 10 f., 35;

Servian, 58 ff., 66 ff., 72-6;

originally self-supporting, 61 f.;

not identical with comitia centuriata, 68;

Graeco-Italic, 69-71;

primitive Roman, 69, n. 4;

like Athenian, 76;

post-Servian, 76-80;

supernumeraries in, 80-2;

early republican, 83 f.;

political importance of, 202.

Arpinates, receive suffrage, 352.

Arrogation, see Adrogatio.

As, sextantarian, 67, n. 4, 87, 213;

declines in value, 86 f.;

of ounce weight (uncial), 90, n. 4, 336;

semiuncial, 91, 403.

Assembly, German, 33, 153, n. 3, 168, 169, 170, 172;

Homeric Greek, 33, 153, n. 3, 168, 169, 170 f.;

European, 152, 168-73;

Athenian, 153, 168;

Alamannic, 153;

Irish, 153, n. 3, 172;

Slavic, 168, 172 f.;

Lacedaemonian, 168;

Celtic, 168, 170;

Etruscan, 169;

Italian, 171;

Frankish, 172.

Assembly, Roman, affected by omens, 109;

plebeian tribal, termed comitia, 120, 126-30;

three organized forms of, 138;

origin of, 152;

limited by senate in early republic, 273, 284;

development of voting in, 275 f.;

laws on, 307;

packing of, 405;

see Comitia, Concilium, Contio.

Asylum, in theory of patrician state, 36 f.;

connection with tribunate, 265.

Ateste, law found at, 454, n. 3.

Atilius Calatinus, M., trial of, 247.

Atinius Labeo, C., tribune (131), 264, n. 8.

Atius Labienus, T., tribune (63), 435;

prosecutes Rabirius, 258.

Attus Navius, 101, n. 3, 105, n. 3.

Auctoritas, see Patrum auctoritas.

Auguraculum, 109, n. 7.

Augural districts, 108.

Auguria, 106.

Augurs, 105-8;

number and character, 105 f.;

functions, 106-8;

have nuntiatio, 111 f.;

attend comitia, 107, 112 ff.;

election of, 120, 391, 435;

in contiones, 146, n. 1;

increased to fifteen, 416.

Auspices, 100-18;

of Sodales Titii, 2, n. 6;

private, 100-3;

nuptial, 100, n. 4;

public, 100, 101, 103-18;

impetrativa, 103-11;

assemblies requiring, 110 f.;

oblativa, 111-8;

spectio, 112 ff.;

under Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 279 f., 358 f.;

misuse of, 117 f.;

essential to magistratus iustus, 187, n. 7;

borrowing of, 244, 245, 280, 315;

violated by consul, 248;

of first tribunician election, 263, n. 1;

support nobility, 330 f.

Auspicium, 100, 102 f.;

deputed, 104, 244, 245, 280, 315;

lex for, 179;

see Auspices.

Auxilium, tribunician, 253, 263, 414.

Aventine hill, 2, n. 6;

outside the Servian tribes, 59;

so-called lex Icilia for assignment of, 238, 265, n. 1, 272 f.

Bacchanalians, 254, n. 3.

Ballot, 467;

laws on, 359, 369, 371, 389 f.;

use of in quaestiones, 420;

in all comitia, 469;

boxes, 389, 467.

Belot, on ratings, 91-3.

Berns, on comitia and concilium, 126.

Bibulus, spectio of, 114, n. 9, 116, n. 1, 439.

Bill, see Rogatio.

Birds, auspices from, 108.

Bird-seer, 105, n. 1.

βουλή, 407.

Bribery, in trials, 378, 442;

of magistrates, 429 f.;

electoral, see Ambitus.

Caecilius Metellus, L., tribune (213), 318.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., censor (131), 264, n. 8.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., consul (60), 163.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., consul (57), 115.

Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Q., prosecution of (100), 257, n. 5.

Caedes, see Murder.

Caeles Vibenna, 3.

Caelestia (auspicia), impetrativa, 108;

oblativa, 112;

de caelo servare, 114;

of Bibulus, 439.

Caelian hill, 3.

Caerite franchise, 38, n. 1.

Caerites, 62.

Caesetius Flavius, L., tribune (44), 324, 455.

Calabra, curia, 154, 468.

Calare, 153 f.

Calatores, 154.

Calendar, 470-2;

pontifical control of, 358.

Calumniator, Calumny, 400.

Camillus, see Furius Camillus.

Campanian land, vectigalia of, 337, 351, n. 5, 365 f., 373;

under lex Iulia, 439, 440.

Campanians, punished for revolt, 254, 340;

senatus consultum on, 353.

Campus Martius, meeting place of centuries, 108, 203, 469;

of tribes, 465;

president’s platform in, 109;

elections in, 115, 194, n. 2;

inauguration in, 156;

execution in, 258.

Candidacy, in absentia, 436 f., 449;

see Ambitus.

Cannae, effect of disaster at, 343.

Capital punishment, under kings, 182, 239 f.;

voted by centuries, 240 ff., 286 f.;

in early republic by curiae and tribes, 266-9;

abolished by lex Porcia, 250 f.;

avoided by exile, 344;

see Appeal.

Capite censi, 89, 394.

Capitoline hill, 2;

beyond Servian tribes, 59;

auspication on, 109, 154;

comitia tributa on, 465;

curiata on, 468.

Capua, plan to colonize, 373, 382, n. 9;

lex Iunia on, 410.

Carpenters, in comitia centuriata, 206.

Carthage, colonization of, 383, 385.

Cassius, Sp., 238, 244, 310.

Catiline, 437.

Cato the Elder, see Porcius, M., the Elder.

Cato the Younger, 111, 126.

Cattle, standard of value, 269, 287.

Caudium, effect of defeat at, 302 f.

Cavalry, see Equites.

Celeres, 73.

Censi, 90, n. 5.

Censoriae Tabulae, 67, 85, 204.

Censors, make up tribes, 60;

relation to aerarii, 60, 62, 64 f.;

instituted, 79, 234, 237;

auspices of, 103;

auspicate lustral comitia, 111;

preside over contio, 141;

inspect arms, 204;

election of, 229;

centuriate sanction, 237;

laws on, 237, 300, 307;

grant citizenship, 283, 304;

prosecution of, 318;

reëlection forbidden, 332;

limited by comitia, 337;

supervise morals, 332, 337, 428;

tribunes interfere with, 351, n. 5;

assign seats to senators, 356 f.;

let out taxes of Asia, 380;

stigma of, 445, 450, n. 2.

Census, connection of with tribes, 50, 54, 59;

money valuation in, 65;

instituted, 53, 68, n. 7, 76;

Greek, 71;

post-Servian, 77;

object of, 204;

after reform, 216;

under lex municipalis, 457.

Centuria procum (patricium), 67, n. 3, 75, n. 1;

of the tardy, 208, 226.

Centuriate organization, Fabius on, 52 f., 67;

Livy and Dionysius on, 66, 68;

Servian, 72-6;

post-Servian, 76-80, 201 ff.;

see Comitia centuriata.

Centuries, 66 ff.;

number of, in classes, 66, 76 f.;

in the classis, 73, 76;

in post-Servian phalanx, 76 f.;

in fifth rating, 77;

supernumerary, 80-82, 205-9, 224;

of juniors, 82 f., 205;

of seniors, 205;

after reform, 216 ff.;

increased, 219 ff.;

see Comitia centuriata.

Centurions, in comitia centuriata, 211;

in jury service, 458.

Ceres, connection of with plebeian organization, 264, n. 7;

forfeiture of estates to, 267, 274;

senatus consulta in temple of, 278 f., 465, n. 2.;

Priestesses of granted citizenship, 353.

Chalkidae, an Attic gens, 28.

Chariot, in war, 69, 74.

Χειροτονία, 406, n. 6.

Chicken auspices, 107, 118, n. 2.

Cicero, on early Roman history, 26;

account of centuriate system, 67, 205, n. 5, 215, n. 2, 221 f.;

criticises Antony’s obnuntiation, 111, n. 4;

attitude toward auspices, 118, n. 2;

usage relative to comitia and concilium, 126-31;

distinction between whole and part, 130, 466;

on curiate law, 184 f.;

on capital trials, 267, 268, n. 6;

curule aedile, 327;

on frumentations, 401, n. 5;

supports Manilian rogation, 434;

consul (63), 435-7;

commends lex Iulia repetundarum, 442.

Cinna, see Cornelius Cinna.

Circus, Flaminius, 465.

Cistae (ballot boxes), 389, 467.

Citizenship, early idea of, 2;

liberality of Rome in granting, 38, 43 f.;

of other states, 44, n. 1;

granted by king, 24, 181, 304;

by censors, 283, 304;

by tribes, 304 f., 352;

by founder of colony, 353, 395;

to priestesses of Ceres, 353;

to Latins and Italians, 401 f.;

less freely, 353 f.;

as reward, 393, n. 2;

value enhanced, 354;

usurpations of, 354, 397;

optimo iure, 355;

sine suffragio, 62, 63, 64, 304, n. 4, 305, 352.

City, relation of to country, 55 f.

City-state, origin of, 6.

Cives sine suffragio, 44, 62, 63, 64, 352.

Classes, 66 ff.;

relative size of, 83;

the five and their ratings, 84-91;

Smith on origin, 85, n. 3;

soldiers recruited from, 86, 394;

number of centuries in, after reform, 216 f.;

parts of tribes, 219 f.;

social, 16 ff.;

Athenian, 71;

in theatre, 356 f.

Classici, 72, n. 2, 76, 85, 90, 216, n. 1.

Classicum, 469.

Classis, original meaning of, 72, n. 1;

and infra classem, 72;

like zeugitae, 76;

array in battle, 79;

changed meaning, 84 f.;

rating of, 87;

fifth, 88 f.;

first, 89 f.;

procincta, 203;

number of centuries in fifth, 208;

see Classes.

Claudia, trial of, for perduellio (246), 326.

Claudia (tribus), 56.

Claudius, augur, fined, 328.

Claudius, historian, on Claudine treaty, 302.

Claudius, App., decemvir, trial of, 246.

Claudius, App., consul (179), 192, n. 3.

Claudius, C., censor (169), trial of, 253.

Claudius, M., trial of, 246.

Claudius Caecus, App., 307;

prosecution of, 247;

alters tribes, 64;

appraisements, 65, 86;

influences censorship, 331.

Claudius Marcellus, C., consul (50), attitude of toward auspices,

118, n. 2.

Claudius Marcellus, M., consul (215), and curiate law, 197;

lex for abrogating imperium of, 342.

Claudius Pulcher, App., consul (54), 194, n. 2;

author of work on augury, 118, n. 2;

view of curiate law, 193.

Claudius Pulcher, P., consul (249), trial of, 248, 317.

Clients, ancient view as to origin of, 22;

rights, 22 f.;

Niebuhr on, 27;

Meyer on, 55;

in Claudian tribe, 56;

in populus, tribes, and curiae, 24, 262, n. 2, 271;

vote in comitia curiata, 25, 32, 271;

in assemblies, 120, 276;

Mommsen on, 34;

in war, 22, 78, n. 6.

Clodius Pulcher, P., tribune (58), 127, 444-6;

transitio ad plebem, 162 f., 443;

prosecutes Milo, 195.

Clustumina (tribus), 56.

Coinage, earliest copper, 86 f.;

Flaminian law on, 336;

Clodian, 392;

Papirian, 403.

Coins, plated, 336, 398, n. 6.

Collegia, laws on, Clodia, 445;

Licinia, 447 f.;

Caesar’s edict, 457, n. 6.

Collegium (College), of accensi velati, 80, 207;

of fabri, 206, 226;

of tubicines and cornicines, 206 f.;

tribunician, 269;

of sacerdotes, 391 f.;

connection of latter with tribes, 7;

political character, 106, n. 6, 10, 113;

enlarged by Sulla, 416;

supernumeraries in, 454, n. 6;

see Augurs, Epulones, etc.

Collina (tribus), 50.

Colonia Genetiva Iulia, 453, n. 4.

Colonies, founded by senate, 284;

triumviri for conducting, 307, 311, 350;

laws for founding, 350;

founder’s right to enroll aliens, 353;

Sempronian, 372, 382 f.;

regulations of in Thorian law, 386;

epoch in history of, 394;

founded by Caesar, 453.

Comitia, relation of to augural districts, 108;

effect of celestial omens on, 109;

attended by augurs, 112 ff.;

meet at sunrise, 115;

distinguished from concilium, 119-38;

defined by Laelius, 119;

Livy’s usage relative to, 119-25;

sacerdotal usage, 125 f.;

Sallust’s, 126;

Cicero’s, 126-30;

literary and juristic, 131;

true distinctions, 131-8;

uses classified, 132-4;

developed, 135-7;

meaning of, 135;

relation to concilium and contio, 138;

not summoned by promagistrate, 141;

formed from contio, 150;

connotes organization, 154;

iusta, 187, n. 7;

in camp, 194;

right to establish special courts, 254, 390;

judicial procedure in, 259 f.;

limited by senate and magistrates, 273, 284, 344 f.;

development of voting in, 275 f.;

gain power, 315 f.;

permit triumphs, 334;

regulate festivals, 340 f.;

influence of Flaminius on, 343;

part of in government, 344;

lack initiative, 345 f.;

most active under C. Gracchus, 384;

worn out, 405;

under senatorial control, 406-8;

yield judicial function to courts, 420 f.;

decline, 450-61;

limited by Sulla and Caesar, 413 f., 420 f., 452, 454 f., 457, 477;

presidency of, 465, 468, 469;

length of sessions, 470;

composition of, 473;

summary of history, 473-7.

Comitia calata, 152-67;

auspicated, 104;

wills made in, 139, n. 5, 157-9;

also termed contio, 140, n. 1;

definition of, 153 f.;

place of meeting, 154;

religious objects, 154-6;

centuriata, 154, n. 4, 156;

voting in, 156 f.;

adrogatio in, 160 f.;

testamentary adoptions in, 161;

transitio ad plebem in, 162 f.;

grant of patriciate in, 164-6.

Comitia centuriata, principle of, 12 f.;

convoked by horn-blower, 31;

advance beyond curiata, 33, 473;

ascribed to Servius, 66 ff., 201;

described in Censoriae Tabulae, 67;

non-existent under kings, 68, 201;

developed from army, 68 f., 202 ff.;

distinguished from army, 83, 203, 205 ff.;

relation to augural districts, 108;

place of meeting, 108, 143, 203, 469;

auspicated, 104, 110;

attended by augurs, 114;

enact privilegia, 127 f.;

recall Cicero, 128;

lustral, 141, 204 f.;

no deliberation in, 143;

voting in, 157, 211, 469 f.;

declare war, 177, 230-2, 283, 295;

curiate sanction, 184, 229;

pass lex de censoria potestate, 185, 237;

confer imperium, 188;

elect praetor in Spain, 192;

organization of, 201-28;

early republican, 201-11;

presidency of, 203, 236, 469;

supernumeraries in, 205-9;

sex suffragia in, 209;

new equestrian centuries in, 209 f.;

table of centuries, 210;

reform of, 211-28;

essentials of, 212;

date, 212 f.;

gradual, 214 f.;

five classes after, 216;

tribes, 216 f.;

Niebuhr on, 217-9;

Huschke, 219;

Pantagathus, 220;

Mommsen, 221-4;

Lange, 224 f.;

Klebs, 225;

voting after, 225, 227, 469 f.;

supernumeraries, 226;

functions, 229-61;

elective, 229 f.;

legislative, 230-9;

Twelve Tables on, 233 f.;

freed from patrum auctoritas, 235;

yield to tribes, 239;

judicial, 239-61;

appeal to, 239-42, 268;

tribunician cases before, 245-53;

limited by special courts, 253-7;

try Rabirius, 258 f.;

procedure, 259 f.;

pass lex de Aventino, 272;

institute Decemvirate, 273;

divide jurisdiction with tribes, 286 f.;

lose regulation of magistracy, 305.

Comitia curiata, 10, 168-200;

not identical with army, 11;

voting in by genera hominum, 12;

include clients and plebeians, 24 f., 32;

convoked by lictor, 31;

lack initiative, 33, 173;

auspicated, 110, 112;

pass lex de imperio, 112;

attended by augurs, 113;

origin, 152 f., 168-73, 473;

limited rights of, 173 ff.;

subject to patrum auctoritas, 174 f.;

on war and peace, 174-7;

legislation in, 177-82;

jurisdiction of, 182, 339;

elections, 182 ff., 196, 473;

lex de imperio, 184-96;

become formality, 196-8;

early republican, 232;

presidency of, 262;

composition of, 262, 271;

place of meeting, 468.

Comitia sacerdotum, 120, 129, 341, 391, 458.

Comitia tributa, principle of, 12 f.;

alleged trial of Coriolanus, 56, n. 4;

auspication of, 104, 110;

attended by augurs, 114;

Livy’s use of term, 120;

Sallust’s, 126;

Cicero’s, 126-9;

incompetent to pass privilegia, 128;

of whole people, 129 f.;

curiate sanction, 184;

confer imperium, 188;

under pretorian presidency, 193;

ratify Cornelian laws, 236;

gain at expense of centuries, 239;

legalize voluntary exile, 249, 256, 257, n. 5, 267, 446;

procedure in, 259 f., 465-8;

origin of, 262, 270-2, 473 f.;

pre-decemviral jurisdiction, 267-9, 273;

patricians in, 271, 275-7;

elective, 272;

no legislation before Decemvirate, 272-4;

conditioned legislative power granted to, 274-9;

advantages over centuriata, 280;

from 449 to 287 B.C., 283-316;

jurisdiction after Hortensius, 317-29;

tribunician, 317-25;

aedilician, 325-7;

pontifical, 327 f.;

era of repose in legislation, 330-3;

Flaminian, 333-46;

Plutocratic, 346-62;

from Gracchi to Sulla, 363-411;

subjected to senate by Sulla, 413 f.;

from Sulla to Octavianus, 412-61;

preferred by Caesar, 452;

decline of, 450 ff.

Comitial days, 470-2;

vitiated by spectio, 115;

by proclamation of holidays, 116;

senatorial sessions forbidden on, 424;

lex Gabinia on, 429;

lex Clodia on, 445.

Comitiatus maximus, 241, 268.

Comitium, meeting-place of curiae, 10, 468;

of tribes, 465;

auspication in, 109.

Commentarii Servi Tullii, 67.

Commission, special, see Quaestio extraordinaria.

Commissioners, see Duumviri, Triumviri, etc.

Compitum Fabricium, 9.

Concilium, distinguished from comitia, 119-38;

defined by Laelius, 119;

Livy’s use of term, 119-25;

Mommsen on, 121-4;

Caesar’s usage, 125 f.;

Sallust’s, 126;

Cicero’s, 130 f.;

literary and juristic, 131;

true distinction, 131-8;

uses classified, 132-4;

developed, 135-7;

relation to comitia and contio, 138;

of nobles, 124, 125;

populi, 120-6;

plebis at Capua, 125.

Concordia ordinum, 428.

Consobrini, intermarriage of, 340.

Conspiracy, special court for trial of, 254, 310;

judicial, 378;

lex Furia on, 396, n. 2.

Constitution, equilibrium of Roman, 343-6, 361 f.

Consuls, auspices of, 103;

obnuntiate, 114;

watch sky, 115;

proclaim holidays, 116;

call to concilium, 121;

to contio, 142;

election of, 189, 229;

intermediate between senate and comitia centuriata, 235;

laws on, 237, 296, 299, 307;

given absolute authority, 273;

depend on people, 345;

minimal age of, 415;

presidency of assemblies, 465, 468, 469.

Consulta, see Senatus consulta.

Contio, 139-51;

interrupted by storm, 109;

auspicated, 110 f., 122, 144

sacerdotal use of word, 125 f., 139 f.;

relation to comitia and concilium, 138;

derivation of, 139;

composition, 140;

presidency, 140 f.;

tribunician, 142, 144;

witnessing, 142;

preliminary to comitia, 143;

opening of, 144 f.;

speaking in, 145 f.;

women in, 146 f.;

change to comitia, 150, 465, 469;

earliest form of assembly, 152, 156, 473;

part of in elections, 183;

military, 202, 230;

judicial, 259 f., 320;

plebeian, 263, 269, 273, 425 f., 430;

for opposing Manilian law, 434;

oath in, 441.

Conubium, connected with auspices, 101;

between near kin, 339 f.;

freedmen lack, 354.

Conventio, 139, 140, n. 1;

see Contio.

Conway, on social classes, 38, n. 2.

Coöptation, of patricians, 164, n. 1, 166;

of sacerdotes, 416.

Cornelian constitution, 423-8.

Cornelius, C., tribune (67), 429 f.

Cornelius Cinna, L., consul (87), 409;

assigns new citizens to tribes, 58, 409;

measures of vetoed by tribunes, 257, n. 5.

Cornelius Dolabella, L., naval duumvir (180), fined by pontiff, 328.

Cornelius Merula, L., prosecution of (87), 257, n. 5.

Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P., punishes soldiers, 251 f.;

dispensed from laws, 360;

modifies Sempronian agrarian law, 367.

Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P., trial of (185), 319 f.;

favors senators at theatre, 356 f.

Cornelius Scipio Asiagenus, L., trial of (185), 255, 319 f.

Cornelius Sulla Felix, L., treatment of new citizens, 58;

use of assemblies, 236;

increases quaestiones, 257 f., 324;

reactionary, 403, 414;

consular legislation of (88), 405-8;

dictatorial (82-81), 412-23;

limits comitia, 413 f., 420 f., 477.

Cornicines, 81, n. 2-4, 206;

see Musicians.

Corpus, Augustale, Iulianum, etc., 220.

Cotta, L., opinion of on Cicero’s interdict, 128.

Crier, see Praeco.

Crimes, treatment of, by Sulla, 258, 419-21;

early legislation on, 357;

standing courts on, 358;

Julian laws on, 455.

Crucifixion, punishment for perduellio, 258.

Curatores, of tribes, 220, n. 4;

viarum, 424, n. 6.

Curia Calabra, 154, 468.

Curiae, 8-11;

social composition of, 24, 32, 271;

new citizens admitted to, 44;

relation of to land, 48;

see Comitia calata, curiata.

Curiales, 9.

Curio, 9;

maximus, 10, 120, 341, 391.

Cursus honorum, 347, 415.

Custodes tabellarum, 389, 466, n. 4, 467.

Cyrene, tribes of, 7, n. 1.

Damnum, lex Aquilia on, 332 f.

Debts, legislation on, 296, 298, 310, 312, 313, 351 f., 408, 409 f.,

437, n. 7, 452.

De caelo servare, 114 ff.

Decemviri agris adsignandis, under Servilian rogation, 186, 187, 259,

435;

under Livian law, 398, 400.

Decemviri legibus scribundis, presidency of contio, 141;

election of, 229;

without appeal, 240;

instituted, 273.

Decemviri sacris faciundis, 296, 308;

election of, 391;

increased to quindecemviri, 416.

Decianus, see Appuleius Decianus.

Decius, censor (304), 64.

Decius, tribune (120), 256.

Decuriae (decades), of soldiers, 11 f.;

(decuries) of jurors, 427, 458.

Decurions, 12.

Decurionate, municipal, 457.

Demagogism, encouraged by frumentations, 373.

Democracy, incipient, 308;

rise of prevented, 346.

Δῆμος, 17, 407 f.

Δημοτικοί, 17.

Denarius, value of, 87, n. 4, 336.

Detestatio sacrorum, 156, 161, 162, n. 7, 163.

Di penates, prosecution for neglecting, 323;

oath by, 380.

Dice, prohibited, 337.

Dictator, auspices of, 103, 112;

passes lex curiata, 112, 189, 191;

presidency of contio, 140;

of comitia, 465, 468, 469;

temporary monarch, 182;

optima lege, 187;

instituted, 233;

preferred tribes for legislation, 236, 416, n. 1, 452;

abolition of office, 237, 459;

subjection to appeal, 241 f.;

presides over special court, 254;

appointed at command of senate, 273, 284;

rei publicae constituendae, 412.

Dies, comitiales, 470-2;

nefasti, 470 f.;

endotorcisi, intercisi, 470, n. 9;

fasti, 471.

Diodorus, on plebeian tribunate, 272, n. 2;

admission of plebs to consulship, 293;

Sempronian law on military service, 382.

Dionysius, on early Roman history, 25, n. 3, 26 f.;

Servian tribes, 50, 53;

centuriate system, 66, n. 1, 67, 201, n. 3;

first tribal meeting, 262, n. 2;

patricians in tribal assembly, 275.

Diribitio, 467.

Diribitores, 467, n. 10.

Dispensations from law, 307 f., 343, 360, 366, 368 f., 449;

senate versus people on, 430 f.;

from lex curiata, 186, 190, 195, 199.

Divination, forms of, 108 f.;

see Auspices.

Divisores, 431.

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn., tribune (103), 323.

Draco, law of on phratry, 28.

Duoviri, see Duumviri.

Duumviri navales, instituted (311), 306 f.

Duumviri perduellioni iudicandae, 243 f.;

give way to tribunes, 248;

for trial of Rabirius, 258.

Duumviri sacris faciundis, 296.

Dyarchy, established by Gabinian law (67), 433.

Edicts, pretorian, 431 f.;

of Caesar, 457, n. 6.

Effatus ager, 108.

Egeria, 177.

Election, annulment of on religious ground, 107;

prevented by oblativa, 111, 113;

of king, 182-4;

and curiate law, 184-200;

by centuries, 229 f., 331;

of plebeian officials, 262 f.;

by tribes, 271 f., 285 f., 331;

ballot in, 359;

theory of popular control, 360;

see Ambitus, Magistrates.

Elicius, 100, n. 6.

Emancipation, in German assembly, 153;

in transitio ad plebem, 163.

Ennius, granted citizenship, 353.

Epidius Marullus, C., tribune (44), 324, 455.

Epilepsy (morbus comitialis), 112.

Epulones, instituted, 347;

election of, 391;

increased to seven, 416, n. 3.

Equites, relation of to tribes, 7;

originally self-supporting, 62;

in centuriate system, 66, 209 f.;

before Servius, 73 f.;

in Servian army, 75 f.;

in 214 B.C., 92;

census of, 92, 96 f.;

post-Servian, 93-7;

funds for, 93 f.;

opened to plebeians, 94;

equo privato, 94 f.;

equo publico, 95 f., 209;

in comitia centuriata, 209 f.;

prerogative, 211;

after reform, 212, 215, 220, 224, 226 f.;

given seats at theatre, 357, 428;

liable to law against bribery, 378;

made superior to senators, 381;

desert C. Gracchus, 384;

associate with senators in courts, 402, 427 f., 455.

Esquilina (tribus), 50, 220.

Eupyridae, Attic gens, 28.

Exercitus urbanus, 203.

Exile, voluntary, legalized by comitia tributa, 249, 256, 257, n. 5,

267, 446.

Extortion, see Repetundae.

Fabius, Q., trial of (389), 246, 288.

Fabius Buteo, censor (241), 213.

Fabius Gurges, Q., consul (292), resolution on imperium of, 289, 306.

Fabius Maximus, Q., consul (215), and curiate law, 197.

Fabius Maximus Servilianus, Q., trial of, for murder, 257, n. 5.

Fabius Pictor, sources of for early Rome, 26;

on Servian tribes, 51, 52-4;

centuriate system, 67, 85.

Fabius Pictor, Q., praetor (189), trial of, 327 f.

Fabius Rullianus, Q., alters tribes, 64.

Fabri (mechanics, sappers, workmen), 66, 67, n. 3, 68, 81;

assigned to classes, 205 f.;

after reform, 226.

Family law, changes in, 339 f., 352.

Fasti, read in comitia calata, 154 f.;

dies, 471 f.;

Clodian law on, 445.

Faucia (curia), 11, n. 7;

ill-omened, 112.

Ferentarii, 80, n. 5.

Festivals, regulated by law, 340 f.

Fetialis, 176, 265.

Finance, legislation on, 297 f., 310 f., 335-7, 351 f., 392, 403,

422, 438.

Fines, appealed to tribes, 259, 269, 286 f., 292, 317 ff., 344.

Flamen, curial, 10;

Dialis, 203, n. 7.

Flaminian, era, 333-46;

Circus, 465;

Meadow, 465.

Flaminius, C., and curiate law, 191;

monetary law of, 191 f., 336;

censor, 213;

era of, 333-46;

agrarian law, 334 f.;

supports Claudian law, 335;

influences legislation, 337 f., 343;

assigns libertini to city tribes, 355;

energizes comitia, 343, 475.

Flavius, M., trial of, 291.

Fordicidia, 9.